257 relations: Advanced persistent threat, Aerospace, Afghanistan, Airbus, Al-Qaeda, Amitai Etzioni, Android (operating system), Angela Merkel, Anti-satellite weapon, Apple Inc., Armed Forces of Ukraine, Ashlee Vance, Automated teller machine, Barack Obama, Battlespace, Biological warfare, Black Hat Briefings, BlackEnergy, Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, Casus belli, CBS News, Central Bureau of Investigation, Central Intelligence Agency, China, Cold War, Command and control, Computer, Computer network, Computer science, Computer security, Computer security conference, Computer virus, Computerworld, Computing (magazine), Control system, Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, Corporate warfare, Countermeasure (computer), Creech Air Force Base, CrowdStrike, Cupcake, Cyber ShockWave, Cyber spying, Cyber-arms industry, Cyber-collection, Cyberattack, Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War, Cyberspace, Cyberterrorism, Cyberwarfare, ..., Cyberweapon, Dark web, Data breach, December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack, Defence minister, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Democratic National Committee, Denial-of-service attack, Director of National Intelligence, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Donald Trump, Droop speed control, Duqu, Edward Snowden, Electric power transmission, Electrical grid, Estonia, Eugene Kaspersky, European Union, European Union Agency for Network and Information Security, Fake news website, Fancy Bear, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal government of the United States, Federal Intelligence Service (Germany), Federal Security Service, Fifth Dimension Operations, Firefox, First Look Media, Flame (malware), Foal Eagle, Foreign Policy, Freedom of speech, George W. Bush, Gerhard Schindler, GhostNet, GitHub, Google, Google Chrome, Government Communications Headquarters, Government of China, Great power, Hacktivism, Hans-Peter Friedrich, Hezbollah, Howard Schmidt, Iain Lobban, Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Industrial espionage, Information and communications technology, Interfax-Ukraine, International Business Times, International humanitarian law, Internet backbone, Internet service provider, IOS, Iran, Israel, Israel Defense Forces, IT risk, IWar, James Clapper, James Comey, Jean-Yves Le Drian, Jeh Johnson, Joe Biden, Joe Lieberman, John Michael McConnell, Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Journal of Strategic Studies, July 2009 cyberattacks, Jus ad bellum, Kaspersky Lab, Keith B. Alexander, Kenya, Keystroke logging, Leon Panetta, Linux, List of cyber attack threat trends, List of cyberattacks, MacOS, Marine Corps Cyberspace Command, Master boot record, McAfee, Meet the Press, Mexico, Michael Hayden (general), Microsoft, Microsoft Edge, Microsoft Windows, Mike Rogers (Michigan politician), Military exercise, Military simulation, Military strategy, Ministry of External Affairs (India), Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Ministry of National Defense (South Korea), Mobile app, National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre, National Cyberdefence Centre, National Guard of the United States, National Informatics Centre, National Security Advisor (India), National Security Agency, National trauma, NATO, NetTraveler, North American Electric Reliability Corporation, North Korea, Nuclear Power Corporation of India, Nuclear program of Iran, Nuclear weapon design, Office of Personnel Management data breach, Open-source software, Opera Software, Operating system, Operation Outside the Box, Operation Shady RAT, Penetration test, People's Liberation Army, Philippines, Pipe bomb, Power outage, Proactive cyber defence, Psychological warfare, RasGas, Reuters, Reverse Deception, Richard A. Clarke, Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine), RSA Conference, Russia, Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present), Russo-Georgian War, Satellite, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco, Secret Intelligence Service, Security hacker, Shamoon, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Shivshankar Menon, Signals intelligence, SK Communications, Smart TV, Smartphone, Social media, Sony Pictures hack, South Korea, Soviet Union, Space Shuttle design process, Stasi, Stuxnet, Susan Collins, Swedish Armed Forces, Tailored Access Operations, Tallinn, Tallinn Manual, Telecommunications systems management, The Guardian, The Intercept, The New York Times, The Pentagon, The Register, Thomas Rid, Time (magazine), Titan Rain, Tom Carper, Tomahawk (missile), Twenty-Fourth Air Force, Ukrainian Ground Forces, United Kingdom, United States, United States Army Cyber Command, United States Congress, United States Cyber Command, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Homeland Security, United States diplomatic cables leak, United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Joint Forces Command, United States Office of Personnel Management, United States Secretary of Homeland Security, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, United States Tenth Fleet, University of Cincinnati, Unmanned aerial vehicle, Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhgorod pipeline, Vault 7, Virtual war, Vladimir Putin, Vulnerability (computing), W. W. Norton & Company, Wall Street, War, Web browser, White House, William J. Lynn III, Wired (magazine), X-Agent, Yahoo! News, Zero Days, 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia, 2008 Mumbai attacks. Expand index (207 more) »
Advanced persistent threat
An advanced persistent threat is a set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes, often orchestrated by a person or persons targeting a specific entity.
