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279 relations: Adhesive, Ahtme, Ahtme Power Plant, Alexela, Alkali, Alkalinity, Ammonium, Artificial leather, Aseri, Asphalt, Associated Press, August Wilhelm Hupel, Australia, Auvere, Baltic Germans, Baltic Klint, Baltic News Service, Baltic Sea, Bed (geology), Biodiversity, Bog, Bulgaria, Calcium oxide, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide equivalent, Carbonate, Carcinogen, Cardiovascular disease, Carl Friedrich Schmidt (1832), Carl Schmidt (chemist), Caspian Sea, Cement, Chloride, Clay, Cogeneration, Colorado School of Mines, Conveyor belt, Death, Deposition (geology), Detergent, District heating, Dolostone, Drilling and blasting, Ecological succession, Economist Intelligence Unit, Eesti Energia, Eesti Küttejõud, Eesti Kiviõli, Eesti Rahvusringhääling, Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium, ..., Electrical grid, Electricity generation, Elering, Elsevier, Emissions trading, Enefit Kaevandused, Energy & Environmental Science, Energy in Estonia, Energy security, Environmental degradation, Environmental Health Perspectives, Environmental issue, Environmentally friendly, Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus, Estonia, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonian Declaration of Independence, European Parliament, European Union, European Union climate and energy package, Eutrophication, Excavator, February Revolution, Finland, Fischer assay, Flue gas, Fluidized bed, Fluidized bed combustion, Fly ash, Forced labour under German rule during World War II, Fossil fuel power station, Frankfurt, Free Economic Society, Fuel oil, Galoter process, Geological period, German Army (Wehrmacht), German occupation of Estonia during World War I, German occupation of Estonia during World War II, German-occupied Europe, Golden, Colorado, Granite, Graptolithina, Graptolitic argillite, Gravel, Green algae, Greenhouse gas, Gregor von Helmersen, Gross domestic product, Gulf of Finland, Hazardous waste, Heat of combustion, Heavy metals, HeidelbergCement, Heinrich Himmler, Hermann Göring, Hydrogen chloride, Ida-Viru County, Industrial heritage, Inflow (hydrology), Institute of Petroleum, International Energy Agency, Iron ore, Jõhvi, Johann Anton Güldenstädt, Johann Gottlieb Georgi, Joule, Keila-Joa, Kilogram, Kiviõli, Kiviter process, Kohala, Estonia, Kohtla Parish, Kohtla-Järve, Kohtla-Järve Power Plant, Kohtla-Nõmme, Kontinentale Öl, Kriegsmarine, Kukersite, Kukruse, Kunda, Estonia, Kuremäe, Kurtna Lake District, Leachate, Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, Limestone, Linköping University, Locomotive, London, Maardu, Marinite, Mendelssohn & Co., Mikhail Zalessky, Mine reclamation, Mineral wool, Mining, Molybdenum, Narva, Narva Oil Plant, Narva Power Plants, Narva River, National Audit Office of Estonia, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Nationalization, Natural gas, New Consolidated Gold Fields, Nicholas II of Russia, Nikolay Pogrebov, Nitrogen oxide, NRG Energy, Nuclear reactor, Occupation of the Baltic states, Ocean, October Revolution, OECD, Oil shale, Oil Shale (journal), Oil shale gas, Oil shale industry, Oil shale reserves, Ojamaa, Operation Barbarossa, Operation Desert (German fuel project), Ordovician, Organic compound, Organic matter, Outotec, Overburden, Paint, Pakri Peninsula, Paldiski, Paleobotany, Particulates, Paul Kogerman, Püssi, Peat, Pesticide, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, PH, Phenols, Phosphorite, Phosphorite War, Plastic, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Postimees, Primary energy, Proven reserves, Proving ground, Pyrolysis, Rakvere, Raw material, Redox, Reforestation, Reichsführer-SS, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Research and development, Retort, Rhabdinopora, Riga Technical University, Room and pillar mining, Rowing, Royal Society of Chemistry, Royalty payment, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Empire, Russian Provisional Government, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Saint Petersburg, Sand, Schaltbau Group, Schömberg, Zollernalbkreis, Schlumberger, Seawater, Sedimentary rock, Shale, Shale oil, Shale oil extraction, Sillamäe, Silmet, Singing Revolution, Skochinsky Institute of Mining, Soap, Sod, Sompa village, South Africa, Spent shale, Spontaneous combustion, Sulfate, Sulfide, Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide, Surface mining, Synthetic fiber, Table of Ranks, Tallinn, Tallinn Offensive, Tallinn Power Plant, Tallinn University of Technology, Tammiku, Jõhvi Parish, Tar, Teboil, Teknisk Tidskrift, Telalginite, The Baltic Times, Topography, Topsoil, Torbanite, Toxicity, Transition economy, Ubja, Unconventional oil, United Kingdom, United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, University of Tartu, Uranium, Vanamõisa, Lääne-Viru County, Väike-Pungerja, Viru Keemia Grupp, Wallenberg family, Waste framework directive, Water cycle, Watt, West Estonian archipelago, World Energy Council, World War I, World War II, Zinc. Expand index (229 more) »
Adhesive
An adhesive, also known as glue, cement, mucilage, or paste, is any substance applied to one surface, or both surfaces, of two separate items that binds them together and resists their separation.
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Ahtme
Ahtme is a settlement in Ida-Viru County, Estonia with a population of around 18,000.
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Ahtme Power Plant
The Ahtme Power Plant (Ahtme soojuselektrijaam) was an oil shale-fired power plant in Ahtme, Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.
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Alexela
Alexela Group is a group of companies located in Estonia.
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Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.
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Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic.
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Ammonium
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula.
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Artificial leather
Artificial leather is a material intended to substitute for leather in fields such as upholstery, clothing, footwear and fabrics and other uses where a leather-like finish is desired but the actual material is cost-prohibitive or unsuitable.
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Aseri
Aseri is a small borough (alevik) in Viru-Nigula Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
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Asphalt
Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum.
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Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
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August Wilhelm Hupel
August Wilhelm Hupel (in Buttelstedt near Weimar – in Paide) was a Baltic German publicist, estophile and linguist.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Auvere
Auvere is a village in Narva-Jõesuu, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
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Baltic Germans
The Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later Baltendeutsche) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.
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Baltic Klint
The Baltic Klint (Clint, Glint; Balti klint, Балтийско-Ладожский уступ, Глинт) is an erosional limestone escarpment on several islands of the Baltic Sea, in Estonia, in Leningrad Oblast of Russia and in the islands of Gotland and Öland of Sweden.
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Baltic News Service
The Baltic News Service (BNS) is the largest news agency operating in the Baltic states.
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Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.
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Bed (geology)
Salto del Fraile Formation, Peru. Beds are the layers of sedimentary rocks that are distinctly different from overlying and underlying subsequent beds of different sedimentary rocks.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Bog
A bog is a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, sphagnum moss.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.
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Calcium oxide
Calcium oxide (CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon dioxide equivalent
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) and equivalent carbon dioxide (e and eq) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much global warming a given type and amount of greenhouse gas may cause, using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration of carbon dioxide as the reference.
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Carbonate
In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of.
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Carl Friedrich Schmidt (1832)
Carl Friedrich Schmidt (Фёдор Богданович Шмидт, Fyodor Bogdanovich Schmidt; also known as Friedrich Schmidt; in Kaisma, Livonia – in Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German geologist and botanist in the Russian Empire.
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Carl Schmidt (chemist)
Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt (13 June 1822 – 27 February 1894), also known in Russia as Karl Genrikhovich Schmidt (Карл Ге́нрихович Шмидт) was a Baltic German chemist from the Governorate of Livonia, a part of the Russian Empire.
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Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.
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Cement
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together.
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Chloride
The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−.
