293 relations: Abwehr, Academic Karelia Society, Adolf Hitler, Aerial bomb, Aksel Airo, Aladár Paasonen, Allied Commission, Anti-aircraft warfare, Anti-Comintern Pact, Anti-submarine net, Antti Hackzell, Archipelago Sea, Arctic convoys of World War II, Arctic Ocean, Army Group Centre, Army Group North, Army of Karelia, Army of Norway (Wehrmacht), Aviation Division, Åland convention, Åland Islands, Background of the occupation of the Baltic states, Baltic Fleet, Baltic states, Battle of France, Battle of Ilomantsi, Battle of Kursk, Battle of Moscow, Battle of Narva (1944), Battle of Porlampi, Battle of Stalingrad, Battle of Tali-Ihantala, Beloostrov, Beryozovye Islands, Bessarabia, Bolshoy Tyuters, Bombing of Helsinki in World War II, Brezhnev Doctrine, Bridgehead, Capitalism, Carl Enckell, Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Co-belligerence, Cold-weather warfare, Commonwealth of Nations, Communist Party of Finland, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Convoy PQ 17, Convoy PQ 18, Creative Commons license, ..., Dan Reiter, David Glantz, Defence Command (Finland), Defense pact, Deportations of the Ingrian Finns, Detached Battalion 4, Detachment Kuhlmey, East Karelia, Eastern Front (World War II), Eduard Dietl, Edwin Linkomies, Einsatzkommando Finnland, Einsatzstab Fähre Ost, Erik Heinrichs, Estonia, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonians, Ethnic cleansing, Evacuation of Finnish Karelia, Fascism, Finland, Finland–Russia relations, Finland–Soviet Union Peace and Friendship Society, Finnic peoples, Finnish 3rd Division (Continuation War), Finnish 6th Division (Continuation War), Finnish Air Force, Finnish Civil War, Finnish coastal defence ship Väinämöinen, Finnish conquest of East Karelia (1941), Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency, Finnish Government, Finnish III Corps (Continuation War), Finnish Infantry Regiment 200, Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment, Finnish Navy, Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941), Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941), Finnish war children, Finnish war reparations to the Soviet Union, Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948, Finns, Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War, Franz Halder, French Third Republic, General Government, Gestapo, Gogland, Greater Finland, Grigori F. Krivosheev, Gulf of Finland, Hanko Naval Base, Hawker Hurricane, Heinrich Himmler, Helsinki, Hermann Göring, Hitler and Mannerheim recording, Hjalmar Siilasvuo, Ida-Viru County, Ingria, Ingrian Finns, Intelligence Division (Finland), Interim Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross, Invasion of Poland, Iron Cross, IS tank family, Izhorians, Jewish question, Jews, Johan Wilhelm Rangell, John Lukacs, Jonathan Clements, Kainuu, Kandalaksha, Karelia, Karelia (historical province of Finland), Karelian Front, Karelian Isthmus, Karelians, Karl Lennart Oesch, Kingdom of Romania, Kirill Meretskov, Kirov Railway, Kliment Voroshilov tank, Kola Peninsula, Kotka, Kriegsmarine, Lake Ladoga, Lake Onega, Lake Segozero, Lapland (Finland), Lapland War, Latvia, League of Nations, Legation, Lembolovo, Lend-Lease, Leningrad Front, Leningrad Military District, Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive, Leonid Govorov, Lithuania, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Long-range reconnaissance patrol, Lothar Rendulic, Luftflotte 5, Majdanek concentration camp, Markian Popov, MAS (motorboat), Mauno Jokipii, Medvezhyegorsk, Michael Jones (historian), Military volunteer, Mobilization, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Moscow Armistice, Moscow Peace Treaty, Mountain Corps Norway, Multilateralism, Murmansk, Naissaar, National Defence University (Finland), Naval Detachment K, Nazi Germany, Neva River, Nickel, Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, No. 151 Wing RAF, Nordic countries, Norman Davies, Northern Fleet, Northern Front (Soviet Union), Norway, Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, Oberkommando des Heeres, Occupation of the Baltic states, Okhta River (Neva basin), Operation Bagration, Operation Barbarossa, Operation Benedict, Operation Kilpapurjehdus, Operation Nordwind, Operation Overlord, Operation Silver Fox, Operation Weserübung, Oulu, Paavo Talvela, Panzerfaust, Panzerschreck, Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, Parliament of Finland, Pechengsky District, Petrozavodsk, Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive, Pocket (military), Porkkalanniemi, Pravda, Prisoner-of-war camp, Puppet state, Raid on Kirkenes and Petsamo, Red Army, Reservist, Risto Ryti, Romania, Russian Empire, Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement, Salla, Salzburg, Satellite state, Schutzstaffel, Second Polish Republic, Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast), Siebel ferry, Siege of Leningrad, Sisu-class motor torpedo boat, Social Democratic Party of Finland, Sortie, Soviet Air Forces, Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviet Navy, Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet partisans, Soviet prisoners of war in Finland, Soviet Union, Sphere of influence, Spirit of the Winter War, Stalin Line, Stalin's Missed Chance, Starvation, State Police (Finland), Stavka, Sturmgeschütz III, Sukho, Svir River, Sweden, Swedish People's Party of Finland, Swedish Volunteer Battalion, Sword Scabbard Declaration, Tehran Conference, The Examiner (Tasmania), The Unknown Soldier (novel), Tikhvin, Transit of German troops through Finland and Sweden, Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish), Tripartite Pact, United States dollar, Utti, Valerian A. Frolov, Vepsians, VKT-line, Volkhov Front, Volkhov River, Votes, VT-line, Vuoksi River, Vyacheslav Molotov, Vyborg, Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive, Wannsee Conference, War-responsibility trials in Finland, Warsaw Pact, Wehrmacht, White Guard (Finland), William R. Trotter, Winston Churchill, Winter War, World War II, XII Squadriglia MAS, XXXVI Mountain Corps (Wehrmacht), Yad Vashem, Yuri Andropov, 10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union), 122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 14th Army (Soviet Union), 14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), 20th Mountain Army (Wehrmacht), 23rd Army (Soviet Union), 54th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 7th Army (Soviet Union). Expand index (243 more) »
Abwehr
The Abwehr was the German military intelligence service for the Reichswehr and Wehrmacht from 1920 to 1945.
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Academic Karelia Society
The Academic Karelia Society (Akateeminen Karjala-Seura, AKS) was a Finnish elitist nationalist and Finno-Ugric activist organization aiming at the growth and improvement of newly independent Finland, founded by academics and students of the University of Finland in 1922.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Aerial bomb
An aerial bomb is a type of explosive or incendiary weapon intended to travel through the air on a predictable trajectory, usually designed to be dropped from an aircraft.
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Aksel Airo
Aksel Fredrik Airo (1898, Turku – 1985) was a Finnish lieutenant general and main strategic planner during the Winter War and the Continuation War.
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Aladár Paasonen
Colonel Aladár Antero Zoltán Béla Gyula Árpád Paasonen (December 11, 1898, Budapest, Austria-Hungary – July 6, 1974 Flourtown, Pennsylvania, United States), known as Aladár Paasonen, was a Finnish military officer who served as Chief of Intelligence of the Finnish Defence Forces during the Continuation War, and later in the CIA.
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Allied Commission
Following the termination of hostilities in World War II, the Allied Powers were in control of the defeated Axis countries.
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Anti-aircraft warfare
Anti-aircraft warfare or counter-air defence is defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action."AAP-6 They include ground-and air-based weapon systems, associated sensor systems, command and control arrangements and passive measures (e.g. barrage balloons).
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Anti-Comintern Pact
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Germany and Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, governments) on November 25, 1936, and was directed against the Communist International.
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Anti-submarine net
An anti-submarine net or anti-submarine boom is a boom placed across the mouth of a harbour or a strait for protection against submarines.
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Antti Hackzell
Antti Verner Hackzell (September 20, 1881 – January 14, 1946) was a Finnish politician from the National Coalition Party and Prime Minister of Finland in 1944.
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Archipelago Sea
The Archipelago Sea (Finnish: Saaristomeri, Swedish: Skärgårdshavet) is a part of the Baltic Sea between the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland and the Sea of Åland, within Finnish territorial waters.
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Arctic convoys of World War II
The Arctic convoys of World War II were oceangoing convoys which sailed from the United Kingdom, Iceland, and North America to northern ports in the Soviet Union – primarily Arkhangelsk (Archangel) and Murmansk in Russia.
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Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans.
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Army Group Centre
Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte) was the name of two distinct German strategic army groups that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II.
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Army Group North
Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord) was a German strategic echelon formation, commanding a grouping of field armies during World War II.
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Army of Karelia
The Karelian Army (Karjalan armeija) was a Finnish army during the Continuation War.
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Army of Norway (Wehrmacht)
The Army of Norway, also simply Army Norway (Armee Norwegen), was a German army operating in the far north of Norway and Finland during World War II.
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Aviation Division
An Aviation Division (авиационная дивизия.) was a type of formation of the Military Air Forces of the Red Army during the Second World War, the Soviet Air Forces, Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO) and Aviation of the Military Naval Fleet, and since 1991 remain major formations within the Military Air Forces of the Russian Federation.
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Åland convention
The Åland convention, refers to two conventions regarding the demilitarization and neutralization of the Åland Islands.
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Åland Islands
The Åland Islands or Åland (Åland,; Ahvenanmaa) is an archipelago province at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland.
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Background of the occupation of the Baltic states
The background of the occupation of the Baltic states covers the period before the first Soviet occupation on 14 June 1940, stretching from independence in 1918 to the Soviet ultimatums in 1939–1940.
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Baltic Fleet
The Baltic Fleet (Балтийский флот) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Baltic Sea.
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Baltic states
The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
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Battle of France
The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War.
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Battle of Ilomantsi
The Battle of Ilomantsi was a part of the Continuation War (1941–1944).
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Battle of Kursk
The Battle of Kursk was a Second World War engagement between German and Soviet forces on the Eastern Front near Kursk (south-west of Moscow) in the Soviet Union, during July and August 1943.
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Battle of Moscow
The Battle of Moscow (translit) was a military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a sector of the Eastern Front during World War II.
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Battle of Narva (1944)
The Battle of Narva was a military campaign between the German Army Detachment "Narwa" and the Soviet Leningrad Front fought for possession of the strategically important Narva Isthmus on 2 February – 10 August 1944 during World War II.
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Battle of Porlampi
The Battle of Porlampi, also known as the Battle of Porlammi, was a military engagement fought between the Finnish Army and Red Army from 30 August to 1 September 1941 on the Karelian Isthmus.
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Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) was the largest confrontation of World War II, in which Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia.
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Battle of Tali-Ihantala
The Battle of Tali-Ihantala (June 25 to July 9, 1944) was part of the Finnish-Soviet Continuation War (1941–1944), which occurred during World War II.
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Beloostrov
Beloostrov (Белоо́стров; Valkeasaari, both meaning lit. White Island), from 1922 to World War II—Krasnoostrov (Красноо́стров, lit. Red Island), is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Sestra River, Karelian Isthmus.
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Beryozovye Islands
Beryozovye Islands (Берёзовые острова, Finnish: Koivisto, Swedish: Björkö; literally: "Birch Islands"), alternatively spelled Berezovye Islands, is an island group in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.
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Bessarabia
Bessarabia (Basarabia; Бессарабия, Bessarabiya; Besarabya; Бессара́бія, Bessarabiya; Бесарабия, Besarabiya) is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.
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Bolshoy Tyuters
Bolshoi Tyuters (Большой Тютерс; Tytärsaari; Suur Tütarsaar; Tyterskär) is an island in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, located away from the coast of Finland, to the south-east from Hogland.
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Bombing of Helsinki in World War II
The capital of Finland, Helsinki was bombed several times during World War II.
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Brezhnev Doctrine
The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by Sergei Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article entitled Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries.
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Bridgehead
A bridgehead (or bridge-head) is the strategically important area of ground around the end of a bridge or other place of possible crossing over a body of water which at time of conflict is sought to be defended/taken over by the belligerent forces.
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Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
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Carl Enckell
Carl Johan Alexis Enckell (7 June 1876 — 26 March 1959) was a Finnish politician, diplomat, officer and businessman.
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Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a Finnish military leader and statesman.
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Co-belligerence
Co-belligerence is the waging of a war in cooperation against a common enemy without a formal treaty of military alliance.
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Cold-weather warfare
Cold-weather warfare, also known as Arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions or cold, both on land and at sea.
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Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth of Nations, often known as simply the Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.
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Communist Party of Finland
The Communist Party of Finland (Suomen Kommunistinen Puolue; Finlands Kommunistiska Parti; abbreviated SKP) was a communist political party in Finland.
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Communist Party of the Soviet Union
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.