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Aerospace
Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth (aeronautics) and surrounding space (astronautics).
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.
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Airbus
Airbus SE is a European corporation, registered in the Netherlands and trading shares in France, Germany and Spain.
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Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda (القاعدة,, translation: "The Base", "The Foundation" or "The Fundament" and alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qæda and sometimes al-Qa'ida) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded in 1988.
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Amitai Etzioni
Amitai Etzioni (born Werner Falk, 4 January 1929) is an Israeli-American sociologist, best known for his work on socioeconomics and communitarianism.
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Android (operating system)
Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
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Angela Merkel
Angela Dorothea Merkel (Kasner, born 17 July 1954) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 2005 and leader of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since 2000.
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Anti-satellite weapon
Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic military purposes.
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Apple Inc.
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.
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Armed Forces of Ukraine
The Armed Forces of Ukraine (Збройні сили України (ЗСУ) Zbroyni Syly Ukrayiny, (ZSU)) is the military of Ukraine.
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Ashlee Vance
Ashlee Vance (born 1977) is an American business columnist and author.
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Automated teller machine
An automated teller machine (ATM) is an electronic telecommunications device that enables customers of financial institutions to perform financial transactions, such as cash withdrawals, deposits, transfer funds, or obtaining account information, at any time and without the need for direct interaction with bank staff.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.
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Battlespace
Battlespace is a term used to signify a unified military strategy to integrate and combine armed forces for the military theatre of operations, including air, information, land, sea, cyber and space to achieve military goals.
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Biological warfare
Biological warfare (BW)—also known as germ warfare—is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi with the intent to kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war.
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Black Hat Briefings
Black Hat Briefings (commonly referred to as Black Hat) is a computer security conference that provides security consulting, training, and briefings to hackers, corporations, and government agencies around the world.
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BlackEnergy
BlackEnergy Malware was first reported in 2007 as an HTTP-based toolkit that generated bots to execute DDoS attacks.
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Bronze Soldier of Tallinn
The Bronze Soldier (Pronkssõdur, Бронзовый Солдат, Bronzovyj Soldat) is the informal name of a controversial Soviet World War II war memorial in Tallinn, Estonia, built at the site of several war graves, which were relocated to the nearby Tallinn Military Cemetery in 2007.
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Casus belli
Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war" (literally, "a case of war").
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CBS News
CBS News is the news division of American television and radio service CBS.
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Central Bureau of Investigation
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is the premier investigating agency of India.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Command and control
Command and control or C2 is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes...
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Computer
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
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Computer network
A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources.
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Computer science
Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.
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Computer security
Cybersecurity, computer security or IT security is the protection of computer systems from theft of or damage to their hardware, software or electronic data, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
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Computer security conference
A computer security conference is a convention for individuals involved in computer security.
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Computer virus
A computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code.
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Computerworld
Computerworld is a publication website and digital magazine for information technology (IT) and business technology professionals.
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Computing (magazine)
Computing is a fortnightly magazine published by Incisive Media for IT managers and professionals in the United Kingdom.
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Control system
A control system manages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems using control loops.
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Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence
NATO CCD COE, officially the NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (K5 or NATO küberkaitsekoostöö keskus) is one of NATO Centres of Excellence, located in Tallinn, Estonia.
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Corporate warfare
Corporate warfare refers to attacks on individuals or companies by other individuals or companies.
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Countermeasure (computer)
In computer security a countermeasure is an action, device, procedure, or technique that reduces a threat, a vulnerability, or an attack by eliminating or preventing it, by minimizing the harm it can cause, or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken.
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Creech Air Force Base
Creech Air Force Base is a United States Air Force (USAF) command and control facility in Clark County, Nevada used "to engage in daily Overseas Contingency Operations …of remotely piloted aircraft systems which fly missions across the globe." In addition to an airport, the military installation has the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Battlelab, associated aerial warfare ground equipment, and unmanned aerial vehicles of the type used in Afghanistan and Iraq.
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CrowdStrike
CrowdStrike, Inc. is an American cybersecurity technology company based in Sunnyvale, California, and a wholly owned subsidiary of CrowdStrike Holdings, Inc.
