Table of Contents
195 relations: Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Adaptive design (medicine), Adverse event, Aeroallergen, Alzheimer's disease in the Hispanic/Latino population, Approved drug, Artificial intelligence, Audit, Austin Bradford Hill, Barley water, Bayesian experimental design, Biopharmaceutical, Biotechnology, Blinded experiment, Blocking (statistics), British Doctors Study, British Medical Association, Business journalism, California, Case–control study, Children in clinical research, Chronic condition, Cider, Citrus, Clinical data management system, Clinical investigator, Clinical nutrition, Clinical research, Clinical study design, Clinical trial management system, Clinical trial naming conventions, Clinical trial portal, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cohort study, Contract research organization, Data collection, Data monitoring committee, Decade, Declaration of Helsinki, Dietary supplement, Drug development, Drug labelling, East India Company, Edward Jenner, Electronic data capture, Electronic health record, Electronic patient-reported outcome, Elisha Perkins, Endovascular aneurysm repair, Epidemiology, ... Expand index (145 more) »
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm or more than 50% larger than normal.
See Clinical trial and Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Adaptive design (medicine)
In an adaptive design of a clinical trial, the parameters and conduct of the trial for a candidate drug or vaccine may be changed based on an interim analysis. Clinical trial and adaptive design (medicine) are clinical trials and design of experiments.
See Clinical trial and Adaptive design (medicine)
Adverse event
An adverse event (AE) is any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject administered a pharmaceutical product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. Clinical trial and adverse event are clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Adverse event
Aeroallergen
An aeroallergen (pronounced aer·o·al·ler·gen) is any airborne substance, such as pollen or spores, which triggers an allergic reaction.
See Clinical trial and Aeroallergen
Alzheimer's disease in the Hispanic/Latino population
Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Hispanic/Latino population is becoming a topic of interest in AD research as Hispanics and Latinos are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer's Disease and underrepresented in clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Alzheimer's disease in the Hispanic/Latino population
Approved drug
An approved drug is a medicinal preparation that has been validated for a therapeutic use by a ruling authority of a government. Clinical trial and approved drug are clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Approved drug
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.
See Clinical trial and Artificial intelligence
Audit
An audit is an "independent examination of financial information of any entity, whether profit oriented or not, irrespective of its size or legal form when such an examination is conducted with a view to express an opinion thereon." Auditing also attempts to ensure that the books of accounts are properly maintained by the concern as required by law.
Austin Bradford Hill
Sir Austin Bradford Hill (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991) was an English epidemiologist who pioneered the modern randomised clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, demonstrated the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.
See Clinical trial and Austin Bradford Hill
Barley water
Barley water is a traditional drink consumed in various parts of the world.
See Clinical trial and Barley water
Bayesian experimental design
Bayesian experimental design provides a general probability-theoretical framework from which other theories on experimental design can be derived. Clinical trial and Bayesian experimental design are design of experiments.
See Clinical trial and Bayesian experimental design
Biopharmaceutical
A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources.
See Clinical trial and Biopharmaceutical
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.
See Clinical trial and Biotechnology
Blinded experiment
In a blind or blinded experiment, information which may influence the participants of the experiment is withheld until after the experiment is complete. Clinical trial and blinded experiment are clinical research, design of experiments and medical statistics.
See Clinical trial and Blinded experiment
Blocking (statistics)
In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units that are similar to one another in groups (blocks) based on one or more variables. Clinical trial and blocking (statistics) are design of experiments.
See Clinical trial and Blocking (statistics)
British Doctors Study
The British Doctors' Study was a prospective cohort study which ran from 1951 to 2001, and in 1956 provided convincing statistical evidence that tobacco smoking increases risk of lung cancer.
See Clinical trial and British Doctors Study
British Medical Association
The British Medical Association (BMA) is a registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom.
See Clinical trial and British Medical Association
Business journalism
Business journalism is the part of journalism that tracks, records, analyzes and interprets the business, economic and financial activities and changes that take place in societies.
See Clinical trial and Business journalism
California
California is a state in the Western United States, lying on the American Pacific Coast.
See Clinical trial and California
Case–control study
A case–control study (also known as case–referent study) is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute. Clinical trial and case–control study are design of experiments.
