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Electron microscope

Index Electron microscope

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. [1]

148 relations: Acetone, Acrylic resin, Aldehyde, Amorphous ice, Angular resolution, Annular dark-field imaging, Anode, Araldite, Argon, Ångström, Biopsy, Bodo von Borries, Carbon nanotube, Cathode, Cathode ray, Cathodoluminescence, Cathodoluminescence microscope, Cell (biology), Chemical substance, Confocal microscopy, Cryobiology, Cryofixation, Cryogenic electron microscopy, Crystal, Dennis Gabor, Diagnostic electron microscopy, Diamond, Diatom, Diffraction, Digital camera, Durcupan, Elastic scattering, Electrically conductive adhesive, Electromagnetism, Electron, Electron beam-induced deposition, Electron diffraction, Electron energy loss spectroscopy, Electron gun, Electron optics, Electron scattering, Electron tomography, Electronvolt, Electrostatics, Eli Franklin Burton, Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Environmental scanning electron microscope, Epoxy, Ernst Ruska, ..., Ethanol, Failure analysis, Field-emission microscopy, Fixation (histology), Focused ion beam, Food science, Forensic science, Formaldehyde, Fractography, Frame grabber, Freeze-drying, Gallium, Glass knife, Glutaraldehyde, Grayscale, Ground (electricity), Helmut Ruska, High voltage, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, HiRISE, Hypochlorite, In situ electron microscopy, Ion, James Hillier, Lead, Leo Szilard, Lipid, Liquid helium, Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy, List of materials analysis methods, Low-energy electron microscopy, Luminescence, Magnetic domain, Magnification, Manfred von Ardenne, Max Knoll, Metal, Micrograph, Microorganism, Microscope image processing, Microscopy, Microtome, Mining, Molecule, Nanometre, Nanometrology, Nanotechnology, Negative stain, Neutron microscope, Objective (optics), Optical fiber, Optical microscope, Osmium tetroxide, Petrochemical, Phase problem, Phosphor, Photographic film, Photographic plate, Photon, Picometre, Platinum, Propylene oxide, Protein, Prototype, Raster scan, Reflection high-energy electron diffraction, Reinhold Rudenberg, Resin, Scanning confocal electron microscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Scanning transmission electron microscopy, Scanning tunneling microscope, Scintillator, Secondary emission, Siemens & Halske, Siemens-Schuckert, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Spherical aberration, Staining, Structural biology, Supercritical drying, Surface science, Toxicology, Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope, Transmission electron microscopy, Tungsten, Ultrastructure, University of Basel, University of Toronto, Uranium, Uranyl acetate, Vacuum, Viral load, Virology, Water, X-ray, X-ray crystallography, X-ray microscope. Expand index (98 more) »

Acetone

Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO.

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Acrylic resin

Acrylic resins are a group of related thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic substances derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or other related compounds.

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Aldehyde

An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.

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Amorphous ice

Amorphous ice (non-crystalline ("vitreous") ice) is an amorphous solid form of water.

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Angular resolution

Angular resolution or spatial resolution describes the ability of any image-forming device such as an optical or radio telescope, a microscope, a camera, or an eye, to distinguish small details of an object, thereby making it a major determinant of image resolution.

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Annular dark-field imaging

Annular dark-field imaging is a method of mapping samples in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).

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Anode

An anode is an electrode through which the conventional current enters into a polarized electrical device.

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Araldite

Araldite is a registered trademark of Huntsman Advanced Materials (previously part of Ciba-Geigy) referring to their range of engineering and structural epoxy, acrylic, and polyurethane adhesives.

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Argon

Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.

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Ångström

The ångström or angstrom is a unit of length equal to (one ten-billionth of a metre) or 0.1 nanometre.

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Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.

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Bodo von Borries

Bodo von Borries (born 22 May 1905 in Herford, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany — died 17 July 1956 in Aachen, North Rhine-Westphalia) was a German physicist.

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Carbon nanotube

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

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Cathode

A cathode is the electrode from which a conventional current leaves a polarized electrical device.

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Cathode ray

Cathode rays (also called an electron beam or e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes.