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Cupcake
A cupcake (also British English: fairy cake; Hiberno-English: bun; Australian English: fairy cake or patty cake) is a small cake designed to serve one person, which may be baked in a small thin paper or aluminum cup.
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Cyber ShockWave
Cyber ShockWave, similar to the Cyber Storm Exercise, was a 4-hour wargame conducted by the Washington, D.C. think tank Bipartisan Policy Center on February 16, 2010.
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Cyber spying
Cyber spying, or cyber espionage, is the act or practice of obtaining secrets and information without the permission and knowledge of the holder of the information from individuals, competitors, rivals, groups, governments and enemies for personal, economic, political or military advantage using methods on the Internet, networks or individual computers through the use of proxy servers, cracking techniques and malicious software including Trojan horses and spyware.
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Cyber-arms industry
The cyber-arms industry is a term used to describe the markets and associated events surrounding the sale of software exploits, zero-days, cyberweaponry, surveillance technologies and related tools.
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Cyber-collection
Cyber-collection refers to the use of cyber-warfare techniques in order to conduct espionage.
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Cyberattack
A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, or personal computer devices.
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Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War
During the Russo-Georgian War a series of cyberattacks swamped and disabled websites of numerous South Ossetian, Georgian, Russian and Azerbaijani organisations.
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Cyberspace
Cyberspace is interconnected technology.
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Cyberterrorism
Cyberterrorism is the use of the Internet to conduct violent acts that result in, or threaten, loss of life or significant bodily harm, in order to achieve political gains through intimidation.
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Cyberwarfare
Cyberwarfare is the use or targeting in a battlespace or warfare context of computers, online control systems and networks.
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Cyberweapon
A cyberweapon is a malware agent employed for military, paramilitary, or intelligence objectives.
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Dark web
The dark web is the World Wide Web content that exists on darknets, overlay networks that use the Internet but require specific software, configurations or authorization to access.
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Data breach
A data breach is the intentional or unintentional release of secure or private/confidential information to an untrusted environment.
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December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack
The December 2015 Ukraine power grid cyberattack took place on 23 December 2015 and is considered to be the first known successful cyberattack on a power grid.
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Defence minister
The title Defence Minister, Minister for Defence, Minister of National Defense, Secretary of Defence, Secretary of State for Defense or some similar variation, is assigned to the person in a cabinet position in charge of a Ministry of Defence, which regulates the armed forces in sovereign states.
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Defence Research and Development Organisation
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic of India, charged with the military's research and development, headquartered in New Delhi, India.
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Democratic National Committee
The Democratic National Committee (DNC) is the formal governing body for the United States Democratic Party.
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Denial-of-service attack
In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connected to the Internet.
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Director of National Intelligence
The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the United States government Cabinet-level official—subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President of the United States—required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to.
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Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is the head of the FBI, the United States' primary federal law enforcement agency, and is responsible for its day-to-day operations.
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Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States, in office since January 20, 2017.
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Droop speed control
In electrical power generation, droop speed control is a speed control mode of a prime mover driving a synchronous generator connected to an electrical grid.
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Duqu
Duqu is a collection of computer malware discovered on 1 September 2011, thought to be related to the Stuxnet worm and to have been created by Unit 8200.
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Edward Snowden
Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American computer professional, former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employee, and former contractor for the United States government who copied and leaked classified information from the National Security Agency (NSA) in 2013 without authorization.
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Electric power transmission
Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation.
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Electrical grid
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Eugene Kaspersky
Yevgeny Valentinovich Kaspersky (Russian: Евгений Валентинович Касперский; born 4 October 1965) is a Russian cybersecurity expert and the CEO of Kaspersky Lab, an IT security company with 4,000 employees.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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European Union Agency for Network and Information Security
The European Union Agency for Network and Information Security - self-designation ENISA from the abbreviation of its original name - is an agency of the European Union.
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Fake news website
Fake news websites (also referred to as hoax news websites) are Internet websites that deliberately publish fake news—hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation purporting to be real news—often using social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect.
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Fancy Bear
Fancy Bear (also known as APT28, Pawn Storm, Sofacy Group, Sednit and STRONTIUM) is a cyber espionage group.
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Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), formerly the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, and its principal federal law enforcement agency.
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Federal government of the United States
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.
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Federal Intelligence Service (Germany)
The Federal Intelligence Service (German: Bundesnachrichtendienst;, BND) is the foreign intelligence agency of Germany, directly subordinated to the Chancellor's Office.
