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101 relations: Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Akhsikath, Al-Biruni, Al-Kindi, Alloy, Alloy steel, Ancient Rome, Arab world, Ash, Balangoda, Balkh, Bar stock, Benjamin Huntsman, Bessemer process, Blacksmith, Bloomery, Brittleness, Bulat steel, Carbon, Carbon steel, Carburizing, Cast iron, Casting, Cementation process, Classical Greece, Coke (fuel), Crucible, Crusades, Damascus steel, David Mushet, Decarburization, Diffusion, Electric arc, Electric arc furnace, Eutectic system, Fergana, Ferrous, Flux, Flux (metallurgy), Forge welding, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, Glass, Golkonda, Handsworth, South Yorkshire, Hardenability, Hearth, Herat, High-speed steel, Indian subcontinent, Industrial Revolution, ..., Ingot, Iran, Iron, Jabir ibn Hayyan, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Kodumanal, Limestone, Machine tool, Mangalloy, Manganese, Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi, Melting point, Merv, Michael Faraday, Middle Ages, Molding (process), Mysore, Nishapur, Noric steel, Oregrounds iron, Pattern welding, Pig iron, Post-medieval archaeology, Puddling (metallurgy), Quenching, Redox, Robert Forester Mushet, Robert Hadfield, Samanala Dam, Sand, Scandinavia, Scythe, Sheffield, Silicon, Silk Road, Slag, Smelting, Sri Lanka, Stainless steel, Steel, Sulfur, Tamil Nadu, Tamils, Tungsten carbide, Ulfberht swords, Ultimate tensile strength, Volga trade route, Water wheel, William Metcalf (manufacturer), Wootz steel, Wrought iron. Expand index (51 more) »
Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet is an industrial museum in the south of the City of Sheffield, England.
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Akhsikath
Ahsikent (recorded as Akhsikath in medieval texts) is a site of ancient settlement and ancient capital of Farghona (Fergana).
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Al-Biruni
Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī (Chorasmian/ابوریحان بیرونی Abū Rayḥān Bērōnī; New Persian: Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī) (973–1050), known as Al-Biruni (البيروني) in English, was an IranianD.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236–1238.
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Al-Kindi
Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician.
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Alloy
An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.
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Alloy steel
Alloy steel is steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties.
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Ancient Rome
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
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Arab world
The Arab world (العالم العربي; formally: Arab homeland, الوطن العربي), also known as the Arab nation (الأمة العربية) or the Arab states, currently consists of the 22 Arab countries of the Arab League.
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Ash
Ash or ashes are the solid remains of fires.
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Balangoda
Balangoda is a large town in Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka, governed by an urban council located away from Colombo and from Ratnapura on Colombo - Batticaloa Highway(A4).
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Balkh
Balkh (Pashto and بلخ; Ancient Greek and Βάχλο Bakhlo) is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya river and the Uzbekistan border.
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Bar stock
Bar stock, also (colloquially) known as blank, slug or billet, is a common form of raw purified metal, used by industry to manufacture metal parts and products.
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Benjamin Huntsman
Benjamin Huntsman (4 June 170420 June 1776) was an English inventor and manufacturer of cast or crucible steel.
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Bessemer process
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.
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Blacksmith
A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects from wrought iron or steel by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. whitesmith).
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Bloomery
A bloomery is a type of furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides.
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Brittleness
# A material is brittle if, when subjected to stress, it breaks without significant plastic deformation.
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Bulat steel
Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times; regularly being mentioned in Russian legends as the material of choice for cold steel.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbon steel
Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content up to 2.1% by weight.
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Carburizing
Carburizing, carburising (chiefly English), or carburization is a heat treatment process in which iron or steel absorbs carbon while the metal is heated in the presence of a carbon-bearing material, such as charcoal or carbon monoxide.
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Cast iron
Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.
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Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
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Cementation process
The cementation process is an obsolete technology for making steel by carburization of iron.
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Classical Greece
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (5th and 4th centuries BC) in Greek culture.
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Coke (fuel)
Coke is a fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, usually made from coal.
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Crucible
A crucible is a container that can withstand very high temperatures and is used for metal, glass, and pigment production as well as a number of modern laboratory processes.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Damascus steel
Damascus steel was the forged steel composing the blades of swords smithed in the Near East from ingots of wootz steel.
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David Mushet
David Mushet (2 October 1772 – 7 June 1847) was a Scottish engineer, known for his inventions in the field of metallurgy.
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Decarburization
Decarburization (or decarbonization) is the process opposite to carburization, namely the reduction of carbon content.
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Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.
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Electric arc
An electric arc, or arc discharge, is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces an ongoing electrical discharge.
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Electric arc furnace
An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc.
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Eutectic system
A eutectic system from the Greek "ευ" (eu.
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Fergana
Fergana (Fargʻona/Фарғона, فەرغانە; Фарғона, Farğona/Farƣona; فرغانه Farġāna/Farqâna; Фергана́), or Ferghana, is the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan.
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Ferrous
In chemistry, ferrous (Fe2+), indicates a divalent iron compound (+2 oxidation state), as opposed to ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation state).
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Flux
Flux describes the quantity which passes through a surface or substance.
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Flux (metallurgy)
In metallurgy, a flux (derived from Latin fluxus meaning “flow”) is a chemical cleaning agent, flowing agent, or purifying agent.
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Forge welding
Forge welding (FOW) is a solid-state welding process that joins two pieces of metal by heating them to a high temperature and then hammering them together.
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Francis Buchanan-Hamilton
Dr Francis Buchanan FRS FRSE FLS FAS FSA DL (15 February 1762 – 15 June 1829), later known as Francis Hamilton but often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, was a Scottish physician who made significant contributions as a geographer, zoologist, and botanist while living in India.
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Glass
Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has widespread practical, technological, and decorative usage in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optoelectronics.
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Golkonda
Golkonda, also known as Golconda, Gol konda ("Round shaped hill"), or Golla konda, (Shepherd's Hill) is a citadel and fort in Southern India and was the capital of the medieval sultanate of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (c.1518–1687), is situated west of Hyderabad.
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Handsworth, South Yorkshire
Handsworth is a suburb of south eastern Sheffield, in South Yorkshire, England.
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Hardenability
The hardenability of a metal alloy is the depth up to which a material is hardened after putting through a heat treatment process.
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Hearth
In historic and modern usage, a hearth is a brick- or stone-lined fireplace, with or without an oven, used for heating and originally also used for cooking food.
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Herat
Herat (هرات,Harât,Herât; هرات; Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐν Ἀρίοις, Alexándreia hē en Aríois; Alexandria Ariorum) is the third-largest city of Afghanistan.
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High-speed steel
High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset of tool steels, commonly used as cutting tool material.
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Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Ingot
An ingot is a piece of relatively pure material, usually metal, that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Jabir ibn Hayyan
Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān (جابر بن حیانl fa, often given the nisbas al-Bariqi, al-Azdi, al-Kufi, al-Tusi or al-Sufi; fl. c. 721c. 815), also known by the Latinization Geber, was a polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geographer, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician.
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Jean-Baptiste Tavernier
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605 – 1689) was a 17th-century French gem merchant and traveler.
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Kodumanal
Kodumanal is a village located in the Erode district in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Machine tool
A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms of deformation.
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Mangalloy
Mangalloy, also called manganese steel or Hadfield steel, is an alloy steel containing an average of around 13% manganese.
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Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
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Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi
Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi was a 12th-century Ayyubid-era writer and expert on military matters.
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Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure.
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Merv
Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; مرو, Marv), formerly Achaemenid Persian Satrapy of Margiana, and later Alexandria (Margiana) (Ἀλεξάνδρεια) and Antiochia in Margiana (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μαργιανῆς), was a major oasis-city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, located near today's Mary in Turkmenistan.
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Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday FRS (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Molding (process)
Molding or moulding (see spelling differences) is the process of manufacturing by shaping liquid or pliable raw material using a rigid frame called a mold or matrix.
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Mysore
Mysore, officially Mysuru, is the third most populous city in the state of Karnataka, India.
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Nishapur
Nishapur or Nishabur (نیشابور, also Romanized as Nīshāpūr, Nišâpur, Nişapur, Nīshābūr, Neyshābūr, and Neeshapoor, from Middle Persian: New-Shabuhr, meaning "New City of Shapur", "Fair Shapur", or "Perfect built of Shapur") is a city in Razavi Khorasan Province, capital of the Nishapur County and former capital of Province Khorasan, in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains.
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Noric steel
Noric steel was a steel from Noricum, a Celtic kingdom located in modern Austria and Slovenia.
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Oregrounds iron
Oregrounds iron was a grade of iron that was regarded as the best grade available in 18th century England.
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Pattern welding
Pattern welding is the practice in sword and knife making of forming a blade of several metal pieces of differing composition that are forge-welded together and twisted and manipulated to form a pattern.
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Pig iron
Pig iron is an intermediate product of the iron industry.
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Post-medieval archaeology
Post-medieval archaeology is a term used in Europe to describe the study of the material past over the last 500 years.
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Puddling (metallurgy)
Puddling was one step in one of the most important processes of making the first appreciable volumes of high-grade bar iron (malleable wrought iron) during the Industrial Revolution.
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Quenching
In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil or air to obtain certain material properties.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Robert Forester Mushet
Robert Forester Mushet (8 April 1811 – 29 January 1891) was a British metallurgist and businessman, born on 8 April 1811, in Coleford, in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England.
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Robert Hadfield
Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield, 1st Baronet FRS (28 November 1858 in Sheffield – 30 September 1940 in Surrey) was an English metallurgist, noted for his 1882 discovery of manganese steel, one of the first steel alloys.
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Samanala Dam
The Samanala Dam (Sinhala: සමනලවැව වේල්ල) is a dam primarily used for hydroelectric power generation in Sri Lanka.
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Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
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Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural and linguistic ties.
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Scythe
A scytheOxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1933: Scythe is an agricultural hand tool for mowing grass or reaping crops.
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Sheffield
Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Silk Road
The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.
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Slag
Slag is the glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated (i.e., smelted) from its raw ore.
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Smelting
Smelting is a process of applying heat to ore in order to melt out a base metal.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.
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Stainless steel
In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable (inoxidizable), is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.
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Steel
Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon and other elements.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (• tamiḻ nāḍu ? literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 29 states of India.
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Tamils
The Tamil people, also known as Tamilar, Tamilans, or simply Tamils, are a Dravidian ethnic group who speak Tamil as their mother tongue and trace their ancestry to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the Indian Union territory of Puducherry, or the Northern, Eastern Province and Puttalam District of Sri Lanka.
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Tungsten carbide
Tungsten carbide (chemical formula: WC) is a chemical compound (specifically, a carbide) containing equal parts of tungsten and carbon atoms.
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Ulfberht swords
The Ulfberht swords are a group of medieval swords found in Europe, dated to the 9th to 11th centuries, with blades inlaid with the inscription +VLFBERHT+ (and variants).
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Ultimate tensile strength
Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), often shortened to tensile strength (TS), ultimate strength, or Ftu within equations, is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to elongate, as opposed to compressive strength, which withstands loads tending to reduce size.
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Volga trade route
In the Middle Ages, the Volga trade route connected Northern Europe and Northwestern Russia with the Caspian Sea, via the Volga River.
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Water wheel
A water wheel is a machine for converting the energy of flowing or falling water into useful forms of power, often in a watermill.
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William Metcalf (manufacturer)
William Metcalf (3 September 1838 – 5 December 1909) was an American steel manufacturer.
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Wootz steel
Wootz steel is a crucible steel characterized by a pattern of bands, which are formed by sheets of micro carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix in higher carbon steel, or by ferrite and pearlite banding in lower carbon steels.
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Wrought iron
puddled iron, a form of wrought iron Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (less than 0.08%) content in contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%).
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Redirects here:
Cast-steel, Crucible technique, Cruicible steel, English crucible steel.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_steel