See Clinical trial and Case–control study
Children in clinical research
In health care, a clinical trial is a comparison test of a medication or other medical treatment (such as a medical device), versus a placebo (inactive look-alike), other medications or devices, or the standard medical treatment for a patient's condition.
See Clinical trial and Children in clinical research
Chronic condition
A chronic condition (also known as chronic disease or chronic illness) is a health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time.
See Clinical trial and Chronic condition
Cider
Cider is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of apples.
Citrus
Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the family Rutaceae.
Clinical data management system
A clinical data management system or CDMS is a tool used in clinical research to manage the data of a clinical trial. Clinical trial and clinical data management system are clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Clinical data management system
Clinical investigator
A clinical investigator involved in a clinical trial is responsible for ensuring that an investigation is conducted according to the signed investigator statement, the investigational plan, and applicable regulations; for protecting the rights, safety, and welfare of subjects under the investigator's care; and for the control of drugs under investigation. Clinical trial and clinical investigator are clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Clinical investigator
Clinical nutrition
Clinical nutrition centers on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of nutritional changes in patients linked to chronic diseases and conditions primarily in health care.
See Clinical trial and Clinical nutrition
Clinical research
Clinical research is a branch of medical research that involves people and aims to determine the effectiveness (efficacy) and safety of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for improving human health.
See Clinical trial and Clinical research
Clinical study design
Clinical study design is the formulation of trials and experiments, as well as observational studies in medical, clinical and other types of research (e.g., epidemiological) involving human beings. Clinical trial and clinical study design are clinical research, design of experiments and medical statistics.
See Clinical trial and Clinical study design
Clinical trial management system
A Clinical Trial Management System (CTMS) is a software system used by biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries to manage clinical trials in clinical research. Clinical trial and clinical trial management system are clinical research and clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and Clinical trial management system
Clinical trial naming conventions
Clinical trials are often assigned contrived acronyms. Clinical trial and Clinical trial naming conventions are clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and Clinical trial naming conventions
Clinical trial portal
A clinical trial portal (also known as clinical portal or clinical study portal) is a web portal or enterprise portal that primarily serves sponsors and investigators in a clinical trial. Clinical trial and clinical trial portal are clinical research and clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and Clinical trial portal
ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov is a registry of clinical trials. Clinical trial and ClinicalTrials.gov are clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and ClinicalTrials.gov
Cohort study
A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.
See Clinical trial and Cohort study
Contract research organization
In the life sciences, a contract research organization (CRO) is a company that provides support to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries in the form of research services outsourced on a contract basis. Clinical trial and contract research organization are clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Contract research organization
Data collection
Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Clinical trial and data collection are design of experiments.
See Clinical trial and Data collection
Data monitoring committee
A data monitoring committee (DMC) – sometimes called a data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) – is an independent group of experts who monitor patient safety and treatment efficacy data while a clinical trial is ongoing. Clinical trial and data monitoring committee are clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Data monitoring committee
Decade
A decade is a period of ten years.
Declaration of Helsinki
The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH, Helsingin julistus) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed originally in 1964 for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA).
See Clinical trial and Declaration of Helsinki
Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid.
See Clinical trial and Dietary supplement
Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. Clinical trial and drug development are drug discovery.
See Clinical trial and Drug development
Drug labelling
Drug labelling is also referred to as prescription labelling, is a written, printed or graphic matter upon any drugs or any of its container, or accompanying such a drug.
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East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874.
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Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.
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Electronic data capture
An electronic data capture (EDC) system is a computerized system designed for the collection of clinical data in electronic format for use mainly in human clinical trials. Clinical trial and electronic data capture are clinical research.
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Electronic health record
An electronic health record (EHR) is the systematized collection of patient and population electronically stored health information in a digital format.
See Clinical trial and Electronic health record
Electronic patient-reported outcome
An electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) is a patient-reported outcome that is collected by electronic methods. Clinical trial and electronic patient-reported outcome are clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and Electronic patient-reported outcome
Elisha Perkins
Elisha Perkins (January 16, 1741September 6, 1799) was a United States physician who created a fraudulent medical device, the Perkins Patent Tractors.
See Clinical trial and Elisha Perkins
Endovascular aneurysm repair
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is a type of minimally-invasive endovascular surgery used to treat pathology of the aorta, most commonly an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).
See Clinical trial and Endovascular aneurysm repair
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population. Clinical trial and Epidemiology are medical statistics.