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Federal Security Service
The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB; fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjɪ) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSR's Committee of State Security (KGB).
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Fifth Dimension Operations
The Fifth Dimension of Warfare complements the four classical dimensions: land, sea, air, and space.
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Firefox
Mozilla Firefox (or simply Firefox) is a free and open-source web browser developed by Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, Mozilla Corporation.
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First Look Media
First Look Media is an American media organization founded in October 2013 as a venue for "original, independent journalism" by Pierre Omidyar.
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Flame (malware)
Flame, also known as Flamer, sKyWIper, and Skywiper, is modular computer malware discovered in 2012 that attacks computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system.
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Foal Eagle
Foal Eagle (독수리 연습) is a combined field training exercise (FTX) conducted annually by the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and the United States Armed Forces under the auspices of the Combined Forces Command.
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Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication, founded in 1970 and focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.
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Freedom of speech
Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
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Gerhard Schindler
Gerhard Schindler (born 4 October 1952 in Kollig, West Germany) is a German civil servant and former President of the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), the German Federal Intelligence Service.
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GhostNet
GhostNet is the name given by researchers at the Information Warfare Monitor to a large-scale cyber spying operation discovered in March 2009.
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GitHub
GitHub Inc. is a web-based hosting service for version control using Git.
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Google LLC is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which include online advertising technologies, search engine, cloud computing, software, and hardware.
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Google Chrome
Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google LLC.
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Government Communications Headquarters
The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is an intelligence and security organisation responsible for providing signals intelligence (SIGINT) and information assurance to the government and armed forces of the United Kingdom.
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Government of China
The central government of the People's Republic of China is divided among several state organs.
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Great power
A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.
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Hacktivism
In Internet activism, hacktivism or hactivism (a portmanteau of hack and activism) is the subversive use of computers and computer networks to promote a political agenda or a social change.
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Hans-Peter Friedrich
Hans-Peter Friedrich (born 10 March 1957) is a German politician, representative of the Christian Social Union (CSU).
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Hezbollah
Hezbollah (pronounced; حزب الله, literally "Party of Allah" or "Party of God")—also transliterated Hizbullah, Hizballah, etc.
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Howard Schmidt
Howard Anthony Schmidt (October 5, 1949 – March 2, 2017) was a partner with Tom Ridge in Ridge Schmidt Cyber LLC, a consultancy company in the field of cybersecurity.
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Iain Lobban
Sir Iain Robert Lobban, KCMG, CB (born 1960) is a former British civil servant.
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Indian Computer Emergency Response Team
The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) is an office within the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology.
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Indo-Tibetan Border Police
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is one of the five Central Armed Police Forces of India, raised on 24 October 1962, under the CRPF Act, in the wake of the Sino-Indian War of 1962.
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Industrial espionage
Industrial espionage, economic espionage, corporate spying or corporate espionage is a form of espionage conducted for commercial purposes instead of purely national security.
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Information and communications technology
Information and communication technology (ICT) is another/extensional term for information technology (IT) which stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.
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Interfax-Ukraine
The Interfax-Ukraine News Agency (Інтерфакс-Україна) is a Kiev-based Ukrainian news agency founded in 1992.
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International Business Times
The International Business Times is an American online news publication that publishes seven national editions and four languages.
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International humanitarian law
International humanitarian law (IHL) is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello).
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Internet backbone
The Internet backbone might be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers on the Internet.
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Internet service provider
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing, using, or participating in the Internet.
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IOS
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.
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Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit. "The Army of Defense for Israel"; جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي), commonly known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym Tzahal, are the military forces of the State of Israel.
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IT risk
Information technology risk, IT risk, IT-related risk, or Cyber Risk is any risk related to information technology.
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IWar
iWar is the term used by NATO to describe a form of Internet-based warfare.
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James Clapper
James Robert Clapper Jr. (born March 14, 1941) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force and is the former Director of National Intelligence.
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James Comey
James Brien Comey Jr. (born December 14, 1960) is an American lawyer who was the 7th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2013 until his dismissal in May 2017.
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Jean-Yves Le Drian
Jean-Yves Le Drian (born 30 June 1947) is a French politician of the Socialist Party serving as Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs since 2017.
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Jeh Johnson
Jeh Charles Johnson ("Jay"; born September 11, 1957) is an American lawyer and former government official who served as the fourth United States Secretary of Homeland Security from 2013 to 2017.
