Communication

572 relations: A. W. B. Simpson, Abbey National, Abbey National Building Society v Cann, Absolute liability, Acceptance, Adam Smith, Adams v Lindsell, Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd, Administrator (law), Adverse selection, Agency cost, Agency in English law, Allcard v Skinner, Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v John Walker & Sons Ltd, Amenity, American Journal of International Law, American Law Institute, Ancient Greek law, Andrew Burrows, Anglia Television Ltd v Reed, Anticipatory repudiation, Arthur Linton Corbin, Assumpsit, Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd, Attorney General v Blake, Australian contract law, Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher, Autonomy, Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks & Spencer plc, Balfour v Balfour, Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien, Bargaining power, Barry v Davies, Barton v Armstrong, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Beatrice Webb, Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd, Bentley, Beswick v Beswick, Bettini v Gye, Bill of lading, Bill Wedderburn, Baron Wedderburn of Charlton, Bills of Exchange Act 1882, Bisset v Wilkinson, Black Death, Black Wednesday, Blackmail, Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool BC, Bolton v Mahadeva, Bona fide purchaser, ..., Boston, BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd v Hunt (No 2), Breach of contract, Bret v JS, Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH, British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd, British Empire, British Steel Corp v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd, British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v Underground Electric Rlys Co of London Ltd, Brogden v Metropolitan Rly Co, BT Group, Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA, Burden of proof (law), Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp (England) Ltd, Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tienhoven & Co, C Czarnikow Ltd v Koufos, Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R, Canadian contract law, Capacity in English law, Cargill, Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, Carter v Boehm, Cause of action, Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd, Chapelton v Barry UDC, 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Slade's Case, Slavery Abolition Act 1833, Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd, Smith v Eric S Bush, Smith v Hughes, Smith v Land and House Property Corp, Solle v Butcher, Sombrero, South African contract law, South Australia Asset Management Corp v York Montague Ltd, Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw, Specific performance, Sri Lanka, Standard form contract, Statute of Frauds, Statute of Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration, Statute of Labourers 1351, Statutory instrument, Stevedore, Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean, Stilk v Myrick, Strict liability, Sumatra, Summary jurisdiction, Sumpter v Hedges, Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873, Surety, Taylor v Caldwell, The Brimnes, The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008, The Diana Prosperity, The Humber Ferryman's case, The Medina, The Moorcock, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract, The Satanita, The Super Servant Two, Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, Tom Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill, Tom Denning, Baron Denning, Tony Clarke, Baron Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony, Tort, Tort of deceit, Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie, Trade Boards Act 1909, Trade Descriptions Act 1968, Trade Disputes Act 1906, Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc, Trespass on the case, Trust law, Trustee, Tweddle v Atkinson, Uberrima fides, Ultra vires, Unconscionability in English law, Undue influence, Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, Unfair Contract Terms Bill, Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993, Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, UNIDROIT, Uniform Commercial Code, Unilateral gratuitous obligations, Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd, United Kingdom commercial law, United Kingdom company law, United Kingdom insolvency law, United Kingdom labour law, United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, United States contract law, United States labor law, Unjust enrichment, Vi et armis, Voluntariness, Walker v Boyle, Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher, White & Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor, White v Bluett, William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, William Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire CC, William the Conqueror, Williams v Carwardine, Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd, Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., Wilson v Racher, Wilson v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Wiluszynski v London Borough of Tower Hamlets, With v O'Flanagan, WN Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd, Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd, Woodman v Photo Trade Processing Ltd, Workers Trust and Merchant Bank Ltd v Dojap Investments Ltd, World War II, Wrongful dismissal, Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd, Yodeling. Expand index (522 more) » « Shrink index

A. W. B. Simpson

Alfred William Brian Simpson, QC (Hon.), JP, FBA (17 August 1931 – 10 January 2011) usually referred to as Brian Simpson, was a British legal historian and the emeritus Charles F. and Edith J. Clyne Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School.

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Abbey National

Abbey National plc was a bank based in the United Kingdom and former building society, which latterly traded under the Abbey brand name.

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Abbey National Building Society v Cann

is an English land law case concerning the right of a person with an equitable interest in a home to remain in actual occupation, if a bank has a charge and is seeking repossession.

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Absolute liability

Absolute liability is a standard of legal liability found in tort and criminal law of various legal jurisdictions.

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Acceptance

Acceptance in human psychology is a person's assent to the reality of a situation, recognizing a process or condition (often a negative or uncomfortable situation) without attempting to change it or protest it.

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Adam Smith

Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.

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Adams v Lindsell

Adams v Lindsell, is an English contract case regarded as the first case towards the establishment of the "postal rule" for acceptance of an offer.

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Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd

Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd is an old English contract law and UK labour law case, which used to restrict damages for non-pecuniary losses for breach of contract.

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Administrator (law)

In law an administrator (or administratrix for women) can be.

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Adverse selection

Adverse selection is a term commonly used in economics, insurance, and risk management that describes a situation where market participation is affected by asymmetric information.

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Agency cost

An agency cost is an economic concept concerning the fee to a "principal" (an organization, person or group of persons), when the principal chooses or hires an "agent" to act on its behalf.

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Agency in English law

Agency in English law is the component of UK commercial law that deals with the application of agency law in the United Kingdom, and forms a core set of rules necessary for the smooth functioning of business.

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Allcard v Skinner

Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 is a judicial decision under English law dealing with undue influence.

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Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v John Walker & Sons Ltd

Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v John Walker & Sons Ltd 1 WLR 164 is an English contract law case, concerning common mistake and the frustration of an agreement.

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Amenity

In real estate and lodging, an amenity is something considered to benefit a property and thereby increase its value.

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American Journal of International Law

The American Journal of International Law is an English-language scholarly journal focusing on international law and international relations.

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American Law Institute

The American Law Institute (ALI) was established in 1923 to promote the clarification and simplification of United States common law and its adaptation to changing social needs.

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Ancient Greek law

Ancient Greek law consists of the laws and legal institutions of Ancient Greece.

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Andrew Burrows

Andrew Burrows QC (Hon) (born 17 April 1957, Who's Who 2015, A & C Black, 2015; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014) is a Professor of the Law of England and senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.

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Anglia Television Ltd v Reed

Anglia Television Ltd v Reed 1 QB 60 is an English contract law case, concerning the right to reliance damages for loss flowing from a breach of contract.

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Anticipatory repudiation

Anticipatory repudiation, also called an anticipatory breach, is a term in the law of contracts that describes a declaration by the promising party to a contract that he or she does not intend to live up to his or her obligations under the contract.

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Arthur Linton Corbin

Arthur Linton Corbin (October 17, 1874 – May 1, 1967) was a professor at Yale Law School and a scholar of contract law.

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Assumpsit

Assumpsit ("he has undertaken", from Latin, assumere), or more fully, the action of assumpsit, was a form of action at common law.

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Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd

is a judicial decision of the Privy Council in relation to contract law, company law and constitutional law.

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Attorney General v Blake

is a leading English contract law case on damages for breach of contract.

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Australian contract law

Australian contract law concerns the legal enforcement of promises that were made as part of a bargain freely entered into, forming a legal relationship called a contract.

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Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher

Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher is a landmark UK labour law and English contract law case decided by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, concerning the scope of statutory protection of rights for working individuals.

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Autonomy

In development or moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, un-coerced decision.

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Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks & Spencer plc

Baird Textile Holdings Ltd v Marks & Spencer plc is an English contract law case on the possibility of an implied contract after a course of dealings between two businesses.

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Balfour v Balfour

Balfour v Balfour 2 KB 571 is a leading English contract law case.

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Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien

is an English contract law case relating to undue influence.

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Bargaining power

Bargaining power is the relative ability of parties in a situation to exert influence over each other.

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Barry v Davies

Barry v Davies, 1 WLR 1962 is an English contract law case which established and confirmed that auction goods being sold without a reserve must be sold to a genuine highest bidder.

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Barton v Armstrong

Barton v Armstrong,.

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Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch

The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, abbreviated BGB, is the civil code of Germany.

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Beatrice Webb

Martha Beatrice Webb, Baroness Passfield, (née Potter; 22 January 1858 – 30 April 1943), was an English sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian and social reformer.

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Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd

Bell v Lever Brothers Ltd is an English contract law case decided by the House of Lords.

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Bentley

Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs—and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998.

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Beswick v Beswick

was a landmark English contract law case on privity of contract and specific performance.

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Bettini v Gye

Bettini v Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183 is an English contract law case, concerning the right to terminate performance of a contract.

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Bill of lading

A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BoL) is a document issued by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment.

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Bill Wedderburn, Baron Wedderburn of Charlton

Kenneth William Wedderburn, Baron Wedderburn of Charlton, QC, FBA (13 April 1927 – 9 March 2012) was a British politician and member of the House of Lords, affiliated with the Labour Party.

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Bills of Exchange Act 1882

The Bills of Exchange Act 1882 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament concerning bills of exchange.

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Bisset v Wilkinson

Bisset v Wilkinson AC 177 is a leading contract law case from New Zealand on the issue of misrepresentation.

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Black Death

The Black Death, also known as the Great Plague, the Black Plague, or simply the Plague, was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351.

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Black Wednesday

Black Wednesday occurred in the United Kingdom on 16 September 1992, when John Major's Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after it was unable to keep the pound above its agreed lower limit in the ERM.

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Blackmail

Blackmail is an act, often criminal, involving unjustified threats to make a gain—most commonly money or property—or cause loss to another unless a demand is met.

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Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool BC

Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool Borough Council is a leading English contract law case on the issue of offer and acceptance in relation to Call for bids.

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Bolton v Mahadeva

Bolton v Mahadeva 2 All ER 1322 is an English contract law case, concerning substantial performance of an obligation.

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Bona fide purchaser

A bona fide purchaser (BFP)referred to more completely as a bona fide purchaser for value without notice is a term used predominantly in common law jurisdictions in the law of real property and personal property to refer to an innocent party who purchases property without notice of any other party's claim to the title of that property.

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Boston

Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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BP Exploration Co (Libya) Ltd v Hunt (No 2)

BP Exploration Co (Libya) v Hunt (No 2) 2 AC 352 is an English contract and unjust enrichment case, concerning the frustration of an agreement.

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Breach of contract

Breach of contract is a legal cause of action and a type of civil wrong, in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance or interference with the other party's performance.

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Bret v JS

Bret v JS & Wife (1600) Cro Eliz 756 is a formative English contract law, which held that a good consideration for courts to enforce contracts did not include promises for "natural affection".

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Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgesellschaft mbH

Brinkibon Ltd v Stahag Stahl GmbH 2 AC 34 is a leading decision of the House of Lords on the formation of a contract using telecommunication.

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British Crane Hire Corp Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd

British Crane Hire Corporation Ltd v Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd is an English contract law case concerning the issue of incorporation of terms with regular business dealings.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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British Steel Corp v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd

British Steel Corp v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd 1 All ER 504 is an English contract law case concerning agreement.

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British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v Underground Electric Rlys Co of London Ltd

British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v Underground Electric Railways Co of London Ltd AC 673 is an English contract law case, concerning the duty to mitigate one's loss after a breach of contract.

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Brogden v Metropolitan Rly Co

Brogden v Metropolitan Railway Company (1876–77) L.R. 2 App.

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BT Group

BT Group plc (trading as BT and formerly British Telecom) is a British multinational telecommunications holding company with head offices in London, United Kingdom.

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Bunge Corp v Tradax Export SA

Bunge Corporation v Tradax Export SA is an English contract law case, concerning the right to terminate performance of a contract.

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Burden of proof (law)

The burden of proof (onus probandi) is the obligation of a party in a trial to produce the evidence that will prove the claims they have made against the other party.

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Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp (England) Ltd

Butler Machine Tool Co Ltd v Ex-Cell-O Corp Ltd is a leading English contract law case.

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Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tienhoven & Co

Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tien Hoven & Co 5 CPD 344 is a leading English contract law case on the issue of revocation in relation to the postal rule.

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C Czarnikow Ltd v Koufos

C Czarnikow Ltd v Koufos or The Heron II is an English contract law case, concerning remoteness of damage.

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Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R

Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v R is a Canadian contract law case, also relevant for English contract law, concerning the interpretation of unfair terms contra proferentem.

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Canadian contract law

Canadian contract law has its foundation in the English legal tradition of the 19th and early 20th century.

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Capacity in English law

Capacity in English law refers to the ability of a contracting party to enter into legally binding relations.

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Cargill

Cargill, Incorporated is an American privately held global corporation based in Minnetonka, Minnesota, and incorporated in Wilmington, Delaware.

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Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co

Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company is an English contract law decision by the Court of Appeal, which held an advertisement containing certain terms to get a reward constituted a binding unilateral offer that could be accepted by anyone who performed its terms.

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Carter v Boehm

Carter v Boehm (1766) 3 Burr 1905 is a landmark English contract law case, in which Lord Mansfield established the duty of utmost good faith or uberrimae fidei in insurance contracts.

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Cause of action

A cause of action, in law, is a set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue to obtain money, property, or the enforcement of a right against another party.

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Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd

Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd KB 130 (or the High Trees case) is an English contract law decision in the High Court.

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Chapelton v Barry UDC

Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council 1 KB 532 is an English contract law case on offer and acceptance and exclusion clauses.

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Chaplin v Hicks

Chaplin v Hicks 2 KB 786 is an English contract law case, concerning the right to damages for loss of a chance after a breach of contract.

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Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd

Chappell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd is an important English contract law case, where the House of Lords confirmed the traditional doctrine that consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate.

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Charing Cross

Charing Cross is a junction in London, England, where six routes meet.

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Charles Mitchell (academic)

Charles Mitchell, FBA is a British legal scholar.

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Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd

is an English contract law case concerning interpretation of contracts.

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Christopher Marlowe

Christopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (baptised 26 February 156430 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era.

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City and Westminster Properties (1934) Ltd v Mudd

City and Westminster Properties (1934) Ltd v Mudd Ch 129 is an English contract law case, regarding the parol evidence rule.

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Co-op Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores Holdings Ltd

Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning the possibility of claiming specific performance of a promise after breach of contract.

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Cobbe v Yeoman's Row Management Ltd

is a House of Lords case in English land law and relates to proprietary estoppel in the multi-property developer context.

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Codification (law)

In law, codification is the process of collecting and restating the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, usually by subject, forming a legal code, i.e. a codex (book) of law.

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Coercion

Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner by use of threats or force.

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Colin Blackburn, Baron Blackburn

Colin Blackburn, Baron Blackburn, (18 May 1813 – 8 January 1896) was a Scottish judge who sat in the English courts, became a Law Lord and is remembered as one of the greatest exponents of the common law.

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Collateral contract

A collateral contract is usually a single term contract, made in consideration of the party for whose benefit the contract operates agreeing to enter into the principal or main contract, which sets out additional terms relating to the same subject matter as the main contract.

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Collective agreement

A collective agreement, collective labour agreement (CLA) or collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is a special type of commercial agreement, usually as one negotiated "collectively" between management (on behalf of the company) and trade unions (on behalf of employees).

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Collective bargaining

Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers.

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Collier v P & MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd

Collier v P & MJ Wright (Holdings) Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning the doctrine of consideration and promissory estoppel in relation to "alteration promises".

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Combe v Combe

Combe v Combe 2 KB 215 is a famous English contract law case on promissory estoppel.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law) is that body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals.

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Common sense

Common sense is sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people.

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Commonwealth

A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good.

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Companies Act 2006

The Companies Act 2006 (c 46) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which forms the primary source of UK company law.

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Competition and Markets Authority

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) is a non-ministerial government department in the United Kingdom, responsible for strengthening business competition and preventing and reducing anti-competitive activities.

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Complete contract

A complete contract is an important concept from contract theory.

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Compurgation

Compurgation, also called wager of law and oath-helping, was a defence used primarily in medieval law.

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Condition precedent

A condition precedent is an event or state of affairs that is required before something else will occur.

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Conflict of interest

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

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Consent

In common speech, consent occurs when one person voluntarily agrees to the proposal or desires of another.

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Consideration in English law

Consideration is an English common law concept within the law of contract, and is a necessity for simple contracts (but not for special contracts by deed).

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Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd

Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd KB 693 is an English tort law and contract case, concerning the implied duty of an innkeeper to offer accommodation to a guest unless for just cause.

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Construals

In social psychology, construals are how individuals perceive, comprehend, and interpret the world around them, particularly the behavior or action of others towards themselves.

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Constructive dismissal

In employment law, constructive dismissal, also called constructive discharge or constructive termination, occurs when an employee resigns as a result of the employer creating a hostile work environment.

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Consumer Credit Act 1974

The Consumer Credit Act 1974 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that significantly reformed the law relating to consumer credit within the United Kingdom.

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Consumer protection

In regulatory jurisdictions that provide for this (a list including most or all developed countries with free market economies) consumer protection is a group of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers, as well as fair trade, competition, and accurate information in the marketplace.

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Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000

The Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 (totally repealed in June 2014 by The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 which in many respects are however similar regulations), Statutory Instrument 2000/2334, implementsEnacted pursuant to European Communities Act 1972 European Directive as UK law.

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Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008

The Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 is a statutory instrument in the United Kingdom made under the European Communities Act 1972.

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Consumer Rights Act 2015

The Consumer Rights Act 2015 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that consolidates existing consumer protection law legislation and also gives consumers a number of new rights and remedies.

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Context (language use)

In semiotics, linguistics, sociology and anthropology, context refers to those objects or entities which surround a focal event, in these disciplines typically a communicative event, of some kind.

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Contra proferentem

Contra proferentem (Latin: "against offeror"), also known as "interpretation against the draftsman", is a doctrine of contractual interpretation providing that, where a promise, agreement or term is ambiguous, the preferred meaning should be the one that works against the interests of the party who provided the wording.

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Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999

The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that significantly reformed the common law doctrine of privity and "thereby one of the most universally disliked and criticised blots on the legal landscape".

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Cooper v Phibbs

Cooper v Phibbs is an English contract law case, concerning the doctrine of mistake.

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Corporation

A corporation is a company or group of people or an organisation authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law.

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Court costs

Court costs (also called law-costs) are the costs of handling a case, which, depending on legal rules, may or may not include the costs of the various parties in a lawsuit in addition to the costs of the court itself.

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Court of Chancery

The Court of Chancery was a court of equity in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to avoid the slow pace of change and possible harshness (or "inequity") of the common law.

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Court of Common Pleas (England)

The Court of Common Pleas, or Common Bench, was a common law court in the English legal system that covered "common pleas"; actions between subject and subject, which did not concern the king.

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Court of Exchequer Chamber

The Court of Exchequer Chamber was an English appellate court for common law civil actions before the reforms of the Judicature Acts of 1873-1875.

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Court of King's Bench (England)

The Court of King's Bench (or Court of Queen's Bench during the reign of a female monarch), formally known as The Court of the King Before the King Himself, was an English court of common law in the English legal system.

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Courturier v Hastie

Couturier v Hastie is an English contract law case, concerning common mistake between two contracting parties about the possibility of performance of an agreement.

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Covenant (law)

A covenant in its most general sense and historical sense, is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action.

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Crabb v Arun DC

Crabb v Arun District Council is a leading English land law and contract case concerning "proprietary estoppel".

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Credit derivative

In finance, a credit derivative refers to any one of "various instruments and techniques designed to separate and then transfer the credit risk"The Economist Passing on the risks 2 November 1996 or the risk of an event of default of a corporate or sovereign borrower, transferring it to an entity other than the lender or debtholder.

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Cresswell v Potter

Cresswell v Potter 1 WLR 255 is an English contract law case relating to exploitation of weakness allowing escape from a contract.

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Crossley v Faithful & Gould Holdings Ltd

Crossley v Faithful & Gould Holdings Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning implied terms.

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Crown Proceedings Act 1947

The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 (c. 44) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that allowed, for the first time, civil actions against the Crown to be brought in the same way as against any other party.

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Cundy v Lindsay

Cundy v Lindsay (1877–78) LR 3 App Cas 459 is an English contract law case on the subject of mistake, introducing the concept that contracts could be automatically void for mistake to identity, where it is of crucial importance.

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Currie v Misa

Currie v Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153; (1875-76) LR 1 App Cas 554, is an English contract law case, which in the Exchequer Chamber contains a famous statement by Lush J giving the definition of consideration in English law.

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Cutter v Powell

Cutter v Powell (1795) 101 ER 573 is an English contract law case, concerning substantial performance of a contract.

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D & C Builders Ltd v Rees

D & C Builders Ltd v Rees is a leading English contract law case on the issue of part payment of debt, estoppel, duress and just accord and satisfaction.

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D&F Estates Ltd v Church Comrs for England and Wales

D&F Estates Ltd v Church Commissioners for England and Wales AC 177; 2 All ER 992 was a landmark House of Lords judgment in English law which restricted the duty of care in negligence to cases of physical damage and injury rather than pure economic loss.

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Daily Mirror

The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903.

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Damages

In law, damages are an award, typically of money, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.

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Daulia Ltd v Four Millbank Nominees Ltd

Daulia Ltd v Four Millbank Nominees Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning unilateral contracts, and when embarking on the performance of an act for which an offer is open, at what point the offer may be withdrawn.

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David Ibbetson

David John Ibbetson, FBA is a British legal scholar.

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Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham UDC

Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council is an English contract law case, concerning the frustration of an agreement.

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Deception

Deception is the act of propagating a belief that is not true, or is not the whole truth (as in half-truths or omission).

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Deed

A deed (anciently "an evidence") is any legal instrument in writing which passes, affirms or confirms an interest, right, or property and that is signed, attested, delivered, and in some jurisdictions, sealed.

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Default rule

In legal theory, a default rule is a rule of law that can be overridden by a contract, trust, will, or other legally effective agreement.

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Derry v Peek

Derry v Peek is a case on English contract law, fraudulent misstatement, and the tort of deceit.

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Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd

Dick Bentley Productions Ltd v Harold Smith (Motors) Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning the difference between a representation and a contract term.

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Dickinson v Dodds

Dickinson v Dodds (1876) 2 Ch D 463 is an English contract law case, heard by the Court of Appeal, Chancery Division, that held that notification by a third party of an offer's withdrawal is effective just like a withdrawal by the person who made an offer.

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Dictionary

A dictionary, sometimes known as a wordbook, is a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc.

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Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc

Director General of Fair Trading v First National Bank plc is the leading case on the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999.

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Doctor Faustus (play)

The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply as Doctor Faustus, is an Elizabethan tragedy by Christopher Marlowe, based on German stories about the title character Faust, that was first performed sometime between 1588 and Marlowe's death in 1593.

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Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd

is an English contract law case, concerning the extent to which damages may be sought for failure to perform of a contract when a sum is fixed in a contract.

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Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd

, AC 847 is an English contract law case, with relevance for UK competition law decided in the House of Lords.

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Dutton v Bognor Regis UDC

Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council 1 QB 373 is an English contract law and English tort law case concerning defective premises and the limits of contract damages.

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Dyer's Case

Dyer's case (1414) 2 Hen.

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East India Company

The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, formed to trade with the East Indies (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent.

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East v Maurer

East v Maurer EWCA Civ 6 is an English contract law case concerning misrepresentation.

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Economic surplus

In mainstream economics, economic surplus, also known as total welfare or Marshallian surplus (after Alfred Marshall), refers to two related quantities.

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Ed Chalpin

Ed Chalpin is a record executive and producer.

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Edward Hall Alderson

Sir Edward Hall Alderson (baptised 11 September 1787 – 27 January 1857) was an English lawyer and judge whose many judgments on commercial law helped to shape the emerging British capitalism of the Victorian era.

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Electronic Commerce Directive 2000

The Electronic Commerce Directive is a European Union Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council from 8 June 2000.

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Employment Rights Act 1996

The Employment Rights Act 1996 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament passed by the Conservative government to codify existing law on individual rights in UK labour law.

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English land law

English land law is the law of real property in England and Wales.

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English law

English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures.

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English property law

English property law refers to the law of acquisition, sharing and protection of valuable assets in England and Wales.

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English tort law

English tort law is the law governing implicit civil responsibilities that people have to one another, as opposed to those responsibilities laid out in contracts.

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English trust law

English trust law concerns the creation and protection of asset funds, which are usually held by one party for another's benefit.

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English unjust enrichment law

The English law of unjust enrichment is part of the English law of obligations, along with the law of contract, tort, and trusts.

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Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp

Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation is a landmark English Court of Appeal decision in contract law on the moment of acceptance of a contract over telex.

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Equality Act 2010

The Equality Act 2010 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, and has the same goals as the four major EU Equal Treatment Directives, whose provisions it mirrors and implements.

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Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman

Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman is an English contract law case, concerning implied terms.

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Equity (law)

In jurisdictions following the English common law system, equity is the body of law which was developed in the English Court of Chancery and which is now administered concurrently with the common law.

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Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co

Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 App Cas 1218 is a landmark English contract law, restitution and UK company law case.

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Errington v Wood

is an English contract law and English land law judicial decision of the Court of Appeal concerning agreement and the right to specific performance of an assurance that is relied on.

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Essentialia negotii

Essentialia negotii (essential aspects 'or basic terms) is a Latin legal term used in contract law.

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Esso

Esso is a trading name for ExxonMobil and its related companies.

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Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Comrs of Customs and Excise

Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise is an English contract law case, concerning the rule of creation of legal relations in English law.

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Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon

Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v Mardon is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation.

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Estoppel

Estoppel is a judicial device in common law legal systems whereby a court may prevent, or "estop" (a person who performs this is estopped) a person from making assertions or from going back on his or her word.

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European civil code

The European civil code (ECC) is a proposed harmonisation of private law across the European Union.

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European Communities Act 1972 (UK)

The European Communities Act 1972 (c. 68) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which made legal provision for the accession of the United Kingdom to the three European Communities, namely the EEC (or "Common Market"), Euratom, and the (now defunct) Coal & Steel Community.

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European Court of Justice

The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially just the Court of Justice (Cour de Justice), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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European Union competition law

European competition law is the competition law in use within the European Union.

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European Union law

European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union.

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Ewan McKendrick

Ewan Gordon McKendrick (born 1960) is Herbert Smith Professor of English Private Law at the University of Oxford.

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Ex turpi causa non oritur actio

Ex turpi causa non oritur actio (Latin "from a dishonorable cause an action does not arise") is a legal doctrine which states that a plaintiff will be unable to pursue legal remedy if it arises in connection with his own illegal act.

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Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc

Experience Hendrix LLC v PPX Enterprises Inc is an English contract law case, concerning the availability of restitution damages for breach of contract.

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Falcke v Scottish Imperial Insurance Co

Falcke v Scottish Imperial Insurance Co (1886) 34 Ch 234 is an English unjust enrichment law case, which also concerns English contract law.

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Farley v Skinner

Farley v Skinner is an English contract law case, concerning the measure and availability of damages for distress.

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Felthouse v Bindley

Felthouse v Bindley (1862), is the leading English contract law case on the rule that one cannot impose an obligation on another to reject one's offer.

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Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd

Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd also known as the Fibrosa case, is a leading English decision of the House of Lords on contract law and the doctrines of frustration.

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Fiduciary

A fiduciary is a person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust with one or more other parties (person or group of persons).

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Financial Services and Markets Act 2000

The Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created the Financial Services Authority (FSA) as a regulator for insurance, investment business and banking, and the Financial Ombudsman Service to resolve disputes as a free alternative to the courts.

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Fine print

Fine print, small print, or "mouseprint" is less noticeable print smaller than the more obvious larger print it accompanies that advertises or otherwise describes or partially describes a commercial product or service.

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Fisher v Bell

Fisher v Bell 1 QB 394 is an English contract law case concerning the requirements of offer and acceptance in the formation of a contract.

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Flight Compensation Regulation 261/2004

The Flight Compensation Regulation is a regulation in EU law establishing common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding, flight cancellations, or long delays of flights.

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Foakes v Beer

Foakes v Beer is an English contract law case, which applied the controversial pre-existing duty rule in the context of part payments of debts.

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Formalities in English law

Formalities in English law are required in some kinds of transaction by English contract law and trusts law.

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Fraud

In law, fraud is deliberate deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right.

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Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd

Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd 2 QB 450 is an English contract law case concerning the rectification of contractual documents and the interpretation of contracts in English law.

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Free will

Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.

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Freedom of contract

Freedom of contract is the freedom of private or public individuals and groups (of any legal entity) to form nonviolent contracts without government restrictions.

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French contract law

French contract law is part of the law of obligations found in the Code Civil dealing with contracts.

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Friedrich Kessler

Friedrich "Fritz" Kessler (August 25, 1901 – January 21, 1998) was an American law professor who taught at Yale Law School (1935–1938, 1947–1970), University of Chicago Law School, and University of California, Berkeley School of Law.

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Fundamental breach

Fundamental breach of contract is a controversial concept within the common law of contract.

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G Scammell & Nephew Ltd v Ouston

G Scammell and Nephew Ltd v HC&JG Ouston 1 AC 251 is an English contract law case, concerning the certainty of an agreement.

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Gain (accounting)

In financial accounting, a gain is the increase in owner's equity resulting from something other than the day to day earnings from recurrent operations, and are not associated with investments or withdrawals.

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Gatwick Airport

Gatwick Airport (also known as London Gatwick) is a major international airport near Crawley in southeast England, south of Central London.

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George Jessel (jurist)

Sir George Jessel, (13 February 1824 – 21 March 1883) was a British judge.

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George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd

George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd and 2 AC 803 is a case on the sale of goods and exclusion clauses.

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German contract law

German contract law is found in the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, in both the "Allgemeine Teil" and the chapter on "Schuldrecht".

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Gibbons v Proctor

Gibbons v Proctor 64 LT 594 (also reported as Gibson v Proctor 55 JP 616), is an English contract law case that deals with an offer, via advertisement, and whether or not a person who did not know of the offer can accept the offer if he completes the conditions of the offer.

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Gibson v Manchester City Council

Gibson v Manchester City Council is an English contract law case in which the House of Lords strongly reasserted that agreement only exists when there is a clear offer mirrored by a clear acceptance.

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Gisda Cyf v Barratt

Gisda Cyf v Barratt is a UK labour law case, concerning unfair dismissal governed by the Employment Rights Act 1996.

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Golden parachute

A golden parachute is an agreement between a company and an employee (usually upper executive) specifying that the employee will receive certain significant benefits if employment is terminated.

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Good faith

Good faith (bona fides), in human interactions, is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction.

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Gordon v Selico

Gordon v Selico (1986) 18 H.L.R. 219 is an English contract law on the subject of misrepresentation by action.

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Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd

Government of Zanzibar v British Aerospace (Lancaster House) Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation.

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Great Barrier Reef

The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over over an area of approximately.

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Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris (International) Ltd

Great Peace Shipping Ltd v Tsavliris (International) Ltd is a case on English contract law and on maritime salvage.

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Guano

Guano (from Quechua wanu via Spanish) is the accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats.

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Guenter Treitel

Sir Guenter Heinz Treitel, QC, FBA, DCL (born 1928) is a German-born English academic and retired Vinerian Professor of English Law.

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Hadley v Baxendale

Hadley v Baxendale is a leading English contract law case.

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Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League (Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.

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Hardinge Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury

Hardinge Stanley Giffard, 1st Earl of Halsbury, PC, KC (3 September 1823 – 11 December 1921) was a leading barrister, politician and government minister.

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Hart v O'Connor

Hart v O'Connor is an important case in New Zealand, also relevant for English contract law, regarding mental capacity to enter into contract as well as regarding unconscionable bargains, which made it as far as the Privy Council.

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Hartog v Colin & Shields

Hartog v Colin & Shields 3 All ER 566 is an important English contract law case regarding unilateral mistake.

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Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd

Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd AC 465 is an English tort law case on pure economic loss resulting from a negligent misstatement.

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Heilbut, Symons & Co v Buckleton

Heilbut, Symons & Co v Buckleton is an English contract law case, given by the House of Lords on misrepresentation and contractual terms.

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Henry III of England

Henry III (1 October 1207 – 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester, was King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine from 1216 until his death.

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Henry Kendall Ltd v William Lillico Ltd

Henry Kendall Ltd v William Lillico Ltd 2 AC 31 is an English contract law case concerning the incorporation of contract terms through a course of dealings.

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Henthorn v Fraser

Henthorn v Fraser 2 Ch 27 is a decision of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales dealing with the postal rule in English law of contract formation.

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Herne Bay Steamboat Co v Hutton

Herne Bay Steamboat Co v Hutton 2 KB 683 is a case on the subject of frustration of purpose.

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HIH Casualty and General Insurance Ltd v Chase Manhattan Bank

is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation.

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Hire purchase

A hire purchase (HP) or known as installment plan in the United States is an arrangement whereby a customer agrees to a contract to acquire an asset by paying an initial installment (e.g. 40% of the total) and repays the balance of the price of the asset plus interest over a period of time.

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Hobson's choice

A Hobson's choice is a free choice in which only one thing is offered.

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Hochster v De La Tour

Hochster v De La Tour (1853) is a landmark English contract law case on anticipatory breach of contract.

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Hoenig v Isaacs

Hoenig v Isaacs is an English contract law case, concerning substantial performance of an entire obligation.

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Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd

Hollier v Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning the incorporation of terms into a contract and the contra proferentum rule of interpretation.

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Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes

Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes 1 WLR 155 is an English contract law case overriding the usual postal rule.

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Hong Kong dollar

The Hong Kong dollar (sign: HK$; code: HKD) is the official currency of Hong Kong.

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Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd

Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd is a landmark English contract law case.

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Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Co Ltd v Grant

The Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company (Limited) v Grant (1878–79) LR 4 Ex D 216 is an English contract law case, which concerns the "postal rule".

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Hoxton

Hoxton is an area of East London, part of the London Borough of Hackney, England.

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Hugh Collins

Hugh Collins FBA (born 21 June 1953) is the Vinerian Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford and a fellow of All Souls College.

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Hughes v Lord Advocate

is an important Scottish delict case decided by the House of Lords on causation.

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Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co

Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co is a House of Lords case considered unremarkable for many years until it was resurrected by Lord Denning in the case of Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd in his development of the doctrine of promissory estoppel.

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Humber

The Humber is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England.

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Hutton v Warren

Hutton v Warren (1836) 1 M&W 460 is an English contract law case, concerning implied terms.

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Hyde v Wrench

Hyde v Wrench is a leading English contract law case on the issue of counter-offers and their relation to initial offers.

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Ignorantia juris non excusat

Ignorantia juris non excusatBlack's Law Dictionary, 5th Edition, pg.

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Illegal agreement

An illegal agreement, under the common law of contract, is one that the courts will not enforce because the purpose of the agreement is to achieve an illegal end.

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Illegality in English law

Illegality in English law is a potential ground in English contract law, tort, trusts or UK company law for a court to refuse to enforce an obligation.

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In the Bleak Midwinter

"In the Bleak Midwinter" is a Christmas carol based on a poem by the English poet Christina Rossetti.

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Indian Contract Act, 1872

The Indian Contract Act, 1872 prescribes the law relating to contracts in India.

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Indian contract law

Indian contract law regulates contract law in India.

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Industrial Democracy

Industrial Democracy (1st edn 1897; 9th edn 1926) is a book written by British socialist reformers Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, concerning the organisation of trade unions and collective bargaining.

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Industrial Relations Act 1971

The Industrial Relations Act 1971 (c.72) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, since repealed.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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Inequality of bargaining power

In law, economics and the social sciences, inequality of bargaining power is where one party to a "bargain", contract or agreement, has more and better alternatives than the other party.

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Influenza

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.

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Information asymmetry

In contract theory and economics, information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information than the other.

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Injunction

An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts.

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Ink

Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design.

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Insolvency Act 1986

The Insolvency Act 1986 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that provides the legal platform for all matters relating to personal and corporate insolvency in the UK.

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Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd

Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd is an English contract law case on onerous clauses and the rule of common law that reasonable notice of them must be given to a contracting party in order that they be effective.

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International Swaps and Derivatives Association

The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) is a trade organization of participants in the market for over-the-counter derivatives.

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Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society

is a frequently-cited English contract law case which laid down that a contextual approach must be taken to the interpretation of contracts.

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Invitation to treat

An invitation to treat (or invitation to bargain in the United States) is a concept within contract law.

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Involuntary commitment

Involuntary commitment or civil commitment (also known informally as sectioning or being sectioned in some jurisdictions, such as the UK) is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified agent to have symptoms of severe mental disorder is court-ordered into treatment in a psychiatric hospital (inpatient) or in the community (outpatient).

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J Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw

J Spurling Ltd v Bradshaw is an English contract law and English property law case on exclusion clauses and bailment.

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J. Lauritzen A/S

J.

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J. Skelly Wright

James Skelly Wright (January 14, 1911 – August 6, 1988) was a judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and anti-segregationist during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd

Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd 1 WLR 1468 is an English contract law case, concerning the doctrine of Privity.

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Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent

Jacob & Youngs, Inc.

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James Atkin, Baron Atkin

James Richard Atkin, Baron Atkin, PC, FBA (28 November 1867 – 25 June 1944), known as Dick Atkin, was a lawyer and judge of Irish, Welsh and Australian origin, who practised in England and Wales.

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James Reid, Baron Reid

The Rt Hon.

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Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd

is an English contract law case on the measure of damages for disappointing breaches of contract.

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Jimi Hendrix

James Marshall "Jimi" Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970) was an American rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter.

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Johan Steyn, Baron Steyn

Johan van Zyl Steyn, Baron Steyn, PC (15 August 1932 – 28 November 2017) was a South African-British judge, until September 2005 a Law Lord.

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John Austin (legal philosopher)

John Austin (3 March 1790 – 1 December 1859) was a noted English legal theorist who strongly influenced British and American law with his analytical approach to jurisprudence and his theory of legal positivism.

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John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)

Sir John Holt (23 December 1642 – 5 March 1710) was an English lawyer and served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 17 April 1689 to his death.

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John Popham (judge)

Sir John Popham (1531 – 10 June 1607) of Wellington, Somerset, was Speaker of the House of Commons (1580 to 1583), Attorney General (1581 to 1592) and Lord Chief Justice of England (1592 to 1607).

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill, also known as J.S. Mill, (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.

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Johnson v Agnew

Johnson v Agnew AC 367 is a landmark English contract law case on the date for assessing damages.

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Johnson v Unisys Ltd

Johnson v Unisys Limited is a leading UK labour law case on the measure of damages for unfair dismissal and the nature of the contract of employment.

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Johnstone v Bloomsbury HA

Johnstone v Bloomsbury Health Authority QB 333 is an English contract law case, concerning implied terms and unfair terms under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977.

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Joint and several liability

Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same liability, in most common law legal systems they may either be.

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Jones v Padavatton

Jones v Padavatton is a leading English decision on contract law.

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Judicature Acts

The Judicature Acts are a series of Acts of Parliament, beginning in the 1870s, which aimed to fuse the hitherto split system of courts in England and Wales.

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Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) is the highest court of appeal for certain British territories and Commonwealth countries.

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Karl Llewellyn

Karl Nickerson Llewellyn (May 22, 1893 – February 13, 1962) was a prominent American jurisprudential scholar associated with the school of legal realism.

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Kenneth Diplock, Baron Diplock

William John Kenneth Diplock, Baron Diplock, QC (8 December 1907 – 14 October 1985) was a British judge and Law Lord.

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King's Lynn

King's Lynn, known until 1537 as Bishop's Lynn, is a seaport and market town in Norfolk, England, about north of London, north-east of Peterborough, north north-east of Cambridge and west of Norwich.

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Kingston upon Hull

Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

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Krell v Henry

Krell v Henry 2 KB 740 is an English case which sets forth the doctrine of frustration of purpose in contract law.

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L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd

L Schuler AG v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning the right to terminate performance of a contract.

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L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd

L'Estrange v F Graucob Ltd 2 KB 394 is a leading English contract law case on the incorporation of terms into a contract by signature.

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Laches (equity)

Laches ("latches",; Law French: remissness, dilatoriness, from Old French laschesse) refers to a lack of diligence and activity in making a legal claim, or moving forward with legal enforcement of a right, particularly in regards to equity; hence, it is an unreasonable delay that can be viewed as prejudicing the opposing party.

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (from) is an economic system in which transactions between private parties are free from government intervention such as regulation, privileges, tariffs and subsidies.

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Lampleigh v Brathwait

Lampleigh v Braithwait, (1615) Hobart 105, 80 ER 255 is a case on implied assumpsit and past consideration in English contract law.

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Landlord and Tenant Act 1985

The Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 is a UK Act of Parliament on English land law.

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Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract

Landmark Cases in the Law of Contract (2008) is a book by Charles Mitchell and Paul Mitchell, which outlines the key cases in English contract law.

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Law commission

A law commission, law reform commission, or law revision commission is an independent body set up by a government to conduct law reform; that is, to consider the state of laws in a jurisdiction and make recommendations or proposals for legal changes or restructuring.

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Law of agency

The law of agency is an area of commercial law dealing with a set of contractual, quasi-contractual and non-contractual fiduciary relationships that involve a person, called the agent, that is authorized to act on behalf of another (called the principal) to create legal relations with a third party.

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Law of obligations

The law of obligations is one branch of private law under the civil law legal system and so-called "mixed" legal systems.

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Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989

The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 (c 34) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament, which laid down a number of significant revisions to English property law.

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Law Quarterly Review

The Law Quarterly Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering common law throughout the world.

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Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943

The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which establishes the rights and liabilities of parties involved in frustrated contracts.

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Laws (dialogue)

The Laws (Greek: Νόμοι, Nómoi; Latin: De Legibus) is Plato's last and longest dialogue.

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Leaf v International Galleries

Leaf v International Galleries 2 KB 86 is an English contract law case concerning misrepresentation, mistake and breach of contract, and the limits to the equitable remedy of rescission.

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Leasehold estate

A leasehold estate is an ownership of a temporary right to hold land or property in which a lessee or a tenant holds rights of real property by some form of title from a lessor or landlord.

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Lectures on Jurisprudence

Lectures on Jurisprudence, also called Lectures on Justice, Police, Revenue and Arms (1763) is a collection of Adam Smith's lectures, comprising notes taken from his early lectures.

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Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc

Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc 86 NW 2d 689 (Minn, 1957) is an American contract law case.

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Lennie Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann

Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann PC GBS (born 8 May 1934) is a retired senior South African-British judge.

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Lex mercatoria

Lex mercatoria (from the Latin for "merchant law"), often referred to as "the Law Merchant" in English, is the body of commercial law used by merchants throughout Europe during the medieval period.

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Life insurance

Life insurance (or life assurance, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations) is a contract between an insurance policy holder and an insurer or assurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money (the benefit) in exchange for a premium, upon the death of an insured person (often the policy holder).

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Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd

is the short title for a judicial decision of conjoined appeals in the Judicial Committed of the House of Lords in relation to the relevance of continued privity of contract following assignment of property under English contract law.

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Liquidated damages

Liquidated damages (also referred to as liquidated and ascertained damages) are damages whose amount the parties designate during the formation of a contract for the injured party to collect as compensation upon a specific breach (e.g., late performance).

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List of Latin phrases (I)

Additional sources.

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Liverpool City Council v Irwin

Liverpool City Council v Irwin is a leading English contract law case, concerning the basis on which courts may imply terms into contracts; in particular in relation to all types of tenancies (including leases of land), a term may be implied if required for a particular relationship, such as for the landlord to keep the stairwells clear in a tower block.

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Lloyds Bank Ltd v Bundy

is a landmark case in English contract law, on undue influence.

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Lloyds Bank plc v Rosset

is an English land law, trusts law and matrimonial law case.

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Lon L. Fuller

Lon Luvois Fuller (June 15, 1902 – April 8, 1978) was a noted legal philosopher, who criticized legal positivism and defended a secular and procedural form of natural law theory.

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Long v Lloyd

Long v Lloyd 1 WLR 753 is an English contract law case concerning misrepresentation.

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Lord Chancellor

The Lord Chancellor, formally the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest ranking among those Great Officers of State which are appointed regularly in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking even the Prime Minister.

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Loss of chance in English law

Loss of chance in English law refers to a particular problem of causation, which arises in tort and contract.

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Luke v Lyde

Luke v Lyde (1759), 2 Burr 882, 97 ER 614 (KB) is an early judgment on the Law of the Sea.

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Lumley v Gye

Lumley v Gye is a foundational English tort law case, heard in 1853, in the field of economic tort.

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Lumley v Wagner

Lumley v Wagner is an English contract law case, concerning the right to terminate performance of a contract.

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Magna Carta

Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.

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Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA

Malik and Mahmud v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA is a leading English contract law and UK labour law case, which confirmed the existence of the implied term of mutual trust and confidence in all contracts of employment.

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Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd

Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v Commercial and General Investments Ltd 3 All ER 1593 is a case in English contract law relating to agreement.The court held that the method of acceptance prescribed for a tender was not mandatory and if an offeror wishes it to be mandatory this needs to be made explicit.

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Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd

Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd, is a case on the subject of frustration of purpose, specifically establishing that foreseeable or self-induced frustration will not render a contract frustrated.

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Market (economics)

A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.

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Marks & Spencer

Marks & Spencer Group plc (also known as M&S) is a major British multinational retailer headquartered in the City of Westminster, London.

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Mary Arden (judge)

Dame Mary Howarth Arden, DBE, QC (née Arden; born 23 January 1947), styled The Rt Hon.

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Master and Servant Act

Master and Servant Acts or Masters and Servants Acts were laws designed to regulate relations between employers and employees during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission

McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission,.

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Meeting of the minds

Meeting of the minds (also referred to as mutual agreement, mutual assent or consensus ad idem) is a phrase in contract law used to describe the intentions of the parties forming the contract.

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Mental Health Act 1983

The Mental Health Act 1983 (c.20) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which applies to people in England and Wales.

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Merritt v Merritt

Merritt v Merritt is an English contract law case, on the matter of creating legal relations.

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Metropolitan Railway

The Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Middlesex

Middlesex (abbreviation: Middx) is an historic county in south-east England.

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Misrepresentation

A concept of English law, a misrepresentation is an untrue or misleading statement of fact made during negotiations by one party to another, the statement then inducing that other party into the contract.

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Misrepresentation Act 1967

Misrepresentation Act 1967 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which amended the common law principles of misrepresentation.

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Mistake (English law)

Mistake is a concept in both contract law and criminal law in English Law.

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Mitigation (law)

Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss (from a tort or breach of contract) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered.

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Mitsubishi Pajero

The Mitsubishi Pajero (Japanese), p.2, Chameleon Translations, p.1, Chameleon Translations is a three- or five-door, front engine, all/four-wheel drive sport utility vehicle manufactured and marketed globally by Mitsubishi — and now in its fourth generation.

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Montreal

Montreal (officially Montréal) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada.

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Moral hazard

In economics, moral hazard occurs when someone increases their exposure to risk when insured.

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Morris Motors

Morris Motors Limited was a British privately owned motor vehicle manufacturing company formed in 1919 to take over the assets of William Morris's WRM Motors Limited and continue production of the same vehicles.

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Mumbai

Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Murray Stuart-Smith

The Right Honourable Sir Murray Stuart-Smith KCMG (born 18 November 1927) is a former English barrister and High Court judge.

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Murray v Leisureplay plc

Murray v Leisureplay plc is an English contract law case, concerning the termination of an agreement and penalty clauses.

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Mutual trust and confidence

Mutual trust and confidence is a phrase used in English law, particularly with reference to contracts in UK labour law, to refer to the obligations owed in an employment relationship between the employer and the worker.

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Nash v Inman

Nash v Inman was a 1908 court case heard in the King's Bench.

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Nash v Paragon Finance plc

Paragon Finance plc v Nash is an English contract law case concerning unfair contract terms.

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Nathaniel Lindley, Baron Lindley

Nathaniel Lindley, Baron Lindley, (29 November 1828 – 9 December 1921) was an English judge.

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National Labor Relations Act of 1935

The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (49 Stat. 449) (also known as the Wagner Act after New York Senator Robert F. Wagner) is a foundational statute of United States labor law which guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary.

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National Minimum Wage Act 1998

The National Minimum Wage Act 1998 creates a minimum wage across the United Kingdom, which from 1 April 2018 was £7.83 per hour for workers aged over 25, £7.38 per hour for workers aged 21 to 24, and £5.90 per hour for workers aged 18 to 20.

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National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan

is a judicial decision of the House of Lords relating to English contract law and the doctrine of undue influence.

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Negligence

Negligence (Lat. negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate and or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances.

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Negotiable instrument

A negotiable instrument is a document guaranteeing the payment of a specific amount of money, either on demand, or at a set time, with the payer usually named on the document.

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Negotiation

Negotiation comes from the Latin neg (no) and otsia (leisure) referring to businessmen who, unlike the patricians, had no leisure time in their industriousness; it held the meaning of business (le négoce in French) until the 17th century when it took on the diplomatic connotation as a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to reach a beneficial outcome over one or more issues where a conflict exists with respect to at least one of these issues.

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Nemo auditur propriam turpitudinem allegans

Nemo auditur propriam turpitudinem allegans is a civil law maxim which may be translated into English as "no one can be heard to invoke his own turpitude" or "no one shall be heard, who invokes his own guilt".

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Nemo dat quod non habet

Nemo dat quod non habet, literally meaning "no one gives what he doesn't have" is a legal rule, sometimes called the nemo dat rule, that states that the purchase of a possession from someone who has no ownership right to it also denies the purchaser any ownership title.

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Nick Browne-Wilkinson, Baron Browne-Wilkinson

Nicolas Christopher Henry Browne-Wilkinson, Baron Browne-Wilkinson PC (called Nick; born 30 March 1930) is a former Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary in the United Kingdom and former Head of the Privy Council and Vice-Chancellor of the High Court.

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Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd

Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd is an English contract law case concerning the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.

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Non est factum

Non est factum (Latin for "it is not deed") is a defence in contract law that allows a signing party to escape performance of an agreement "which is fundamentally different from what he or she intended to execute or sign." A claim of non est factum means that the signature on the contract was signed by mistake, without knowledge of its meaning.

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Norman conquest of England

The Norman conquest of England (in Britain, often called the Norman Conquest or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army of Norman, Breton, Flemish and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

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NZ Shipping Co Ltd v A M Satterthwaite & Co Ltd

New Zealand Shipping Co.

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O'Brien v MGN Ltd

O’Brien v MGN Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning incorporation of terms through reasonable notice.

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Obedience (human behavior)

Obedience, in human behavior, is a form of "social influence in which a person yields to explicit instructions or orders from an authority figure".

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Oceanbulk Shipping & Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd

Oceanbulk Shipping & Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd is an English contract law case concerning interpretation of contracts.

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Offer and acceptance

Offer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law.

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Office of Fair Trading v Abbey National plc

is a judicial decision of the United Kingdom Supreme Court relating to bank charges in the United Kingdom, with reference to the situation where a bank account holder goes into unplanned overdraft.

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Officious bystander

The officious bystander is a metaphorical figure of English law and legal fiction, developed by MacKinnon LJ in Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw to assist in determining when a term should be implied into an agreement.

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Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd

Olley v Marlborough Court Hotel 1 KB 532 is an English contract law case on exclusion clauses in contract law.

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Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams

Oscar Chess Ltd v Williams is an English contract law case, concerning the difference between a term and a representation.

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Otto Kahn-Freund

Sir Otto Kahn-Freund QC (17 November 1900 – 16 August 1979) was a scholar of labour law and comparative law.

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Overdraft

An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero.

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Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd

Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd,.

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Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

The Oxford Journal of Legal Studies is a legal journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford.

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Pacta sunt servanda

Pacta sunt servanda (Latin for "agreements must be kept"), a brocard, is a basic principle of civil law, canon law, and international law.

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Pao On v Lau Yiu Long

Pao On v Lau Yiu Long is a contract law appeal case from the Court of Appeal of Hong Kong decided by the Privy Council, concerning duress.

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Paradine v Jane

Paradine v Jane is an English contract law case which established absolute liability for contractual debts.

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Parker v Clark

Parker v Clark 1 WLR 286 is an English contract law case concerning reliance and creation of legal relations in a social type of agreement.

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Parker v South Eastern Rly Co

Parker v South Eastern Railway 2 CPD 416 is a famous English contract law case on exclusion clauses where the court held that an individual cannot escape a contractual term by failing to read the contract but that a party wanting to rely on an exclusion clause must take reasonable steps to bring it to the attention of the customer.

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Parol evidence rule

The parol evidence rule is a rule in the Anglo-American common law regarding contracts, and governs what kinds of evidence parties to a contract dispute can introduce to identify the specific terms of a contract.

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Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd

Parsons (Livestock) Ltd v Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd QB 791 is an English contract law case, concerning remoteness of damage.

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Partridge v Crittenden

Partridge v Crittenden 1 WLR 1204 is an English case, which was heard by the Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of England and Wales on appeal from the Magistrates' Court and is well-known (amongst other cases) for establishing the legal precedent in English contract law, that advertisements are usually considered to be invitations to treat.

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Patel v Ali

Patel v Ali Ch 283 is an English contract law case, concerning the possibility of claiming specific performance of a promise after breach of contract.

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Patel v Mirza

is an English contract law case concerning the scope of the illegality principle relating to insider trading under section 52 of the Criminal Justice Act 1993.

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Patrick Atiyah

Patrick Selim Atiyah, (5 March 1931 – 30 March 2018) was an English lawyer and academic.

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Patrick Russell (judge)

Sir Thomas Patrick Russell PC (30 July 1926 – 28 October 2002), styled The Rt Hon Lord Justice Russell was a judge of the High Court of England and Wales and Lord Justice.

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Payne v Cave

Payne v Cave (1789) 3 TR 148 is an old English contract law case, which stands for the proposition that an auctioneer's request for bids is not an offer but an invitation to treat.

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Peasants' Revolt

The Peasants' Revolt, also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381.

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Penalties in English law

Penalties in English law are contractual terms which are not enforceable in the courts because of their penal character.

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Perjury

Perjury is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters a generation material to an official proceeding.

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Personal injury

Personal injury is a legal term for an injury to the body, mind or emotions, as opposed to an injury to property.

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Pharmaceutical Society of GB v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd

Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd is a famous English contract law decision on the nature of an offer.

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Phillips v Brooks Ltd

Phillips v Brooks Ltd 2 KB 243 is an English contract law case concerning mistake.

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Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd

is an English contract law case decided by the House of Lords on construction of a contract and the doctrine of fundamental breach.

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Pied Piper of Hamelin

The Pied Piper of Hamelin (Rattenfänger von Hameln, also known as the Pan Piper or the Rat-Catcher of Hamelin) is the titular character of a legend from the town of Hamelin (Hameln), Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Pillans v Van Mierop

Pillans & Rose v Van Mierop & Hopkins (1765) 3 Burr 1663 is a case concerning letters of credit, and the doctrine of consideration.

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Pinnel's Case

Pinnel's Case 5 Co.

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Plato

Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

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Pleading

In law as practiced in countries that follow the English models, a pleading is a formal written statement of a party's claims or defenses to another party's claims in a civil action.

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Posting rule

The posting rule (or mailbox rule in the United States, also known as the "postal rule" or "deposited acceptance rule") is an exception to the general rule of contract law in common law countries that acceptance of an offer takes place when communicated.

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Pound sterling

The pound sterling (symbol: £; ISO code: GBP), commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as Sterling, is the official currency of the United Kingdom, Jersey, Guernsey, the Isle of Man, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the British Antarctic Territory, and Tristan da Cunha.

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Principal–agent problem

The principal–agent problem, in political science and economics, (also known as agency dilemma or the agency problem) occurs when one person or entity (the "agent") is able to make decisions and/or take actions on behalf of, or that impact, another person or entity: the "principal".

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Principles of European Contract Law

The Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) is a set of model rules drawn up by leading contract law academics in Europe.

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Principles of International Commercial Contracts

The Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) of 2010 is a document drawn up by UNIDROIT intended to help harmonize international commercial contracts law.

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Principles of Political Economy

Principles of Political Economy (1848) by John Stuart Mill was one of the most important economics or political economy textbooks of the mid-nineteenth century.

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Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson

Printing and Numerical Registering Co v Sampson (1875) 19 Eq 462 is an English contract law and patent case.

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Profit (economics)

In economics, profit in the accounting sense of the excess of revenue over cost is the sum of two components: normal profit and economic profit.

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Promise

A promise is a commitment by someone to do or not do something.

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Proprietary estoppel

Proprietary estoppel is a legal claim, especially connected to English land law, which may arise in relation to rights to use the property of the owner, and may even be effective in connection with disputed transfers of ownership.

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Puffery

In everyday language, puffery refers to exaggerated or false praise.

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Quantum meruit

Quantum meruit is a Latin phrase meaning "what one has earned".

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Quid pro quo

Quid pro quo ("something for something" in Latin) is a phrase used in English to mean an exchange of goods or services, in which one transfer is contingent upon the other; "a favour for a favour".

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R v Attorney General for England and Wales

"R" v Attorney General for England and Wales is a New Zealand contract law case, heard by the Privy Council acting as the final court of appeal of New Zealand and not as part of the judiciary of the UK, relating to duress and undue influence.

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R v Clarke

R v Clarke,.

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R&B Customs Brokers Co Ltd v United Dominions Trust Ltd

R&B Customs Brokers Co.

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Raffles v Wichelhaus

Raffles v Wichelhaus, often called "The Peerless" case, is a leading case on mutual mistake in English contract law.

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Ranulf de Glanvill

Ranulf de Glanvill (alias Glanvil, Glanville, Granville, etc., died 1190) was Chief Justiciar of England during the reign of King Henry II (1154–89) and was the probable author of Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie (The Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England), the earliest treatise on the laws of England.

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Rattlesdene v Grunestone

Rattlesdene v Grunestone (YB 10 Edw II (54 SS) 140) is a 1317 case in English law.

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Re Selectmove Ltd

is an English contract law case, concerning the doctrine of consideration, and part payments of debt.

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Reasonable person

In law, a reasonable person, reasonable man, or the man on the Clapham omnibus is a hypothetical person of legal fiction crafted by the courts and communicated through case law and jury instructions.

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Rectification (law)

Rectification is a remedy whereby a court orders a change in a written document to reflect what it ought to have said in the first place.

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Red Sea

The Red Sea (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

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Redgrave v Hurd

Redgrave v Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D 1 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation.

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Reform Act 1867

The Representation of the People Act 1867, 30 & 31 Vict.

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Reliance damages

Reliance damages is the measure of compensation given to a person who suffered an economic harm for acting in reliance on a party who failed to fulfill their obligation.

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Remoteness in English law

In English law, remoteness is a set of rules in both tort and contract, which limits the amount of compensatory damages for a wrong.

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Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928

The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Representation of the People Act 1884

In the United Kingdom, the Representation of the People Act 1884 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 3, also known informally as the Third Reform Act) and the Redistribution Act of the following year were laws which further extended the suffrage in Britain after the Derby Government's Reform Act 1867.

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Representation of the People Act 1918

The Representation of the People Act 1918 was an Act of Parliament passed to reform the electoral system in Great Britain and Ireland.

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Resale price maintenance

Resale price maintenance (RPM) (US) or retail price maintenance (UK) is the practice whereby a manufacturer and its distributors agree that the distributors will sell the manufacturer's product at certain prices (resale price maintenance), at or above a price floor (minimum resale price maintenance) or at or below a price ceiling (maximum resale price maintenance).

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Rescission (contract law)

In contract law, rescission has been defined as the unmaking of a contract between parties.

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Restatement (Second) of Contracts

The Restatement (Second) of the Law of Contracts is a legal treatise from the second series of the Restatements of the Law, and seeks to inform judges and lawyers about general principles of contract common law.

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Restitution

The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery.

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Restraint of trade

Restraint of trade is a common law doctrine relating to the enforceability of contractual restrictions on freedom to conduct business.

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Reversal film

In photography, reversal film is a type of photographic film that produces a positive image on a transparent base.

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Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce

Richard Orme Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce (11 March 1907 – 15 February 2003), was a British judge, most notable for his report into coal miners' pay.

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Robert Browning

Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of the dramatic monologue made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.

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Robert Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley

Robert Lionel Archibald Goff, Baron Goff of Chieveley, (12 November 1926 – 14 August 2016) was a British judge and law lord.

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Robert Reed

Robert Reed (born John Robert Rietz Jr.; October 19, 1932 – May 12, 1992) was an American actor.

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Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

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Rookes v Barnard

Rookes v Barnard is a UK labour law and English tort law case and the leading case in English law on punitive damages and was a turning point in judicial activism against trade unions.

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Rose & Frank Co v JR Crompton & Bros Ltd

Rose & Frank Co v JR Crompton & Bros Ltd is a leading decision on English contract law, regarding the intention to create legal relations in commercial arrangements.

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Rotterdam

Rotterdam is a city in the Netherlands, in South Holland within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt river delta at the North Sea.

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Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Etridge (No 2)

is a leading case relevant for English land law and English contract law on the circumstances under which actual and presumed undue influence can be argued to vitiate consent to a contract.

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Royal Surrey Gardens

Royal Surrey Gardens were pleasure gardens in Newington, Surrey, London in the Victorian period, slightly east of The Oval.

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Royscot Trust Ltd v Rogerson

is an English contract law case on misrepresentation.

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RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Müller GmbH & Co KG

is an English contract law case, concerning how it will be judged whether an agreement is reached.

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Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth

Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth is an English contract law case, concerning the choice between an award of damages for the cost of curing a defect in a building contract or (when that is unreasonable) for awarding damages for loss of "amenity".

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Sale of Goods Act 1893

The Sale of Goods Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c.71) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which regulated contracts in which goods are sold and bought.

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Sale of Goods Act 1979

The Sale of Goods Act 1979 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which regulated English contract law and UK commercial law in respect of goods that are sold and bought.

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Saunders v Anglia Building Society

Saunders v Anglia Building Society also known as Gallie v Lee is an English contract law case in the United Kingdom.

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Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board

Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Board 1 AC 294 is an English contract law case, relevant for pensions and UK labour law, concerning implied terms.

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Scheps v Fine Art Logistic Ltd

Scheps v Fine Art Logistic Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning the incorporation of terms in a contract through a common understanding in an industry.

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Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd

is a leading House of Lords case on privity of contract.

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Seal (contract law)

In the law, a seal affixed to a contract or other legal instrument has had special legal significance at various times in the jurisdictions that recognise it.

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Service (economics)

In economics, a service is a transaction in which no physical goods are transferred from the seller to the buyer.

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Shadwell v Shadwell

Shadwell v Shadwell is an English contract law case, which held that it would be a valid consideration for the court to enforce a contract if a pre-existing duty was performed, so long as it was for a third party.

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Share (finance)

In financial markets, a share is a unit used as mutual funds, limited partnerships, and real estate investment trusts.

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Shareholder

A shareholder or stockholder is an individual or institution (including a corporation) that legally owns one or more shares of stock in a public or private corporation.

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Shepton v Dogge

Shepton v Dogge (1442) B&M 390 is an old English contract law case, concerning the action for debt, and exemplifying the manner in which litigants had to make claims in deceit, or other forms of action that were recognised by the primitive legal system.

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Shilling

The shilling is a unit of currency formerly used in Austria, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, United States, and other British Commonwealth countries.

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Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson

Shogun Finance Ltd v Hudson is an English contract law case decided in the House of Lords, on the subject of mistaken identity as a basis for rescission of a contract.

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Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield

Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, (13 July 1859 – 13 October 1947) was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics.

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Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet

Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet PC, FBA (10 December 1845 – 18 January 1937) was an English jurist best known for his History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, written with F.W. Maitland, and his lifelong correspondence with US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.

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Sky Petroleum Ltd v VIP Petroleum Ltd

Sky Petroleum v VIP Petroleum 1 WLR 576 is an English contract law case, concerning the possibility of claiming specific performance of a promise after breach of contract.

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Slade's Case

Slade's Case (or Slade v. Morley) was a case in English contract law that ran from 1596 to 1602.

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Slavery Abolition Act 1833

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73) abolished slavery throughout the British Empire.

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Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd

Smith New Court Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd is an English contract law case concerning misrepresentation.

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Smith v Eric S Bush

Smith v Eric S Bush is an English tort law and contract law case, heard by the House of Lords.

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Smith v Hughes

Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 is an English contract law case.

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Smith v Land and House Property Corp

Smith v Land and House Property Corporation (1884) LR 28 Ch D 7 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation.

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Solle v Butcher

Solle v Butcher 1 KB 671 is an English contract law case, concerning the right to have a contract declared voidable in equity.

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Sombrero

Sombrero (Spanish for "hat", literally "shadower") in English refers to a type of wide-brimmed hat from Mexico, used to shield from the sun.

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South African contract law

South African contract law is ‘essentially a modernised version of the Roman-Dutch law of contract’,Du Plessis, et al.

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South Australia Asset Management Corp v York Montague Ltd

South Australia Asset Management Corpn v York Montague Ltd and Banque Bruxelles Lambert SA v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd is a joined English contract law case (often referred to as 'SAAMCO') on causation remoteness of damage.

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Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw

Southern Foundries (1926) Ltd v Shirlaw AC 701 is an important English contract law and company law case.

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Specific performance

Specific performance is an equitable remedy in the law of contract, whereby a court issues an order requiring a party to perform a specific act, such to complete performance of the contract.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.

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Standard form contract

A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion, a leonine contract, a take-it-or-leave-it contract, or a boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a "take it or leave it" position.

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Statute of Frauds

The Statute of Frauds (29 Car 2 c 3) (1677) is an Act of the Parliament of England.

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Statute of Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration

Statute of Frauds and the Doctrine of Consideration (1937) Cmnd 5449 was a report by the Law Revision Committee on the consideration and formality in English contract law and other areas.

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Statute of Labourers 1351

The Statute of Labourers was a law created by the English parliament under King Edward III in 1351 in response to a labour shortage, designed to suppress the labour force by prohibiting increases in wages and prohibiting the movement of workers from their home areas in search of improved conditions.

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Statutory instrument

In many countries, a statutory instrument is a form of delegated legislation.

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Stevedore

A stevedore, longshoreman, or dockworker is a waterfront manual laborer who is involved in loading and unloading ships, trucks, trains or airplanes.

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Stevenson, Jacques & Co v McLean

Stevenson, Jaques, & Co v McLean 5 QBD 346 is an English contract law case concerning the rules on communication of acceptance by telegraph.

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Stilk v Myrick

Stilk v Myrick is an English contract law case heard in the King's Bench on the subject of consideration.

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Strict liability

In criminal and civil law, strict liability is a standard of liability under which a person is legally responsible for the consequences flowing from an activity even in the absence of fault or criminal intent on the part of the defendant.

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Sumatra

Sumatra is an Indonesian island in Southeast Asia that is part of the Sunda Islands.

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Summary jurisdiction

Summary jurisdiction, in the widest sense of the phrase, in English law includes the power asserted by courts of record to deal brevi manu with contempts of court without the intervention of a jury.

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Sumpter v Hedges

Sumpter v Hedges 1 QB 673 is an English contract law case, concerning substantial performance of a contract and restitution for unjust enrichment.

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Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982

The Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that requires traders to provide services to a proper standard of workmanship.

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Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873

The Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873 (sometimes known as the Judicature Act 1873) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1873.

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Surety

In finance, a surety, surety bond or guaranty involves a promise by one party to assume responsibility for the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults.

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Taylor v Caldwell

Taylor v Caldwell is a landmark English contract law case, with an opinion delivered by Justice Blackburn which established the doctrine of common law impossibility.

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The Brimnes

Tenax Steamship Co v Owners of the Motor Vessel Brimnes is an English contract law case on agreement.

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The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008

The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 are the default company constitution for limited companies under UK company law.

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The Diana Prosperity

The Diana Prosperity or Reardon Smith Line Ltd v Yngvar Hansen-Tangen and Sanko SS & Co Ltd 1 WLR 989 is a landmark English contract law case.

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The Humber Ferryman's case

Bukton v Tounesende or The Humber Ferryman's case (1348) B&M 358 is an English contract law case.

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The Medina

The Medina (1876) 2 PD 5 is an English contract law case, regarding the voidability of an agreement and a restitutionary award where the court finds that agreement is procured under extortionate circumstances.

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The Moorcock

The Moorcock (1889) 14 PD 64 is a leading English contract law case which incepted an important test for identifying the main terms the law will imply into commercial (non-consumer) agreements, that is those "necessary and obvious...to give business efficacy".

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The Province of Jurisprudence Determined

The Province of Jurisprudence Determined is a book written by John Austin, first published in 1832, in which he sets out his theory of law generally known as the 'command theory'.

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The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract

The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract (1979) is a legal-historical text on the changes in the concept of freedom of contract by English Professor Patrick Atiyah.

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The Satanita

The Satanita AC 59 is an English contract law case, decided in the Court of Appeal, which concerned the formation of a contract.

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The Super Servant Two

J.

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Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd

is a leading English contract law case.

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Tom Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill

Thomas Henry Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill (called Tom; 13 October 193311 September 2010), was an eminent British judge and jurist who served as Master of the Rolls, Lord Chief Justice and Senior Law Lord.

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Tom Denning, Baron Denning

Alfred Thompson “Tom” Denning, Baron Denning, (23 January 1899 – 5 March 1999) was an English lawyer and judge.

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Tony Clarke, Baron Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony

Anthony Peter Clarke, Baron Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony (called Tony; born 13 May 1943) is a British lawyer.

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Tort

A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act.

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Tort of deceit

The tort of deceit is a type of legal injury that occurs when a person intentionally and knowingly deceives another person into an action that damages them.

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Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie

The Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie (Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England), often called Glanvill, is the earliest treatise on English law.

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Trade Boards Act 1909

The Trade Boards Act 1909 was a piece of social legislation passed in the United Kingdom in 1909.

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Trade Descriptions Act 1968

The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which prevents manufacturers, retailers or service industry providers from misleading consumers as to what they are spending their money on.

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Trade Disputes Act 1906

The Trade Disputes Act 1906 (6 Edw. 7 c. 47) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed under the Liberal government of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.

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Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

The Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 is a UK Act of Parliament which regulates British labour law.

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Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc

The Achilleas or Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc UKHL 48 is an English contract law case, concerning remoteness of damage.

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Trespass on the case

The writs of trespass and trespass on the case are the two catchall torts from English common law, the former involving trespass against person, the latter involving trespass against anything else which may be actionable.

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Trust law

A trust is a three-party fiduciary relationship in which the first party, the trustor or settlor, transfers ("settles") a property (often but not necessarily a sum of money) upon the second party (the trustee) for the benefit of the third party, the beneficiary.

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Trustee

Trustee (or the holding of a trusteeship) is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, is a synonym for anyone in a position of trust and so can refer to any person who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another.

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Tweddle v Atkinson

is an English contract law case concerning the principle of privity of contract and consideration.

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Uberrima fides

Uberrima fides (sometimes seen in its genitive form uberrimae fidei) is a Latin phrase meaning "utmost good faith" (literally, "most abundant faith").

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Ultra vires

Ultra vires is a Latin phrase meaning "beyond the powers".

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Unconscionability in English law

Unconscionability in English law is a field of contract law and the law of trusts, which precludes the enforcement of consent-based obligations unfairly exploiting the unequal power of the consenting parties.

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Undue influence

In jurisprudence, undue influence is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person.

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Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977

The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which regulates contracts by restricting the operation and legality of some contract terms.

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Unfair Contract Terms Bill

The Unfair Contract Terms Bill is a proposed Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom, which would consolidate two existing pieces of consumer protection legislation, the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 into one Act.

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Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 1993

The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive is a European Union directive (then called European Economic Community directive) governing the use of surprising or onerous terms used by business in deals with consumers.

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Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999

The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 is an old UK statutory instrument, which had implemented the EU (then EEC) Unfair Consumer Contract Terms Directive into domestic law.

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UNIDROIT

UNIDROIT (formally, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law; French: Institut international pour l'unification du droit privé) is an intergovernmental organization on harmonization of private international law; its projects include drafting of international conventions and production of model laws.

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Uniform Commercial Code

The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), first published in 1952, is one of a number of uniform acts that have been put into law with the goal of harmonizing the law of sales and other commercial transactions across the United States of America (U.S.) through UCC adoption by all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories.

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Unilateral gratuitous obligations

Unilateral gratuitous obligations are undertaken voluntarily and are also known as unilateral voluntary obligations or gratuitous promises.

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Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd

Union Eagle Ltd v Golden Achievement Ltd is an English contract law case, concerning the right to terminate performance of a contract.

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United Kingdom commercial law

United Kingdom commercial law is the law which regulates the sale and purchase of goods and services, when doing business in the United Kingdom.

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United Kingdom company law

The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006.

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United Kingdom insolvency law

United Kingdom insolvency law regulates companies in the United Kingdom which are unable to repay their debts.

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United Kingdom labour law

United Kingdom labour law regulates the relations between workers, employers and trade unions.

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United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG; the Vienna Convention) is a treaty that is a uniform international sales law.

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United States contract law

Contract law regulates the obligations established by agreement, whether express or implied, between private parties in the United States.

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United States labor law

United States labor law sets the rights and duties for employees, labor unions, and employers in the United States.

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Unjust enrichment

In contract law, unjust enrichment occurs when one person is enriched at the expense of another in circumstances that the law sees as unjust.

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Vi et armis

Trespass vi et armis was a kind of lawsuit at common law called a tort.

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Voluntariness

In law and philosophy, voluntariness is a choice being made of a person's free will, as opposed to being made as the result of coercion or duress.

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Walker v Boyle

Walker v Boyle 1 WLR 495 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation, and the possibility to exclude liability for it under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 s 3.

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Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher

Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher,.

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White & Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor

White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v McGregor is an English contract law case, concerning the right to terminate a contract and the duty to mitigate.

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White v Bluett

White v Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36 is an English contract law case, concerning the scope of consideration in English law.

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William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, PC, SL (2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793) was a British barrister, politician and judge noted for his reform of English law.

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William Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire CC

William Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire County Council is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation. It concerns the exercise of discretion under s 2(2) Misrepresentation Act 1967.

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William the Conqueror

William I (c. 1028Bates William the Conqueror p. 33 – 9 September 1087), usually known as William the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bastard, was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087.

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Williams v Carwardine

Williams v Carwardine is an English contract law case which concerns how a contract comes about through the offer of a reward.

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Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd

is a leading English contract law case.

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Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.

Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co., 350 F.2d 445 (D.C. Cir. 1965), was a court opinion, written by Judge J. Skelly Wright, that had a definitive discussion of unconscionability as a defense to enforcement of contracts in American contract law.

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Wilson v Racher

Wilson v Racher ICR 428 is a UK labour law case concerning constructive dismissal.

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Wilson v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry

is a United Kingdom human rights, consumer protection and contract law case.

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Wiluszynski v London Borough of Tower Hamlets

Wiluszynski v London Borough of Tower Hamlets ICR 439 is a UK labour law case concerning the contract of employment.

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With v O'Flanagan

With v O’Flanagan Ch 575 is an English contract law case, concerning misrepresentation.

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WN Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd

WN Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd is a landmark House of Lords case on English contract law where the court first began to move away from a strict, literal interpretation of the terms of a contract, and instead interpreted it with a view to preserve the bargain.

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Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd

Woodar Investment Development Ltd v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd 1 WLR 277 is an English contract law case notable for its pronouncements on the doctrine of privity which have been modified by the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.

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Woodman v Photo Trade Processing Ltd

Woodman v Photo Trade Processing Ltd (1981) 131 NLJ 933 is an English contract law case concerning unfair contract terms.

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Workers Trust and Merchant Bank Ltd v Dojap Investments Ltd

Workers Trust and Merchant Bank Ltd v Dojap Investments Ltd is a contract law case of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, on appeal from the Court of Appeal of Jamaica.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Wrongful dismissal

In law, wrongful dismissal, also called wrongful termination or wrongful discharge, is a situation in which an employee's contract of employment has been terminated by the employer, where the termination breaches one or more terms of the contract of employment, or a statute provision or rule in employment law.

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Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd

Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v Parkside Homes Ltd 1 WLR 798 is an English land law and English contract law case, concerning the measure and availability of damages for breach of negative covenant in circumstances where the court has confirmed a covenant is legally enforceable and refused as it may find, as unconscionable, to issue an order for specific performance or an injunction.

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Yodeling

Yodeling (also jodeling) is a form of singing which involves repeated and rapid changes of pitch between the low-pitch chest register (or "chest voice") and the high-pitch head register or falsetto.

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Redirects here:

Contract law in England, English law of contract, UK contract, Uk contract, Uk contract law, Uk contracts.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_contract_law

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