Table of Contents
189 relations: Aclarubicin, ACS Combinatorial Science, Active site, ADME, Agonist, Akira Endo (biochemist), American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, Amrubicin, Anticoagulant, Antipyretic, Antitarget, Arabinose, Artemisia annua, Artemisinin, Aspirin, Azathioprine, Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, Belotecan, Beta blocker, Beta2-adrenergic agonist, Binding selectivity, Bioavailability, Bioinformatics, Biological activity, Biological half-life, Biological target, Biotechnology, Bivalirudin, Blood–brain barrier, Bryostatin, Cabazitaxel, Caco-2, Camptothecin, Capital intensity, Chemical library, Chemical space, Cheminformatics, Chemoproteomics, Chirality (chemistry), Cimetidine, Classical pharmacology, Clearance (pharmacology), Clinical trial, Combination therapy, Congener (chemistry), Daunorubicin, David Jack (pharmacologist), Digitalis lanata, Digoxin, Discovery and development of antiandrogens, ... Expand index (139 more) »
Aclarubicin
Aclarubicin (INN) or aclacinomycin A is an anthracycline drug that is used in the treatment of cancer in China.
See Drug discovery and Aclarubicin
ACS Combinatorial Science
ACS Combinatorial Science (usually abbreviated as ACS Comb. Sci.), formerly Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry (1999-2010), was a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1999 by the American Chemical Society.
See Drug discovery and ACS Combinatorial Science
Active site
In biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
See Drug discovery and Active site
ADME
ADME is the four-letter abbreviation (acronym) for ''absorption'', ''distribution'', metabolism, and excretion, and is mainly used in fields such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacology.
Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
See Drug discovery and Agonist
Akira Endo (biochemist)
was a Japanese biochemist whose research into the relationship between fungi and cholesterol biosynthesis led to the development of statin drugs, which are some of the best-selling pharmaceuticals in history. Endo received the Japan Prize in 2006,The Science and Technology Foundation of Japan., accessed 21 June 2006 the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 2008, the Canada Gairdner International Award in 2017.
See Drug discovery and Akira Endo (biochemist)
American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine
The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) is a United States 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that promotes the field of anti-aging medicine, and the organization trains and certifies physicians in this specialty.
See Drug discovery and American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine
Amrubicin
Amrubicin (INN; previously known as SM-5887) is an anthracycline used in the treatment of lung cancer.
See Drug discovery and Amrubicin
Anticoagulant
An anticoagulant, commonly known as a blood thinner, is a chemical substance that prevents or reduces the coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.
See Drug discovery and Anticoagulant
Antipyretic
An antipyretic (from anti- 'against' and 'feverish') is a substance that reduces fever.
See Drug discovery and Antipyretic
Antitarget
In pharmacology, an antitarget (or off-target) is a receptor, enzyme, or other biological target that, when affected by a drug, causes undesirable side-effects.
See Drug discovery and Antitarget
Arabinose
Arabinose is an aldopentose – a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde (CHO) functional group.
See Drug discovery and Arabinose
Artemisia annua
Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood, sweet annie, sweet sagewort, annual mugwort or annual wormwood, is a common type of wormwood native to temperate Asia, but naturalized in many countries including scattered parts of North America.
See Drug discovery and Artemisia annua
Artemisinin
Artemisinin and its semisynthetic derivatives are a group of drugs used in the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum.
See Drug discovery and Artemisinin
Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic.
See Drug discovery and Aspirin
Azathioprine
Azathioprine, sold under the brand name Imuran, among others, is an immunosuppressive medication.
See Drug discovery and Azathioprine
Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the first-line therapy for most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
See Drug discovery and Bcr-Abl tyrosine-kinase inhibitor
Belotecan
Belotecan is a drug used in chemotherapy.
See Drug discovery and Belotecan
Beta blocker
Beta blockers, also spelled β-blockers, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack (secondary prevention).
See Drug discovery and Beta blocker
Beta2-adrenergic agonist
Beta2-adrenergic agonists, also known as adrenergic β2 receptor agonists, are a class of drugs that act on the β2 adrenergic receptor.
See Drug discovery and Beta2-adrenergic agonist
Binding selectivity
In chemistry, binding selectivity is defined with respect to the binding of ligands to a substrate forming a complex.
See Drug discovery and Binding selectivity
Bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.
See Drug discovery and Bioavailability
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex.
See Drug discovery and Bioinformatics
Biological activity
In pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter.
See Drug discovery and Biological activity
Biological half-life
Biological half-life (elimination half-life, pharmacological half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration (Cmax) to half of Cmax in the blood plasma.
See Drug discovery and Biological half-life
Biological target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function.
See Drug discovery and Biological target
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.
See Drug discovery and Biotechnology
Bivalirudin
Bivalirudin, sold under the brand names Angiomax and Angiox, among others, is a specific and reversible direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI).
See Drug discovery and Bivalirudin
Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.
See Drug discovery and Blood–brain barrier
Bryostatin
Bryostatins are a group of macrolide lactones from (bacterial symbionts of) the marine organism Bugula neritina that were first collected and provided to JL Hartwell’s anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.
See Drug discovery and Bryostatin
Cabazitaxel
Cabazitaxel, sold under the brand name Jevtana, is a semi-synthetic derivative of a natural taxoid.
See Drug discovery and Cabazitaxel
Caco-2
Caco-2 (from Cancer coli, "colon cancer") is an immortalized cell line of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells.
Camptothecin
Camptothecin (CPT) is a topoisomerase inhibitor.
See Drug discovery and Camptothecin
Capital intensity
Capital intensity is the amount of fixed or real capital present in relation to other factors of production, especially labor.
See Drug discovery and Capital intensity
Chemical library
A chemical library or compound library is a collection of stored chemicals usually used ultimately in high-throughput screening or industrial manufacture.
See Drug discovery and Chemical library
Chemical space
Chemical space is a concept in cheminformatics referring to the property space spanned by all possible molecules and chemical compounds adhering to a given set of construction principles and boundary conditions.
See Drug discovery and Chemical space
Cheminformatics
Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics) refers to the use of physical chemistry theory with computer and information science techniques—so called "in silico" techniques—in application to a range of descriptive and prescriptive problems in the field of chemistry, including in its applications to biology and related molecular fields.
See Drug discovery and Cheminformatics
Chemoproteomics
Chemoproteomics (also known as chemical proteomics) entails a broad array of techniques used to identify and interrogate protein-small molecule interactions.
See Drug discovery and Chemoproteomics
Chirality (chemistry)
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes.
See Drug discovery and Chirality (chemistry)
Cimetidine
Cimetidine, sold under the brand name Tagamet among others, is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production.
See Drug discovery and Cimetidine
Classical pharmacology
In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology, also known as forward pharmacology, or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts to identify substances that have a desirable therapeutic effect.
See Drug discovery and Classical pharmacology
Clearance (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, clearance (Cl_) is a pharmacokinetic parameter representing the efficiency of drug elimination.
See Drug discovery and Clearance (pharmacology)
Clinical trial
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison.
See Drug discovery and Clinical trial
Combination therapy
Combination therapy or polytherapy is therapy that uses more than one medication or modality.
See Drug discovery and Combination therapy
Congener (chemistry)
In chemistry, congeners are chemical substances "related to each other by origin, structure, or function".
See Drug discovery and Congener (chemistry)
Daunorubicin
Daunorubicin, also known as daunomycin, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer.
See Drug discovery and Daunorubicin
David Jack (pharmacologist)
Sir David Jack (22 February 1924 – 8 November 2011) was a Scottish pharmacologist and medicinal chemist who specialised in the development of drugs for treating asthma.
See Drug discovery and David Jack (pharmacologist)
Digitalis lanata
Digitalis lanata, vernacularly often called woolly foxglove or Grecian foxglove, is a species of foxglove, a flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae.
See Drug discovery and Digitalis lanata
Digoxin
Digoxin (better known as Digitalis), sold under the brand name Lanoxin among others, is a medication used to treat various heart conditions.
See Drug discovery and Digoxin
Discovery and development of antiandrogens
The first antiandrogen was discovered in the 1960s.
See Drug discovery and Discovery and development of antiandrogens
Discovery and development of cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are a broad class of bactericidal antibiotics that include the β-lactam ring and share a structural similarity and mechanism of action with other β-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, carbapenems and monobactams).
See Drug discovery and Discovery and development of cephalosporins
Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
Discovery and development of nucleoside and nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs and NtRTIs) began in the 1980s when the AIDS epidemic hit Western societies.
Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block the gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase (H+/K+ ATPase) and inhibit gastric acid secretion.
See Drug discovery and Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors
Diverted total synthesis
Diverted total synthesis in chemistry is a strategy in drug discovery aiming at organic synthesis of natural product analogues rather than the natural product itself.
See Drug discovery and Diverted total synthesis
Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin, sold under the brand name Adriamycin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer.
See Drug discovery and Doxorubicin
Drug design
Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target.
See Drug discovery and Drug design
Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
See Drug discovery and Drug development
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems.
See Drug discovery and Drug metabolism
Druglikeness
Druglikeness is a qualitative concept used in drug design for how "druglike" a substance is with respect to factors like bioavailability.
See Drug discovery and Druglikeness
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry
Dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC); also known as constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC) is a method to the generation of new molecules formed by reversible reaction of simple building blocks under thermodynamic control.
See Drug discovery and Dynamic combinatorial chemistry
Efficacy
Efficacy is the ability to perform a task to a satisfactory or expected degree.
See Drug discovery and Efficacy
Enzyme inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity.
See Drug discovery and Enzyme inhibitor
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.
See Drug discovery and Epidermis
Epirubicin
Epirubicin is an anthracycline drug used for chemotherapy.
See Drug discovery and Epirubicin
Ethnobotany
Ethnobotany is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of a local culture and people.
See Drug discovery and Ethnobotany
Ethnomedicine
Ethnomedicine is a study or comparison of the traditional medicine based on bioactive compounds in plants and animals and practiced by various ethnic groups, especially those with little access to western medicines, e.g., indigenous peoples.
See Drug discovery and Ethnomedicine
Etoposide
Etoposide, sold under the brand name Vepesid among others, is a chemotherapy medication used for the treatments of a number of types of cancer including testicular cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and ovarian cancer.
See Drug discovery and Etoposide
Exenatide
Exenatide, sold under the brand name Byetta among others, is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes.
See Drug discovery and Exenatide
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
See Drug discovery and Extracellular matrix
Extract
An extract (essence) is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using a solvent such as ethanol, oil or water.
See Drug discovery and Extract
Fragment-based lead discovery
Fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) also known as fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is a method used for finding lead compounds as part of the drug discovery process.
See Drug discovery and Fragment-based lead discovery
Future Medicinal Chemistry
Future Medicinal Chemistry is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of medicinal chemistry, including drug discovery, pharmacology, in silico drug design, structural characterization techniques, ADME-Tox investigations, and science policy, economic and intellectual property issues.
See Drug discovery and Future Medicinal Chemistry
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses.
See Drug discovery and G protein-coupled receptor
George H. Hitchings
George Herbert Hitchings (April 18, 1905 – February 27, 1998) was an American medical doctor who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir James Black and Gertrude Elion "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment", Hitchings specifically for his work on chemotherapy.
See Drug discovery and George H. Hitchings
Gertrude B. Elion
Gertrude "Trudy" Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs.
See Drug discovery and Gertrude B. Elion
Gila monster
The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) is a species of venomous lizard native to the Southwestern United States and the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora.
See Drug discovery and Gila monster
Glycosaminoglycan
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides are long, linear polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units (i.e. two-sugar units).
See Drug discovery and Glycosaminoglycan
GSK plc
GSK plc (an acronym from its former name GlaxoSmithKline plc) is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with global headquarters in London.
See Drug discovery and GSK plc
Health informatics
Health informatics is the study and implementation of computer structures and algorithms to improve communication, understanding, and management of medical information.
See Drug discovery and Health informatics
High-content screening
High-content screening (HCS), also known as high-content analysis (HCA) or cellomics, is a method that is used in biological research and drug discovery to identify substances such as small molecules, peptides, or RNAi that alter the phenotype of a cell in a desired manner.
See Drug discovery and High-content screening
High-throughput screening
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific discovery especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology, materials science and chemistry.
See Drug discovery and High-throughput screening
Hirudin
Hirudin is a naturally occurring peptide in the salivary glands of blood-sucking leeches (such as Hirudo medicinalis) that has a blood anticoagulant property.
See Drug discovery and Hirudin
Hirudo medicinalis
Hirudo medicinalis, or the European medicinal leech, is one of several species of leeches used as medicinal leeches.
See Drug discovery and Hirudo medicinalis
History of penicillin
The history of penicillin follows observations and discoveries of evidence of antibiotic activity of the mould Penicillium that led to the development of penicillins that became the first widely used antibiotics.
See Drug discovery and History of penicillin
Hit to lead
Hit to lead (H2L) also known as lead generation is a stage in early drug discovery where small molecule hits from a high throughput screen (HTS) are evaluated and undergo limited optimization to identify promising lead compounds.
See Drug discovery and Hit to lead
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
See Drug discovery and Hormone
Human genome
The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
See Drug discovery and Human genome
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
See Drug discovery and Human Genome Project
Idarubicin
Idarubicin or 4-demethoxydaunorubicin is an anthracycline antileukemic drug.
See Drug discovery and Idarubicin
In vitro
In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
See Drug discovery and In vitro
In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
See Drug discovery and In vivo
Irinotecan
Irinotecan, sold under the brand name Camptosar among others, is an anti-cancer medication used to treat colon cancer and small cell lung cancer.
See Drug discovery and Irinotecan
James Black (pharmacologist)
Sir James Whyte Black (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010) was a Scottish physician and pharmacologist.
See Drug discovery and James Black (pharmacologist)
Jasmonate
Jasmonate (JA) and its derivatives are lipid-based plant hormones that regulate a wide range of processes in plants, ranging from growth and photosynthesis to reproductive development.
See Drug discovery and Jasmonate
Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses on the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs.
See Drug discovery and Kaposi's sarcoma
Leech
Leeches are segmented parasitic or predatory worms that comprise the subclass Hirudinea within the phylum Annelida.
Leukemia
Leukemia (also spelled leukaemia; pronounced) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells.
See Drug discovery and Leukemia
Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
See Drug discovery and Ligand (biochemistry)
Ligand efficiency
Ligand efficiency is a measurement of the binding energy per atom of a ligand to its binding partner, such as a receptor or enzyme.
See Drug discovery and Ligand efficiency
Lipinski's rule of five
Lipinski's rule of five, also known as Pfizer's rule of five or simply the rule of five (RO5), is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical properties that would likely make it an orally active drug in humans.
See Drug discovery and Lipinski's rule of five
Lipophilic efficiency
Lipophilic efficiency (LiPE), sometimes referred to as ligand-lipophilicity efficiency (LLE) is a parameter used in drug design and drug discovery to evaluate the quality of research compounds, linking potency and lipophilicity in an attempt to estimate druglikeness.
See Drug discovery and Lipophilic efficiency
Lizard
Lizard is the common name used for all squamate reptiles other than snakes (and to a lesser extent amphisbaenians), encompassing over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains.
Loan guarantee
A loan guarantee, in finance, is a promise by one party (the guarantor) to assume the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults.
See Drug discovery and Loan guarantee
Lymphoblast
A lymphoblast is a modified naive lymphocyte with altered cell morphology.
See Drug discovery and Lymphoblast
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
See Drug discovery and Mass spectrometry
Mechanism of action
In pharmacology, the term mechanism of action (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect.
See Drug discovery and Mechanism of action
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
See Drug discovery and Medication
Medicinal chemistry
Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs.
See Drug discovery and Medicinal chemistry
Medicinal plants
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times.
See Drug discovery and Medicinal plants
Melatonin receptor agonist
Melatonin receptor agonists are analogues of melatonin that bind to and activate the melatonin receptor.
See Drug discovery and Melatonin receptor agonist
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
See Drug discovery and Metabolism
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
See Drug discovery and Metabolite
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Drug discovery and Mitochondrion
Mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone (INN, BAN, USAN; also known as Mitozantrone in Australia; trade name Novantrone) is an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent.
See Drug discovery and Mitoxantrone
Molar mass
In chemistry, the molar mass (or molecular weight) of a chemical compound is defined as the ratio between the mass and the amount of substance (measured in moles) of any sample of the compound.
See Drug discovery and Molar mass
Molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules.
See Drug discovery and Molecular dynamics
Molecular modelling
Molecular modelling encompasses all methods, theoretical and computational, used to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules.
See Drug discovery and Molecular modelling
Morphine
Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum).
See Drug discovery and Morphine
National Cancer Institute
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) coordinates the United States National Cancer Program and is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of eleven agencies that are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
See Drug discovery and National Cancer Institute
Natural History Museum, London
The Natural History Museum in London is a museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history.
See Drug discovery and Natural History Museum, London
Natural product
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
See Drug discovery and Natural product
New chemical entity
A new chemical entity (NCE) is, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, a novel, small, chemical molecule drug that is undergoing clinical trials or has received a first approval (not a new use) by the FDA in any other application submitted under section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
See Drug discovery and New chemical entity
New Drug Application
The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing.
See Drug discovery and New Drug Application
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
See Drug discovery and Nucleic acid
Nucleoside
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group.
See Drug discovery and Nucleoside
Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds.
See Drug discovery and Organic synthesis
Orphan drug
An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical agent that is developed to treat certain rare medical conditions.
See Drug discovery and Orphan drug
Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel, sold under the brand name Taxol among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat ovarian cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
See Drug discovery and Paclitaxel
Pan-assay interference compounds
Pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) are chemical compounds that often give false positive results in high-throughput screens.
See Drug discovery and Pan-assay interference compounds
Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
In medicinal chemistry, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) is a method which determines the permeability of substances from a donor compartment, through a lipid-infused artificial membrane into an acceptor compartment.
See Drug discovery and Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
Partition coefficient
In the physical sciences, a partition coefficient (P) or distribution coefficient (D) is the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium.
See Drug discovery and Partition coefficient
Patent
A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention.
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.
See Drug discovery and Penicillin
Penicillium
Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production.
See Drug discovery and Penicillium
Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry is an industry involved in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical goods for use as drugs that function by being administered to (or self-administered by) patients using such medications with the goal of curing and/or preventing disease (as well as possibly alleviating symptoms of illness and/or injury).
See Drug discovery and Pharmaceutical industry
Pharmaceutical marketing
Pharmaceutical marketing is a branch of marketing science and practice focused on the communication, differential positioning and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, like specialist drugs, biotech drugs and over-the-counter drugs.
See Drug discovery and Pharmaceutical marketing
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics, often abbreviated "PGx," is the study of the role of the genome in drug response.
See Drug discovery and Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy is the study of crude drugs obtained from medicinal plants, animals, fungi, and other natural sources.
See Drug discovery and Pharmacognosy
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.
See Drug discovery and Pharmacology
Pharmacophore
An example of a pharmacophore model In medicinal chemistry and molecular biology, a pharmacophore is an abstract description of molecular features that are necessary for molecular recognition of a ligand by a biological macromolecule.
See Drug discovery and Pharmacophore
Pharmacotherapy
Pharmacotherapy, also known as pharmacological therapy or drug therapy, is defined as medical treatment that utilizes one or more pharmaceutical drugs to improve ongoing symptoms (symptomatic relief), treat the underlying condition, or act as a prevention for other diseases (prophylaxis).
See Drug discovery and Pharmacotherapy
Physical chemistry
Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria.
See Drug discovery and Physical chemistry
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a mathematical modeling technique for predicting the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of synthetic or natural chemical substances in humans and other animal species.
See Drug discovery and Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling
Pirarubicin
Pirarubicin (INN) is an anthracycline drug.
See Drug discovery and Pirarubicin
Pixantrone
Pixantrone (rINN; trade name Pixuvri) is an experimental antineoplastic (anti-cancer) drug, an analogue of mitoxantrone with fewer toxic effects on cardiac tissue.
See Drug discovery and Pixantrone
Plant disease resistance
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system.
See Drug discovery and Plant disease resistance
Plant hormone
Plant hormones (or phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations.
See Drug discovery and Plant hormone
Plant stress measurement
Plant stress measurement is the quantification of environmental effects on plant health.
See Drug discovery and Plant stress measurement
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans.
See Drug discovery and Plasmodium falciparum
Polar surface area
The polar surface area (PSA) or topological polar surface area (TPSA) of a molecule is defined as the surface sum over all polar atoms or molecules, primarily oxygen and nitrogen, also including their attached hydrogen atoms.
See Drug discovery and Polar surface area
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.
See Drug discovery and Polysaccharide
Potency (pharmacology)
In pharmacology, potency or biological potency is a measure of a drug's biological activity expressed in terms of the dose required to produce a pharmacological effect of given intensity.
See Drug discovery and Potency (pharmacology)
Preclinical development
In drug development, preclinical development (also termed preclinical studies or nonclinical studies) is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected, typically in laboratory animals.
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Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder.
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Protease inhibitor (biology)
In biology and biochemistry, protease inhibitors, or antiproteases, are molecules that inhibit the function of proteases (enzymes that aid the breakdown of proteins).
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein kinase
A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules.
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Proteoglycan
Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated.
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Purine metabolism
Purine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms.
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Quantum computing
A quantum computer is a computer that exploits quantum mechanical phenomena.
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Qubit
In quantum computing, a qubit or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information—the quantum version of the classic binary bit physically realized with a two-state device.
Ranitidine
Ranitidine, previously sold under the brand name Zantac among others, is a medication used to decrease stomach acid production.
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Receptor antagonist
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.
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Regeneration (biology)
Regeneration in biology is the process of renewal, restoration, and tissue growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage.
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Regulatory agency
A regulatory agency (regulatory body, regulator) or independent agency (independent regulatory agency) is a government authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous dominion over some area of human activity in a licensing and regulating capacity.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
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Retrometabolic drug design
In the field of drug discovery, retrometabolic drug design is a strategy for the design of safer drugs either using predictable metabolism to an inactive moiety or using targeted drug delivery approaches.
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Reverse pharmacology
In the field of drug discovery, reverse pharmacology also known as target-based drug discovery (TDD), a hypothesis is first made that modulation of the activity of a specific protein target thought to be disease modifying will have beneficial therapeutic effects.
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Rubitecan
Rubitecan (INN, marketing name Orathecin) is an oral topoisomerase inhibitor, developed by SuperGen (now.; a member of the).
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Saliva
Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.
Sanofi
Sanofi S.A. is a French multinational pharmaceutical and healthcare company headquartered in Paris, France.
Secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
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Serendipity
Serendipity is an unplanned fortunate discovery.
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Small molecule
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm.
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Statin
Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of medications that reduce illness and mortality in people who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
Streptomyces isolates
Streptomyces isolates have yielded the majority of human, animal, and agricultural antibiotics, as well as a number of fundamental chemotherapy medicines.
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Structure–activity relationship
The structure–activity relationship (SAR) is the relationship between the chemical structure of a molecule and its biological activity.
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Taxus brevifolia
Taxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew or western yew, is a species of tree in the yew family Taxaceae native to the Pacific Northwest of North America.
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Teniposide
Teniposide (trade name Vumon) is a chemotherapeutic medication used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, certain brain tumours, and other types of cancer.
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Thames & Hudson
Thames & Hudson (sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books in all visually creative categories: art, architecture, design, photography, fashion, film, and the performing arts.
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Topotecan
Topotecan, sold under the brand name Hycamtin among others, is a chemotherapeutic agent medication that is a topoisomerase inhibitor.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
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Valrubicin
Valrubicin (N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate, trade name Valstar) is a chemotherapy drug used to treat bladder cancer.
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Virtual screening
Virtual screening (VS) is a computational technique used in drug discovery to search libraries of small molecules in order to identify those structures which are most likely to bind to a drug target, typically a protein receptor or enzyme.
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions.
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Ziconotide
Ziconotide, sold under the brand name Prialt, also called intrathecal ziconotide (ITZ) because of its administration route, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.
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Zorubicin
Zorubicin (INN) is a benzoylhydrazone derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic daunorubicin.
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References
Also known as Drug candidate, Drug creation, Lead Compound, Lead finding, New Drug, Target base drug discovery.