Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. ^[1]

329 relations: Academic Press, Acetate, Acetic acid, Acid, Acid dissociation constant, Acid–base reaction, Activation energy, Active site, Addition reaction, Adenosine triphosphate, Alchemy, Alexander William Williamson, Aliphatic compound, Alkene, Alkoxide, Alkyl group, Alum, Aluminium, Amine, Amino acid, Ammonia, Ammonium chloride, Amorphous solid, Anabolism, Antoine Lavoisier, Arc welding, Aromatic compound, Arrhenius equation, Aryl group, Atmospheric chemistry, Atom, Atomic nucleus, Atomic orbital, Bacteria, Barium chloride, Base (chemistry), Biochemistry, Bioenergetics, Bioluminescence, Birkhäuser, Boltzmann constant, Boron, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Cambridge University Press, Carbanion, Carbocation, Carbohydrate, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, ... Expand index (279 more) » « Shrink index
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Academic Press

Academic Press (AP) is an academic book publisher founded in 1941.

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Acetate

An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic or radical base).

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Acetic acid, systematically named ethanoic acid, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula (also written as,, or). Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water.

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Acid

An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.

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Acid dissociation constant

In chemistry, an acid dissociation constant (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant; denoted) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.

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Acid–base reaction

In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. Chemical reaction and acid–base reaction are chemical reactions.

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Activation energy

In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.

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Active site

In biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

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Addition reaction

In organic chemistry, an addition reaction is an organic reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule called the adduct.

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Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.

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Alchemy

Alchemy (from Arabic: al-kīmiyā; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, khumeía) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.

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Alexander William Williamson

Alexander William Williamson FRS FRSE PCS MRIA (1 May 18246 May 1904) was an English chemist.

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Aliphatic compound

In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil).

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Alkene

In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond.

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Alkoxide

In chemistry, an alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom.

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Alkyl group

In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen.

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Alum

An alum is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula, such that is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium.

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Aluminium

Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.

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Amine

In chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.

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Ammonia

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.

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Ammonium chloride

Ammonium chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula, also written as.

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Amorphous solid

In condensed matter physics and materials science, an amorphous solid (or non-crystalline solid) is a solid that lacks the long-range order that is characteristic of a crystal.

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Anabolism

Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units.

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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 17438 May 1794), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.

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Arc welding

Arc welding is a welding process that is used to join metal to metal by using electricity to create enough heat to melt metal, and the melted metals, when cool, result in a binding of the metals.

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Aromatic compound

Aromatic compounds or arenes usually refers to organic compounds "with a chemistry typified by benzene" and "cyclically conjugated." The word "aromatic" originates from the past grouping of molecules based on odor, before their general chemical properties were understood.

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Arrhenius equation

In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.

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Aryl group

In organic chemistry, an aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl.

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Atmospheric chemistry

Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. Chemical reaction and atmospheric chemistry are chemistry.

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Atom

Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. Chemical reaction and Atom are chemistry.

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Atomic nucleus

The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.

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Atomic orbital

In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.

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Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

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Barium chloride

Barium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula.

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Base (chemistry)

In chemistry, there are three definitions in common use of the word "base": Arrhenius bases, Brønsted bases, and Lewis bases.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Bioenergetics

Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems.

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Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by living organisms.

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Birkhäuser

Birkhäuser was a Swiss publisher founded in 1879 by Emil Birkhäuser.

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Boltzmann constant

The Boltzmann constant is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.

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Boron

Boron is a chemical element; it has symbol B and atomic number 5.

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Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory

The Brønsted–Lowry theory (also called proton theory of acids and bases) is an acid–base reaction theory which was first developed by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently in 1923.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Carbanion

In organic chemistry, a carbanion is an anion in which carbon is negatively charged.

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Carbocation

A carbocation is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).

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Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.

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Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air.

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Carbonyl group

For organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom.

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Catalysis

Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst. Chemical reaction and Catalysis are chemical reactions.

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Catalytic reforming

Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert petroleum refinery naphthas distilled from crude oil (typically having low octane ratings) into high-octane liquid products called reformates, which are premium blending stocks for high-octane gasoline.

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Cell (biology)

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.

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Chain reaction

A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place.

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Chemical bond

A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures.

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Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds. Chemical reaction and chemical compound are chemistry.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. Chemical reaction and chemical element are chemistry.