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Joe Biden
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who served as the 47th Vice President of the United States from 2009 to 2017.
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Joe Lieberman
Joseph Isadore Lieberman (born February 24, 1942) is an American politician and attorney who was a United States Senator for Connecticut from 1989 to 2013.
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John Michael McConnell
John Michael "Mike" McConnell (born July 26, 1943) is a former vice admiral in the United States Navy.
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Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA; barnāmeye jāme‘e eqdāme moshtarak, acronym: برجام BARJAM), known commonly as the Iran nuclear deal or Iran deal, is an agreement on the nuclear program of Iran reached in Vienna on 14 July 2015 between Iran, the P5+1 (the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council—China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States—plus Germany), and the European Union.
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Journal of Strategic Studies
The Journal of Strategic Studies is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering military and diplomatic strategic studies.
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July 2009 cyberattacks
The July 2009 cyberattacks were a series of coordinated cyberattacks against major government, news media, and financial websites in South Korea and the United States.
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Jus ad bellum
Jus ad bellum (Latin for "right to war") is a set of criteria that are to be consulted before engaging in war in order to determine whether entering into war is permissible, that is, whether it is a just war.
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Kaspersky Lab
Kaspersky Lab (/kæˈspɜːrski/; Russian: Лаборатория Касперского, Laboratoriya Kasperskogo) is a multinational cybersecurity and anti-virus provider headquartered in Moscow, Russia and operated by a holding company in the United Kingdom.
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Keith B. Alexander
Keith Brian Alexander (born December 2, 1951) is a retired four-star general of the United States Army who served as director of the National Security Agency (DIRNSA), chief of the Central Security Service (CHCSS) and commander of the United States Cyber Command.
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Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
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Keystroke logging
Keystroke logging, often referred to as keylogging or keyboard capturing, is the action of recording (logging) the keys struck on a keyboard, typically covertly, so that the person using the keyboard is unaware that their actions are being monitored.
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Leon Panetta
Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is an American politician who has served in several different public office positions, such as Secretary of Defense, Director of the CIA, White House Chief of Staff, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and as a U.S. Representative from California.
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Linux
Linux is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel.
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List of cyber attack threat trends
A list of cyber attack threat trends is presented in alphabetical order.
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List of cyberattacks
A cyberattack is any type of offensive maneuver employed by individuals or whole organizations that targets computer information systems, infrastructures, computer networks, and/or personal computer devices by various means of malicious acts usually originating from an anonymous source that either steals, alters, or destroys a specified target by hacking into a susceptible system.
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MacOS
macOS (previously and later) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001.
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Marine Corps Cyberspace Command
The U.S. Marine Corps Forces Cyberspace Command (abbreviated as MARFORCYBER) is a functional formation of the United States Marine Corps to protect critical infrastructure from cyberattack.
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Master boot record
A master boot record (MBR) is a special type of boot sector at the very beginning of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond.
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McAfee
McAfee, Inc. (formerly known as Intel Security Group from 2014–2017) is an American global computer security software company headquartered in Santa Clara, California and claims to be the world's largest dedicated security technology company.
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Meet the Press
Meet the Press is a weekly American television news/interview program broadcast on NBC.
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Mexico
Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.
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Michael Hayden (general)
Michael Vincent Hayden (born March 17, 1945) is a retired United States Air Force four-star general and former Director of the National Security Agency, Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence, and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.
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Microsoft Edge
Microsoft Edge (codename "Spartan") is a web browser developed by Microsoft and included in Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile and Xbox One, replacing Internet Explorer as the default web browser on all device classes.
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Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.
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Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)
Michael J. Rogers (born June 2, 1963) is a former U.S. Representative for.
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Military exercise
A military exercise or war game is the employment of military resources in training for military operations, either exploring the effects of warfare or testing strategies without actual combat.
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Military simulation
Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are simulations in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities.
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Military strategy
Military strategy is a set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals.
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Ministry of External Affairs (India)
The Ministry of External Affairs of India (abbreviated as MEA), also known as the Foreign Ministry, is the government agency responsible for the conduct of foreign relations of India.
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Ministry of Home Affairs (India)
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) or Home Ministry (IAST: Gṛha Maṃtrālaya) is a ministry of the Government of India.
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Ministry of National Defense (South Korea)
The Ministry of National Defense (MND, 국방부) is a department within the government of South Korea (ROK) and responsible for the military branches of South Korea.
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Mobile app
A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone/tablet or watch.
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National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre
National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) is an organisation of the Government of India created under Sec 70A of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (amended 2008), through a gazette notification on 16th Jan 2014.
