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Citadel of Damascus

Index Citadel of Damascus

The Citadel of Damascus (Qalʿat Dimašq) is a large medieval fortified palace and citadel in Damascus, Syria. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 129 relations: Al-Adil I, Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Al-Aziz Uthman, Al-Hamidiyah Souq, Al-Hariqa, Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Aleppo, Algeria, Ali Bey al-Kabir, An-Nasir Faraj, An-Nasir Yusuf, Archaeological excavation, Arrowslit, As-Salih Ayyub, Atabeg, Atsiz ibn Uwaq, Australian Light Horse, Ayyubid dynasty, Az-Zahir Ghazi, Baalbek, Bab al-Faradis, Bab al-Jabiyah, Barada, Barbican, Barquq, Barracks, Basalt, Bashar al-Assad, Battle of Ain Jalut, Battle of Marj Dabiq, Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar, Battlement, Baybars, Bent entrance, Bombardment, Burid dynasty, Burji Mamluks, Cannon, Carbonate rock, Citadel, Concentric castle, Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property, Crusader states, Crusades, Curtain wall (fortification), Damascus, Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums, Egypt, ... Expand index (79 more) »

  2. 13th-century establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate
  3. Ayyubid architecture in Syria
  4. Buildings and structures completed in 1076
  5. Buildings and structures completed in 1216
  6. Buildings and structures inside the walled city of Damascus
  7. Castles in Syria
  8. Establishments in the Seljuk Empire
  9. Forts in Syria
  10. Military history of Damascus
  11. Ruins in Syria

Al-Adil I

Al-Adil I (العادل, in full al-Malik al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Abu-Bakr Ahmed ibn Najm ad-Din Ayyub, الملك العادل سيف الدين أبو بكر بن أيوب,‎ "Ahmed, son of Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Bakr, the Just King, Sword of the Faith"; 1145 – 31 August 1218) was the fourth Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and brother of Saladin, who founded both the Sultanate of Egypt, and the Ayyubid dynasty.

See Citadel of Damascus and Al-Adil I

Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din

Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din (الأفضل بن صلاح الدين, "most superior"; c. 1169 – 1225, generally known as Al-Afdal (الأفضل), was one of seventeen sons of Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and thus of Kurdish descent. He succeeded his father as the second Ayyubid emir of Damascus.

See Citadel of Damascus and Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din

Al-Ashraf Khalil

Al-Malik Al-Ashraf Salāh ad-Dīn Khalil ibn Qalawūn (الملك الأشرف صلاح الدين خليل بن قلاوون; c. 1260s – 14 December 1293) was the eighth Turkic Bahri Mamluk sultan, succeeding his father Qalawun.

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Al-Aziz Uthman

Al-Malik Al-Aziz Uthman ibn Salah Ad-Din Yusuf (1171 – 29 November 1198) was the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt.

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Al-Hamidiyah Souq

The Al-Hamidiyeh Souq is the largest and the central souk in Syria, located inside the old walled city of Damascus next to the Citadel.

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Al-Hariqa

Al-Hariqa (الحريقة) is a neighborhood in Damascus, Syria.

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Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh

Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (المؤيد سيف الدين أبو النصر شيخ المحمودي; 1369 – 13 January 1421) was a Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 6 November 1412 to 13 January 1421.

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Al-Muazzam Turanshah

Turanshah, also Turan Shah (توران شاه), (? – 2 May 1250), (epithet: al-Malik al-Muazzam Ghayath al-Din Turanshah (الملك المعظمغياث الدين توران شاه)) was a Kurdish ruler of Egypt, a son of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub.

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Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria.

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Algeria

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.

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Ali Bey al-Kabir

Ali Bey al-Kabir (ʿAlī Bey al-Kābīr, Georgian: ალი ბეი ალ-ქაბირი; 1728 – 8 May 1773) was a Mamluk leader in Egypt.

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An-Nasir Faraj

Al-Nasir Faraj or Nasir-ad-Din Faraj also Faraj ibn Barquq was born in 1386 and succeeded his father Sayf-ad-Din Barquq as the second Sultan of the Burji dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in July 1399 with the title Al-Nasir.