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Chemical engineering

Chemical engineering is an engineering field which deals with the study of operation and design of chemical plants as well as methods of improving production.

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Chemical equation

A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas. Chemical reaction and chemical equation are chemistry.

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Chemical equilibrium

In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.

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Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.

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Chemical kinetics

Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions.

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Chemical potential

In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition.

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Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Chemical reaction and chemical reaction are change, chemical reactions and chemistry.

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Chemical reaction model

Chemical reaction models transform physical knowledge into a mathematical formulation that can be utilized in computational simulation of practical problems in chemical engineering.

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Chemical substance

A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.

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Chemical synthesis

Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products. Chemical reaction and chemical synthesis are chemical reactions and chemistry.

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Chemist

A chemist (from Greek chēm(ía) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a graduated scientist trained in the study of chemistry, or an officially enrolled student in the field.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.

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Chlorine

Chlorine is a chemical element; it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

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Christopher Kelk Ingold

Sir Christopher Kelk Ingold (28 October 1893 – 8 December 1970) was a British chemist based in Leeds and London.

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Cis–trans isomerism

Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, describes certain arrangements of atoms within molecules.

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Classical element

The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.

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Coking

Coking is the heating of coal in the absence of oxygen to a temperature above to drive off the volatile components of the raw coal, leaving a hard, strong, porous material of high carbon content called coke.

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Collision theory

Collision theory is a principle of chemistry used to predict the rates of chemical reactions.

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Combustion

Combustion, or burning, is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Chemical reaction and Combustion are chemical reactions.

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Conjugate (acid-base theory)

A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound formed when an acid gives a proton to a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as it loses a hydrogen ion in the reverse reaction.

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Contact process

The contact process is the current method of producing sulfuric acid in the high concentrations needed for industrial processes.

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Coordinate covalent bond

In coordination chemistry, a coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative bond, dipolar bond, or coordinate bond is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom.

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Coordination complex

A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.

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Cope rearrangement

The Cope rearrangement is an extensively studied organic reaction involving the 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement of 1,5-dienes.

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Copper sulfate

Copper sulfate may refer to.

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Covalent bond

A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.

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Cracking (chemistry)

In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon–carbon bonds in the precursors.

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CRC Press

The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Crystal field theory

In molecular physics, crystal field theory (CFT) describes the breaking of degeneracies of electron orbital states, usually d or f orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution (anion neighbors).

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Crystallization

Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.

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Cycloaddition

In organic chemistry, a cycloaddition is a chemical reaction in which "two or more unsaturated molecules (or parts of the same molecule) combine with the formation of a cyclic adduct in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity".

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Cyclohexene

Cyclohexene is a hydrocarbon with the formula.

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De Gruyter

Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.

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Deprotonation

Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction. Chemical reaction and Deprotonation are chemical reactions.

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Diels–Alder reaction

In organic chemistry, the Diels–Alder reaction is a chemical reaction between a conjugated diene and a substituted alkene, commonly termed the dienophile, to form a substituted cyclohexene derivative.

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Diene

In organic chemistry, a diene; also diolefin) or alkadiene) is a covalent compound that contains two double bonds, usually among carbon atoms. They thus contain two alk''ene'' units, with the standard prefix di of systematic nomenclature. As a subunit of more complex molecules, dienes occur in naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals and are used in organic synthesis.

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Differential calculus

In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change.

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Diffusion

Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

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Dioxygen in biological reactions

Dioxygen plays an important role in the energy metabolism of living organisms.

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Dissociation (chemistry)

Dissociation in chemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Double bond

In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond.

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Electric battery

An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices.

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Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry is the branch of physical chemistry concerned with the relationship between electrical potential difference and identifiable chemical change.

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Electrolysis

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

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Electrolytic cell

An electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell that utilizes an external source of electrical energy to force a chemical reaction that would otherwise not occur.

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Electromagnetic radiation

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy.

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Electron

The electron (or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.

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Electron configuration

In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.

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Electronegativity

Electronegativity, symbolized as χ, is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond.

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Electronic effect

An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect.

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Electrophile

In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair.

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Electrophilic addition

In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition (AE) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds.

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Electrophilic aromatic substitution

Electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr) is an organic reaction in which an atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile.

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Electrophilic substitution

Electrophilic substitution reactions are chemical reactions in which an electrophile displaces a functional group in a compound, which is typically, but not always, aromatic.

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Elementary particle

In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles.

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Elementary reaction

An elementary reaction is a chemical reaction in which one or more chemical species react directly to form products in a single reaction step and with a single transition state.

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Elimination reaction

An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.

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Empedocles

Empedocles (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς;, 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily.

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Endergonic reaction

In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction (also called a heat absorbing nonspontaneous reaction or an unfavorable reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and an additional driving force is needed to perform this reaction.

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Endothermic process

An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

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Enthalpy

Enthalpy is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume.

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Entropy

Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

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Equilibrium chemistry

Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium.

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Ether

In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom bonded to two organyl groups (e.g., alkyl or aryl).

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Excited state

In quantum mechanics, an excited state of a system (such as an atom, molecule or nucleus) is any quantum state of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum).

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Exergonic process

An exergonic process is one which there is a positive flow of energy from the system to the surroundings.

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Exothermic reaction

In thermochemistry, an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change ΔH⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat.

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Femtochemistry

Femtochemistry is the area of physical chemistry that studies chemical reactions on extremely short timescales (approximately 10−15 seconds or one femtosecond, hence the name) in order to study the very act of atoms within molecules (reactants) rearranging themselves to form new molecules (products).

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Fermentation

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes.

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Firefly

The Lampyridae are a family of elateroid beetles with more than 2,000 described species, many of which are light-emitting. They are soft-bodied beetles commonly called fireflies, lightning bugs, or glowworms for their conspicuous production of light, mainly during twilight, to attract mates. Light production in the Lampyridae is thought to have originated as a warning signal that the larvae were distasteful.

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Flash welding

Flash welding is a type of resistance welding that does not use any filler metals.

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Free-radical addition

In organic chemistry, free-radical addition is an addition reaction which involves free radicals.

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Friedrich Wöhler

Friedrich Wöhler FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form.

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Functional group

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.

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Fungus

A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

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Gas evolution reaction

A gas evolution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one of the end products is a gas such as oxygen or carbon dioxide. Chemical reaction and gas evolution reaction are chemical reactions.

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Gasoline

Gasoline or petrol is a petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines.

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Gibbs free energy

In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure.

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Glucose

Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.

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Haber process

The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia.

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Half-life

Half-life (symbol) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value.

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Halide

In chemistry, a halide (rarely halogenide) is a binary chemical compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, astatide, or theoretically tennesside compound.

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Halogen

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Halogenation

In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound.

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Heat

In thermodynamics, heat is the thermal energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference.

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Heteroatom

In chemistry, a heteroatom is, strictly, any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen.

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Heterogeneous catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the phase of catalysts differs from that of the reagents or products.

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Heterolysis (chemistry)

In chemistry, heterolysis or heterolytic fission is the process of cleaving/breaking a covalent bond where one previously bonded species takes both original bonding electrons from the other species. Chemical reaction and heterolysis (chemistry) are chemical reactions.

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Homogeneous catalysis

In chemistry, homogeneous catalysis is catalysis where the catalyst is in same phase as reactants, principally by a soluble catalyst in a solution.

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Homolysis (chemistry)

In chemistry, homolysis or homolytic fission is the dissociation of a molecular bond by a process where each of the fragments (an atom or molecule) retains one of the originally bonded electrons. Chemical reaction and homolysis (chemistry) are chemical reactions.

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Hydroboration–oxidation reaction

Hydroboration–oxidation reaction is a two-step hydration reaction that converts an alkene into an alcohol.

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Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

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Hydrochloric acid

Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl).

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Hydrogen

Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.

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Hydrogen bromide

Hydrogen bromide is the inorganic compound with the formula.

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Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum. Chemical reaction and Hydrogenation are chemical reactions.

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Hydronium

In chemistry, hydronium (hydroxonium in traditional British English) is the cation, also written as, the type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water.

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Hydroperoxide

Hydroperoxides or peroxols are compounds of the form ROOH, where R stands for any group, typically organic, which contain the hydroperoxy functional group.

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Hydroxide

Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−.

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Instability

In dynamical systems instability means that some of the outputs or internal states increase with time, without bounds.

See Chemical reaction and Instability

Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

The Institut français d'archéologie orientale (or IFAO), also known as the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo, is a French research institute based in Cairo, Egypt, dedicated to the study of the archaeology, history and languages of the various periods of Egypt's civilisation.