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National Cyberdefence Centre
The National Cyberdefence Centre is a German government agency established to respond to attacks on government computers in Germany.
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National Guard of the United States
The National Guard of the United States, part of the reserve components of the United States Armed Forces, is a reserve military force, composed of National Guard military members or units of each state and the territories of Guam, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, for a total of 54 separate organizations.
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National Informatics Centre
The National Informatics Centre (NIC) (Rashtriya Suchna Vigyan Kendra) is the premier science & technology organisation of Government of India in informatics services and information and communication technology (ICT) applications.
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National Security Advisor (India)
The National Security Advisor (NSA) (IAST: Rāṣṭrīya Surakṣā Salāhakāra) is the chief executive of the National Security Council (NSC), and the primary advisor to the Prime Minister of India on national and international security.
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National Security Agency
The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.
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National trauma
National trauma is a concept in psychology and social psychology.
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord; OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries.
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NetTraveler
NetTraveler or TravNet is spyware that dates from 2004 and that has been actively used at least until 2016, infecting hundreds of often high profile servers in dozens of countries.
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North American Electric Reliability Corporation
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is a nonprofit corporation based in Atlanta, Georgia, and formed on March 28, 2006, as the successor to the North American Electric Reliability Council (also known as NERC).
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North Korea
North Korea (Chosŏn'gŭl:조선; Hanja:朝鮮; Chosŏn), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (abbreviated as DPRK, PRK, DPR Korea, or Korea DPR), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
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Nuclear Power Corporation of India
The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a government-owned corporation of India based in Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra.
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Nuclear program of Iran
The nuclear program of Iran has included several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.
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Nuclear weapon design
Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate.
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Office of Personnel Management data breach
In June 2015, the United States Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced that it had been the target of a data breach targeting the records of as many as four million people.
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Open-source software
Open-source software (OSS) is a type of computer software whose source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.
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Opera Software
Opera Software AS is a Norwegian software company, primarily known for its desktop Opera web browser, and mobile web browser Opera Mini.
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Operating system
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
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Operation Outside the Box
Operation Outside the Box (מבצע מחוץ לקופסה, Mivtza Michutz La'Kufsa) was an Israeli airstrike on a suspected nuclear reactor, Associated Press Latest Update: 04.28.11, 18:10 referred to as the Al Kibar site (also referred to in IAEA documents as Dair Alzour), in the Deir ez-Zor region of Syria, which occurred just after midnight (local time) on 6 September 2007.
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Operation Shady RAT
Operation Shady RAT is an ongoing series of cyber attacks starting in mid-2006 reported by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at Internet security company McAfee in August 2011, who also led and named the Night Dragon Operation and Operation Aurora cyberespionage intrusion investigations.
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Penetration test
A penetration test, colloquially known as a pen test, is an authorized simulated attack on a computer system, performed to evaluate the security of the system.
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People's Liberation Army
The Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed forces of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Communist Party of China (CPC).
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Philippines
The Philippines (Pilipinas or Filipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas), is a unitary sovereign and archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.
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Pipe bomb
A pipe bomb is an improvised explosive device, which uses a tightly sealed section of pipe filled with an explosive material.
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Power outage
A power outage (also called a power cut, a power out, a power blackout, power failure or a blackout) is a short-term or a long-term loss of the electric power to a particular area.
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Proactive cyber defence
Proactive cyber defense or active cyber defense (ACD) means acting in anticipation to oppose an attack involving computers and networks.
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Psychological warfare
Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PSYOP), have been known by many other names or terms, including MISO, Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and Minds", and propaganda.
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RasGas
RasGas Company Limited was a liquefied natural gas (LNG) producing company in Qatar.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Reverse Deception
Reverse Deception: Organized Cyber Threat Counter-Exploitation is a textbook by Sean Bodmer, Max Kilger, Gregory Carpenter, and Jade Jones, about providing methods to rectify Advanced Persistent Threats.
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Richard A. Clarke
Richard Alan Clarke (born October 27, 1950) is the former National Coordinator for Security, Infrastructure Protection and Counter-terrorism for the United States.
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Rocket Forces and Artillery (Ukraine)
The Rocket Forces and Artillery (translit) of the Ukrainian Ground Forces consist of units armed with tactical missiles, howitzers, cannons, mortars, jet-propelled and anti-tank artillery.
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RSA Conference
The RSA Conference is a series of IT security conferences.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
The Russian government interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election in order to increase political instability in the United States and to damage Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign by bolstering the candidacies of Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders and Jill Stein.
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Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
In February 2014, Russia made several military incursions into Ukrainian territory.
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Russo-Georgian War
The Russo-Georgian War was a war between Georgia, Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
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Satellite
In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.
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Saudi Aramco
Saudi Aramco (أرامكو السعودية), officially the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, most popularly known just as Aramco (formerly Arabian-American Oil Company), is a Saudi Arabian national petroleum and natural gas company based in Dhahran.
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Secret Intelligence Service
The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the foreign intelligence service of the government of the United Kingdom, tasked mainly with the covert overseas collection and analysis of human intelligence (HUMINT) in support of the UK's national security.
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Security hacker
A security hacker is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network.
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Shamoon
Shamoon, also known as W32.DisTrack, is a modular computer virus discovered by Seculert in 2012, targeting recent 32-bit NT kernel versions of Microsoft Windows.
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), or Shanghai Pact, is a Eurasian political, economic, and security organisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter, formally establishing the organisation, was signed in June 2002 and entered into force on 19 September 2003.
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Shivshankar Menon
Shivshankar Menon (born 5 July 1949) is an Indian diplomat, who served as National Security Adviser of India under Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh.
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Signals intelligence
Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT).
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SK Communications
SK Communications (Hangul: SK커뮤니케이션즈 or 에스케이커뮤니케이션즈) is a South Korean tech company that owns and operates popular web portal Nate.
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Smart TV
A smart TV, sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid TV, is a television set with integrated Internet and interactive "Web 2.0" features.
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Smartphone
A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication; most, if not all, smartphones also support Wi-Fi.
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Social media
Social media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks.
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Sony Pictures hack
On November 24, 2014, a hacker group which identified itself by the name "Guardians of Peace" (GOP) leaked a release of confidential data from the film studio Sony Pictures.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk,; lit. "The Great Country of the Han People"), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and lying east to the Asian mainland.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Space Shuttle design process
Even before the Project Apollo moon landing in 1969, NASA began studies of space shuttle designs as early as October 1968.
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Stasi
The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, MfS) or State Security Service (Staatssicherheitsdienst, SSD), commonly known as the Stasi, was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
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Stuxnet
Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm, first uncovered in 2010.
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Susan Collins
Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Maine, a seat she was first elected to in 1996.
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Swedish Armed Forces
The Swedish Armed Forces (Försvarsmakten, literally “Defense Force”) is the government agency that forms the military forces of Sweden, and which is tasked with defence of the country, as well as promoting Sweden's wider interests, supporting international peacekeeping efforts, and providing humanitarian aid.
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Tailored Access Operations
The Office of Tailored Access Operations (TAO) is a cyber-warfare intelligence-gathering unit of the National Security Agency (NSA).
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Tallinn
Tallinn (or,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Estonia.
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Tallinn Manual
The Tallinn Manual (originally entitled, Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare) is an academic, non-binding study on how international law (in particular the jus ad bellum and international humanitarian law) applies to cyber conflicts and cyber warfare.
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Telecommunications systems management
Telecommunications Systems Management (also Telecommunication Systems, Telecommunications Management, Network Management) is an interdisciplinary area of study offered at some universities to fill the need for a liaison between the technical aspect and the business aspect of telecommunications.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Intercept
The Intercept is an online news publication dedicated to what it describes as "adversarial journalism".
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Pentagon
The Pentagon is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. As a symbol of the U.S. military, The Pentagon is often used metonymically to refer to the U.S. Department of Defense.
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The Register
The Register (nicknamed El Reg) is a British technology news and opinion website co-founded in 1994 by Mike Magee, John Lettice and Ross Alderson.
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Thomas Rid
Thomas Rid (born 1975 in Aach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) is a political scientist best known for his work on the history and risks of information technology in conflict.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Titan Rain
Titan Rain was the designation given by the federal government of the United States to a series of coordinated attacks on American computer systems since 2003; they were known to have been ongoing for at least three years.
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Tom Carper
Thomas Richard Carper (born January 23, 1947) is the senior United States Senator from Delaware, serving since 2001.
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Tomahawk (missile)
The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile that is primarily used by the United States Navy and Royal Navy in ship and submarine-based land-attack operations.
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Twenty-Fourth Air Force
The Twenty-Fourth Air Force (24 AF) (Air Forces Cyber) (AFCYBER) is a Numbered Air Force (NAF) with the United States Air Force (USAF).