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Cathodoluminescence

Cathodoluminescence is an optical and electromagnetic phenomenon in which electrons impacting on a luminescent material such as a phosphor, cause the emission of photons which may have wavelengths in the visible spectrum.

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Cathodoluminescence microscope

A cathodoluminescence (CL) microscope combines methods from electron and regular (light optical) microscopes.

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Cell (biology)

The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.

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Chemical substance

A chemical substance, also known as a pure substance, is a form of matter that consists of molecules of the same composition and structure.

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Confocal microscopy

Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.

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Cryobiology

Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science.

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Cryofixation

Cryofixation is a technique for fixation or stabilisation of biological materials as the first step in specimen preparation for electron microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy.

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Cryogenic electron microscopy

Electron cryomicroscopy (CryoEM) is an electron microscopy (EM) technique where the sample is cooled to cryogenic temperatures.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Dennis Gabor

Dennis Gabor (Gábor Dénes; 5 June 1900 – 9 February 1979) was a Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, most notable for inventing holography, for which he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics.

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Diagnostic electron microscopy

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used as an important diagnostic tool to screen human tissues at high magnification (the ultrastructural level), often in conjunction with other methods, particularly light microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques.

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Diamond

Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.

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Diatom

Diatoms (diá-tom-os "cut in half", from diá, "through" or "apart"; and the root of tém-n-ō, "I cut".) are a major group of microorganisms found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world.

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Diffraction

--> Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit.

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Digital camera

A digital camera or digicam is a camera that captures photographs in digital memory.

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Durcupan

Durcupan is a water-soluble epoxy resin produced by the Fluka subsidiary of Sigma-Aldrich.

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Elastic scattering

Elastic scattering is a form of particle scattering in scattering theory, nuclear physics and particle physics.

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Electrically conductive adhesive

An electrically conductive adhesive is a glue that is primarily used for electronics.

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Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles.

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Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.

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Electron beam-induced deposition

Electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) is a process of decomposing gaseous molecules by an electron beam leading to deposition of non-volatile fragments onto a nearby substrate.

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Electron diffraction

Electron diffraction refers to the wave nature of electrons.

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Electron energy loss spectroscopy

In electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range of kinetic energies.

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Electron gun

An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimated electron beam that has a precise kinetic energy.

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Electron optics

Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories along electromagnetic fields.

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Electron scattering

Electron scattering occurs when electrons are deviated from their original trajectory.

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Electron tomography

Electron tomography (ET) is a tomography technique for obtaining detailed 3D structures of sub-cellular macro-molecular objects.

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Electronvolt

In physics, the electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol J).

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Electrostatics

Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest.

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Eli Franklin Burton

Eli Franklin Burton, (February 14, 1879 – July 6, 1948) was a Canadian physicist.

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Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy

Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) is a technique used in transmission electron microscopy, in which only electrons of particular kinetic energies are used to form the image or diffraction pattern.

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Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, EDX, EDXS or XEDS), sometimes called energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) or energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample.

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Environmental scanning electron microscope

The environmental scanning electron microscope or ESEM is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens that are "wet," uncoated, or both by allowing for a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber.

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Epoxy

Epoxy is either any of the basic components or the cured end products of epoxy resins, as well as a colloquial name for the epoxide functional group.

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Ernst Ruska

Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (25 December 1906 – 27 May 1988) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope.

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Ethanol

Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.

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Failure analysis

Failure analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the cause of a failure, often with the goal of determining corrective actions or liability.

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Field-emission microscopy

Field-emission microscopy (FEM) is an analytical technique used in materials science to investigate molecular surface structures and their electronic properties.

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Fixation (histology)

In the fields of histology, pathology, and cell biology, fixation is the preservation of biological tissues from decay due to autolysis or putrefaction.

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Focused ion beam

Focused ion beam, also known as FIB, is a technique used particularly in the semiconductor industry, materials science and increasingly in the biological field for site-specific analysis, deposition, and ablation of materials.

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Food science

Food science is the applied science devoted to the study of food.

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Forensic science

Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.

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Formaldehyde

No description.

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Fractography

Fractography is the study of the fracture surfaces of materials.

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Frame grabber

A frame grabber is an electronic device that captures (i.e., "grabs") individual, digital still frames from an analog video signal or a digital video stream.

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Freeze-drying

Freeze drying, also known as lyophilisation or cryodessication, is a low temperature dehydration process which involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation.

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Gallium

Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31.

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Glass knife

A glass knife is a knife with a blade composed of glass.

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Glutaraldehyde

Glutaraldehyde, sold under the brandname Cidex and Glutaral among others, is a disinfectant and medication.

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Grayscale

In photography, computing, and colorimetry, a grayscale or greyscale image is one in which the value of each pixel is a single sample representing only an amount of light, that is, it carries only intensity information.

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Ground (electricity)

In electrical engineering, ground or earth is the reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the earth.

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Helmut Ruska

Helmut Ruska (June 7, 1908, Heidelberg - August 30, 1973) was a German physician and biologist from Heidelberg.

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High voltage

The term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm on living organisms.

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High-resolution transmission electron microscopy

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) (or HREM) is an imaging mode of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) that allows for direct imaging of the atomic structure of the sample.

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HiRISE

For the Apple accessory see Twelve South High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

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Hypochlorite

In chemistry, hypochlorite is an ion with the chemical formula ClO−.

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In situ electron microscopy

In situ electron microscopy is an investigatory technique where an electron microscope is used to watch a sample's response to a stimulus in real time.

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Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).

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James Hillier

James Hillier, (August 22, 1915 – January 15, 2007) was a Canadian-American scientist and inventor who designed and built, with Albert Prebus, the first successful high-resolution electron microscope in North America in 1938.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Leo Szilard

Leo Szilard (Szilárd Leó; Leo Spitz until age 2; February 11, 1898 – May 30, 1964) was a Hungarian-German-American physicist and inventor.

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Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

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Liquid helium

At standard pressure, the chemical element helium exists in a liquid form only at the extremely low temperature of −270 °C (about 4 K or −452.2 °F).

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Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy

Liquid-phase electron microscopy (LP EM) refers to a class of methods for imaging specimens in liquid with nanometer spatial resolution using electron microscopy.

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List of materials analysis methods

List of materials analysis methods.

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Low-energy electron microscopy

Low-energy electron microscopy, or LEEM, is an analytical surface science technique invented by Ernst Bauer in 1962, however, not fully developed (by Ernst Bauer and Wolfgang Telieps) until 1985.

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Luminescence

Luminescence is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold-body radiation.

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Magnetic domain

A magnetic domain is a region within a magnetic material in which the magnetization is in a uniform direction.

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Magnification

Magnification is the process of enlarging the appearance, not physical size, of something.

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Manfred von Ardenne

Manfred von Ardenne (20 January 1907 – 26 May 1997) was a German research and applied physicist and inventor.

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Max Knoll

Max Knoll (17 July 1897 – 6 November 1969) was a German electrical engineer.

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Metal

A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.

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Micrograph

A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an item.

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Microorganism

A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.

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Microscope image processing

Microscope image processing is a broad term that covers the use of digital image processing techniques to process, analyze and present images obtained from a microscope.

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Microscopy

Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).

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Microtome

A microtome (from the Greek mikros, meaning "small", and temnein, meaning "to cut") is a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material, known as sections.

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Mining

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.

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Molecule

A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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Nanometre

The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).

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Nanometrology

Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level.

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Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology ("nanotech") is manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.

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Negative stain

Negative staining is an established method, often used in diagnostic microscopy, for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid.

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Neutron microscope

Neutron microscopes use neutrons to create images by nuclear fission of lithium-6 using small-angle neutron scattering.

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Objective (optics)

In optical engineering, the objective is the optical element that gathers light from the object being observed and focuses the light rays to produce a real image.

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Optical fiber

An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

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Optical microscope

The optical microscope, often referred to as the light microscope, is a type of microscope that uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small subjects.

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Osmium tetroxide

Osmium tetroxide (also osmium(VIII) oxide) is the chemical compound with the formula OsO4.

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Petrochemical

Petrochemicals (also known as petroleum distillates) are chemical products derived from petroleum.

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Phase problem

In physics, the phase problem is the problem of loss of information concerning the phase that can occur when making a physical measurement.