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Internal energy

The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the energy contained within it, measured as the quantity of energy necessary to bring the system from its standard internal state to its present internal state of interest, accounting for the gains and losses of energy due to changes in its internal state, including such quantities as magnetization.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element.

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Iron(II) sulfide

Iron(II) sulfide or ferrous sulfide (Br.E. sulphide) is one of a family of chemical compounds and minerals with the approximate formula.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

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Isomerization

In chemistry, isomerization or isomerisation is the process in which a molecule, polyatomic ion or molecular fragment is transformed into an isomer with a different chemical structure. Chemical reaction and isomerization are chemical reactions.

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Α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compound

α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are organic compounds with the general structure (O.

See Chemical reaction and Α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compound

Jabir ibn Hayyan

Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Arabic: أَبو موسى جابِر بِن حَيّان, variously called al-Ṣūfī, al-Azdī, al-Kūfī, or al-Ṭūsī), died 806−816, is the purported author of a large number of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus.

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Jan Baptist van Helmont

Jan Baptist van Helmont (12 January 1580 – 30 December 1644) was a chemist, physiologist, and physician from Brussels.

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Johann Joachim Becher

Johann Joachim Becher (6 May 1635 – October 1682) was a German physician, alchemist, precursor of chemistry, scholar, polymath and adventurer, best known for his development of the phlogiston theory of combustion, and his advancement of Austrian cameralism.

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Johann Rudolf Glauber

Johann Rudolf Glauber (10 March 1604 – 16 March 1670) was a German-Dutch alchemist and chemist.

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John Dalton

John Dalton (5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist.

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Jones & Bartlett Learning

Jones & Bartlett Learning, a division of Ascend Learning, is a scholarly publisher.

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Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (6 December 1778 – 9 May 1850) was a French chemist and physicist.

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Joseph Proust

Joseph Louis Proust (26 September 1754 – 5 July 1826) was a French chemist.

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Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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Law of definite proportions

In chemistry, the law of definite proportions, sometimes called Proust's law or the law of constant composition, states that a given chemical compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass) and does not depend on its source and method of preparation.

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Le Chatelier's principle

Le Chatelier's principle (pronounced or), also called Chatelier's principle (or the Equilibrium Law), is a principle of chemistry used to predict the effect of a change in conditions on chemical equilibrium.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Lead chamber process

The lead chamber process was an industrial method used to produce sulfuric acid in large quantities.

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Lead(II) iodide

Lead(II) iodide (or lead iodide) is a chemical compound with the formula.

See Chemical reaction and Lead(II) iodide

Lead(II) nitrate

Lead(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb(NO3)2.

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Leaving group

In chemistry, a leaving group is defined by the IUPAC as an atom or group of atoms that detaches from the main or residual part of a substrate during a reaction or elementary step of a reaction.

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Leblanc process

The Leblanc process was an early industrial process for making soda ash (sodium carbonate) used throughout the 19th century, named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc.

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Lewis acids and bases

A Lewis acid (named for the American physical chemist Gilbert N. Lewis) is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct.

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Ligand

In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.

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Ligand field theory

Ligand field theory (LFT) describes the bonding, orbital arrangement, and other characteristics of coordination complexes.

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Light

Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye.

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Limiting reagent

The limiting reagent (or limiting reactant or limiting agent) in a chemical reaction is a reactant that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is completed. Chemical reaction and limiting reagent are chemical reactions.

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List of organic reactions

Well-known reactions and reagents in organic chemistry include.

See Chemical reaction and List of organic reactions

Lone pair

In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bondIUPAC Gold Book definition: and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair.

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Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

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Magnesium hydroxide

Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.

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Magnesium sulfate

Magnesium sulfate or magnesium sulphate is a chemical compound, a salt with the formula, consisting of magnesium cations (20.19% by mass) and sulfate anions.

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Main-group element

In chemistry and atomic physics, the main group is the group of elements (sometimes called the representative elements) whose lightest members are represented by helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine as arranged in the periodic table of the elements.

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Marcus theory

In theoretical chemistry, Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Rudolph A. Marcus, starting in 1956, to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor).

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Markovnikov's rule

In organic chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions.

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Mass balance

In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the analysis of physical systems.

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Metabolic pathway

In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

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Methylation

Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group. Chemical reaction and Methylation are chemical reactions.

