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51 relations: American Revolutionary War, Appeal, Appellate court, Article Three of the United States Constitution, Articles of Confederation, Bancroft Davis, Congress of the Confederation, Connecticut, Continental Congress, Cyrus Griffin, Federal judiciary of the United States, General of the Armies, George Read (American politician, born 1733), George Washington, George Wythe, Hartford, Connecticut, International law, John Hancock, John Lowell, Jurisdiction, Jury trial, Letter of marque, Libel (admiralty law), Maryland, Massachusetts, National Archives and Records Administration, New trial, New York City, Oath of office, Original jurisdiction, Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators, Philadelphia, President of the Continental Congress, Privateer, Prize (law), Prize court, Quorum, Ratification, Richmond, Virginia, Second Continental Congress, Seriatim, Supreme court, Supreme Court of the United States, Thirteen Colonies, Titus Hosmer, Trial court, United States, United States Constitution, William Paca, William Paterson (judge), ..., Williamsburg, Virginia. Expand index (1 more) »
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.
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Appeal
In law, an appeal is the process in which cases are reviewed, where parties request a formal change to an official decision.
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Appellate court
An appellate court, commonly called an appeals court, court of appeals (American English), appeal court (British English), court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.
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Article Three of the United States Constitution
Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government.
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Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution.
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Bancroft Davis
John Chandler Bancroft Davis (December 29, 1822 – December 27, 1907), commonly known as Bancroft Davis, was an American lawyer, judge, diplomat, and president of Newburgh and New York Railway Company.
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Congress of the Confederation
The Congress of the Confederation, or the Confederation Congress, formally referred to as the United States in Congress Assembled, was the governing body of the United States of America that existed from March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789.
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Connecticut
Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Continental Congress
The Continental Congress, also known as the Philadelphia Congress, was a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies.
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Cyrus Griffin
Cyrus Griffin (July 16, 1748December 14, 1810) was a lawyer and judge who served as the last President of the Confederation Congress, holding office from January 22, 1788, to November 2, 1788.
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Federal judiciary of the United States
The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government.
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General of the Armies
The General of the Armies of the United States, or more commonly referred to as General of the Armies (abbreviated as GAS), is the highest possible rank in the United States Army.
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George Read (American politician, born 1733)
George Read (September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware.
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George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 –, 1799), known as the "Father of His Country," was an American soldier and statesman who served from 1789 to 1797 as the first President of the United States.
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George Wythe
George Wythe (1726 – June 8, 1806) was the first American law professor, a noted classics scholar, and a Virginia judge.
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Hartford, Connecticut
Hartford is the capital of the U.S. state of Connecticut.
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International law
International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.
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John Hancock
John Hancock (October 8, 1793) was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution.
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John Lowell
John Lowell (June 17, 1743 in Newburyport, Massachusetts – May 6, 1802 in Roxbury, Massachusetts) was an American lawyer, selectman, jurist, delegate to the Congress of the Confederation and federal judge.
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Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction (from the Latin ius, iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined field of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law.
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Jury trial
A jury trial, or trial by jury, is a lawful proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact.
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Letter of marque
A letter of marque and reprisal (lettre de marque; lettre de course) was a government license in the Age of Sail that authorized a person, known as a privateer or corsair, to attack and capture enemy vessels.
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Libel (admiralty law)
A libel, in admiralty law, is the first pleading of the complainant.
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Maryland
Maryland is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and Washington, D.C. to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east.
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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National Archives and Records Administration
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives.
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New trial
A new trial or retrial is a recurrence of a court case.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Oath of office
An oath of office is an oath or affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an office, usually a position in government or within a religious body, although such oaths are sometimes required of officers of other organizations.
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Original jurisdiction
The original jurisdiction of a court is the power to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction, when a higher court has the power to review a lower court's decision.
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Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators
Penhallow v. Doane's Administrators,, was a United States Supreme Court case about prize causes, holding that federal district courts have the powers formerly granted to the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture under the Congress of the Articles of Confederation.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.
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President of the Continental Congress
The president of the Continental Congress was the presiding officer of the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates that emerged as the first (transitional) national government of the United States during the American Revolution.
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Privateer
A privateer is a private person or ship that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war.
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Prize (law)
Prize is a term used in admiralty law to refer to equipment, vehicles, vessels, and cargo captured during armed conflict.
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Prize court
A prize court is a court (or even a single individual, such as an ambassador or consul) authorized to consider whether prizes have been lawfully captured, typically whether a ship has been lawfully captured or seized in time of war or under the terms of the seizing ship's letters of marque and reprisal.
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Quorum
A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature) necessary to conduct the business of that group.
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Ratification
Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent that lacked the authority to bind the principal legally.
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Richmond, Virginia
Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.
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Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Seriatim
In law, seriatim (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order in which the issues were originally presented to the court.
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Supreme court
A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions.
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Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.
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Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America.
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Titus Hosmer
Titus Hosmer (1736 – August 4, 1780) was an American lawyer from Middletown, Connecticut.
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Trial court
A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Constitution
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.
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William Paca
William Paca (October 31, 1740 – October 13, 1799) was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland, and later Governor of Maryland and a United States federal judge.
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William Paterson (judge)
William Paterson (December 24, 1745 – September 9, 1806) was a New Jersey statesman and a signer of the United States Constitution.
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Williamsburg, Virginia
Williamsburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture