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An-Nasir Yusuf

An-Nasir Yusuf (الناصر يوسف; AD 1228–1260), fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy (الملك الناصر صلاح الدين يوسف بن الظاهر بن العزيز بن صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب بن شاذى), was the Ayyubid Kurdish Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.

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Archaeological excavation

In archaeology, excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains.

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Arrowslit

An arrowslit (often also referred to as an arrow loop, loophole or loop hole, and sometimes a balistraria) is a narrow vertical aperture in a fortification through which an archer can launch arrows or a crossbowman can launch bolts.

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As-Salih Ayyub

Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub (5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249), nickname: Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح), also known as al-Malik al-Salih, was the Ayyubid ruler of Egypt from 1240 to 1249.

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Atabeg

Atabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince.

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Atsiz ibn Uwaq

Atsiz ibn Uwaq al-Khwarizmi, also known as al-Aqsis, Atsiz ibn Uvaq, Atsiz ibn Oq and Atsiz ibn Abaq (died October 1079), was a Turkoman mercenary commander who established a principality in Palestine and southern Syria after seizing these from the Fatimid Caliphate in 1071.

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Australian Light Horse

Australian Light Horse were mounted troops with characteristics of both cavalry and mounted infantry, who served in the Second Boer War and World War I. During the inter-war years, a number of regiments were raised as part of Australia's part-time military force.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

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Az-Zahir Ghazi

Al-Malik az-Zahir Ghiyath ud-din Ghazi ibn Yusuf ibn Ayyub (commonly known as az-Zahir Ghazi; 1172 – 8 October 1216) was the Kurdish Ayyubid emir of Aleppo between 1186 and 1216.

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Baalbek

Baalbek (Baʿlabakk; Syriac-Aramaic: ܒܥܠܒܟ) is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut.

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Bab al-Faradis

Bab al-Faradis (Bāb al-Farādīs; "The Gate of the Paradises") or Bab al-Amara is one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, Syria.

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Bab al-Jabiyah

Bab al-Jabiya (Bāb al-Jābīyah; Gate of the Water Trough) is one of the seven ancient city-gates of Damascus, Syria.

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Barada

The Barada (بَرَدَىٰ / ALA-LC: Baradā) is the main river of Damascus, the capital city of Syria.

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Barbican

A barbican (from barbacane) is a fortified outpost or fortified gateway, such as at an outer defense perimeter of a city or castle, or any tower situated over a gate or bridge which was used for defensive purposes.

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Barquq

Al-Malik Az-Zahir Sayf ad-Din Barquq (الملك الظاهر سيف الدين برقوق; born) was the first Sultan of the Circassian Mamluk Burji dynasty of Egypt ruling from 1382 to 1389 and 1390 to 1399.

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Barracks

Barracks are buildings used to accommodate military personnel.

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Basalt

Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.

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Bashar al-Assad

Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000.

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Battle of Ain Jalut

The Battle of Ain Jalut, also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley.

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Battle of Marj Dabiq

The Battle of Marj Dābiq (مرج دابق, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; Mercidabık Muharebesi), a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, was fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria).

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Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar

The Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar, also known as the Third Battle of Homs, was a Mongol victory over the Mamluks in 1299.

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Battlement

A battlement, in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences.

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Baybars

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري; 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح), was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, of Turkic Kipchak origin, in the Bahri dynasty, succeeding Qutuz.

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Bent entrance

A bent or indirect entrance is a defensive feature in medieval fortification.

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Bombardment

A bombardment is an attack by artillery fire or by dropping bombs from aircraft on fortifications, combatants, or cities and buildings.

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Burid dynasty

The Burid dynasty was a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turkic origin which ruled over the Emirate of Damascus in the early 12th century, as subjects of the Seljuk Empire.

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Burji Mamluks

The Burji Mamluks (translit) or Circassian Mamluks (translit), sometimes referred to as the Burji dynasty, were the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1382 until 1517.

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Cannon

A cannon is a large-caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant.

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Carbonate rock

Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals.

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Citadel

A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city.

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Concentric castle

A concentric castle is a castle with two or more concentric curtain walls, such that the outer wall is lower than the inner and can be defended from it.

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Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property describes the process through which the material, historical, and design integrity of any immovable cultural property are prolonged through carefully planned interventions.