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Michael addition reaction

In organic chemistry, the Michael reaction or Michael 1,4 addition is a reaction between a Michael donor (an enolate or other nucleophile) and a Michael acceptor (usually an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl) to produce a Michael adduct by creating a carbon-carbon bond at the acceptor's β-carbon.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

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Microscopic reversibility

The principle of microscopic reversibility in physics and chemistry is twofold.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Mineral acid

A mineral acid (or inorganic acid) is an acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds, as opposed to organic acids which are acidic, organic compounds.

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Molecularity

In chemistry, molecularity is the number of molecules that come together to react in an elementary (single-step) reactionAtkins, P.; de Paula, J. Physical Chemistry.

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Molecule

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. Chemical reaction and molecule are chemistry.

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Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has symbol Mo (from Neo-Latin molybdaenum) and atomic number 42.

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Molybdenum dioxide

Molybdenum dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula MoO.

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Name reaction

A name reaction (or named reaction) is a chemical reaction named after its discoverer(s) or developer(s).

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Neutralization (chemistry)

In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react with an equivalent quantity of each other. Chemical reaction and neutralization (chemistry) are chemical reactions.

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Nitric acid

Nitric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula.

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Nitronium ion

The nitronium ion,, is a cation.

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Noble gas

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Nuclear chemistry

Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties. Chemical reaction and nuclear chemistry are chemistry.

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Nuclear reaction

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides.

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Nucleophile

In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair.

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Nucleophilic addition

In organic chemistry, a nucleophilic addition (AN) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electrophilic double or triple bond reacts with a nucleophile, such that the double or triple bond is broken.

See Chemical reaction and Nucleophilic addition

Nucleophilic aromatic substitution

A nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry in which the nucleophile displaces a good leaving group, such as a halide, on an aromatic ring.

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Nucleophilic conjugate addition

Nucleophilic conjugate addition is a type of organic reaction.

See Chemical reaction and Nucleophilic conjugate addition

Nucleophilic substitution

In chemistry, a nucleophilic substitution (SN) is a class of chemical reactions in which an electron-rich chemical species (known as a nucleophile) replaces a functional group within another electron-deficient molecule (known as the electrophile).

See Chemical reaction and Nucleophilic substitution

Oil refinery

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha.

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Ore

Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals concentrated above background levels, typically containing metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit.

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Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. Chemical reaction and organic chemistry are chemistry.

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Organic compound

Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.

See Chemical reaction and Organic compound

Organic reaction

Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds.

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Oxidation state

In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic.

See Chemical reaction and Oxidation state

Oxidizing agent

An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the,, or). In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance.

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Oxy-fuel welding and cutting

Principle of burn cutting Oxy-fuel welding (commonly called oxyacetylene welding, oxy welding, or gas welding in the United States) and oxy-fuel cutting are processes that use fuel gases (or liquid fuels such as gasoline or petrol, diesel, biodiesel, kerosene, etc) and oxygen to weld or cut metals.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Oxyhydrogen

Oxyhydrogen is a mixture of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases.

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Partial charge

In atomic physics, a partial charge (or net atomic charge) is a non-integer charge value when measured in elementary charge units.

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Pericyclic reaction

In organic chemistry, a pericyclic reaction is the type of organic reaction wherein the transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry, the reaction progresses in a concerted fashion, and the bond orbitals involved in the reaction overlap in a continuous cycle at the transition state.

See Chemical reaction and Pericyclic reaction

Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.

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PH

In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").

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Phlogiston theory

The phlogiston theory, a superseded scientific theory, postulated the existence of a fire-like element dubbed phlogiston contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.

See Chemical reaction and Phlogiston theory

Photochemistry

Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Chemical reaction and Photochemistry are chemistry.

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Photon

A photon is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.

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Platinum group

The platinum-group metals (PGMs), also known as the platinoids, platinides, platidises, platinum group, platinum metals, platinum family or platinum-group elements (PGEs), are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table.

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Polymer

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.

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Polymerization

In polymer chemistry, polymerization (American English), or polymerisation (British English), is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.

See Chemical reaction and Polymerization

Potassium iodide

Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement.

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Potassium nitrate

Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with a sharp, salty, bitter taste and the chemical formula.

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Potential energy surface

A potential energy surface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters, normally the positions of the atoms.

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Precipitation (chemistry)

In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution".

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Pressure

Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed.

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Principle of minimum energy

The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics.

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Product (chemistry)

Products are the species formed from chemical reactions. Chemical reaction and Product (chemistry) are chemical reactions.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Proton

A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).

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Pyrotechnics

Pyrotechnics is the science and craft of creating such things as fireworks, safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and other fasteners, parts of automotive airbags, as well as gas-pressure blasting in mining, quarrying, and demolition.

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Quantum field theory

In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics.

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Radical (chemistry)

In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.

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Radical polymerization

In polymer chemistry, free-radical polymerization (FRP) is a method of polymerization by which a polymer forms by the successive addition of free-radical building blocks (repeat units).

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Radical substitution

In organic chemistry, a radical-substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate.

See Chemical reaction and Radical substitution

Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation.

See Chemical reaction and Radioactive decay

Rate equation

In chemistry, the rate equation (also known as the rate law or empirical differential rate equation) is an empirical differential mathematical expression for the reaction rate of a given reaction in terms of concentrations of chemical species and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial orders of reaction) only.

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Reaction mechanism

In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs. Chemical reaction and reaction mechanism are chemical reactions.

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Reaction progress kinetic analysis

In chemistry, reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) is a subset of a broad range of kinetic techniques utilized to determine the rate laws of chemical reactions and to aid in elucidation of reaction mechanisms.

See Chemical reaction and Reaction progress kinetic analysis

Reaction rate

The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time.

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Reagent

In chemistry, a reagent or analytical reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or test if one occurs. Chemical reaction and reagent are chemical reactions.

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Rearrangement reaction

In organic chemistry, a rearrangement reaction is a broad class of organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule.

See Chemical reaction and Rearrangement reaction

Recrystallization (chemistry)

In chemistry, recrystallization is a technique used to purify chemicals.

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Redox

Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Chemical reaction and Redox are chemical reactions.

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Reducing agent

In chemistry, a reducing agent (also known as a reductant, reducer, or electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an (called the,,, or). Examples of substances that are common reducing agents include hydrogen, the alkali metals, formic acid, oxalic acid, and sulfite compounds. Chemical reaction and reducing agent are chemical reactions.

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Retrosynthetic analysis

Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses.

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Reversible reaction

A reversible reaction is a reaction in which the conversion of reactants to products and the conversion of products to reactants occur simultaneously.

See Chemical reaction and Reversible reaction

Rhodopsin

Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the RHO gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, alchemist and inventor.

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RRKM theory

The Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory is a theory of chemical reactivity.

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Salt (chemistry)

In chemistry, a salt or ionic compound is a chemical compound consisting of an assembly of positively charged ions (cations) and negatively charged ions (anions), which results in a compound with no net electric charge (electrically neutral).

See Chemical reaction and Salt (chemistry)

Salt metathesis reaction

A salt metathesis reaction is a chemical process involving the exchange of bonds between two reacting chemical species which results in the creation of products with similar or identical bonding affiliations. Chemical reaction and salt metathesis reaction are chemical reactions.

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Scanning tunneling microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is a type of scanning probe microscope used for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

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Sigmatropic reaction

A sigmatropic reaction in organic chemistry is a pericyclic reaction wherein the net result is one σ-bond is changed to another σ-bond in an uncatalyzed intramolecular reaction.

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Single displacement reaction

A single-displacement reaction, also known as single replacement reaction or exchange reaction, is an archaic concept in chemistry. Chemical reaction and single displacement reaction are chemical reactions.

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SN1 reaction

The unimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1) reaction is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry.

See Chemical reaction and SN1 reaction

SN2 reaction

Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2) is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry.

See Chemical reaction and SN2 reaction

Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.

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Sodium carbonate

Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula and its various hydrates.

See Chemical reaction and Sodium carbonate

Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride, commonly known as edible salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chlorine ions.

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Sodium sulfate

Sodium sulfate (also known as sodium sulphate or sulfate of soda) is the inorganic compound with formula Na2SO4 as well as several related hydrates. All forms are white solids that are highly soluble in water. With an annual production of 6 million tonnes, the decahydrate is a major commodity chemical product.

See Chemical reaction and Sodium sulfate

Solubility

In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent.

See Chemical reaction and Solubility

Spontaneous process

In thermodynamics, a spontaneous process is a process which occurs without any external input to the system.

See Chemical reaction and Spontaneous process

Springer Science+Business Media

Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.

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Springer Vieweg Verlag

Springer Vieweg Verlag (formerly known as Vieweg+Teubner Verlag) is a German publishing company that specializes in books on technical subjects.

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State of matter

In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.

See Chemical reaction and State of matter

Stereochemistry

Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. Chemical reaction and Stereochemistry are chemistry.

See Chemical reaction and Stereochemistry

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the relationship between the weights of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions.

See Chemical reaction and Stoichiometry

Structural formula

The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphic representation of the molecular structure (determined by structural chemistry methods), showing how the atoms are possibly arranged in the real three-dimensional space.

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Structural isomer

In chemistry, a structural isomer (or constitutional isomer in the IUPAC nomenclature) of a compound is another compound whose molecule has the same number of atoms of each element, but with logically distinct bonds between them.

See Chemical reaction and Structural isomer

Substitution reaction

A substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functional group in a chemical compound is replaced by another functional group.

See Chemical reaction and Substitution reaction

Substrate (chemistry)

In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent. Chemical reaction and substrate (chemistry) are chemical reactions.

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Sulfur

Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.

See Chemical reaction and Sulfur

Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, with the molecular formula.

See Chemical reaction and Sulfuric acid

Surface area

The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies.

See Chemical reaction and Surface area

Temperature

Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.

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Thermal energy

The term "thermal energy" is used loosely in various contexts in physics and engineering, generally related to the kinetic energy of vibrating and colliding atoms in a substance.

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Thermite

Thermite is a pyrotechnic composition of metal powder and metal oxide.

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Thermodynamic activity

In chemical thermodynamics, activity (symbol) is a measure of the "effective concentration" of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the species' chemical potential depends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.

See Chemical reaction and Thermodynamics

Thieme Medical Publishers

Thieme Medical Publishers is a German medical and science publisher in the Thieme Publishing Group.

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Transition metal

In chemistry, a transition metal (or transition element) is a chemical element in the d-block of the periodic table (groups 3 to 12), though the elements of group 12 (and less often group 3) are sometimes excluded.

See Chemical reaction and Transition metal

Transition state

In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate.

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Transition state theory

In chemistry, transition state theory (TST) explains the reaction rates of elementary chemical reactions.

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Triple bond

A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond.

See Chemical reaction and Triple bond

Ultra-high vacuum

Ultra-high vacuum (often spelled ultrahigh in American English, UHV) is the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about.

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Ultrafast laser spectroscopy

Ultrafast laser spectroscopy is a category of spectroscopic techniques using ultrashort pulse lasers for the study of dynamics on extremely short time scales (attoseconds to nanoseconds).

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Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.

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Urea

Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.

See Chemical reaction and Urea

Valence electron

In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed.

See Chemical reaction and Valence electron

Visual perception

Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment.

See Chemical reaction and Visual perception

Vitalism

Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "élan vital" (coined by vitalist Henri Bergson), "vital force", or "vis vitalis", which some equate with the soul.

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Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement

A Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement is a class of carbocation 1,2-rearrangement reactions in which a hydrogen, alkyl or aryl group migrates from one carbon to a neighboring carbon.

See Chemical reaction and Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement

Walden inversion

Walden inversion is the inversion of a stereogenic center in a chiral molecule in a chemical reaction.

See Chemical reaction and Walden inversion

Water–gas shift reaction

The water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen: The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780.

See Chemical reaction and Water–gas shift reaction

Wave function

In quantum physics, a wave function (or wavefunction) is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system.

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Welding

Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, primarily by using high temperature to melt the parts together and allow them to cool, causing fusion.

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Wiley (publisher)

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.

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Wiley-VCH

Wiley-VCH is a German publisher owned by John Wiley & Sons.

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Williamson ether synthesis

The Williamson ether synthesis is an organic reaction, forming an ether from an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol (alkoxide).

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Woodward–Hoffmann rules

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules (or the pericyclic selection rules) are a set of rules devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann to rationalize or predict certain aspects of the stereochemistry and activation energy of pericyclic reactions, an important class of reactions in organic chemistry.

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18-electron rule

The 18-electron rule is a chemical rule of thumb used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable transition metal complexes, especially organometallic compounds.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction

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Chemical reaction

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