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Phosphor

A phosphor, most generally, is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence.

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Photographic film

Photographic film is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light-sensitive silver halide crystals.

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Photographic plate

Photographic plates preceded photographic film as a capture medium in photography.

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Photon

The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).

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Picometre

The picometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: pm) or picometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to, or one trillionth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length.

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Platinum

Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78.

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Propylene oxide

Propylene oxide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3CHCH2O.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Prototype

A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from.

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Raster scan

A raster scan, or raster scanning, is the rectangular pattern of image capture and reconstruction in television.

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Reflection high-energy electron diffraction

Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials.

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Reinhold Rudenberg

Reinhold Rudenberg (or Rüdenberg; February 4, 1883 – December 25, 1961) was a German-American electrical engineer and inventor, credited with many innovations in the electric power and related fields.

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Resin

In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance" of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers.

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Scanning confocal electron microscopy

Scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) is an electron microscopy technique analogous to scanning confocal optical microscopy (SCOM).

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Scanning electron microscope

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.

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Scanning transmission electron microscopy

A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM).

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Scanning tunneling microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.

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Scintillator

A scintillator is a material that exhibits scintillation—the property of luminescence, when excited by ionizing radiation.

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Secondary emission

Secondary emission in physics is a phenomenon where primary incident particles of sufficient energy, when hitting a surface or passing through some material, induce the emission of secondary particles.

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Siemens & Halske

Siemens & Halske AG (or Siemens-Halske) was a German electrical engineering company that later became part of Siemens.

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Siemens-Schuckert

Siemens-Schuckert (or Siemens-Schuckertwerke) was a German electrical engineering company headquartered in Berlin, Erlangen and Nuremberg that was incorporated into the Siemens AG in 1966.

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Sodium dodecyl sulfate

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), synonymously sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), or sodium laurilsulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11SO4 Na.

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Spherical aberration

Spherical aberration is an optical effect observed in an optical device (lens, mirror, etc.) that occurs due to the increased refraction of light rays when they strike a lens or a reflection of light rays when they strike a mirror near its edge, in comparison with those that strike close to the centre.

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Staining

Staining is an auxiliary technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image.

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Structural biology

Structural biology is a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules (especially proteins, made up of amino acids, and RNA or DNA, made up of nucleic acids), how they acquire the structures they have, and how alterations in their structures affect their function.

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Supercritical drying

Supercritical drying is a process to remove liquid in a precise and controlled way.

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Surface science

Surface science is the study of physical and chemical phenomena that occur at the interface of two phases, including solid–liquid interfaces, solid–gas interfaces, solid–vacuum interfaces, and liquid–gas interfaces.

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Toxicology

Toxicology is a discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.

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Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope

Transmission Electron Aberration-Corrected Microscope (TEAM) is a collaborative research project between four US laboratories and two companies.

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Transmission electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, also sometimes conventional transmission electron microscopy or CTEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Ultrastructure

Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope.

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University of Basel

The University of Basel (German: Universität Basel) is located in Basel, Switzerland.

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University of Toronto

The University of Toronto (U of T, UToronto, or Toronto) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.

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Uranium

Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.

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Uranyl acetate

Uranyl acetate (UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O) is the acetate salt of uranyl and is a yellow-green crystalline solid made up of yellow-green rhombic crystals and has a slight acetic odor.

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Vacuum

Vacuum is space devoid of matter.

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Viral load

Viral load, also known as viral burden, viral titre or viral titer, is a numerical expression of the quantity of virus in a given volume.

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Virology

Virology is the study of viruses – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat – and virus-like agents.

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Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

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X-ray

X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.

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X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.

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X-ray microscope

An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce magnified images of objects.

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Charge collection microscopy, EM study, Electron Microscope, Electron Microscopy, Electron beam microscope, Electron imaging, Electron microscopes, Electron microscopy, Electronic Microscope, Electronic microprobe, Electronic microscope, Freeze fracture, Freeze-fracture, Immunoelectron microscopy, Intermediate voltage electron microscopy, Metal shadowing, Microscopy, electron, Reflection electron microscope, Reflection electron microscopy, Serial-section electron microscopy.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope

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