See Clinical trial and Epidemiology
Ethics committee
An ethics committee is a body responsible for ensuring that medical experimentation and human subject research are carried out in an ethical manner in accordance with national and international law. Clinical trial and ethics committee are design of experiments.
See Clinical trial and Ethics committee
Ethics committee (European Union)
The ethics committee, according to Directive 2001/20/EC, is an independent body in a member state of the European Union, consisting of healthcare professionals and non-medical members, whose responsibility is to protect the rights, safety and well being of human subjects involved in a clinical trial and to provide public assurance of that protection, by, among other things, expressing an opinion on the clinical trial protocol, the suitability of the investigators involved in the trial and the adequacy of facilities, and on the methods and documents to be used to inform trial subjects and obtain their informed consent.
See Clinical trial and Ethics committee (European Union)
European Medicines Agency
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) in charge of the evaluation and supervision of pharmaceutical products.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Evidence-based practice
Evidence-based practice is the idea that occupational practices ought to be based on scientific evidence.
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Expanded access
Expanded access or compassionate use is the use of an unapproved drug or medical device under special forms of investigational new drug applications (IND) or IDE application for devices, outside of a clinical trial, by people with serious or life-threatening conditions who do not meet the enrollment criteria for the clinical trial in progress. Clinical trial and Expanded access are clinical pharmacology and clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Expanded access
Factorial experiment
In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. Clinical trial and factorial experiment are design of experiments.
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Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
The United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (abbreviated as FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C) is a set of laws passed by the United States Congress in 1938 giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee the safety of food, drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics.
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Fetus
A fetus or foetus (fetuses, foetuses, rarely feti or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from a mammal embryo.
Fibroma
Fibromas are benign tumors that are composed of fibrous or connective tissue.
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Food and Drug Administration
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.
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Frederick Akbar Mahomed
Frederick Henry Horatio Akbar Mahomed (11 April 1849 – 22 November 1884) was an internationally known British physician from Brighton, England.
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Free Press (publisher)
Free Press was an American independent book publisher that later became an imprint of Simon & Schuster.
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Genetic testing
Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, is used to identify changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
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George Anson's voyage around the world
While Great Britain was fighting the War of Jenkins' Ear with Spain in 1740, Commodore George Anson led a squadron of eight ships on a mission to disrupt or capture the Pacific Ocean possessions of the Spanish Empire.
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George Anson, 1st Baron Anson
Admiral of the Fleet George Anson, 1st Baron Anson, (23 April 1697 – 6 June 1762) was a British Royal Navy officer, politician and peer from the Anson family.
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Guy's Hospital
Guy's Hospital is an NHS hospital founded by Thomas Guy, located in the borough of Southwark in central London.
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Health Canada
Health Canada (HC; Santé Canada, SC)Health Canada is the applied title under the Federal Identity Program; the legal title is Department of Health.
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA or the Kennedy–Kassebaum Act) is a United States Act of Congress enacted by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996.
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HIV/AIDS
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.
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Human subject research
Human subject research is systematic, scientific investigation that can be either interventional (a "trial") or observational (no "test article") and involves human beings as research subjects, commonly known as test subjects. Clinical trial and human subject research are clinical research.
See Clinical trial and Human subject research
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
See Clinical trial and Hypertension
Hypothesis
A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
See Clinical trial and Hypothesis
Independent safety officer
An independent safety officer (ISO) is a clinician or researcher who is independent of the clinical study team and helps to monitor a clinical trial for research participant (patient) safety, adverse events, trial progress, and data quality. Clinical trial and independent safety officer are clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and Independent safety officer
Infertility
Infertility is the inability of an animal or plant to reproduce by natural means.
See Clinical trial and Infertility
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.
See Clinical trial and Influenza
Information technology
Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, and data and information processing, and storage.
See Clinical trial and Information technology
Informed consent
Informed consent is a principle in medical ethics, medical law and media studies, that a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care. Clinical trial and Informed consent are clinical trials.
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Inoculation
Inoculation is the act of implanting a pathogen or other microbe or virus into a person or other organism.
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Institutional review board
An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a committee at an institution that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research involving human subjects, to ensure that the projects are ethical. Clinical trial and institutional review board are design of experiments.
See Clinical trial and Institutional review board
Interaction (statistics)
In statistics, an interaction may arise when considering the relationship among three or more variables, and describes a situation in which the effect of one causal variable on an outcome depends on the state of a second causal variable (that is, when effects of the two causes are not additive). Clinical trial and interaction (statistics) are design of experiments.
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Interactive voice response
Interactive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows telephone users to interact with a computer-operated telephone system through the use of voice and DTMF tones input with a keypad.
See Clinical trial and Interactive voice response
International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) is an initiative that brings together regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical industry to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product development and registration. Clinical trial and International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use are clinical research.
Investigator's brochure
In drug development and medical device development the Investigator's Brochure (IB) is a comprehensive document summarizing the body of information about an investigational product ("IP" or "study drug") obtained during a drug trial. Clinical trial and Investigator's brochure are clinical research and clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and Investigator's brochure
James Lind
James Lind (4 October 1716 – 13 July 1794) was a Scottish physician. Clinical trial and James Lind are clinical research.
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John Haygarth
John Haygarth FRS FRSE (1740 – 10 June 1827) was an 18th-century British physician who discovered new ways to prevent the spread of fever among patients and reduce the mortality rate of smallpox.
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John Woodall
John Woodall (1570–1643) was an English military surgeon, Paracelsian chemist, businessman, linguist and diplomat.
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Karl Pearson
Karl Pearson (born Carl Pearson; 27 March 1857 – 27 April 1936) was an English eugenicist, mathematician, and biostatistician. He has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics. He founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London in 1911, and contributed significantly to the field of biometrics and meteorology.
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Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (née Pierrepont; 15 May 168921 August 1762) was an English aristocrat, medical pioneer, writer, and poet.
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Lemon
The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia, primarily Northeast India (Assam), Northern Myanmar, and China.
Lifestyle (social sciences)
Lifestyle is the interests, opinions, behaviours, and behavioural orientations of an individual, group, or culture.
See Clinical trial and Lifestyle (social sciences)
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
Lung cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung.
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Machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions.
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Marketing authorisation
Marketing authorisation is the process of reviewing and assessing the evidence to support a medicinal product, such as a drug, in relation to its marketing, finalised by granting of a licence to be sold.
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Mauricio Tohen
Mauricio Tohen is a Mexican American research psychiatrist, Distinguished Professor, and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences at the University of New Mexico.
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Measurement uncertainty
In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity.
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Medical device
A medical device is any device intended to be used for medical purposes.
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Medical diagnosis
Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx, Dx, or Ds) is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.
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Medical laboratory
A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are conducted out on clinical specimens to obtain information about the health of a patient to aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
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Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)
The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom.
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Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency
The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) is an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care in the United Kingdom which is responsible for ensuring that medicines and medical devices work and are acceptably safe.
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Micronutrient
Micronutrients are essential dietary elements required by organisms in varying quantities to regulate physiological functions of cells and organs.
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Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), formerly known as the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA; 식품의약품안전청), is a government agency responsible for promoting public health by ensuring the safety and effectiveness of foods, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and cosmetics as well as supporting the food and pharmaceutical industy in South Korea.
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Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
The is a cabinet level ministry of the Japanese government.
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Minority group
The term "minority group" has different usages, depending on the context.
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Monitoring in clinical trials
Clinical monitoring is the oversight and administrative efforts that monitor a participant's health and efficacy of the treatment during a clinical trial. Clinical trial and monitoring in clinical trials are clinical research and clinical trials.
See Clinical trial and Monitoring in clinical trials
Multicenter trial
A multicenter research trial is a clinical trial that involves more than one independent medical institutions in enrolling and following trial participants. Clinical trial and multicenter trial are clinical research and clinical trials.
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National Academy of Medicine
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), known as the Institute of Medicine (IoM) until 2015, is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
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National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research.
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National Medical Products Administration
The National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) is a national bureau responsible for drug supervision under the State Council of China and is managed by the State Administration for Market Regulation.
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Nephritis
Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules.
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New Drug Application
The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing.
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Nurses' Health Study
The Nurses Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development.
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Observational study
In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. Clinical trial and observational study are design of experiments.
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Odds algorithm
In decision theory, the odds algorithm (or Bruss algorithm) is a mathematical method for computing optimal strategies for a class of problems that belong to the domain of optimal stopping problems.
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Open aortic surgery
Open aortic surgery (OAS), also known as open aortic repair (OAR), describes a technique whereby an abdominal, thoracic or retroperitoneal surgical incision is used to visualize and control the aorta for purposes of treatment, usually by the replacement of the affected segment with a prosthetic graft.
See Clinical trial and Open aortic surgery
Orange (fruit)
An orange, also called sweet orange when it is desired to distinguish it from the bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium), is the fruit of a tree in the family Rutaceae.
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Outcome measure
An outcome measure, endpoint, effect measure or measure of effect is a measure within medical practice or research, (primarily clinical trials) which is used to assess the effect, both positive and negative, of an intervention or treatment.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
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Patient and public involvement
Public involvement (or public and patient involvement, PPI) in medical research refers to the practice where people with health conditions (patients), carers and members of the public work together with researchers and influence what is researched and how.
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Patient recruitment
Patient recruitment is the process of finding and enrolling suitable participants for clinical trials. Clinical trial and Patient recruitment are clinical trials.
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Patient-reported outcome
A patient-reported outcome (PRO) is a health outcome directly reported by the patient who experienced it. Clinical trial and patient-reported outcome are clinical research.
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Pediatrics
Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
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Personalized medicine
Personalized medicine, also referred to as precision medicine, is a medical model that separates people into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease.
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Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry is an industry involved in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical goods for use as drugs that function by being administered to (or self-administered by) patients using such medications with the goal of curing and/or preventing disease (as well as possibly alleviating symptoms of illness and/or injury).
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Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA, pronounced), formerly known as the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, is a trade group representing companies in the pharmaceutical industry in the United States.
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Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs).
See Clinical trial and Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration.
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Pilot experiment
A pilot experiment, pilot study, pilot test or pilot project is a small-scale preliminary study conducted to evaluate feasibility, duration, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project.
See Clinical trial and Pilot experiment
Placebo
A placebo is a substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value. Clinical trial and placebo are clinical research.
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Plain language
Plain language is writing designed to ensure the reader understands as quickly, easily, and completely as possible.
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Platform trial
A platform trial is a type of prospective, disease-focused, adaptive, randomized clinical trial (RCT) that compares multiple, simultaneous and possibly differently-timed interventions against a single, constant control group. Clinical trial and platform trial are clinical trials.
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Power (statistics)
In frequentist statistics, power is a measure of the ability of an experimental design and hypothesis testing setup to detect a particular effect if it is truly present.
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Pre-existing condition
In the context of healthcare in the United States, a pre-existing condition is a medical condition that started before a person's health insurance went into effect.
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Preregistration (science)
Preregistration is the practice of registering the hypotheses, methods, or analyses of a scientific study before it is conducted.
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Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication, prescription medicine or prescription-only medication) is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription.
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Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases.
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Primum non nocere
Primum non nocere is a Latin phrase that means "first, do no harm".
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Prospective cohort study
A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome.
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Protocol (science)
In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment. Clinical trial and protocol (science) are design of experiments.
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Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy, talk therapy, or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.
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Quality of life (healthcare)
In general, quality of life (QoL or QOL) is the perceived quality of an individual's daily life, that is, an assessment of their well-being or lack thereof.
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Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy (RT, RTx, or XRT) is a treatment using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer therapy to either kill or control the growth of malignant cells.
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Randomized controlled trial
A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Clinical trial and randomized controlled trial are clinical research and design of experiments.
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Randomized experiment
In science, randomized experiments are the experiments that allow the greatest reliability and validity of statistical estimates of treatment effects. Clinical trial and randomized experiment are design of experiments.
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Rare disease
A rare disease is a disease that affects a small percentage of the population.
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Regulatory agency
A regulatory agency (regulatory body, regulator) or independent agency (independent regulatory agency) is a government authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous dominion over some area of human activity in a licensing and regulating capacity.
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Replication (statistics)
In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the process of repeating a study or experiment under the same or similar conditions to support the original claim, which crucial to confirm the accuracy of results as well as for identifying and correcting the flaws in the original experiment. Clinical trial and replication (statistics) are design of experiments.
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Reproducibility
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.
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Richard Doll
Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll (28 October 1912 – 24 July 2005) was a British physician who became an epidemiologist in the mid-20th century and made important contributions to that discipline.
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Risk–benefit ratio
A risk–benefit ratio (or benefit-risk ratio) is the ratio of the risk of an action to its potential benefits. Clinical trial and risk–benefit ratio are medical statistics.
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Ronald Fisher
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was a British polymath who was active as a mathematician, statistician, biologist, geneticist, and academic.
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Rothamsted Research
Rothamsted Research, previously known as the Rothamsted Experimental Station and then the Institute of Arable Crops Research, is one of the oldest agricultural research institutions in the world, having been founded in 1843.
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Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.
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Scientific control
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables).
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Scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
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Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).
Seasonal affective disorder
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder subset in which people who typically have normal mental health throughout most of the year exhibit depressive symptoms at the same time each year.
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Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension (or, less commonly, inessential hypertension) is a type of hypertension which has a specific and identifiable underlying primary cause.
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Seeding trial
A seeding trial or marketing trial is a form of marketing, conducted in the name of research, designed to target product sampling towards selected consumers. Clinical trial and seeding trial are clinical trials.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is unintended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug. Clinical trial and side effect are clinical pharmacology.
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Site management organization
A Site Management Organization (SMO) is an organization that provides clinical trial- to a contract research organization (CRO), a pharmaceutical company, a biotechnology company, a medical device company, or a clinical site. Clinical trial and site management organization are clinical trials.
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Skin condition
A skin condition, also known as cutaneous condition, is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, nails, and related muscle and glands.
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Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.
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Smallpox vaccine
The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to have been developed against a contagious disease.
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Smoking
Smoking is a practice in which a substance is combusted and the resulting smoke is typically inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream of a person.
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Squamous-cell carcinoma
The term squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC), also known as epidermoid carcinoma, comprises a number of different types of cancer that begin in squamous cells.
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Statistical hypothesis test
A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data sufficiently support a particular hypothesis. Clinical trial and statistical hypothesis test are design of experiments.
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Statistics
Statistics (from German: Statistik, "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
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Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, ''Mycobacterium avium'' complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, ''Burkholderia'' infection, plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever.
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Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, with the molecular formula.
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Tax credit
A tax credit is a tax incentive which allows certain taxpayers to subtract the amount of the credit they have accrued from the total they owe the state.
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Telehealth
Telehealth is the distribution of health-related services and information via electronic information and telecommunication technologies.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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Translational research
Translational research (also called translation research, translational science, or, when the context is clear, simply translation) is research aimed at translating (converting) results in basic research into results that directly benefit humans.
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Treatment and control groups
In the design of experiments, hypotheses are applied to experimental units in a treatment group. Clinical trial and treatment and control groups are clinical research and design of experiments.
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Trials (journal)
Trials is an open access peer-reviewed medical journal covering performance and outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Clinical trial and trials (journal) are clinical trials.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.
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United States National Library of Medicine
The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library.
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Urinary incontinence
Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine.
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.
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Validity (statistics)
Validity is the main extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world.
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Vascular surgery
Vascular surgery is a surgical subspecialty in which vascular diseases involving the arteries, veins, or lymphatic vessels, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures and surgical reconstruction.
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Vinegar
Vinegar is an aqueous solution of acetic acid and trace compounds that may include flavorings.
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Vital signs
Vital signs (also known as vitals) are a group of the four to six most crucial medical signs that indicate the status of the body's vital (life-sustaining) functions.
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Vitamin
Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits, berries and vegetables.
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Vitriol
Vitriol is the general chemical name encompassing a class of chemical compounds comprising sulfates of certain metalsoriginally, iron or copper.
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Wearable technology
Wearable technology is any technology that is designed to be used while worn.
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William Gull
Sir William Withey Gull, 1st Baronet (31 December 181629 January 1890) was an English physician.
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References
Also known as Clinical Trials, Clinical research trial, Clinical researcher, Clinical studies, Clinical study, Clinically proven, Comparator Sourcing, Conflicts of interest in clinical trials, Controlled clinical trial, Controlled trials, Covered clinical study, Curative trial, Device Clinical Trials, Drug tester, Drug trial, Drug trials, Intervention study, Medical experimentation, Medical trial, Non-controlled studies, Novoclinica, Online clinical trial, Online clinical trials, Pharmaceutical testing, Pharmaceuticals testing, Placebo group, Study population, Testing of drugs, Uncontrolled trial.