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Crusader states

The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities that existed in the Levant from 1098 to 1291.

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Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.

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Curtain wall (fortification)

A curtain wall is a defensive wall between fortified towers or bastions of a castle, fortress, or town.

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Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

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Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums

The Directorate-General for Antiquities and Museums (DGAM); المديرية العامة للآثار والمتاحف, La Direction Générale des Antiquités et des Musées) is a Syrian government-owned agency that is responsible for the protection, promotion and excavation activities in all sites of national heritage in the country.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Emir Abdelkader

Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhyi al-Din (6 September 1808 – 26 May 1883; عبد القادر ابن محي الدين), known as the Emir Abdelkader or Abd al-Qadir al-Hassani al-Jaza'iri, was an Algerian religious and military leader who led a struggle against the French colonial invasion of Algiers in the early 19th century.

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Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan

Ridwan (– 10 December 1113) was a Seljuk emir of Aleppo from 1095 until his death.

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Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.

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Gate tower

A gate tower is a tower built over or next to a major gateway.

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Ghuta

Ghouta (غُوطَةُ دِمَشْقَ / ALA-LC: Ḡūṭat Dimašq) is a countryside area in southwestern Syria that surrounds the city of Damascus along its eastern and southern rim.

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Great Syrian Revolt

The Great Syrian Revolt (الثورة السورية الكبرى), also known as the Revolt of 1925, was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927.

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Hama

Hama (حَمَاة,; lit; Ḥămāṯ) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria.

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Hauran

The Hauran (Ḥawrān; also spelled Hawran or Houran) is a region that spans parts of southern Syria and northern Jordan.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Homs

Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.

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Hulegu Khan

Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulaguᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|lit.

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Imad al-Din Zengi

Imad al-Din Zengi (عماد الدین زنكي; – 14 September 1146), also romanized as Zangi, Zengui, Zenki, and Zanki, was a Turkoman atabeg of the Seljuk Empire, who ruled Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and, later, Edessa.

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Institut français du Proche-Orient

The French Institute of the Near East (Institut français du Proche-Orient, IFPO) is part of a network of French research centers abroad.

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Janbirdi al-Ghazali

Janbirdi al-Ghazali (Jān-Birdi al-Ghazāli; died 1521) was the first governor of Damascus Province under the Ottoman Empire from February 1519 until his death in February 1521.

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Janissary

A janissary (yeŋiçeri) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

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Kitbuqa

Kitbuqa Noyan (died 1260), also spelled Kitbogha, Kitboga, or Ketbugha, was an Eastern Christian of the Naimans, a group that was subservient to the Mongol Empire.

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List of castles in Syria

This is a list of castles in Syria. Citadel of Damascus and list of castles in Syria are castles in Syria.

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List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states

This is a list of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states, in Western Asia and North Africa, occupying an area stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea.

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Machicolation

A machicolation (mâchicoulis) is a floor opening between the supporting corbels of a battlement, through which stones or other material, such as boiling water, hot sand, quicklime or boiling cooking oil, could be dropped on attackers at the base of a defensive wall.

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Malatya

Malatya (translit; Syriac ܡܠܝܛܝܢܐ Malīṭīná; Meletî; Ancient Greek: Μελιτηνή) is a large city in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and the capital of Malatya Province.

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Malik-Shah I

Malik-Shah I (ملک شاه) was the third sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092, under whom the sultanate reached the zenith of its power and influence.

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Mamluk

Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.

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Mamluk Sultanate

The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.

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Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.

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Mausoleum of Saladin

The Mausoleum of Saladin holds the resting place and grave of the medieval Muslim Ayyubid Sultan Saladin. Citadel of Damascus and Mausoleum of Saladin are Ayyubid architecture in Syria and buildings and structures inside the walled city of Damascus.

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Mehmed Selim Pasha

Mehmed Selim Pasha (1771 Bender, Moldova – 1831 Damascus, Ottoman Empire, nickname: "Benderli") was an Ottoman statesman.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Moat

A moat is a deep, broad ditch dug around a castle, fortification, building, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence.

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Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.

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Mosul

Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.

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Mujir ad-Din Abaq

Mujīr ad-Dīn ʿAbd al-Dawla Abu Saʿīd Ābaq ibn Jamāl ad-Dīn Muhammad (died 1169) was the Burid emir of Damascus from 1140 to 1154.