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Convoy PQ 17
PQ 17 was the code name for an Allied convoy in the Arctic Ocean during the Second World War.
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Convoy PQ 18
Convoy PQ 18 was an Arctic convoy of forty Allied freighters from Scotland and Iceland to Arkhangelsk in the Soviet Union in the war against Nazi Germany.
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Creative Commons license
A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work.
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Dan Reiter
Dan Reiter (born September 29, 1967, Ann Arbor, Michigan) is an American political scientist.
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David Glantz
David M. Glantz (born January 11, 1942 in Port Chester, New York) is an American military historian known for his books on the Red Army during World War II, and the chief editor of the Journal of Slavic Military Studies. Glantz received degrees in history from the Virginia Military Institute and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and is a graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Defense Language Institute, Institute for Russian and Eastern European Studies, and U.S. Army War College. Glantz had a 30 year career in the United States Army, and served in the Vietnam War.
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Defence Command (Finland)
Defence Command (Pääesikunta, Huvudstaben), organized as Headquarters (Päämaja, Huvudkvarter) during wartime, is the joint command headquarters of the Finnish Defence Forces and a central government agency.
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Defense pact
A Defense pact is a type of treaty or military alliance where the signatories promise to support each other militarily, to defend each other.
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Deportations of the Ingrian Finns
Deportations of the Ingrian Finns were a series of mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population by Soviet authorities.
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Detached Battalion 4
Detached Battalion 4 () was a special forces unit of the Finnish Army during the Continuation War and Lapland War, serving from July 1943 to November 1944.
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Detachment Kuhlmey
Detachment Kuhlmey (Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey) was a temporary unit of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe during World War II.
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East Karelia
East Karelia (Itä-Karjala, Karelian: Idä-Karjala), also rendered as Eastern Karelia or Russian Karelia, is a name for the part of Karelia that since the Treaty of Stolbova in 1617 has remained Eastern Orthodox under Russian supremacy.
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Eastern Front (World War II)
The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.
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Eduard Dietl
Eduard Dietl (21 July 1890 – 23 June 1944) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 20th Mountain Army.
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Edwin Linkomies
Edwin Johannes Hildegard Linkomies (22 December 1894 – 9 September 1963, until 1928 Edwin Flinck) was Prime Minister of Finland from March 1943 to August 1944, and one of the seven politicians sentenced to five and a half years in prison as responsible for the Continuation War, on the demand of the Soviet Union.
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Einsatzkommando Finnland
Einsatzkommando Finnland was a German paramilitary unit active in northern Finland and northern Norway during World War II, while Finland was fighting against the Soviet Union with the support of Nazi Germany.
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Einsatzstab Fähre Ost
The Einsatzstab Fähre Ost (the "Eastern Ferry Operations Staff"), referred to as EFO, was a German naval detachment operated by the Luftwaffe during the Second World War.
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Erik Heinrichs
Axel Erik Heinrichs (21 July 1890 – 16 November 1965) was a Finnish military general.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR or ESSR; Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik ENSV; Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика ЭССР, Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika ESSR), also known as Soviet Estonia or Estonia was an unrecognized republic of the Soviet Union, administered by a subordinate of the Government of the Soviet Union.
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Estonians
Estonians (eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language.
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Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic or racial groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous.
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Evacuation of Finnish Karelia
As a result of the 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty that concluded the Winter War, Finland ceded the area of Finnish Karelia and other territories to the Soviet Union.
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Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
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Finland
Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.
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Finland–Russia relations
Finno–Russian relations include a history of centuries, from wars between Sweden and Russia in 1700s, to the planned and realized creation and annexation of the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire during Napoleonic times in 1800s, to the dissolution of the personal union between Russia and Finland after the abdication of Russia's last czar in 1917, and subsequent birth of modern Finland, with support of the bolshevik (Soviet) Russian government.
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Finland–Soviet Union Peace and Friendship Society
The Finland–Soviet Union Peace and Friendship Society (Finnish: Suomen-Neuvostoliiton rauhan ja ystävyyden seura, SNS) was a Finnish anti-war propaganda organization founded on May 22, 1940 by Communist politician Mauri Ryömä in the aftermath of the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland.
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Finnic peoples
The Finnic peoples or Baltic Finns consist of the peoples inhabiting the region around the Baltic Sea in Northeastern Europe who speak Finnic languages, including the Finns proper, Estonians (including Võros and Setos), Karelians (including Ludes and Olonets), Veps, Izhorians, Votes, and Livonians as well as their descendants worldwide.
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Finnish 3rd Division (Continuation War)
The 3rd Division (3.Divisioona) was a unit of the Finnish Army during the Continuation War.
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Finnish 6th Division (Continuation War)
The 6th Division (6.Divisioona) was a unit of the Finnish Army during the Continuation War.
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Finnish Air Force
The Finnish Air Force (FAF or FiAF) (Ilmavoimat ("Air Forces"), Flygvapnet) ("Air Arm") is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces.
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Finnish Civil War
The Finnish Civil War was a conflict for the leadership and control of Finland during the country's transition from a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.
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Finnish coastal defence ship Väinämöinen
Väinämöinen was a Finnish coastal defence ship, the sister ship of the Finnish Navy's flagship and also the first ship of her class.
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Finnish conquest of East Karelia (1941)
The Finnish conquest of East Karelia (1941) was a military campaign in 1941.
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Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency
The Finnish Defence Intelligence Agency is the combined signals (SIGINT), geospatial (GEOINT) and imagery intelligence (IMINT) agency of the Finnish Defence Forces.
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Finnish Government
The Finnish government is the executive branch and cabinet of Finland, which directs the politics of Finland and is the main source of legislation proposed to the Parliament.
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Finnish III Corps (Continuation War)
The III Corps (III Armeijakunta) was a unit of the Finnish Army during the Continuation War.
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Finnish Infantry Regiment 200
Infantry Regiment 200 (Jalkaväkirykmentti 200, JR 200, Jalaväerügement 200, JR 200) or soomepoisid (Finnish Boys) was a unit in the Finnish army during World War II made up mostly of Estonian volunteers, who preferred to fight against the Soviet Union in the ranks of the Finnish army instead of the armed forces of Germany.
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Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment
Finnish Ladoga Naval Detachment (Laatokan laivasto-osasto) was a Finnish naval unit stationed on Lake Ladoga between 1920-1940 and 1941-1944.
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Finnish Navy
The Finnish Navy (Merivoimat, Marinen) is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces.
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Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
There were two waves of the Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union during World War II: POWs during the Winter War and the Continuation War.
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Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941)
The Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941) refers to a military campaign carried out by Finland in 1941.
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Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)
The Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941) refers to a military campaign carried out by Finland in 1941.
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Finnish war children
During World War II some 70,000 Finnish children (sotalapset, the 'war children' krigsbarn) were evacuated from Finland, chiefly to Sweden, but also to Norway and Denmark.
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Finnish war reparations to the Soviet Union
War reparations of Finland to the Soviet Union were originally worth US$300,000,000 at 1938 prices.
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Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948
The Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance, also known as the YYA Treaty from the Finnish Ystävyys-, yhteistyö- ja avunantosopimus (YYA-sopimus) (Swedish: Vänskaps-, samarbets- och biståndsavtalet (VSB-avtalet)), was the basis for Finno–Soviet relations from 1948 to 1992. It was the main instrument in implementing the Finnish policy called Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine. Under the treaty, which was signed on April 6, 1948, the Soviets sought to deter Western or Allied Powers from attacking the Soviet Union through Finnish territory, and the Finns sought to increase Finland's political independence from the Soviet Union. It thus ensured Finland's survival as a liberal democracy in close proximity to strategic Soviet regions, such as the Kola Peninsula and the old capital Leningrad. Under the pact, Finland was obliged to resist armed attacks by "Germany or its allies" (in reality interpreted as the United States and allies) against Finland, or against the Soviet Union through Finland. If necessary, Finland was to ask for Soviet military aid to do so. However the pact in itself did not provide any provisions for the Soviet military to enter Finland and stipulated that all such actions would have to be agreed separately should Finland choose to request aid. Furthermore, the pact did not place any requirements for Finland to act should the Soviet Union be attacked (if the attack would not take place through Finland). The agreement also recognized Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts, allowing the country to adopt a policy of neutrality in the Cold War. Due to the uncertain status of Finno–Soviet relations in the years after the Continuation War, and the precise interpretation of the treaty's wording, Finland followed the Warsaw Pact countries' decision and did not participate in the Marshall Plan. As a result, Finland's post-war period of economic hardship was prolonged, compared to other European capitalist countries, and it thus became considerably more economically dependent on the Soviet Union. In general, Finland kept its relations towards western military powers officially distant (including the proposed Scandinavian Defense Union) and NATO in particular. By avoiding supporting the West, it attempted to fend off Soviet pressure for affiliation with the Warsaw Pact. No joint military exercises were ever held, and other military cooperation was minimal, despite occasional Soviet advances. The YYA Treaty was a cornerstone in Paasikivi's foreign policy. It was also a central policy under the presidency of Urho Kekkonen (1956–1981), who dubbed his foreign policy doctrine the Paasikivi-Kekkonen line. The treaty was an instrumental tool for the Soviet Union to gain political leverage in the internal affairs of Finland in post-war era, in confrontations such as the note crisis. This influence was commonly referred to as Finlandisation. It is hotly debated to what degree President Kekkonen (President 1956–1981) intentionally used it to further his own influence and damage his opponents. Despite the official policy, there was some secret co-operation with the West. This ranged from Finnish organizations such as the Social Democratic Party accepting U.S. Central Intelligence Agency funding to sharing of seismic data on nuclear tests. Likewise, Eastern Bloc countries conducted espionage in Finland, e.g., the East German Stasi had agents. The Soviet Union had similar agreements with many nations that were not directly allied with it but depended heavily on Soviet support, such as North Korea since 1961, with India since 1971, and Vietnam since 1978. The first such agreement, however, was with Free France in 1943. The treaty came to an end in 1992 with the signing of a new treaty.
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Finns
Finns or Finnish people (suomalaiset) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Finland.
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Foreign support of Finland in the Winter War
The foreign support in the Winter War contained material, men and moral support to the Finnish struggle against the Soviet Union in the Winter War.
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Franz Halder
Franz Halder (30 June 1884 – 2 April 1972) was a German general and the chief of the Oberkommando des Heeres staff (OKH, Army High Command) from 1938 until September 1942, when he was dismissed after frequent disagreements with Adolf Hitler.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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General Government
The General Government (Generalgouvernement, Generalne Gubernatorstwo, Генеральна губернія), also referred to as the General Governorate, was a German zone of occupation established after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II.
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Gestapo
The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.
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Gogland
Gogland or Hogland (Гогланд; Suursaari; Hogland, Suursaar, Hochland) is an island in the Gulf of Finland in the eastern Baltic Sea, about 180 km west from Saint Petersburg and 35 km from the coast of Finland (near Kotka).
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Greater Finland
Greater Finland (Suur-Suomi; Suur-Soome; Storfinland) is an irredentist and nationalist idea that emphasized territorial expansion of Finland.
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Grigori F. Krivosheev
Grigoriy Fedotovich Krivosheyev (Григорий Федотович Кривошеев, born in 1929) is a Russian military historian and a retired Colonel General of the Russian military.
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Gulf of Finland
The Gulf of Finland (Suomenlahti; Soome laht; p; Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea.
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Hanko Naval Base
Hanko Naval Base was a Soviet naval base during 1940–1941 in the town of Hanko at the Hankoniemi peninsula which is located 100 kilometers (62 mi) from Helsinki, the Finnish capital.
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Hawker Hurricane
The Hawker Hurricane is a British single-seat fighter aircraft of the 1930s–1940s that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd.
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Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany.
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Helsinki
Helsinki (or;; Helsingfors) is the capital city and most populous municipality of Finland.
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Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German political and military leader as well as one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.
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Hitler and Mannerheim recording
The Hitler and Mannerheim recording is a voice recording of a private conversation between Adolf Hitler, Führer of Nazi Germany, and Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, Commander-in-Chief of the Finnish Defence Forces, during a secret visit honoring Mannerheim's 75th birthday on 4 June 1942 during the Continuation War.
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Hjalmar Siilasvuo
Hjalmar Fridolf Siilasvuo (birthname: Hjalmar Fridolf Strömberg, 18 March 1892, Helsinki – 11 January 1947) was a Finnish lieutenant general who led troops in the Winter War, Continuation War and Lapland War.
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Ida-Viru County
Ida-Viru County (Ida-Viru maakond), or Ida-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
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Ingria
Historical Ingria (Inkeri or Inkerinmaa; Ингрия, Ingriya, Ижорская земля, Izhorskaya zemlya, or Ингерманландия, Ingermanlandiya; Ingermanland; Ingeri or Ingerimaa) is the geographical area located along the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with Estonia in the west.
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Ingrian Finns
The Ingrians (inkeriläiset, inkerinsuomalaiset; Ингерманландцы, Ingermanlandtsy), sometimes called Ingrian Finns, are the Finnish population of Ingria (now the central part of Leningrad Oblast in Russia), descending from Lutheran Finnish immigrants introduced into the area in the 17th century, when Finland and Ingria were both parts of the Swedish Empire.
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Intelligence Division (Finland)
The Intelligence Division of Defence Command (Pääesikunnan tiedusteluosasto (PE TIEDOS)) is the unit in charge of Finnish military intelligence.
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Interim Peace
The Interim Peace (Välirauha, Mellanfreden) was a short period in the history of Finland during the Second World War.
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International Committee of the Red Cross
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution based in Geneva, Switzerland, and a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate.
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Invasion of Poland
The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.
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Iron Cross
The Iron Cross (abbreviated EK) is a former military decoration in the Kingdom of Prussia, and later in the German Empire (1871–1918) and Nazi Germany (1933–1945).
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IS tank family
The IS Tank was a series of heavy tanks developed as a successor to the KV-series by the Soviet Union during World War II.
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Izhorians
The Izhorians (Ижо́ра; ижо́рцы; sg. inkerikot, isurit, ižoralaine, inkeroine, ižora, ingermans, ingers, ingrian, pl. ižoralaizet), along with the Votes, are a Finnic ethnic group indigenous people native to Ingria.
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Jewish question
The Jewish question was a wide-ranging debate in 19th- and 20th-century European society pertaining to the appropriate status and treatment of Jews in society.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Johan Wilhelm Rangell
Johan Wilhelm (Jukka) Rangell (October 25, 1894 – March 12, 1982) was the Prime Minister of Finland from 1941 to 1943.
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John Lukacs
John Adalbert Lukacs (Hungarian: Lukács János Albert; born 31 January 1924) is a Hungarian-born American historian who has written more than thirty books, including Five Days in London, May 1940 and A New Republic.
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Jonathan Clements
Jonathan Michael Clements (born 9 July 1971) is a British author and scriptwriter.
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Kainuu
Kainuu (Kajanaland) is one of the 19 regions of Finland (maakunta / landskap).
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Kandalaksha
Kandalaksha (Кандала́кша; Kantalahti, also Kandalax or Candalax in the old maps; Kannanlakši; Käddluhtt) is a town in Kandalakshsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the head of Kandalaksha Gulf on the White Sea, north of the Arctic Circle.
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Karelia
Karelia (Karelian, Finnish and Estonian: Karjala; Карелия, Kareliya; Karelen), the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden.
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Karelia (historical province of Finland)
Karelia (Finnish: Karjala, Swedish: Karelen) is a historical province of Finland which Finland partly ceded to Russia after the Winter War of 1939–40.
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Karelian Front
The Karelian Front was a front (a formation of Army Group size) of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II, and operated in Karelia.
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Karelian Isthmus
The Karelian Isthmus (Karelsky peresheyek; Karjalankannas; Karelska näset) is the approximately 45–110 km wide stretch of land, situated between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia, to the north of the River Neva (between 61°21’N, 59°46’N and 27°42’E, 31°08’E).
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Karelians
Karelians (karjalaižet) are a Baltic-Finnic ethnic group who are native to the Northern European historical region of Karelia, which is today split between Finland and Russia.
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Karl Lennart Oesch
Karl Lennart Oesch (8 August 1892 – 28 March 1978) was one of Finland's leading generals during World War II.
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Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe which existed from 1881, when prince Carol I of Romania was proclaimed King, until 1947, when King Michael I of Romania abdicated and the Parliament proclaimed Romania a republic.
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Kirill Meretskov
Kirill Afanasievich Meretskov (Кири́лл Афана́сьевич Мерецко́в; June 7, 1897 – December 30, 1968) was a Soviet military commander.
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Kirov Railway
Railway between Murmansk on the Arctic Ocean and Saint Petersburg on the Baltic Sea Kirov Railway (Кировская железная дорога, Kirovskaya zheleznaya doroga, to 1935 Murman Railway) is a broad gauge Russian railway network that links the Murman Coast and Murmansk city (in the north) and Saint Petersburg (in the south).
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Kliment Voroshilov tank
The Kliment Voroshilov (KV) tanks were a series of Soviet heavy tanks named after the Soviet defence commissar and politician Kliment Voroshilov and used by the Red Army during World War II.
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Kola Peninsula
The Kola Peninsula (Ко́льский полуо́стров, Kolsky poluostrov; from Куэлнэгк нёаррк, Kuelnegk njoarrk; Guoládatnjárga; Kuolan niemimaa; Kolahalvøya) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia.
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Kotka
Kotka is a city and municipality of Finland.
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Kriegsmarine
The Kriegsmarine (literally "War Navy") was the navy of Germany from 1935 to 1945.
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Lake Ladoga
Lake Ladoga (p or p; Laatokka;; Ladog, Ladoganjärv) is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg.
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Lake Onega
Lake Onega (also known as Onego, p; Ääninen or Äänisjärvi; Oniegu or Oniegu-järve; Änine or Änižjärv) is a lake in the north-west European part of Russia, located on the territory of Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast and Vologda Oblast.
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Lake Segozero
Lake Segozero is a large freshwater lake in the Republic of Karelia, northwestern part of Russia.
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Lapland (Finland)
Lapland (Lappi; Sápmi; Lappland) is the largest and northernmost region of Finland.
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Lapland War
The Lapland War (Lapin sota; Lapplandskriget; Lapplandkrieg) was fought between Finland and Nazi Germany effectively from September to November 1944 in Finland's northernmost region, Lapland, during World War II.
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Latvia
Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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League of Nations
The League of Nations (abbreviated as LN in English, La Société des Nations abbreviated as SDN or SdN in French) was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.
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Legation
A legation was a diplomatic representative office of lower rank than an embassy.
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Lembolovo
Lembolovo (Лемболово; Lempaala) is a rural locality in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the Karelian Isthmus.
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Lend-Lease
The Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, was an American program to defeat Germany, Japan and Italy by distributing food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945.
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Leningrad Front
The Leningrad Front (Ленинградский фронт) was formed during the 1941 German approach on Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) by dividing the Northern Front into the Leningrad Front and Karelian Front on August 27, 1941.
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Leningrad Military District
The Leningrad Military District was a military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
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Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive
The Leningrad–Novgorod strategic offensive was a strategic offensive during World War II.
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Leonid Govorov
Leonid Aleksandrovich Govorov (Леони́д Алекса́ндрович Го́воров) (– 19 March 1955) was a Soviet military commander.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.
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Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian SSR; Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika; Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), one of the USSR republics that existed in 1940–1941 and 1944–1990, was formed on the basis of the Soviet occupation rule.
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Long-range reconnaissance patrol
A long-range reconnaissance patrol, or LRRP (pronounced "lurp"), is a small, heavily armed reconnaissance team that patrols deep in enemy-held territory.
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Lothar Rendulic
Lothar Rendulic (23 October 1887 – 17 January 1971)Rudolf Neck, Adam Wandruszka, Isabella Ackerl (ed.) (1980): Protokolle des Ministerrates der Ersten Republik, 1918–1938, Abteilung VIII, 20.
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Luftflotte 5
Luftflotte 5 (Air Fleet 5) was one of the primary divisions of the German Luftwaffe in World War II.
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Majdanek concentration camp
Majdanek, or KL Lublin, was a German concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.
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Markian Popov
Markian Mikhaylovich Popov (19021969) was a Soviet military commander, Army General (26 August 1943), and Hero of the Soviet Union (1965).
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MAS (motorboat)
Motoscafo armato silurante (Italian: "torpedo armed motorboat"), commonly abbreviated as MAS was a class of fast torpedo armed vessel used by the Regia Marina (the Royal Navy of Italy) during World War I and World War II.
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Mauno Jokipii
Mauno Jokipii (21 August 1924 – 2 January 2007) was a Finnish professor at the University of Jyväskylä in history specializing in World War II.
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Medvezhyegorsk
Medvezhyegorsk (Медвежьего́рск; Karhumägi; Karhumäki) is a town and the administrative center of Medvezhyegorsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia.
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Michael Jones (historian)
Michael Jones (born 5 December 1940) is a British historian.
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Military volunteer
A military volunteer is a person who enlists in military service by free will, and is not a mercenary or a foreign legionnaire.
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Mobilization
Mobilization, in military terminology, is the act of assembling and readying troops and supplies for war.
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.
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Moscow Armistice
The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the Continuation War.
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Moscow Peace Treaty
The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March.
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Mountain Corps Norway
Mountain Corps Norway (Gebirgskorps Norwegen) was a German army unit during World War II.
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Multilateralism
In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.
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Murmansk
Murmansk (p; Мурман ланнҍ; Murmánska; Muurman) is a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia.
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Naissaar
Naissaar (Nargen; Nargö) is an island northwest of Tallinn (but belonging to Viimsi Parish) in Estonia.
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National Defence University (Finland)
The Finnish National Defence University (Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu, MPKK, Försvarshögskolan) is the Finnish Defence Forces' university located in Helsinki.
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Naval Detachment K
Naval Detachment K (Laivasto-osasto K) was a Finnish military detachment—specifically, a flotilla that operated on Lake Ladoga during World War II.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Neva River
The Neva (Нева́) is a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast (historical region of Ingria) to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
Nikolaus von Falkenhorst (17 January 1885 – 18 June 1968) was a German general and a war criminal during World War II.
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No. 151 Wing RAF
No 151 Wing Royal Air Force was a British unit which fought alongside the Soviet forces on the Kola Peninsula during the first months of Operation Barbarossa, in the Second World War.
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Nordic countries
The Nordic countries or the Nordics are a geographical and cultural region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic, where they are most commonly known as Norden (literally "the North").
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Norman Davies
Ivor Norman Richard Davies (born 8 June 1939) is a British-Polish historian noted for his publications on the history of Europe, Poland and the United Kingdom.
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Northern Fleet
The Northern Fleet (Северный флот, Severnyy Flot) is the fleet of the Russian Navy in the Arctic Ocean.
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Northern Front (Soviet Union)
The Northern Front (Северный фронт) was a front of the Red Army during the Second World War.
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Norway
Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.
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Oberkommando der Luftwaffe
The Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL), translated as the High Command of the Air Force in English, was the high command of the Luftwaffe.
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Oberkommando des Heeres
The Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) was the High Command of the German Army during the Era of Nazi Germany.
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Occupation of the Baltic states
The occupation of the Baltic states involved the military occupation of the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania—by the Soviet Union under the auspices of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in June 1940 followed by their incorporation into the USSR as constituent republics in August 1940 - most Western powers never recognised this incorporation.
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Okhta River (Neva basin)
Okhta River is a river in Vsevolozhsky District of Leningrad Oblast and the eastern part of the city of Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Operation Bagration
Operation Bagration (Операция Багратио́н, Operatsiya Bagration) was the codename for the Soviet 1944 Belorussian Strategic Offensive Operation, (Белорусская наступательная операция «Багратион», Belorusskaya nastupatelnaya Operatsiya Bagration) a military campaign fought between 22 June and 19 August 1944 in Soviet Byelorussia in the Eastern Front of World War II.
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
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Operation Benedict
Operation Benedict (29 July – 6 December 1941) was the establishment during the Second World War of a fighter wing (Force Benedict) of the Royal Air Force (RAF) with the units of the ''Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily'' (VVS, Soviet Air Forces) in north Russia, against the Luftwaffe (German air force) and the Suomen Ilmavoimat (Finnish Air Force) over the Arctic Ocean.
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Operation Kilpapurjehdus
Operation Kilpapurjehdus ("Regatta") was the covername for the militarization of the Åland islands.
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Operation Nordwind
Operation North Wind (Unternehmen Nordwind) was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front.
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Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.
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Operation Silver Fox
Operation Silver Fox (Silberfuchs; Hopeakettu) from 29 June to 17 November 1941, was a German–Finnish military operation during World War II.
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Operation Weserübung
Operation Weserübung was the code name for Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway during the Second World War and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign.
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Oulu
Oulu (Uleåborg) is a city and municipality of inhabitants in the region of Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland.
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Paavo Talvela
Paavo Juho Talvela (January 19, 1897 in Vantaa – September 30, 1973, Helsinki) was a Finnish soldier and a Knight of the Mannerheim Cross.
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Panzerfaust
The Panzerfaust ("armor fist" or "tank fist", plural: Panzerfäuste) is an inexpensive, single shot, recoilless German anti-tank weapon of World War II.
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Panzerschreck
Panzerschreck (lit. "tank fright", "tank's fright" or "tank's bane") was the popular name for the Raketenpanzerbüchse (abbreviated to RPzB), an 88 mm calibre reusable anti-tank rocket launcher developed by Nazi Germany in World War II.
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Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
The Paris Peace Treaties (Traité de Paris) was signed on 10 February 1947, as the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference, held from 29 July to 15 October 1946.
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Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland, is the unicameral supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906.
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Pechengsky District
Pechengsky District (Пе́ченгский райо́н; Petsamo; Peisen; Beahcán; Peäccam) is an administrative district (raion), one of the six in Murmansk Oblast, Russia.
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Petrozavodsk
Petrozavodsk (p; Karelian, Vepsian & Petroskoi; Finland Swedish: Petroskoj) is the capital city of the Republic of Karelia, Russia, which stretches along the western shore of Lake Onega for some.
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Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive
The Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in northern Finland and Norway.
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Pocket (military)
A pocket refers to combat forces that have been isolated by opposing forces from their logistical base and other friendly forces.
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Porkkalanniemi
Porkkalanniemi (Porkala udd) is a peninsula in the Gulf of Finland, located at Kirkkonummi (Kyrkslätt) in Southern Finland.
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Pravda
Pravda (a, "Truth") is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, formerly the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the country with a circulation of 11 million.
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Prisoner-of-war camp
A prisoner-of-war camp is a site for the containment of enemy combatants captured by a belligerent power in time of war.
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Puppet state
A puppet state is a state that is supposedly independent but is in fact dependent upon an outside power.
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Raid on Kirkenes and Petsamo
The raid on Kirkenes and Petsamo (Operation EF, 30 July 1941) took place during the Second World War.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Reservist
A reservist is a person who is a member of a military reserve force.
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Risto Ryti
Risto Heikki Ryti (–) was the fifth president of Finland, from 1940 to 1944.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Ryti–Ribbentrop Agreement
The Ryti–Ribbentrop letter of agreement (Ryti–Ribbentrop-sopimus) of June 26, 1944, was a personal letter from President Risto Ryti of Finland to German Führer Adolf Hitler whereby Ryti agreed not to reach a separate peace in the war with the Soviet Union without approval from Nazi Germany, in order to secure German military aid for Finland to stop the Soviet offensive.
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Salla
Salla (Kuolajärvi until 1936) is a municipality of Finland, located in Lapland.
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Salzburg
Salzburg, literally "salt fortress", is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of Salzburg state.
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Satellite state
The term satellite state designates a country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic and military influence or control from another country.
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Schutzstaffel
The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylized as with Armanen runes;; literally "Protection Squadron") was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
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Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).
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Sestra River (Leningrad Oblast)
The Sestra (or Siestarjoki) is a river in Vsevolozhsky and Vyborgsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast and Kurortny District of Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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Siebel ferry
The Siebel ferry (Siebelfähre) was a shallow-draft catamaran landing craft operated by Germany's Wehrmacht during World War II.
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Siege of Leningrad
The Siege of Leningrad (also known as the Leningrad Blockade (Блокада Ленинграда, transliteration: Blokada Leningrada) and the 900-Day Siege) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany and the Finnish Army in the north, against Leningrad, historically and currently known as Saint Petersburg, in the Eastern Front theatre of World War II.
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Sisu-class motor torpedo boat
The Sisu class motor torpedo boats (Guts) was a series of two Italian M.A.S. type motor torpedo boats of the Finnish Navy.
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Social Democratic Party of Finland
The Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP, Suomen sosialidemokraattinen puolue, Finlands socialdemokratiska parti), shortened to the Social Democrats, is a social-democratic political party in Finland.
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Sortie
A sortie (from the French word meaning ''exit'') is a deployment or dispatch of one military unit, be it an aircraft, ship, or troops, from a strongpoint.
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Soviet Air Forces
The Soviet Air Forces (r (VVS), literally "Military Air Forces") was the official designation of one of the air forces of the Soviet Union.
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Soviet invasion of Poland
The Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet Union military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September 1939.
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Soviet Navy
The Soviet Navy (Military Maritime Fleet of the USSR) was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces.
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Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
The Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 refers, according to the European Court of Human Rights,European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States the Government of Latvia, at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia the United States Department of State, at state.gov and the European Union, by EU to the military occupation of the Republic of Latvia by the Soviet Union ostensibly under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.
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Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
The Soviet occupation of the Baltic states covers the period from the Soviet–Baltic mutual assistance pacts in 1939, to their invasion and annexation in 1940, to the mass deportations of 1941.
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Soviet partisans
The Soviet partisans were members of resistance movements that fought a guerrilla war against the Axis forces in the Soviet Union, the previously Soviet-occupied territories of interwar Poland in 1941–45 and eastern Finland.
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Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
Soviet prisoners of war in Finland during World War II were captured in two Soviet-Finnish conflicts of that period: the Winter War and the Continuation War.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Sphere of influence
In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the borders of the state that controls it.
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Spirit of the Winter War
The Spirit of Winter War (Talvisodan henki) is the national unity which is credited with having saved Finland from disintegrating along class and ideological lines under the Soviet invasion during the Winter War of November 30, 1939 to March 13, 1940.
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Stalin Line
The Stalin Line was a line of fortifications along the western border of the Soviet Union.
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Stalin's Missed Chance
Stalin's Missed Chance is a book published in 2000 by Russian military historian Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov, regarding Viktor Suvorov's controversial theories regarding Soviet war plans during 1939–1941.
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Starvation
Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life.
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State Police (Finland)
State Police (In Finnish: Valtiollinen poliisi (Valpo; literally "state police" or "governmental police") was the predecessor of the Finnish Security Intelligence Service.
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Stavka
The Stavka (Ставка) was the high command of the armed forces in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.
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Sturmgeschütz III
The Sturmgeschütz III (StuG III) assault gun was Germany's second most-produced armoured fighting vehicle during World War II after the Sd.Kfz. 251 half-track.
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Sukho
Sukho (سُكھو) is a Union Council of Gujar Khan, Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Svir River
The Svir (Veps:, Karelian/Finnish: Syväri) is a river in Podporozhsky, Lodeynopolsky, and Volkhovsky districts in the north-east of Leningrad Oblast, Russia.
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Sweden
Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
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Swedish People's Party of Finland
The Swedish People's Party of Finland (Svenska folkpartiet i Finland (SFP); Suomen ruotsalainen kansanpuolue (RKP)) is a liberal-centrist political party in Finland aiming to represent the interests of the minority Swedish-speaking population of Finland.
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Swedish Volunteer Battalion
The Swedish Volunteer Battalion (Svenska frivilligbataljonen, SFB) or the Hanko Battalion was a Swedish military unit consisting of volunteers, which participated in the siege of the Soviet naval fleet in Hanko during the Continuation War of Finland.
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Sword Scabbard Declaration
The Order of the Day of the Sword Scabbard, or the Sword Scabbard Declaration, actually refers to two related declarations by the Finnish Commander-in-Chief Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim during World War I and World War II against Soviet control of East Karelia.
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Tehran Conference
The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943, after the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran.
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The Examiner (Tasmania)
The Examiner is the daily newspaper of the city of Launceston and north-eastern Tasmania, Australia.
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The Unknown Soldier (novel)
The Unknown Soldier or Unknown Soldiers is a war novel by Finnish author Väinö Linna, considered his magnum opus.
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Tikhvin
Tikhvin (Ти́хвин) is a town and the administrative center of Tikhvinsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on both banks of the Tikhvinka River in the east of the oblast, east of St. Petersburg.
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Transit of German troops through Finland and Sweden
The matter of German troop transfer through Finland and Sweden during World War II was one of the more controversial aspects of modern Nordic history beside Finland's co-belligerence with Nazi Germany in the Continuation War, and the export of Swedish iron ore during World War II.
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Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)
The Treaty of Tartu (italic, Tarton rauha) between Finland and Soviet Russia was signed on 14 October 1920 after negotiations that lasted four months.
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Tripartite Pact
The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano and Saburō Kurusu.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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Utti
Utti is a village in Kouvola, Finland.
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Valerian A. Frolov
Valerian Alexandrovich Frolov (Валериан Александрович Фролов) (June 7 (O.S. May 26), 1895, (1895 in Petrograd – 1961 in Leningrad) was a Soviet Colonel General (1943). Frolov participated in the First World War, the Russian Civil War, and the Soviet-Finnish war as an Army commander, and during the Second World War as the commander of the 14th Army, and from September 1941 to February 1944, the Karelian Front. After the war from 1945 to 1956 commanded the troops of Belomorsky Military District and Arkhangelsk Military District. From 1956 he was placed in reserve..
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Vepsians
Veps, or Vepsians (Veps: vepsläižed), are a Finnic people who speak the Veps language, which belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages.
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VKT-line
The VKT-line or Viipuri–Kuparsaari–Taipale line (VKT-linja, VKT-linjen) was a Finnish defensive line on Karelian Isthmus during the Continuation War, spanning from Viipuri (Vyborg) through Tali and Kuparsaari along the northern shore of Vuoksi River, Suvanto and Taipaleenjoki to Taipale on the western shore of Lake Ladoga, using natural benefits of the eastern part of the destroyed Mannerheim Line.
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Volkhov Front
The Volkhov Front (Волховский фронт) was a major formation of the Red Army during the first period of the Second World War.
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Volkhov River
The Volkhov (Во́лхов) is a river in Novgorodsky and Chudovsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and Kirishsky and Volkhovsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia.
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Votes
Votes, sometimes also Vods (vađđalaizõd) are a Finnic ethic group native to Votia in Ingria, the part of modern-day northwestern Russia that is roughly southwest of Saint Petersburg and east of the Estonian border-town of Narva.
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VT-line
The VT-line or Vammelsuu–Taipale line (VT-linja; VT-linjen; Карельский вал) was a Finnish defensive line on the Karelian Isthmus built in 1942–1944 during the Continuation War and running from Vammelsuu on the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland through Kuuterselkä and Kivennapa and along Taipaleenjoki to Taipale on the western shore of Lake Ladoga.
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Vuoksi River
The Vuoksi (Вуокса; Vuoksi; Vuoksen) is a river running through the northernmost part of the Karelian Isthmus from Lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland to Lake Ladoga in northwestern Russia.
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Vyacheslav Molotov
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (né Skryabin; 9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin.
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Vyborg
Vyborg (p; Viipuri,; Viborg; Wiborg; Viiburi) is a town in, and the administrative center of, Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia.
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Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive
The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive or Karelian offensive was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II.
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Wannsee Conference
The Wannsee Conference (Wannseekonferenz) was a meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and Schutzstaffel (SS) leaders, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942.
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War-responsibility trials in Finland
The war-responsibility trials in Finland (Sotasyyllisyysoikeudenkäynti, Krigsansvarighetsprocessen) were trials of the Finnish wartime leaders held responsible for "definitely influencing Finland in getting into a war with the Soviet Union and United Kingdom in 1941 or preventing peace" during the Continuation War, 1941–1944.
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Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
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Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".
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White Guard (Finland)
The White Guard or Civil Guard (lit. protection corps) was a voluntary militia that emerged victorious over the socialist Red Guard as a part of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War of 1918.
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William R. Trotter
William R. (Bill) Trotter (July 15, 1943 - February 28, 2018) was an American author and historian.
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Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.
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Winter War
The Winter War was a military conflict between the Soviet Union (USSR) and Finland.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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XII Squadriglia MAS
The XIIª Squadriglia Squadriglia MAS (Mezzi d'Assalto) (Italian for "12th Assault Vessel Squadron") was a formation of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) which served on Lake Ladoga as part of the Axis siege of Leningrad during World War II.
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XXXVI Mountain Corps (Wehrmacht)
The XXXVI Corps was a German military formation in World War II.
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Yad Vashem
Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם; literally, "a monument and a name") is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.
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Yuri Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (p; – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
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10th Mechanized Corps (Soviet Union)
The 10th Mechanized Corps was a formation in the Soviet Red Army during the Second World War.
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122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 122nd Infantry Division (German: 122. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II.
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14th Army (Soviet Union)
The 14th Army was a field army of the Soviet Army, formed twice.
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14th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 14th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed twice.
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163rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
The 163rd Infantry Division (163.) was a German Army infantry division in World War II.
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20th Mountain Army (Wehrmacht)
The German Lapland Army (AOK Lappland) was one of the two army echelon headquarters controlling German troops in the far north of Norway and Finland during World War II.
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23rd Army (Soviet Union)
The 23rd Army was a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army.
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54th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
The 54th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army and Soviet Army, formed twice.
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7th Army (Soviet Union)
The Soviet Red Army's 7th Army first saw action in the 1939–40 Winter War against Finland.
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Redirects here:
Battle of Karelia, Battle of Polyarnoe-Karelia, Continuation war, Finnish-British war, Finno-British war, Jatkosota, War of Continuation.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War