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Clay
Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.
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Cogeneration
Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.
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Colorado School of Mines
Colorado School of Mines, also referred to as "Mines", is a public teaching and research university in Golden, Colorado, devoted to engineering and applied science, with special expertise in the development and stewardship of the Earth's natural resources.
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Conveyor belt
A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often shortened to belt conveyor).
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Death
Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.
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Deposition (geology)
Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass.
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Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
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District heating
District heating (also known as heat networks or teleheating) is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water heating.
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Dolostone
Dolostone or dolomite rock is a sedimentary carbonate rock that contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2.
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Drilling and blasting
Drilling and blasting is the controlled use of explosives and other methods such as gas pressure blasting pyrotechnics, to break rock for excavation.
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.
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Economist Intelligence Unit
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) is a British business within the Economist Group providing forecasting and advisory services through research and analysis, such as monthly country reports, five-year country economic forecasts, country risk service reports, and industry reports.
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Eesti Energia
Eesti Energia AS is a private limited energy company in Estonia with its headquarters in Tallinn.
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Eesti Küttejõud
AS Eesti Küttejõud (also: AS Eesti Kütte-Jõud; commonly: Küttejõud; literally: Estonian Heating Power) was an oil shale company located in Küttejõu, Estonia.
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Eesti Kiviõli
AS Eesti Kiviõli (Estnische Steinöl AG, English: Estonian Oil Shale Co. Ltd.) was an oil shale company located in Kiviõli, Estonia.
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Eesti Rahvusringhääling
Eesti Rahvusringhääling (ERR) – Estonian Public Broadcasting – is a publicly funded radio and television organisation created in Estonia on 1 June 2007 to take over the functions of the formerly separate Eesti Raadio (ER) (Estonian Radio) and Eesti Televisioon (ETV) (Estonian Television), under the terms of the Estonian National Broadcasting Act.
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Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium
Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium (Estländska Oljeskifferkonsortiet; Estonian Oil Consortium) was an oil shale company located in Sillamäe, Estonia.
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Electrical grid
An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers.
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Electricity generation
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy.
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Elering
Elering (former name: Põhivõrk) is a national transmission system operator for electricity and natural gas with headquarters in Tallinn, Estonia.
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Elsevier
Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.
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Emissions trading
Emissions trading, or cap and trade, is a government, market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.
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Enefit Kaevandused
Enefit Kaevandused (former names: Eesti Põlevkivi and Eesti Energia Kaevandused) is a mining company located in Jõhvi, Estonia.
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Energy & Environmental Science
Energy & Environmental Science is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original (primary) research and review articles.
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Energy in Estonia
Energy in Estonia describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Estonia.
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Energy security
Energy security is the association between national security and the availability of natural resources for energy consumption.
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Environmental degradation
Environmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution.
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Environmental Health Perspectives
Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a peer-reviewed journal published monthly with support from the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).
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Environmental issue
Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the biophysical environment.
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Environmentally friendly
Environmentally friendly or environment-friendly, (also referred to as eco-friendly, nature-friendly, and green) are sustainability and marketing terms referring to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies that claim reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems or the environment.
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Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus
Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus (literally: First Estonian Oil Shale Industry) was an oil shale company located in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Estonian Academy of Sciences
Founded in 1938, the Estonian Academy of Sciences (Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia) is Estonia's national academy of science in Tallinn.
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Estonian Declaration of Independence
The Estonian Declaration of Independence, also known as the Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia (Manifest Eestimaa rahvastele), is the founding act of the Republic of Estonia from 1918.
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European Parliament
The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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European Union climate and energy package
The European plan on climate change consists of a range of measures adopted by the members of the European Union to fight against climate change.
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Eutrophication
Eutrophication (from Greek eutrophos, "well-nourished"), or hypertrophication, is when a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of plants and algae.
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Excavator
Excavators (hydraulic) are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house".
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February Revolution
The February Revolution (p), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.
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Finland
Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.
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Fischer assay
The Fischer assay is a standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from oil shale to be expected from a conventional shale oil extraction.
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Flue gas
Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator.
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Fluidized bed
A fluidised bed is a physical phenomenon occurring when a quantity of a solid particulate substance (usually present in a holding vessel) is placed under appropriate conditions to cause a solid/fluid mixture to behave as a fluid.
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Fluidized bed combustion
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used to burn solid fuels.
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Fly ash
Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" in the United Kingdom, is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.
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Forced labour under German rule during World War II
The use of forced labour and slavery in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale.
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Fossil fuel power station
A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns a fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, or petroleum to produce electricity.
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Frankfurt
Frankfurt, officially the City of Frankfurt am Main ("Frankfurt on the Main"), is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany.
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Free Economic Society
Free Economic Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture and Husbandry (Вольное экономическое общество) was Russia's first learned society which formally did not depend on the government and as such came to be regarded as a bulwark of Russian liberalism.
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Fuel oil
Fuel oil (also known as heavy oil, marine fuel or furnace oil) is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue.
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Galoter process
The Galoter process (also known as TSK, UTT, or SHC; its newest modifications are called Enefit and Petroter) is a shale oil extraction technology for a production of shale oil, a type of synthetic crude oil.
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Geological period
A geological period is one of several subdivisions of geologic time enabling cross-referencing of rocks and geologic events from place to place.
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German Army (Wehrmacht)
The German Army (Heer) was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the regular German Armed Forces, from 1935 until it was demobilized and later dissolved in August 1946.
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German occupation of Estonia during World War I
The occupation of Estonia by the German Empire occurred during the later stages of the First World War.
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German occupation of Estonia during World War II
After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Army Group North reached Estonia in July.
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German-occupied Europe
German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945 and administered by the Nazi regime.
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Golden, Colorado
Golden is the Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, United States.
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Granite
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
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Graptolithina
Graptolithina is a subclass of the class Pterobranchia, the members of which are known as graptolites.
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Graptolitic argillite
Graptolitic argillite (also known as dictyonema argillite, dictyonema oil shale, dictyonema shale, or Tremadocian black shale) is a marinite-type black shale of sapropelic origin.
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Gravel
Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments.
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Green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.
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Greenhouse gas
A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
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Gregor von Helmersen
Gregor von Helmersen (&ndash) was a Baltic German geologist.
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Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.
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Gulf of Finland
The Gulf of Finland (Suomenlahti; Soome laht; p; Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea.
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Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment.
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Heat of combustion
The heating value (or energy value or calorific value) of a substance, usually a fuel or food (see food energy), is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.
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Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
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HeidelbergCement
HeidelbergCement is a German multinational building materials company headquartered in Heidelberg, Germany.
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Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany.
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Hermann Göring
Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German political and military leader as well as one of the most powerful figures in the Nazi Party (NSDAP) that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.
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Hydrogen chloride
The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula and as such is a hydrogen halide.
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Ida-Viru County
Ida-Viru County (Ida-Viru maakond), or Ida-Virumaa, is one of 15 counties of Estonia.
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Industrial heritage
Industrial heritage refers to the physical remains of the history of technology and industry, such as manufacturing and mining sites, as well as power and transportation infrastructure.
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Inflow (hydrology)
In hydrology, the inflow of a body of water is the source of the water in the body of water.
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Institute of Petroleum
The Institute of Petroleum (IP) was a UK-based professional organisation that merged with the Institute of Energy in 2003 to form the Energy Institute.
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International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency (IEA) (Agence internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.
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Iron ore
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.
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Jõhvi
Jõhvi (Jewe) is a town in north-eastern Estonia, and the capital of Ida-Viru County.
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Johann Anton Güldenstädt
Johann Anton Güldenstädt (26 April 1745 in Riga, Latvia – 23 March 1781 in St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Baltic German naturalist and explorer in Russian service.
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Johann Gottlieb Georgi
Johann Gottlieb Georgi (31 December 1729 – 27 October 1802) was a German botanist, naturalist and geographer.
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Joule
The joule (symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units.
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Keila-Joa
Keila-Joa is a small borough (alevik) in Lääne-Harju Parish, Harju County, northern Estonia.
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Kilogram
The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), and is defined as being equal to the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK, also known as "Le Grand K" or "Big K"), a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy stored by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Saint-Cloud, France.
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Kiviõli
Kiviõli is an industrial town in Ida-Viru County, Estonia.
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Kiviter process
The Kiviter process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction.
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Kohala, Estonia
Kohala is a village in Sõmeru Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
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Kohtla Parish
Kohtla Parish (Kohtla vald) was an Estonian municipality located in Ida-Viru County.
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Kohtla-Järve
Kohtla-Järve (Кохтла-Ярве) is a city and municipality in north-eastern Estonia, founded in 1924 and incorporated as a town in 1946.
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Kohtla-Järve Power Plant
The Kohtla-Järve Power Plant (Kohtla-Järve soojuselektrijaam) is an oil shale-fired power plant in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia, about 15 km to north-west of the Ahtme Power Plant.
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Kohtla-Nõmme
Kohtla-Nõmme is a borough (alev) in Toila Parish, in Ida-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
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Kontinentale Öl
Kontinentale Öl AG (Konti Öl) was a German oil company during World War II.
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Kriegsmarine
The Kriegsmarine (literally "War Navy") was the navy of Germany from 1935 to 1945.
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Kukersite
Kukersite is a light-brown marine type oil shale of Ordovician age.
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Kukruse
Kukruse (Kuckers) is a village in Toila Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
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Kunda, Estonia
Kunda is a town (founded May 1, 1938) in Viru-Nigula Parish, in Estonia, located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland.
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Kuremäe
Kuremäe is a village in Alutaguse Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
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Kurtna Lake District
The Kurtna Lake District is located in north-eastern Estonia.
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Leachate
A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed.
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Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant
Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant (Ленинградская атомная электростанция; Ленинградская АЭС) is a nuclear power plant located in the town of Sosnovy Bor in Russia's Leningrad Oblast, on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland, some to the west of the city centre of Saint Petersburg.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Linköping University
Linköping University (in Swedish: Linköpings universitet, LiU) is a state university in Linköping, Sweden.
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Locomotive
A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Maardu
Maardu is a town and a municipality in Harju County, Estonia.
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Marinite
Marinite is a gray to dark-gray or black oil shale of marine origin in which the chief organic components are lamalginite and bituminite derived from marine phytoplankton, with varied admixtures of bitumen, telalginite and vitrinite.
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Mendelssohn & Co.
Mendelssohn & Co. was a private bank residing in Berlin, Germany.
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Mikhail Zalessky
Mikhail Zalessky (Михаил Дмитриевич Залесский, Mikhail Dmitrievich Zalesskiy; 15 September 1877 – 22 December 1946) was a Russian paleontologist and paleobotanist.
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Mine reclamation
Mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable state.
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Mineral wool
Mineral wool is a general name for fiber materials that are formed by spinning or drawing molten minerals (or "synthetic minerals" such as slag and ceramics).
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Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.
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Narva
Narva (Нарва) is the third largest city in Estonia.
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Narva Oil Plant
Narva Oil Plant (Narva Õlitehas), a subsidiary of Eesti Energia, is a producer of shale oil from oil shale.
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Narva Power Plants
The Narva Power Plants (Narva Elektrijaamad) are a power generation complex in and near Narva in Estonia, near the border with Leningrad Oblast, Russia.
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Narva River
The Narva (Narva jõgi, Нарва) (or Narova) is a river flowing into the Baltic Sea, the largest river in Estonia by discharge.
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National Audit Office of Estonia
The National Audit Office of Estonia (Riigikontroll) is an independent institution in Estonia, which is responsible for exercising economic control in order to assure the parliament and the public that public assets are used legally and effectively.
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) conducts research into the effects of the environment on human disease, as one of the 27 institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Nationalization
Nationalization (or nationalisation) is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.
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Natural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
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New Consolidated Gold Fields
New Consolidated Gold Fields Ltd Estonian Branch (commonly known as Goldfields) was an oil shale company located in Kohtla-Nõmme, Estonia.
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Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.
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Nikolay Pogrebov
Nikolay Pogrebov, (Николай Фёдорович Погребов; in Saint Petersburg – 10 January 1942 in Leningrad) was a Russian and Soviet hydrogeologist and an engineering geologist.
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Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen oxide may refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds.
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NRG Energy
NRG Energy, Inc. is a large American energy company, dual-headquartered in West Windsor Township, New Jersey, and Houston, Texas.
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Nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor, formerly known as an atomic pile, is a device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear chain reaction.
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Occupation of the Baltic states
The occupation of the Baltic states involved the military occupation of the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania—by the Soviet Union under the auspices of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in June 1940 followed by their incorporation into the USSR as constituent republics in August 1940 - most Western powers never recognised this incorporation.
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Ocean
An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
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Oil shale
Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons, called shale oil (not to be confused with tight oil—crude oil occurring naturally in shales), can be produced.
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Oil Shale (journal)
Oil Shale is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in petrology, especially concerning oil shale.
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Oil shale gas
Oil shale gas (also: retort gas or retorting gas) is a synthetic non-condensable gas mixture (syngas) produced by oil shale thermal processing (pyrolysis).
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Oil shale industry
The oil shale industry is an industry of mining and processing of oil shale—a fine-grained sedimentary rock, containing significant amounts of kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds), from which liquid hydrocarbons can be manufactured.
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Oil shale reserves
Oil shale reserves refers to oil shale resources that are economically recoverable under current economic conditions and technological abilities.
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Ojamaa
Ojamaa is a village in Lüganuse Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
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Operation Desert (German fuel project)
Operation Desert (Unternehmen Wüste) was a German synthetic fuel project during World War II.
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Ordovician
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Organic matter
Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter (NOM) refers to the large pool of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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Outotec
Outotec Oyj is a Finnish listed technology company that was created when Outokumpu Oyj span off its technology business into a separate entity in 2006.
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Overburden
In mining, overburden (also called waste or spoil) is the material that lies above an area that lends itself to economical exploitation, such as the rock, soil, and ecosystem that lies above a coal seam or ore body.
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Paint
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.
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Pakri Peninsula
The Pakri Peninsula extends from northwestern mainland Estonia's Harju County into the Baltic Sea.
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Paldiski
Paldiski is a town and Baltic Sea port situated on the Pakri peninsula of north-western Estonia.
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Paleobotany
Paleobotany, also spelled as palaeobotany (from the Greek words paleon.
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Particulates
Atmospheric aerosol particles, also known as atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM), particulates, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere.
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Paul Kogerman
Paul Nikolai Kogerman (in Tallinn – 27 July 1951 Tallinn) was an Estonian chemist and founder of modern research in oil shale.
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Püssi
Püssi is a town in Lüganuse Parish, Ida-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia, with a population of 1,783.
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Peat
Peat, also called turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter that is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or muskegs.
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Pesticide
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests, including weeds.
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Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
Peter the Great St.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phenols
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
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Phosphorite
Phosphorite, phosphate rock or rock phosphate is a non-detrital sedimentary rock which contains high amounts of phosphate minerals.
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Phosphorite War
The Phosphorite War (Fosforiidisõda) is the name given to a late-1980s environmental campaign in the then-Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, against the opening of large phosphorite mines in the Virumaa region.
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Plastic
Plastic is material consisting of any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized).
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Postimees
Postimees (The Postman) is an Estonian daily newspaper established on January 1, 1857, by Johann Voldemar Jannsen.
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Primary energy
Primary energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process.
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Proven reserves
Proven reserves, also called measured reserves, 1P, and reserves, are industry specific terms regarding fossil fuel energy sources.
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Proving ground
A proving ground (US), training area (Australia, Ireland, UK) or training centre (Canada) is a military installation or reservation where weapons or other military technology are experimented with or are tested, or where military tactics are tested.
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Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere.
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Rakvere
Rakvere (Wesenberg or Wesenbergh) is a town in northern Estonia and the county seat of Lääne-Viru County, 20 km south of the Gulf of Finland.
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Raw material
A raw material, also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Reforestation
Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands (forestation) that have been depleted, usually through deforestation.
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Reichsführer-SS
Reichsführer-SS ("Reich Leader-SS") was a special title and rank that existed between the years of 1925 and 1945 for the commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS).
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Reichskommissariat Ostland
Nazi Germany established the Reichskommissariat Ostland (RKO) in 1941 as the civilian occupation regime in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), the northeastern part of Poland and the west part of the Belarusian SSR during World War II.
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Research and development
Research and development (R&D, R+D, or R'n'D), also known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products.
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Retort
In a chemistry laboratory, a retort is a glassware device used for distillation or dry distillation of substances.
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Rhabdinopora
Rhabdinopora is a genus of graptolites.
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Riga Technical University
Riga Technical University (RTU) (Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte) is the oldest technical university in the Baltics established on October 14, 1862.
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Room and pillar mining
Room and pillar (variant of breast stoping), also called pillar and stall, is a mining system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars.
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Rowing
Rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of oars in the water, displacing water, and propelling the boat forward.
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Royal Society of Chemistry
The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) is a learned society (professional association) in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the chemical sciences".
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Royalty payment
A royalty is a payment made by one party, the licensee or franchisee to another that owns a particular asset, the licensor or franchisor for the right to ongoing use of that asset.
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Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíiskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government (Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of Russia established immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire on 2 March 1917.
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
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Schaltbau Group
The Schaltbau Group is a group of mechanical and electrical engineering companies specialising in transportation related products, including automatic door systems for moving vehicles, level crossing equipment, electric connectors and switchgear and safety and warning equipment.
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Schömberg, Zollernalbkreis
Schömberg is a town in the Zollernalbkreis district, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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Schlumberger
Schlumberger Limited is the world's largest oilfield services company.
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Seawater
Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean.
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Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
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Shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock composed of mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
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Shale oil
Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.
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Shale oil extraction
Shale oil extraction is an industrial process for unconventional oil production.
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Sillamäe
Sillamäe (Силламяэ), known also in Germanized version as Sillamäggi or Sillamägi (Estonian for "Bridge Hill"), is a town in Ida-Viru County in the northern part of Estonia, on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland.
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Silmet
NPM Silmet AS is a rare-earth processor located in Sillamäe, Estonia.
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Singing Revolution
The Singing Revolution is a commonly used name for events between 1987 and 1991 that led to the restoration of the independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
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Skochinsky Institute of Mining
The Skochinsky Institute of Mining (full name: National Mining Research Center – A.A. Skochinsky Institute of Mining; Институт горного дела им.) is an institute of mining located in Lyubertsy, Russia.
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Soap
Soap is the term for a salt of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products produced from such a substance.
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Sod
Sod or turf is grass and the part of the soil beneath it held together by its roots or another piece of thin material.
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Sompa village
Sompa is a village in Jõhvi Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
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South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.
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Spent shale
Spent shale or spent oil shale (also known as retorted shale) is a solid residue from the shale oil extraction process of producing synthetic shale oil from oil shale.
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Spontaneous combustion
Spontaneous combustion or spontaneous ignition is a type of combustion which occurs by self-heating (increase in temperature due to exothermic internal reactions), followed by thermal runaway (self heating which rapidly accelerates to high temperatures) and finally, autoignition.
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Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
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Sulfide
Sulfide (systematically named sulfanediide, and sulfide(2−)) (British English sulphide) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
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Surface mining
Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit (the overburden) are removed, in contrast to underground mining, in which the overlying rock is left in place, and the mineral is removed through shafts or tunnels.
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Synthetic fiber
Synthetic fibers (British English: synthetic fibres) are fibers made by humans with chemical synthesis, as opposed to natural fibers that humans get from living organisms with little or no chemical changes.
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Table of Ranks
The Table of Ranks (Табель о рангах; tabel' o rangakh) was a formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government, and court of Imperial Russia.
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Tallinn
Tallinn (or,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Estonia.
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Tallinn Offensive
The Tallinn Offensive (Таллинская наступательная операция) was a strategic offensive by the Red Army's 2nd Shock and 8th Armies and the Baltic Fleet against the German Army Detachment ''Narwa'' and Estonian units in mainland Estonia on the Eastern Front of World War II on 17–26 September 1944.
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Tallinn Power Plant
The Tallinn Power Plant (Tallinna elektrijaam) is a former power plant located in Tallinn, Estonia.
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Tallinn University of Technology
Established in 1918, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ; Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, abbreviated TTÜ) is the only technical university in Estonia.
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Tammiku, Jõhvi Parish
Tammiku is a small borough (alevik) in Jõhvi Parish, Ida-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
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Tar
Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation.
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Teboil
Oy Teboil Ab is an oil company in Finland, engaged in the marketing, sales and distribution of petroleum products and operation of filling and service stations.
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Teknisk Tidskrift
Teknisk Tidskrift (1871-March 1872 Illustrerad Teknisk Tidning), was founded in 1871 by the Swedish marine engineer Wilhelm Hoffstedt (1841–1907).
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Telalginite
Telalginite is a structured organic matter (alginite) in sapropel, composed of large discretely occurring colonial or thick-walled unicellular algae such as Botryococcus, Tasmanites and Gloeocapsomorpha prisca.
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The Baltic Times
The Baltic Times is an independent monthly newspaper that covers the latest political, economic, business, and cultural events in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
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Topography
Topography is the study of the shape and features of the surface of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.
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Topsoil
Topsoil is the upper, outermost layer of soil, usually the top to.
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Torbanite
Torbanite, also known as boghead coal, is a variety of fine-grained black oil shale.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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Transition economy
A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.
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Ubja
Ubja is a village in Sõmeru Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
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Unconventional oil
Unconventional oil is petroleum produced or extracted using techniques other than the conventional (oil well) method.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United States Department of the Interior
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is the United States federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources, and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, territorial affairs, and insular areas of the United States.
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United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
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University of Kentucky
The University of Kentucky (UK) is a public co-educational university in Lexington, Kentucky.
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University of Tartu
The University of Tartu (UT; Tartu Ülikool, Universitas Tartuensis) is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Vanamõisa, Lääne-Viru County
Vanamõisa is a village in Haljala Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
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Väike-Pungerja
Väike-Pungerja is a village in Alutaguse Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
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Viru Keemia Grupp
Viru Keemia Grupp (VKG) is an Estonian holding group of oil shale industry, power generation, and public utility companies.
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Wallenberg family
The Wallenberg family is a prominent Swedish family renowned as bankers, industrialists, politicians, bureaucrats, diplomats.
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Waste framework directive
The Waste Framework Directive (WFD) is a European Union Directive of 17 June 2008.
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Water cycle
The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
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Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.
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West Estonian archipelago
West Estonian archipelago (Lääne-Eesti saarestik, also Moonsund archipelago) is a group of Estonian islands, around Väinameri, located in the Baltic Sea.
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World Energy Council
The World Energy Council is a global and inclusive forum for thought-leadership and tangible engagement with headquarters in London.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
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Redirects here:
Environmental impact of the oil shale industry in Estonia, History of the oil shale industry in Estonia, Oil shale industry in Estonia.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_shale_in_Estonia