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Muqarnas

Muqarnas (مقرنص; مقرنس, or translit), also known in Iberian architecture as Mocárabe (from), is a form of three-dimensional decoration in Islamic architecture in which rows or tiers of niche-like elements are projected over others below.

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Murder hole

A murder hole or meurtrière is a hole in the ceiling of a gateway or passageway in a fortification through which the defenders could shoot, throw or pour harmful substances or objects such as rocks, arrows, scalding water, hot sand, quicklime, or boiling oil, down on attackers.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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National Museum of Damascus

The National Museum of Damascus (الْمَتْحَفُ الْوَطَنِيُّ بِدِمَشْقَ) is a museum in the heart of Damascus, Syria.

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Nur al-Din Madrasa

The Nur al-Din Madrasa (al-Madrasah an-Nūrīyah) is a funerary madrasa in Damascus, Syria.

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Nur al-Din Zengi

Nūr al-Dīn Maḥmūd Zengī (نور الدين محمود زنگي; February 1118 – 15 May 1174), commonly known as Nur ad-Din (lit. 'Light of the Faith' in Arabic), was a Turkoman member of the Zengid dynasty, who ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire.

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Old city of Damascus

The old city of Damascus (Dimašq al-Qadīmah) is the historic city centre of Damascus, Syria.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Parapet

A parapet is a barrier that is an upward extension of a wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure.

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Qalawun

(قلاوون الصالحي, – November 10, 1290) was the seventh Turkic Bahri Mamluk Sultan of Egypt; he ruled from 1279 to 1290.

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Qutuz

Sayf al-Din Qutuz (سيف الدين قطز; died 24 October 1260), also romanized as Kutuz or Kotuz and fully al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Sayf ad-Dīn Quṭuz (الملك المظفر سيف الدين قطز), was the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.

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Rocket

A rocket (from bobbin/spool) is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using any surrounding air.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Theatre at Bosra

The Roman Theatre at Bosra (المسرح الروماني ببصرى) is a large Roman theatre in Bosra, in the district of Dar'a in south-western Syria.

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Sack of Aleppo (1400)

The siege of Aleppo was a major event in 1400 during the war between the Timurid Empire and Mamluk Sultanate.

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Saladin

Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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Salkhad

Salkhad (Ṣalḫad) is a Syrian city in the As-Suwayda Governorate, southern Syria.

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Second Crusade

The Second Crusade (1147–1150) was the second major crusade launched from Europe.

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Second Syrian Republic

The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic that had become de facto independent in April 1946 from the French Mandate.

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Selim I

Selim I (سليماول; I.; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.

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Seljuk dynasty

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids (سلجوقیان Saljuqian, alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire." or the Saljuqids, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia.

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Shams al-Mulk Isma'il

Shams al-Mulk Isma'il (1113 – February 1, 1135) was the Burid atabeg (or Seljuk ruler) of the Emirate of Damascus from 1132 to 1135.

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Shams al-Muluk Duqaq

Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq (died 8 June 1104) was the Seljuq ruler of Damascus from 1095 to 1104.

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Siege engine

A siege engine is a device that is designed to break or circumvent heavy castle doors, thick city walls and other fortifications in siege warfare.

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Siege of Aleppo (1260)

The siege of Aleppo lasted from 18 January to 24 January 1260.

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Siege of Damascus (1148)

The siege of Damascus took place between 24 and 28 July 1148, during the Second Crusade.

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Siege of Damascus (1400)

The siege of Damascus (also known as the Sack of Damascus and the Capture of Damascus) was a major event in 1400–01 during the war between the Timurid Empire and Mamluk Egypt.

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Siege tower

A Roman siege tower or breaching tower (or in the Middle Ages, a belfryCastle: Stephen Biesty's Cross-Sections. Dorling Kindersley Pub (T); 1st American edition (September 1994). Siege towers were invented in 300 BC.) is a specialized siege engine, constructed to protect assailants and ladders while approaching the defensive walls of a fortification.

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Sinai and Palestine campaign

The Sinai and Palestine campaign was part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, taking place between January 1915 and October 1918.

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Sultan of Egypt

Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Taj al-Muluk Buri

Taj al-Muluk Buri (تاج الملوك بوري; died 6 June 1132) was an Turkoman atabeg of Damascus from 1128 to 1132.

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Timur

Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.

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Tunnel warfare

Tunnel warfare is using tunnels and other underground cavities in war.

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Turkmens

Turkmens (Türkmenler, italic,,; historically "the Turkmen") are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of Iran and north-western Afghanistan.

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Turkoman (ethnonym)

Turkoman, also known as Turcoman, was a term for the people of Oghuz Turkic origin, widely used during the Middle Ages.

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Tutush I

Abu Sa'id Taj al-Dawla Tutush (died 25 February 1095) or Tutush I, was the Seljuk emir of Damascus from 1078 to 1092, and sultan of Damascus from 1092 to 1094.

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Umayyad Mosque

The Umayyad Mosque (al-Jāmiʿ al-Umawī), also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, located in the old city of Damascus, the capital of Syria, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. Citadel of Damascus and Umayyad Mosque are buildings and structures inside the walled city of Damascus.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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United Arab Republic

The United Arab Republic (UAR; translit) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1961.

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Vault (architecture)

In architecture, a vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is a self-supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling or roof.

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World Heritage Committee

The World Heritage Committee is a committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties.

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World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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Zahiri Revolt

The Zahiri Revolt was a conspiracy leading to a failed coup d'état against the government of the 14th-century Mamluk Sultanate, having been characterized as both a political struggle and a theological conflict. Citadel of Damascus and Zahiri Revolt are military history of Damascus.

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Zengid dynasty

The Zengid or Zangid dynasty, Atabegs of Mosul (Arabic: الدولة الزنكية romanized: al-Dawla al-Zinkia) was an Atabegate of the Seljuk Empire created in 1127.

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1202 Syria earthquake

The 1202 Syria earthquake struck at about dawn on 20 May 1202 (598 AH) with an epicenter in southwestern Syria.

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1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus

The 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, also known as the 1860 Syrian Civil War and the 1860 Christian–Druze war, was a civil conflict in Mount Lebanon during Ottoman rule in 1860–1861 fought mainly between the local Druze and Christians.

See Citadel of Damascus and 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus

See also

13th-century establishments in the Ayyubid Sultanate

Ayyubid architecture in Syria

Buildings and structures completed in 1076

Buildings and structures completed in 1216

Buildings and structures inside the walled city of Damascus

Castles in Syria

Establishments in the Seljuk Empire

Forts in Syria

Military history of Damascus

Ruins in Syria

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus

Also known as Damascus Citadel.

, Emir Abdelkader, Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan, Fatimid Caliphate, Gate tower, Ghuta, Great Syrian Revolt, Hama, Hauran, Hellenistic period, Homs, Hulegu Khan, Imad al-Din Zengi, Institut français du Proche-Orient, Janbirdi al-Ghazali, Janissary, Kitbuqa, List of castles in Syria, List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states, Machicolation, Malatya, Malik-Shah I, Mamluk, Mamluk Sultanate, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, Mausoleum of Saladin, Mehmed Selim Pasha, Middle Ages, Moat, Mongol Empire, Mosul, Mujir ad-Din Abaq, Muqarnas, Murder hole, Muslims, National Museum of Damascus, Nur al-Din Madrasa, Nur al-Din Zengi, Old city of Damascus, Ottoman Empire, Parapet, Qalawun, Qutuz, Rocket, Roman Empire, Roman Theatre at Bosra, Sack of Aleppo (1400), Saladin, Salkhad, Second Crusade, Second Syrian Republic, Selim I, Seljuk dynasty, Shams al-Mulk Isma'il, Shams al-Muluk Duqaq, Siege engine, Siege of Aleppo (1260), Siege of Damascus (1148), Siege of Damascus (1400), Siege tower, Sinai and Palestine campaign, Sultan of Egypt, Syria, Taj al-Muluk Buri, Timur, Tunnel warfare, Turkmens, Turkoman (ethnonym), Tutush I, Umayyad Mosque, UNESCO, United Arab Republic, Vault (architecture), World Heritage Committee, World Heritage Site, World War I, Zahiri Revolt, Zengid dynasty, 1202 Syria earthquake, 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus.