Table of Contents
347 relations: -ase, Acetolactate decarboxylase, Acetylcholinesterase, Activation energy, Active site, Active transport, Adaptation, Adenosine triphosphate, Alcohol dehydrogenase, Allosteric regulation, Amino acid, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, Amylase, Anselme Payen, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial resistance, Aspirin, ATPase, Émile Duclaux, Beer, Beta-lactam, Beta-lactamase, Binding site, Biofuel, Biomass, Biotin, Biscuit, Blood sugar level, Blue cheese, BRENDA, Brewing, Camembert, Carbonic anhydrase, Carcinogenesis, Catabolism, Catalase, Catalysis, Catalytic resonance theory, Catalytic triad, Cell (biology), Cellular compartment, Cellular respiration, Cellulase, Cellulosic ethanol, Cheese, Chemical equilibrium, Chemical industry, Chemical reaction, Chemical specificity, Chemoselectivity, ... Expand index (297 more) »
- Process chemicals
-ase
The suffix -ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes.
See Enzyme and -ase
Acetolactate decarboxylase
The enzyme acetolactate decarboxylase catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, (S)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate, and two products, (R)-2-acetoin and CO2.
See Enzyme and Acetolactate decarboxylase
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body.
See Enzyme and Acetylcholinesterase
Activation energy
In the Arrhenius model of reaction rates, activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur. Enzyme and activation energy are catalysis.
See Enzyme and Activation energy
Active site
In biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction. Enzyme and active site are catalysis and enzymes.
Active transport
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient.
See Enzyme and Active transport
Adaptation
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Enzyme and Adenosine triphosphate
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) are a group of dehydrogenase enzymes that occur in many organisms and facilitate the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones with the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH.
See Enzyme and Alcohol dehydrogenase
Allosteric regulation
In the fields of biochemistry and pharmacology an allosteric regulator (or allosteric modulator) is a substance that binds to a site on an enzyme or receptor distinct from the active site, resulting in a conformational change that alters the protein's activity, either enhancing or inhibiting its function.
See Enzyme and Allosteric regulation
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA.
See Enzyme and Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Amylase
An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin) into sugars. Enzyme and amylase are enzymes.
Anselme Payen
Anselme Payen (6 January 1795 – 12 May 1871) was a French chemist known for discovering the enzyme diastase, and the carbohydrate cellulose.
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from the effects of antimicrobials (drugs used to treat infections).
See Enzyme and Antimicrobial resistance
Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and/or inflammation, and as an antithrombotic.
ATPase
ATPases (Adenosine 5'-TriPhosphatase, adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP monophosphatase, triphosphatase, SV40 T-antigen, ATP hydrolase, complex V (mitochondrial electron transport), (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, HCO3−-ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the decomposition of ATP into ADP and a free phosphate ion or the inverse reaction.
Émile Duclaux
Émile Duclaux (24 June 1840 – May 2, 1904) was a French microbiologist and chemist born in Aurillac, Cantal.
Beer
Beer is an alcoholic beverage produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used.
See Enzyme and Beer
Beta-lactam
A beta-lactam (β-lactam) ring is a four-membered lactam.
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases (β-lactamases) are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide multi-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins, monobactams and carbapenems (ertapenem), although carbapenems are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase.
Binding site
In biochemistry and molecular biology, a binding site is a region on a macromolecule such as a protein that binds to another molecule with specificity.
Biofuel
Biofuel is a fuel that is produced over a short time span from biomass, rather than by the very slow natural processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels such as oil.
Biomass
Biomass is a term used in several contexts: in the context of ecology it means living organisms, and in the context of bioenergy it means matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms.
Biotin
Biotin (also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H) is one of the B vitamins.
Biscuit
A biscuit, in English speaking countries such as Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, is a flour-based baked and shaped food item.
Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, blood glucose level, or glycemia is the measure of glucose concentrated in the blood.
See Enzyme and Blood sugar level
Blue cheese
Blue cheese is any of a wide range of cheeses made with the addition of cultures of edible molds, which create blue-green spots or veins through the cheese.
BRENDA
BRENDA (The Comprehensive Enzyme Information System) is an information system representing one of the most comprehensive enzyme repositories.
Brewing
Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast.
Camembert
Camembert (also) is a moist, soft, creamy, surface-ripened cow's milk cheese.
Carbonic anhydrase
The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and the dissociated ions of carbonic acid (i.e. bicarbonate and hydrogen ions).
See Enzyme and Carbonic anhydrase
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis, also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
Catabolism
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions. Enzyme and Catabolism are metabolism.
Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Enzyme and Catalase are catalysis and enzymes.
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
Catalytic resonance theory
In chemistry, catalytic resonance theory was developed to describe the kinetics of reaction acceleration using dynamic catalyst surfaces. Enzyme and catalytic resonance theory are catalysis.
See Enzyme and Catalytic resonance theory
Catalytic triad
A catalytic triad is a set of three coordinated amino acids that can be found in the active site of some enzymes. Enzyme and catalytic triad are catalysis.
See Enzyme and Catalytic triad
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
Cellular compartment
Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane.
See Enzyme and Cellular compartment
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidized in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive the bulk production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which contains energy. Enzyme and Cellular respiration are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Cellular respiration
Cellulase
Cellulase (systematic name 4-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides: The name is also used for any naturally occurring mixture or complex of various such enzymes, that act serially or synergistically to decompose cellulosic material. Enzyme and Cellulase are enzymes.
Cellulosic ethanol
Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit.
See Enzyme and Cellulosic ethanol
Cheese
Cheese is a dairy product produced in a range of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein.
Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.
See Enzyme and Chemical equilibrium
Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies and other organizations that develop and produce industrial, specialty and other chemicals.
See Enzyme and Chemical industry
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
See Enzyme and Chemical reaction
Chemical specificity
Chemical specificity is the ability of binding site of a macromolecule (such as a protein) to bind specific ligands.
See Enzyme and Chemical specificity
Chemoselectivity
Chemoselectivity is the preferential reaction of a chemical reagent with one of two or more different functional groups.
See Enzyme and Chemoselectivity
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Chymosin
Chymosin or rennin is a protease found in rennet.
Chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin (chymotrypsins A and B, alpha-chymar ophth, avazyme, chymar, chymotest, enzeon, quimar, quimotrase, alpha-chymar, alpha-chymotrypsin A, alpha-chymotrypsin) is a digestive enzyme component of pancreatic juice acting in the duodenum, where it performs proteolysis, the breakdown of proteins and polypeptides.
Chymotrypsinogen
Chymotrypsinogen is an inactive precursor (zymogen) of chymotrypsin, a digestive enzyme which breaks proteins down into smaller peptides. Enzyme and Chymotrypsinogen are enzymes.
See Enzyme and Chymotrypsinogen
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
See Enzyme and Citric acid cycle
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. Enzyme and coenzyme A are metabolism.
Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction). Enzyme and cofactor (biochemistry) are enzymes.
See Enzyme and Cofactor (biochemistry)
Competitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition is interruption of a chemical pathway owing to one chemical substance inhibiting the effect of another by competing with it for binding or bonding.
See Enzyme and Competitive inhibition
Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
Conformational change
In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.
See Enzyme and Conformational change
Conformational ensembles
In computational chemistry, conformational ensembles, also known as structural ensembles, are experimentally constrained computational models describing the structure of intrinsically unstructured proteins.
See Enzyme and Conformational ensembles
Conformational proofreading
Conformational proofreading or conformational selection is a general mechanism of molecular recognition systems, suggested by Yonatan Savir and Tsvi Tlusty, in which introducing an energetic barrier - such as a structural mismatch between a molecular recognizer and its target - enhances the recognition specificity and quality. Enzyme and conformational proofreading are biomolecules and enzymes.
See Enzyme and Conformational proofreading
Contact lens
Contact lenses, or simply contacts, are thin lenses placed directly on the surface of the eyes.
Cooking
Cooking, also known as cookery or professionally as the culinary arts, is the art, science and craft of using heat to make food more palatable, digestible, nutritious, or safe.
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
Creatinase
In enzymology, a creatinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are creatine and H2O, whereas its two products are sarcosine and urea.
Creatine
Creatine is an organic compound with the nominal formula.
Cyanide
In chemistry, cyanide is a chemical compound that contains a functional group.
Cyclooxygenase
Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme (specifically, a family of isozymes) that is responsible for biosynthesis of prostanoids, including thromboxane and prostaglandins such as prostacyclin, from arachidonic acid.
Cytochrome c oxidase
The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was, now reclassified as a translocase) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
See Enzyme and Cytochrome c oxidase
Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases. Enzyme and Cytochrome P450 are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Cytochrome P450
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)).
Dairy
A dairy is a place where milk is stored and where butter, cheese and other dairy products are made, or a place where those products are sold.
See Enzyme and Dairy
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Daniel Edward Koshland Jr. (March 30, 1920July 23, 2007) was an American biochemist.
See Enzyme and Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
David Chilton Phillips
David Chilton Phillips, Baron Phillips of Ellesmere (7 March 1924 – 23 February 1999) was a pioneering, British structural biologist and an influential figure in science and government.
See Enzyme and David Chilton Phillips
De novo synthesis
In chemistry, de novo synthesis is the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to recycling after partial degradation.
See Enzyme and De novo synthesis
Denaturation (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat.
See Enzyme and Denaturation (biochemistry)
Detergent enzymes
Detergent enzymes are biological enzymes that are used with detergents. Enzyme and detergent enzymes are enzymes.
See Enzyme and Detergent enzymes
Diacetyl
Diacetyl (IUPAC systematic name: butanedione or butane-2,3-dione) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CH3CO)2.
Diastase
A diastase (from Greek διάστασις, "separation") is any one of a group of enzymes that catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Diffusion-limited enzyme
A diffusion-limited enzyme catalyses a reaction so efficiently that the rate limiting step is that of substrate diffusion into the active site, or product diffusion out. Enzyme and diffusion-limited enzyme are catalysis.
See Enzyme and Diffusion-limited enzyme
Dihydrofolate reductase
Dihydrofolate reductase, or DHFR, is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, using NADPH as an electron donor, which can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors used in 1-carbon transfer chemistry.
See Enzyme and Dihydrofolate reductase
DNA ligase
DNA ligase is a type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond. Enzyme and DNA ligase are enzymes.
DNA polymerase
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. Enzyme and DNA polymerase are enzymes.
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
Drug
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
See Enzyme and Drug
Drug interaction
In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs.
See Enzyme and Drug interaction
Drug metabolism
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. Enzyme and drug metabolism are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Drug metabolism
Eduard Buchner
Eduard Buchner (20 May 1860 – 13 August 1917) was a German chemist and zymologist, awarded the 1907 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on fermentation.
Egg white
Egg white is the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg.
Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
See Enzyme and Endoplasmic reticulum
Endothermic process
An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings.
See Enzyme and Endothermic process
Entropy
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
Enzyme activator
Enzyme activators are molecules that bind to enzymes and increase their activity.
See Enzyme and Enzyme activator
Enzyme assay
Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity. Enzyme and enzyme assay are enzymes.
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule, an "enzyme". Enzyme and Enzyme catalysis are catalysis and enzymes.
See Enzyme and Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme Commission number
The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze.
See Enzyme and Enzyme Commission number
Enzyme inducer
An enzyme inducer is a type of drug that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme. Enzyme and enzyme inducer are enzymes and metabolism.
Enzyme inhibitor
An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and blocks its activity. Enzyme and enzyme inhibitor are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme promiscuity
Enzyme promiscuity is the ability of an enzyme to catalyze an unexpected side reaction in addition to its main reaction. Enzyme and enzyme promiscuity are biomolecules, catalysis, enzymes, metabolism and process chemicals.
See Enzyme and Enzyme promiscuity
Enzyme repressor
An enzyme repressor is a substance that negatively regulates the amount of an enzyme by decreasing the rate of its biosynthesis. Enzyme and enzyme repressor are enzymes and metabolism.
See Enzyme and Enzyme repressor
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas.
See Enzyme and Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Expasy
Expasy is an online bioinformatics resource operated by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics.
Fat
In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
See Enzyme and Fat
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
Fatty acid synthase
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene. Enzyme and Fatty acid synthase are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Fatty acid synthase
Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.
Fermentation in food processing
In food processing, fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions. Enzyme and fermentation in food processing are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Fermentation in food processing
Firefly
The Lampyridae are a family of elateroid beetles with more than 2,000 described species, many of which are light-emitting. They are soft-bodied beetles commonly called fireflies, lightning bugs, or glowworms for their conspicuous production of light, mainly during twilight, to attract mates. Light production in the Lampyridae is thought to have originated as a warning signal that the larvae were distasteful.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.
See Enzyme and Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Flavin group
Flavins (from Latin flavus, "yellow") refers generally to the class of organic compounds containing the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine or its isomer alloxazine, and derivatives thereof.
Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as the prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases, including NADH dehydrogenase, as well as a cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors.
See Enzyme and Flavin mononucleotide
Flour
Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds.
See Enzyme and Flour
Flux (metabolism)
Flux, or metabolic flux is the rate of turnover of molecules through a metabolic pathway. Enzyme and flux (metabolism) are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Flux (metabolism)
Folate
Folate, also known as vitamin B9 and folacin, is one of the B vitamins.
Food processing
Food processing is the transformation of agricultural products into food, or of one form of food into other forms.
See Enzyme and Food processing
Fumarase
Fumarase (or fumarate hydratase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration/dehydration of fumarate to malate.
Function (biology)
In evolutionary biology, function is the reason some object or process occurred in a system that evolved through natural selection.
See Enzyme and Function (biology)
Functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.
See Enzyme and Functional group
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Enzyme and Gastrointestinal tract
Gene duplication
Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution.
See Enzyme and Gene duplication
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Enzyme and Gene expression
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
George Edward Briggs
George Edward Briggs FRS (25 June 1893 – 7 February 1985) was Professor of Botany at the University of Cambridge.
See Enzyme and George Edward Briggs
Germline mutation
A germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ova).
See Enzyme and Germline mutation
Gibbs free energy
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol G) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure.
See Enzyme and Gibbs free energy
Globular protein
In biochemistry, globular proteins or spheroproteins are spherical ("globe-like") proteins and are one of the common protein types (the others being fibrous, disordered and membrane proteins).
See Enzyme and Globular protein
Glucanase
Glucanases are enzymes that break down large polysaccharides via hydrolysis.
Glucokinase
Glucokinase is an enzyme that facilitates phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate.
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Glycogen synthase
Glycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen.
See Enzyme and Glycogen synthase
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol).
Glycoside hydrolase
In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars.
See Enzyme and Glycoside hydrolase
Glycosylation
Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate (or 'glycan'), i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor) in order to form a glycoconjugate.
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
See Enzyme and Golgi apparatus
Guar gum
Guar gum, also called guaran, is a galactomannan polysaccharide extracted from guar beans that has thickening and stabilizing properties useful in food, feed, and industrial applications.
Heme
Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /hi:m/), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecular component of hemoglobin, which is necessary to bind oxygen in the bloodstream. Enzyme and heme are biomolecules.
See Enzyme and Heme
Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.
Hereditary cancer syndrome
A hereditary cancer syndrome (familial/family cancer syndrome, inherited cancer syndrome, cancer predisposition syndrome, cancer syndrome, etc.) is a genetic disorder in which inherited genetic mutations in one or more genes predispose the affected individuals to the development of cancer and may also cause early onset of these cancers.
See Enzyme and Hereditary cancer syndrome
Hexokinase
A hexokinase is an enzyme that irreversibly phosphorylates hexoses (six-carbon sugars), forming hexose phosphate.
Hexosaminidase
Hexosaminidase (β-acetylaminodeoxyhexosidase, N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminidase, N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase, N-acetyl hexosaminidase, β-hexosaminidase, β-acetylhexosaminidinase, β-D-N-acetylhexosaminidase, β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, hexosaminidase A, N-acetylhexosaminidase, β-D-hexosaminidase) is an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of terminal N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-β-D-hexosaminides.
High-fructose corn syrup
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), also known as glucose–fructose, isoglucose and glucose–fructose syrup, is a sweetener made from corn starch.
See Enzyme and High-fructose corn syrup
HIV
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.
See Enzyme and HIV
Homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction).
See Enzyme and Horizontal gene transfer
Hot spring
A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth.
Humboldt University of Berlin
The Humboldt University of Berlin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, abbreviated HU Berlin) is a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany.
See Enzyme and Humboldt University of Berlin
Hydride
In chemistry, a hydride is formally the anion of hydrogen (H&minus), a hydrogen atom with two electrons.
Hydrolase
In biochemistry, hydrolases constitute a class of enzymes that commonly function as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond: This typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Hypoallergenic
Hypoallergenic, meaning "below average" or "slightly" allergenic, is a term meaning that something (usually cosmetics, pets, textiles, food, etc.) causes fewer allergic reactions.
Industrial enzymes
Industrial enzymes are enzymes that are commercially used in a variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemical production, biofuels, food & beverage, and consumer products. Enzyme and Industrial enzymes are enzymes.
See Enzyme and Industrial enzymes
Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.
Inorganic compound
An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bondsthat is, a compound that is not an organic compound.
See Enzyme and Inorganic compound
Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (INS) gene.
Integrase
Retroviral integrase (IN) is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that integrates (forms covalent links between) its genetic information into that of the host cell it infects. Enzyme and integrase are enzymes.
Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom) and formerly mental retardation (in the United States),Rosa's Law, Pub.
See Enzyme and Intellectual disability
IntEnz
IntEnz (Integrated relational Enzyme database) contains data on enzymes organized by enzyme EC number and is the official version of the Enzyme Nomenclature system developed by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology.
See Enzyme and International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Inverted sugar syrup
Inverted sugar syrup, also called invert syrup, invert sugar, simple syrup, sugar syrup, sugar water, bar syrup, syrup USP, or sucrose inversion, is a syrup mixture of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, that is made by hydrolytic saccharification of the disaccharide sucrose.
See Enzyme and Inverted sugar syrup
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
See Enzyme and Ion
Ion transporter
In biology, an ion transporter is a transmembrane protein that moves ions (or other small molecules) across a biological membrane to accomplish many different biological functions, including cellular communication, maintaining homeostasis, energy production, etc.
See Enzyme and Ion transporter
Iron–sulfur cluster
Iron–sulfur clusters are molecular ensembles of iron and sulfide.
See Enzyme and Iron–sulfur cluster
Isomer
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.
Isomerase
In biochemistry, isomerases are a general class of enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another.
Isozyme
In biochemistry, isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. Enzyme and isozyme are enzymes.
Β-Mannosidase
β-Mannosidase (mannanase, mannase, β-D-mannosidase, β-mannoside mannohydrolase, exo-β-D-mannanase, lysosomal β A mannosidase) is an enzyme with systematic name β-D-mannoside mannohydrolase, which is in humans encoded by the MANBA gene.
James B. Sumner
James Batcheller Sumner (November 19, 1887 – August 12, 1955) was an American biochemist.
See Enzyme and James B. Sumner
Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius ((20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. In general, he is considered the last person to know the whole field of chemistry. Berzelius is considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry.
See Enzyme and Jöns Jacob Berzelius
John Howard Northrop
John Howard Northrop (July 5, 1891 – May 27, 1987) was an American biochemist who, with James Batcheller Sumner and Wendell Meredith Stanley, won the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
See Enzyme and John Howard Northrop
Juice
Juice is a drink made from the extraction or pressing of the natural liquid contained in fruit and vegetables.
See Enzyme and Juice
KEGG
KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of databases dealing with genomes, biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances.
See Enzyme and KEGG
Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
Kraft paper
Kraft paper or kraft is paper or paperboard (cardboard) produced from chemical pulp produced in the kraft process.
Lactase
(Phlorizin hydrolase) | EC_number.
Lactose
Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose and has the molecular formula C12H22O11.
Lactose intolerance
Lactose intolerance is caused by a lessened ability or a complete inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products.
See Enzyme and Lactose intolerance
Law of mass action
In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants.
See Enzyme and Law of mass action
Leonor Michaelis
Leonor Michaelis (16 January 1875 – 8 October 1949) was a German biochemist, physical chemist, and physician, known for his work with Maud Menten on enzyme kinetics in 1913, as well as for work on enzyme inhibition, pH and quinones.
See Enzyme and Leonor Michaelis
Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose. Enzyme and ligand (biochemistry) are biomolecules.
See Enzyme and Ligand (biochemistry)
Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining (ligation) of two molecules by forming a new chemical bond.
Lignin
Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants.
Lignin peroxidase
In enzymology, a lignin peroxidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol and H2O2, whereas its 3 products are 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol, and H2O.
See Enzyme and Lignin peroxidase
Lignin-modifying enzyme
Lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) are various types of enzymes produced by fungi and bacteria that catalyze the breakdown of lignin, a biopolymer commonly found in the cell walls of plants. Enzyme and lignin-modifying enzyme are enzymes.
See Enzyme and Lignin-modifying enzyme
Lipase
In biochemistry, lipase refers to a class of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats.
List of enzymes
Enzymes are listed here by their classification in the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology's Enzyme Commission (EC) numbering system. Enzyme and list of enzymes are enzymes.
See Enzyme and List of enzymes
Liver
The liver is a major metabolic organ exclusively found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and various other biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth.
See Enzyme and Liver
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895) was a French chemist, pharmacist, and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization, the last of which was named after him.
Luciferase
Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes that produce bioluminescence, and is usually distinguished from a photoprotein.
Lung
The lungs are the central organs of the respiratory system in humans and some other animals, including tetrapods, some snails and a small number of fish.
See Enzyme and Lung
Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an elimination reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a substitution reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure.
See Enzyme and Lyase
Lysosome
A lysosome is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells.
Lysozyme
Lysozyme (muramidase, N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system.
Macromolecular crowding
The phenomenon of macromolecular crowding alters the properties of molecules in a solution when high concentrations of macromolecules such as proteins are present.
See Enzyme and Macromolecular crowding
Malt
Malt is any cereal grain that has been made to germinate by soaking in water and then stopped from germinating further by drying with hot air, a process known as "malting".
See Enzyme and Malt
Maltose
Maltose, also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond. In the isomer isomaltose, the two glucose molecules are joined with an α(1→6) bond. Maltose is the two-unit member of the amylose homologous series, the key structural motif of starch.
Maud Menten
Maud Leonora Menten (March 20, 1879 – July 17, 1960) was a Canadian physician and chemist.
Meat
Meat is animal tissue, often muscle, that is eaten as food.
See Enzyme and Meat
Meat tenderizer
A meat tenderizer or meat pounder is a hand-powered tool used to tenderize slabs of meat in the preparation for cooking.
See Enzyme and Meat tenderizer
Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. Enzyme and metabolic pathway are metabolism.
See Enzyme and Metabolic pathway
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
MetaCyc
The MetaCyc database is one of the largest metabolic pathways and enzymes databases currently available. Enzyme and MetaCyc are metabolism.
Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
Methionyl aminopeptidase
Methionyl aminopeptidase (methionine aminopeptidase, peptidase M, L-methionine aminopeptidase, MAP) is an enzyme.
See Enzyme and Methionyl aminopeptidase
Methotrexate
Methotrexate, formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune-system suppressant.
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
In biochemistry, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, named after Leonor Michaelis and Maud Menten, is the simplest case of enzyme kinetics, applied to enzyme-catalysed reactions of one substrate and one product. Enzyme and Michaelis–Menten kinetics are catalysis.
See Enzyme and Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
Mixed inhibition
Mixed inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition in which the inhibitor may bind to the enzyme whether or not the enzyme has already bound the substrate but has a greater affinity for one state or the other.
See Enzyme and Mixed inhibition
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See Enzyme and Molecular biology
Molecular machine
Molecular machines are a class of molecules typically described as an assembly of a discrete number of molecular components intended to produce mechanical movements in response to specific stimuli, mimicking macromolecular devices such as switches and motors.
See Enzyme and Molecular machine
Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.
Monomer
A monomer (mono-, "one" + -mer, "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
See Enzyme and Multicellular organism
Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction is the activation of tension-generating sites within muscle cells.
See Enzyme and Muscle contraction
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Myosin
Myosins are a superfamily of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle contraction and in a wide range of other motility processes in eukaryotes.
Myristoylation
Myristoylation is a lipidation modification where a myristoyl group, derived from myristic acid, is covalently attached by an amide bond to the alpha-amino group of an ''N''-terminal glycine residue.
Negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
See Enzyme and Negative feedback
Neuraminidase
Exo-α-sialidase (sialidase, neuraminidase; systematic name acetylneuraminyl hydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids: Neuraminidase enzymes are a large family, found in a range of organisms.
Neutral theory of molecular evolution
The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that most evolutionary changes occur at the molecular level, and most of the variation within and between species are due to random genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral.
See Enzyme and Neutral theory of molecular evolution
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme central to metabolism.
See Enzyme and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent ('hydrogen source').
See Enzyme and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.
See Enzyme and Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Nomenclature
Nomenclature is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences.
Non-competitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate. Enzyme and non-competitive inhibition are enzymes and metabolism.
See Enzyme and Non-competitive inhibition
Nuclease
In biochemistry, a nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides of nucleic acids.
Organ (biology)
In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
See Enzyme and Organ (biology)
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
See Enzyme and Organic compound
Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
Orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase (OMP decarboxylase) or orotidylate decarboxylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
See Enzyme and Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.
Oxyanion hole
An oxyanion hole is a pocket in the active site of an enzyme that stabilizes transition state negative charge on a deprotonated oxygen or alkoxide. Enzyme and oxyanion hole are enzymes.
Pancreas
The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.
Papain
Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).
Paper
Paper is a thin sheet material produced by mechanically or chemically processing cellulose fibres derived from wood, rags, grasses, or other vegetable sources in water, draining the water through a fine mesh leaving the fibre evenly distributed on the surface, followed by pressing and drying.
See Enzyme and Paper
Pectinase
Pectinases are a group of enzymes that breaks down pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, through hydrolysis, transelimination and deesterification reactions.
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway (also called the phosphogluconate pathway and the hexose monophosphate shunt or HMP shunt) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis.
See Enzyme and Pentose phosphate pathway
Pepsin
Pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.
Periplasm
The periplasm is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the periplasmic space in Gram-negative (more accurately "diderm") bacteria.
Personal care products
Personal care products are consumer products which are applied on various external parts of the body such as skin, hair, nails, lips, external genital and anal areas, as well as teeth and mucous membrane of the oral cavity, in order to make them clean, protect them from harmful germs and keep them in good condition.
See Enzyme and Personal care products
Pfam
Pfam is a database of protein families that includes their annotations and multiple sequence alignments generated using hidden Markov models.
See Enzyme and Pfam
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
See Enzyme and PH
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula.
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the aromatic side-chain of phenylalanine to generate tyrosine.
See Enzyme and Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
See Enzyme and Phenylketonuria
Phosphatase
In biochemistry, a phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol.
Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.
See Enzyme and Phosphorylation
Poison
A poison is any chemical substance that is harmful or lethal to living organisms.
Polymerase
In biochemistry, a polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids. Enzyme and polymerase are enzymes.
Polymerase chain reaction
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study.
See Enzyme and Polymerase chain reaction
Post-translational modification
In molecular biology, post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent process of changing proteins following protein biosynthesis.
See Enzyme and Post-translational modification
Product (chemistry)
Products are the species formed from chemical reactions.
See Enzyme and Product (chemistry)
Proofreading (biology)
The term proofreading is used in genetics to refer to the error-correcting processes, first proposed by John Hopfield and Jacques Ninio, involved in DNA replication, immune system specificity, and enzyme-substrate recognition among many other processes that require enhanced specificity.
See Enzyme and Proofreading (biology)
Prostaglandin
Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals.
Prosthetic group
A prosthetic group is the non-amino acid component that is part of the structure of the heteroproteins or conjugated proteins, being tightly linked to the apoprotein.
See Enzyme and Prosthetic group
Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are medications that act by interfering with enzymes that cleave proteins.
See Enzyme and Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein complex
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains.
See Enzyme and Protein complex
Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest.
Protein engineering
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. Enzyme and protein engineering are enzymes.
See Enzyme and Protein engineering
Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
See Enzyme and Protein primary structure
Protein secondary structure
Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains.
See Enzyme and Protein secondary structure
Protein targeting
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell.
See Enzyme and Protein targeting
Protein tertiary structure
Protein tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a protein.
See Enzyme and Protein tertiary structure
Protonation
In chemistry, protonation (or hydronation) is the adding of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), usually denoted by H+, to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid.
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency is an autosomal recessive inherited blood plasma enzyme abnormality in which the body's production of butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE; pseudocholinesterase aka PCE) is impaired. Enzyme and pseudocholinesterase deficiency are enzymes.
See Enzyme and Pseudocholinesterase deficiency
Pseudoenzyme
Pseudoenzymes are variants of enzymes (usually proteins) that are catalytically-deficient (usually inactive), meaning that they perform little or no enzyme catalysis.
Pullulanase
Pullulanase (limit dextrinase, amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase, bacterial debranching enzyme, debranching enzyme, α-dextrin endo-1,6-α-glucosidase, R-enzyme, pullulan α-1,6-glucanohydrolase) is a specific kind of glucanase, an amylolytic exoenzyme, that degrades pullulan.
Pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) encoded by the gene PC is an enzyme of the ligase class that catalyzes (depending on the species) the physiologically irreversible carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA).
See Enzyme and Pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (IUPAC name: 2-oxopropanoic acid, also called acetoic acid) (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group. Enzyme and Pyruvic acid are metabolism.
Reaction mechanism
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs.
See Enzyme and Reaction mechanism
Reaction rate
The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time.
Reaction rate constant
In chemical kinetics, a reaction rate constant or reaction rate coefficient is a proportionality constant which quantifies the rate and direction of a chemical reaction by relating it with the concentration of reactants.
See Enzyme and Reaction rate constant
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
See Enzyme and Recombinant DNA
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
See Enzyme and Redox
Regioselectivity
In organic chemistry, regioselectivity is the preference of chemical bonding or breaking in one direction over all other possible directions.
See Enzyme and Regioselectivity
Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
See Enzyme and Regulation of gene expression
Restriction enzyme
A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites.
See Enzyme and Restriction enzyme
Retrovirus
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.
Reverse transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to convert RNA genome to DNA, a process termed reverse transcription.
See Enzyme and Reverse transcriptase
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes. Enzyme and Ribozyme are biomolecules and metabolism.
Richard Willstätter
Richard Martin Willstätter FRS(For) HFRSE (13 August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
See Enzyme and Richard Willstätter
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
See Enzyme and RNA
RNA polymerase
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template. Enzyme and RNA polymerase are enzymes.
Roquefort
Roquefort is a sheep milk blue cheese from southern France.
Ruminant
Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM), also known under the commercial names of SAMe, SAM-e, or AdoMet, is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.
See Enzyme and S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme
S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase, also known as methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), is an enzyme that creates ''S''-adenosylmethionine (also known as AdoMet, SAM or SAMe) by reacting methionine (a non-polar amino acid) and ATP (the basic currency of energy). Enzyme and s-Adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme are enzymes and metabolism.
See Enzyme and S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme
Saliva
Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.
Sarcosine
Sarcosine, also known as N-methylglycine, or monomethylglycine, is a amino acid with the formula CH3N(H)CH2CO2H.
Side chain
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called the "main chain" or backbone.
Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.
See Enzyme and Signal transduction
Skin cancer
Skin cancers are cancers that arise from the skin.
Solution (chemistry)
In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances.
See Enzyme and Solution (chemistry)
Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
Starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.
Statin
Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of medications that reduce illness and mortality in people who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
Stereospecificity
In chemistry, stereospecificity is the property of a reaction mechanism that leads to different stereoisomeric reaction products from different stereoisomeric reactants, or which operates on only one (or a subset) of the stereoisomers.
See Enzyme and Stereospecificity
Stomach
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.
Structural biology
Structural biology, as defined by the Journal of Structural Biology, deals with structural analysis of living material (formed, composed of, and/or maintained and refined by living cells) at every level of organization.
See Enzyme and Structural biology
Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent. Enzyme and substrate (chemistry) are catalysis.
See Enzyme and Substrate (chemistry)
Substrate presentation
Substrate presentation is a biological process that activates a protein.
See Enzyme and Substrate presentation
Sugar
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.
See Enzyme and Sugar
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide.
See Enzyme and Superoxide dismutase
Tay–Sachs disease
Tay–Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
See Enzyme and Tay–Sachs disease
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.
Tetrahydrofolic acid
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), or tetrahydrofolate, is a folic acid derivative.
See Enzyme and Tetrahydrofolic acid
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamic equilibrium is an axiomatic concept of thermodynamics.
See Enzyme and Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP or ThPP), or thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), or cocarboxylase is a thiamine (vitamin B1) derivative which is produced by the enzyme thiamine diphosphokinase.
See Enzyme and Thiamine pyrophosphate
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.
See Enzyme and Tissue (biology)
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
See Enzyme and Transcription (biology)
Transferase
In biochemistry, a transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor).
Transition state
In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate.
See Enzyme and Transition state
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates.
See Enzyme and Translation (biology)
Translocase
Translocase is a general term for a protein that assists in moving another molecule, usually across a cell membrane.
Triosephosphate isomerase
Triose-phosphate isomerase (TPI or TIM) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of the triose phosphate isomers dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
See Enzyme and Triosephosphate isomerase
Trypsin
Trypsin is an enzyme in the first section of the small intestine that starts the digestion of protein molecules by cutting long chains of amino acids into smaller pieces.
Turn (biochemistry)
A turn is an element of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain reverses its overall direction.
See Enzyme and Turn (biochemistry)
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
Uncompetitive inhibition
Uncompetitive inhibition (which Laidler and Bunting preferred to call anti-competitive inhibition, but this term has not been widely adopted) is a type of inhibition in which the apparent values of the Michaelis–Menten parameters V and K_\mathrm are decreased in the same proportion.
See Enzyme and Uncompetitive inhibition
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.
See Enzyme and Urea
Urease
Ureases, functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
See Enzyme and Virus
Vitalism
Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "élan vital" (coined by vitalist Henri Bergson), "vital force", or "vis vitalis", which some equate with the soul.
Vitamin
Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function.
Wendell Meredith Stanley
Wendell Meredith Stanley (August 16, 1904 – June 15, 1971) was an American biochemist, virologist and Nobel laureate.
See Enzyme and Wendell Meredith Stanley
Wilhelm Kühne
Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne (28 March 183710 June 1900) was a German physiologist.
Wort
Wort is the liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whisky.
See Enzyme and Wort
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions.
See Enzyme and X-ray crystallography
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by ultraviolet (UV) light.
See Enzyme and Xeroderma pigmentosum
Xylanase
Endo-1,4-β-xylanase (systematic name 4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase) is any of a class of enzymes that degrade the linear polysaccharide xylan into xylose, thus breaking down hemicellulose, one of the major components of plant cell walls: Xylanase plays a major role in micro-organisms thriving on plant sources for the degradation of plant matter into usable nutrients.
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
See Enzyme and Yeast
Zymase
Zymase (also known as alcoholase) is an obsolete term for an enzyme complex that catalyzes the fermentation of sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Enzyme and Zymase are enzymes.
Zymogen
In biochemistry, a zymogen, also called a proenzyme, is an inactive precursor of an enzyme. Enzyme and zymogen are enzymes.
4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase
4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase (EC 5.3.2.6) or 4-OT is an enzyme that converts 2-hydroxymuconate to the αβ-unsaturated ketone, 2-oxo-3-hexenedioate.
See Enzyme and 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase
See also
Process chemicals
- Antioxidant
- Antistatic agent
- Antistatic agents
- Chelating agents
- Circe effect
- Corrosion inhibitor
- Corrosion inhibitors
- Defoamer
- Detackifier
- Dispersant
- Enzyme
- Enzyme promiscuity
- Fixation agent
- Optical brightener
- Release agent
- Retention agent
- Scavenger (chemistry)
- Seble Wagaw
- Sodium lignosulfonate
References
Also known as Apo-enzyme, Apoenzyme, Apoenzymes, Biocatalyst, Biocatalysts, Carbamidase, Coenzymes and cofactors, Cofactors and coenzymes, ENZ, ENZYME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION, Encyme, Ensyme, Enyme characteristics, Enyzme, Enzime, Enzymatic, Enzymatically, Enzyme action, Enzyme preparations, Enzyme regulation, Enzyme type, Enzyme-substrate complex, Enzymes, Enzymes and coenzymes, Enzymic, Enzymologist, Enzymology, Haloenzyme, Holoenzyme, Holoenzymes, Lock and Key Theory, Lock and key model, Lock-and-key model, Lock-and-key model (enzyme), Mechanisms of enzyme action, Regulation mechanism.
, Cholesterol, Chymosin, Chymotrypsin, Chymotrypsinogen, Citric acid cycle, Coenzyme A, Cofactor (biochemistry), Competitive inhibition, Concentration, Conformational change, Conformational ensembles, Conformational proofreading, Contact lens, Cooking, Covalent bond, Creatinase, Creatine, Cyanide, Cyclooxygenase, Cytochrome c oxidase, Cytochrome P450, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol, Dairy, Daniel E. Koshland Jr., David Chilton Phillips, De novo synthesis, Denaturation (biochemistry), Detergent enzymes, Diacetyl, Diastase, Diffusion, Diffusion-limited enzyme, Dihydrofolate reductase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, DNA repair, Drug, Drug interaction, Drug metabolism, Eduard Buchner, Egg white, Emil Fischer, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endothermic process, Entropy, Enzyme activator, Enzyme assay, Enzyme catalysis, Enzyme Commission number, Enzyme inducer, Enzyme inhibitor, Enzyme promiscuity, Enzyme repressor, Ethanol, Eukaryote, Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, Expasy, Fat, Fatty acid, Fatty acid synthase, Feedback, Fermentation in food processing, Firefly, Flavin adenine dinucleotide, Flavin group, Flavin mononucleotide, Flour, Flux (metabolism), Folate, Food processing, Fumarase, Function (biology), Functional group, Gastrointestinal tract, Gene duplication, Gene expression, Genome, George Edward Briggs, Germline mutation, Gibbs free energy, Globular protein, Glucanase, Glucokinase, Glucose, Glycogen, Glycogen synthase, Glycolysis, Glycoside hydrolase, Glycosylation, Golgi apparatus, Guar gum, Heme, Herbivore, Hereditary cancer syndrome, Hexokinase, Hexosaminidase, High-fructose corn syrup, HIV, Homeostasis, Horizontal gene transfer, Hot spring, Humboldt University of Berlin, Hydride, Hydrolase, Hydrolysis, Hydrophile, Hydrophobe, Hypoallergenic, Industrial enzymes, Inflammation, Influenza, Inorganic compound, Insulin, Integrase, Intellectual disability, IntEnz, International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inverted sugar syrup, Ion, Ion transporter, Iron–sulfur cluster, Isomer, Isomerase, Isozyme, Β-Mannosidase, James B. Sumner, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, John Howard Northrop, Juice, KEGG, Kinase, Kraft paper, Lactase, Lactose, Lactose intolerance, Law of mass action, Leonor Michaelis, Ligand (biochemistry), Ligase, Lignin, Lignin peroxidase, Lignin-modifying enzyme, Lipase, List of enzymes, Liver, Louis Pasteur, Luciferase, Lung, Lyase, Lysosome, Lysozyme, Macromolecular crowding, Malt, Maltose, Maud Menten, Meat, Meat tenderizer, Metabolic pathway, Metabolism, MetaCyc, Methionine, Methionyl aminopeptidase, Methotrexate, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, Mitochondrion, Mixed inhibition, Molecular biology, Molecular machine, Molecule, Monomer, Multicellular organism, Muscle contraction, Mutation, Myosin, Myristoylation, Negative feedback, Neuraminidase, Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nomenclature, Non-competitive inhibition, Nuclease, Organ (biology), Organic compound, Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, Oxidoreductase, Oxyanion hole, Pancreas, Papain, Paper, Pectinase, Penicillin, Pentose phosphate pathway, Pepsin, Periplasm, Personal care products, Pfam, PH, Phenylalanine, Phenylalanine hydroxylase, Phenylketonuria, Phosphatase, Phosphorylation, Poison, Polymerase, Polymerase chain reaction, Post-translational modification, Product (chemistry), Proofreading (biology), Prostaglandin, Prosthetic group, Protease, Protease inhibitor (pharmacology), Protein, Protein complex, Protein domain, Protein engineering, Protein primary structure, Protein secondary structure, Protein targeting, Protein tertiary structure, Protonation, Pseudocholinesterase deficiency, Pseudoenzyme, Pullulanase, Pyruvate carboxylase, Pyruvic acid, Reaction mechanism, Reaction rate, Reaction rate constant, Recombinant DNA, Redox, Regioselectivity, Regulation of gene expression, Restriction enzyme, Retrovirus, Reverse transcriptase, Ribosome, Ribozyme, Richard Willstätter, RNA, RNA polymerase, Roquefort, Ruminant, S-Adenosyl methionine, S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase enzyme, Saliva, Sarcosine, Side chain, Signal transduction, Skin cancer, Solution (chemistry), Solvent, Starch, Statin, Stereospecificity, Stomach, Structural biology, Substrate (chemistry), Substrate presentation, Sugar, Superoxide dismutase, Tay–Sachs disease, Temperature, Tetrahydrofolic acid, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Thiamine pyrophosphate, Tissue (biology), Transcription (biology), Transferase, Transition state, Translation (biology), Translocase, Triosephosphate isomerase, Trypsin, Turn (biochemistry), Ultraviolet, Uncompetitive inhibition, Urea, Urease, Virus, Vitalism, Vitamin, Wendell Meredith Stanley, Wilhelm Kühne, Wort, X-ray crystallography, Xeroderma pigmentosum, Xylanase, Yeast, Zymase, Zymogen, 4-Oxalocrotonate tautomerase.