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Ukrainian Ground Forces
The Ukrainian Ground Forces (Сухопутні Війська ЗСУ Sukhoputni Viys’ka (ZSU)) are the land force component of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Army Cyber Command
U.S. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER) conducts information dominance and cyberspace operations as the Army service component command of United States Cyber Command.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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United States Cyber Command
United States Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM) is one of ten unified commands of the United States Department of Defense.
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United States Department of Defense
The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Department of Homeland Security
The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries.
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United States diplomatic cables leak
The United States diplomatic cables leak, widely known as Cablegate, began on Sunday, 28 November 2010 when WikiLeaks—a non-profit organization that publishes submissions from anonymous whistleblowers—began releasing classified cables that had been sent to the U.S. State Department by 274 of its consulates, embassies, and diplomatic missions around the world.
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United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
The United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI), also known as the House Intelligence Committee, is a committee of the United States House of Representatives, currently chaired by Devin Nunes.
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United States Joint Forces Command
United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) was a Unified Combatant Command of the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Office of Personnel Management
The United States Office of Personnel Management (acronym: OPM) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that manages the government's civilian workforce.
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United States Secretary of Homeland Security
The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the U.S. and the safety of U.S. citizens.
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United States Senate Committee on Armed Services
The Committee on Armed Services (sometimes abbreviated SASC for Senate Armed Services Committee on its Web site) is a committee of the United States Senate empowered with legislative oversight of the nation’s military, including the Department of Defense, military research and development, nuclear energy (as pertaining to national security), benefits for members of the military, the Selective Service System and other matters related to defense policy.
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United States Tenth Fleet
The U.S. Tenth Fleet is a functional formation and a numbered fleet in the United States Navy.
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University of Cincinnati
The University of Cincinnati (commonly referred to as UC or Cincinnati) is a comprehensive public research university in Cincinnati, in the U.S. state of Ohio, and a part of the University System of Ohio.
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Unmanned aerial vehicle
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot aboard.
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Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhgorod pipeline
The Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhgorod pipeline (also known as the West-Siberian Pipeline, or Trans-Siberian Pipeline) is one of Russia's main natural gas export pipelines, partially owned and operated by Ukraine.
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Vault 7
Vault 7 is a series of documents that WikiLeaks began to publish on 7 March 2017, that detail activities and capabilities of the United States Central Intelligence Agency to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare.
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Virtual war
Virtual war signifies the increased use of and dependence on technology in the course of warfare.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (a; born 7 October 1952) is a Russian statesman and former intelligence officer serving as President of Russia since 2012, previously holding the position from 2000 until 2008.
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Vulnerability (computing)
In computer security, a vulnerability is a weakness which can be exploited by a Threat Actor, such as an attacker, to perform unauthorized actions within a computer system.
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W. W. Norton & Company
W.
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Wall Street
Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City.
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War
War is a state of armed conflict between states, societies and informal groups, such as insurgents and militias.
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Web browser
A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.
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William J. Lynn III
William J. Lynn III (born January 1, 1954) is a former United States Deputy Secretary of Defense.
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Wired (magazine)
Wired is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics.
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X-Agent
X-Agent or XAgent is a malware program designed to collect and transmit hacked files from iPhones to servers operated by hackers.
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Yahoo! News
Yahoo! News is a news website that originated as an internet-based news aggregator by Yahoo!.
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Zero Days
Zero Days is a 2016 American documentary film directed by Alex Gibney.
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122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)
The 122-mm howitzer D-30 (GRAU index 2A18) is a Soviet howitzer that first entered service in the 1960s.
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2007 cyberattacks on Estonia
A series of cyber attacks began 27 April 2007 that swamped websites of Estonian organizations, including Estonian parliament, banks, ministries, newspapers and broadcasters, amid the country's disagreement with Russia about the relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, an elaborate Soviet-era grave marker, as well as war graves in Tallinn.
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2008 Mumbai attacks
The 2008 Mumbai attacks (also referred to as 26/11) were a group of terrorist attacks that took place in November 2008, when 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic terrorist organisation based in Pakistan, carried out a series of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai.
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Redirects here:
Clickskrieg, Computer warfare, Cyber Operations, Cyber arms control, Cyber arms race, Cyber army, Cyber cold war, Cyber combat, Cyber security attack, Cyber war, Cyber warfare, Cyber-warfare, Cyberpeace, Cyberwar, Digital warfare, Electronic army, Militarisation of cyberspace, Military-internet complex, State-sponsored hacking.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberwarfare