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202 relations: Absolute magnitude, Absorbance, Absorption spectroscopy, Accretion disk, Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics, AGILE (satellite), Alpha Centauri, American Association of Variable Star Observers, Apparent magnitude, Apsis, Arcturus, Argo Navis, Ariel 5, Asterism (astronomy), Astronomical spectroscopy, Astronomical unit, Astrophysical maser, Bayer designation, Benjamin Apthorp Gould, Beta Centauri, Binary star, Binary system, Bipolar nebula, Black hole, Bortle scale, Boss General Catalogue, Bremsstrahlung, Bright Star Catalogue, Canopus, Carina (constellation), Carina in Chinese astronomy, Carina Nebula, Carina OB1, Carina–Sagittarius Arm, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Chandra X-ray Observatory, Chinese astronomy, Circumpolar star, Circumstellar dust, CNO cycle, Colliding-wind binary, Color–color diagram, Constellation, Cosmic dust, Cyano radical, Differential rotation, Doppler effect, Durchmusterung, Dust lane, Edmond Halley, ..., Effective temperature, Einstein Observatory, Electronvolt, Equivalent width, Eta Carinids, Extinction (astronomy), Extremely high frequency, Far infrared, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Forbidden mechanism, Fraunhofer lines, Frederick de Houtman, Gaia (spacecraft), Gain (laser), Gamma ray, Gould designation, Gravity darkening, H-alpha, HD 316285, HD 90853, HD 93250, HD 93403, Henry Draper Catalogue, Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, Hipparcos, Homunculus Nebula, Horizontal branch, Hubble Space Telescope, Hydrogen, Hydrogen atom, Hydrogen line, Hydrogen spectral series, Hypergiant, Infrared, Insomnia, Ion, Ionization, IPTF14hls, IRAS, Jodocus Hondius, Johann Bayer, John Herschel, Kelvin, Kinetic energy, Lambda Centauri, Lambda Muscae, Laser, Light echo, Light pollution, Light-year, List of brightest stars, List of largest stars, List of most luminous stars, List of most massive stars, Luminosity, Luminous blue variable, Lyman series, Lynx (constellation), Macquarie University, Magnetosphere, Main sequence, Maser, Melatonin, Metastability, Meteor shower, Microwave, Milky Way, Minute and second of arc, Naked eye, NASA, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Nebulium, Neutron star, NGC 1058, Nickel, Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, Nova, O-type star, Occultation, Opacity (optics), Open cluster, Optical depth, Optical depth (astrophysics), Optical pumping, Orbital eccentricity, Orbital period, Orbiting Solar Observatory, Ozone layer, P Cygni, Pair-instability supernova, Parsec, Petrus Plancius, Photoelectrochemical process, Photosphere, Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser, Population inversion, Radiant (meteor shower), Radiation, Radio astronomy, Radioactive decay, Reflection nebula, Rigel, Robur Carolinum, ROSAT, S Doradus, Satellite, SN 1006, SN 1961V, SN 2006gy, SN 2006jc, SN 2009ip, Solar mass, Southern celestial hemisphere, Spectral energy distribution, Spectral line, Spectral line shape, Star formation, Star system, Stellar classification, Stellar parallax, Stellar structure, Stellar wind, Stimulated emission, Sun, Super high frequency, Supergiant star, Superluminous supernova, Supernova, Supernova impostor, Thomson scattering, Triple-alpha process, Trumpler 14, Trumpler 15, Trumpler 16, Twenty-Eight Mansions, Type Ib and Ic supernovae, UGC 4904, Uhuru (satellite), Ultraviolet, University of Colorado, Uranometria, Variable star, Víctor M. Blanco Telescope, Venus, Wergaia, Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2, William John Burchell, Wolf–Rayet star, WR 25, X-ray, 30th parallel north, 30th parallel south. Expand index (152 more) »
Absolute magnitude
Absolute magnitude is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object, on a logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale.
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Absorbance
In chemistry, absorbance or decadic absorbance is the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material, and spectral absorbance or spectral decadic absorbance is the common logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material.
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Absorption spectroscopy
Absorption spectroscopy refers to spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation, as a function of frequency or wavelength, due to its interaction with a sample.
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Accretion disk
An accretion disk is a structure (often a circumstellar disk) formed by diffused material in orbital motion around a massive central body.
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Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics
The Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, formerly named ASTRO-D) was the fourth cosmic X-ray astronomy mission by JAXA, and the second for which the United States provided part of the scientific payload.
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AGILE (satellite)
AGILE (Astro‐Rivelatore Gamma a Immagini Leggero) is an X-ray and Gamma ray astronomical satellite of the Italian Space Agency (ASI).
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Alpha Centauri
Alpha Centauri (α Centauri, abbreviated Alf Cen or α Cen) is the star system closest to the Solar System, being from the Sun.
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American Association of Variable Star Observers
Since its founding in 1911, the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) has coordinated, collected, evaluated, analyzed, published, and archived variable star observations made largely by amateur astronomers and makes the records available to professional astronomers, researchers, and educators.
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Apparent magnitude
The apparent magnitude of a celestial object is a number that is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth.
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Apsis
An apsis (ἁψίς; plural apsides, Greek: ἁψῖδες) is an extreme point in the orbit of an object.
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Arcturus
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Argo Navis
Argo Navis (the Ship Argo), or simply Argo, was a large constellation in the southern sky that has since been divided into the three constellations of Carina, Puppis and Vela.
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Ariel 5
Ariel 5 was a joint British and American space observatory dedicated to observing the sky in the X-ray band.
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Asterism (astronomy)
In observational astronomy, an asterism is a popular known pattern or group of stars that are recognised in the night sky.
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Astronomical spectroscopy
Astronomical spectroscopy is the study of astronomy using the techniques of spectroscopy to measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light and radio, which radiates from stars and other celestial objects.
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Astronomical unit
The astronomical unit (symbol: au, ua, or AU) is a unit of length, roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun.
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Astrophysical maser
An astrophysical maser is a naturally occurring source of stimulated spectral line emission, typically in the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Bayer designation
A Bayer designation is a stellar designation in which a specific star is identified by a Greek letter, followed by the genitive form of its parent constellation's Latin name.
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Benjamin Apthorp Gould
Benjamin Apthorp Gould (September 27, 1824 – November 26, 1896) was a pioneering American astronomer.
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Beta Centauri
Beta Centauri (β Centauri, abbreviated Beta Cen, β Cen), also named Agena and Hadar, is a triple star system in the southern constellation of Centaurus.
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Binary star
A binary star is a star system consisting of two stars orbiting around their common barycenter.
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Binary system
A binary system is a system of two astronomical bodies which are close enough that their gravitational attraction causes them to orbit each other around a barycenter (also see animated examples).
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Bipolar nebula
A bipolar nebula is a distinctive nebular formation characterized by an axially symmetric bi-lobed appearance.
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Black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing—not even particles and electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from inside it.
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Bortle scale
The Bortle scale is a nine-level numeric scale that measures the night sky's brightness of a particular location.
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Boss General Catalogue
Boss General Catalogue (GC, sometimes General Catalogue) is an astronomical catalogue containing 33,342 stars.
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Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung, from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation"; i.e., "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation", is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.
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Bright Star Catalogue
The Bright Star Catalogue, also known as the Yale Catalogue of Bright Stars or Yale Bright Star Catalogue, is a star catalogue that lists all stars of stellar magnitude 6.5 or brighter, which is roughly every star visible to the naked eye from Earth.
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Canopus
Canopus, also designated Alpha Carinae (α Carinae, abbreviated Alpha Car, α Car), is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Carina, and the second-brightest star in the night-time sky, after Sirius.
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Carina (constellation)
Carina is a constellation in the southern sky.
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Carina in Chinese astronomy
The modern constellation Carina lies across one of the quadrants symbolized by the Vermillion Bird of the South (南方朱雀, Nán Fāng Zhū Què) and The Southern Asterisms (近南極星區, Jìnnánjíxīngōu), that divide the sky in traditional Chinese uranography.
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Carina Nebula
The Carina Nebula (catalogued as NGC 3372; also known as the Grand Nebula, Great Nebula in Carina, or Eta Carinae Nebula) is a large, complex area of bright and dark nebulosity in the constellation Carina, and is located in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm.
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Carina OB1
Carina OB1 is a giant OB association in the Carina Nebula, which is home to some of the most massive and luminous stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.
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Carina–Sagittarius Arm
The Carina–Sagittarius Arm (also known as Sagittarius Arm or Sagittarius–Carina Arm, labeled -I) is generally thought to be a minor spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy.
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Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
The Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) is an astronomical observatory located on Cerro Tololo in the Coquimbo Region of northern Chile, with additional facilities located on Cerro Pachón about to the southeast.
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Chandra X-ray Observatory
The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), is a Flagship-class space observatory launched on STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999.
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Chinese astronomy
Astronomy in China has a long history, beginning from the Shang Dynasty (Chinese Bronze Age).
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Circumpolar star
A circumpolar star is a star, as viewed from a given latitude on Earth, that never sets below the horizon due to its apparent proximity to one of the celestial poles.
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Circumstellar dust
Circumstellar dust is cosmic dust around a star.
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CNO cycle
The CNO cycle (for carbon–nitrogen–oxygen) is one of the two known sets of fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium, the other being the proton–proton chain reaction.
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Colliding-wind binary
A colliding-wind binary is a binary star system in which the two members are massive stars that emit powerful, radiatively-driven stellar winds.
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Color–color diagram
In astronomy, color–color diagrams are a means of comparing the apparent magnitudes of stars at different wavelengths.
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Constellation
A constellation is a group of stars that are considered to form imaginary outlines or meaningful patterns on the celestial sphere, typically representing animals, mythological people or gods, mythological creatures, or manufactured devices.
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Cosmic dust
Cosmic dust, also called extraterrestrial dust or space dust, is dust which exists in outer space, as well as all over planet Earth.
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Cyano radical
The cyanido radical (cyano is the old nomenclature) is a radical with molecular formula ·CN.
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Differential rotation
Differential rotation is seen when different parts of a rotating object move with different angular velocities (rates of rotation) at different latitudes and/or depths of the body and/or in time.
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Doppler effect
The Doppler effect (or the Doppler shift) is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
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Durchmusterung
In astronomy, Durchmusterung or Bonner Durchmusterung (BD), is the comprehensive astrometric star catalogue of the whole sky, compiled by the Bonn Observatory (Germany) from 1859 to 1903.
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Dust lane
A dust lane is a relatively dense obscuring band of interstellar dust, observed as a dark swath against the background of a brighter object, especially a galaxy.
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Edmond Halley
Edmond (or Edmund) Halley, FRS (–) was an English astronomer, geophysicist, mathematician, meteorologist, and physicist.
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Effective temperature
The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation.
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Einstein Observatory
Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2) was the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space and the second of NASA's three High Energy Astrophysical Observatories.
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Electronvolt
In physics, the electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol J).
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Equivalent width
The equivalent width of a spectral line is a measure of the area of the line on a plot of intensity versus wavelength.
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Eta Carinids
The Eta Carinids are a meteor shower lasting from January 14 to 27 each year, peaking on January 21.
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Extinction (astronomy)
In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer.
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Extremely high frequency
Extremely high frequency (EHF) is the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) designation for the band of radio frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 300 gigahertz (GHz).
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Far infrared
Far infrared (FIR) is a region in the infrared spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.
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Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST), formerly called the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is a space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations from low Earth orbit.
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Forbidden mechanism
In spectroscopy, a forbidden mechanism (forbidden transition or forbidden line) is a spectral line associated with absorption or emission of light by atomic nuclei, atoms, or molecules which undergo a transition that is not allowed by a particular selection rule but is allowed if the approximation associated with that rule is not made.
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Fraunhofer lines
In physics and optics, the Fraunhofer lines are a set of spectral lines named after the German physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826).
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Frederick de Houtman
Frederick de Houtman (1571 – 21 October 1627), or Frederik de Houtman, was a Dutch explorer who sailed along the Western coast of Australia en route to Batavia, known today as Jakarta in Indonesia.
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Gaia (spacecraft)
Gaia is a space observatory of the European Space Agency (ESA) designed for astrometry: measuring the positions and distances of stars with unprecedented precision.
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Gain (laser)
In laser physics, gain or amplification is a process where the medium transfers part of its energy to the emitted electromagnetic radiation, resulting in an increase in optical power.
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Gamma ray
A gamma ray or gamma radiation (symbol γ or \gamma), is penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
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Gould designation
Gould designations for stars are similar to Flamsteed designations in the way that they number stars within a constellation in increasing order of right ascension.
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Gravity darkening
Gravity darkening, also referred to as gravity brightening, is an astronomical phenomenon where a star rotates so rapidly that it has a detectably oblate spheroid shape, such as in Achernar in the constellation Eridanus.
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H-alpha
H-alpha (Hα) is a specific deep-red visible spectral line in the Balmer series with a wavelength of 656.28 nm in air; it occurs when a hydrogen electron falls from its third to second lowest energy level.
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HD 316285
HDE 316285 is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Sagittarius.
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HD 90853
HD 90853, also called s Carinae (s Car), is a star in the constellation Carina.
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HD 93250
HD 93250 is a highly luminous hot blue binary star in the Carina Nebula in the constellation Carina.
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HD 93403
HD 93403 is a spectroscopic binary containing two highly luminous hot blue stars.
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Henry Draper Catalogue
The Henry Draper Catalogue (HD) is an astronomical star catalogue published between 1918 and 1924, giving spectroscopic classifications for 225,300 stars; it was later expanded by the Henry Draper Extension (HDE), published between 1925 and 1936, which gave classifications for 46,850 more stars, and by the Henry Draper Extension Charts (HDEC), published from 1937 to 1949 in the form of charts, which gave classifications for 86,933 more stars.
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Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, abbreviated H–R diagram, HR diagram or HRD, is a scatter plot of stars showing the relationship between the stars' absolute magnitudes or luminosities versus their stellar classifications or effective temperatures.
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Hipparcos
Hipparcos was a scientific satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993.
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Homunculus Nebula
The Homunculus Nebula is a bipolar emission and reflection nebula surrounding the massive star system Eta Carinae, about 7,500 light-years (2,300 parsecs) from Earth.
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Horizontal branch
The horizontal branch (HB) is a stage of stellar evolution that immediately follows the red giant branch in stars whose masses are similar to the Sun's.
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Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen atom
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen.
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Hydrogen line
The hydrogen line, 21-centimeter line or H I line refers to the electromagnetic radiation spectral line that is created by a change in the energy state of neutral hydrogen atoms.
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Hydrogen spectral series
The emission spectrum of atomic hydrogen is divided into a number of spectral series, with wavelengths given by the Rydberg formula.
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Hypergiant
A hypergiant (luminosity class 0 or Ia+) is among the very rare kinds of stars that typically show tremendous luminosities and very high rates of mass loss by stellar winds.
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Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.
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Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Ionization
Ionization or ionisation, is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.
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IPTF14hls
iPTF14hls is an unusual supernova star that has erupted continuously for the last three years (as of 2017).
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IRAS
The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was the first-ever space telescope to perform a survey of the entire night sky at infrared wavelengths.
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Jodocus Hondius
Jodocus Hondius (Latinized version of his Dutch name: Joost de Hondt) (14 October 1563 – 12 February 1612) was a Flemish engraver and cartographer.
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Johann Bayer
Johann Bayer (1572 – 7 March 1625) was a German lawyer and uranographer (celestial cartographer).
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John Herschel
Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor, experimental photographer who invented the blueprint, and did botanical work.
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Kelvin
The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics.
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Kinetic energy
In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.
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Lambda Centauri
Lambda Centauri (λ Cen, λ Centauri) is a star in the southern circumpolar constellation of Centaurus.
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Lambda Muscae
Lambda Muscae (λ Mus, λ Muscae), often catalogued HD 102249 or HIP 57363, is the fourth-brightest star in the Southern Hemisphere constellation of Musca (the Fly).
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Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
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Light echo
Reflected light following path B arrives shortly after the direct flash following path A but before light following path C. B and C have the same apparent distance from the star as seen from Earth. A light echo is a physical phenomenon caused by light reflected off surfaces distant from the source, and arriving at the observer with a delay relative to this distance.
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Light pollution
Light pollution, also known as photopollution, is the presence of anthropogenic light in the night environment.
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Light-year
The light-year is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and measures about 9.5 trillion kilometres or 5.9 trillion miles.
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List of brightest stars
This is a list of the brightest naked eye stars to +2.50 magnitude, as determined by their maximum, total, or combined apparent visual magnitudes as seen from Earth.
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List of largest stars
Below is an ordered list of the largest stars currently known by radius.
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List of most luminous stars
Below is a list of stars arranged in order of decreasing luminosity (increasing bolometric magnitude).
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List of most massive stars
This is a list of the most massive stars so far discovered, in solar masses.
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Luminosity
In astronomy, luminosity is the total amount of energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy, or other astronomical object.
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Luminous blue variable
Luminous blue variables (LBVs) are massive evolved stars that show unpredictable and sometimes dramatic variations in both their spectra and brightness.
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Lyman series
In physics and chemistry, the Lyman series is a hydrogen spectral series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the hydrogen atom as an electron goes from n ≥ 2 to n.
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Lynx (constellation)
Lynx is a constellation named after the animal, usually observed in the northern sky.
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Macquarie University
Macquarie University is a public research university based in Sydney, Australia, in the suburb of Macquarie Park.
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Magnetosphere
A magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are manipulated or affected by that object's magnetic field.
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Main sequence
In astronomy, the main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appear on plots of stellar color versus brightness.
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Maser
A maser (an acronym for "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation") is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification by stimulated emission.
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Melatonin
Melatonin, also known as N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine, is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in animals and regulates sleep and wakefulness.
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Metastability
In physics, metastability is a stable state of a dynamical system other than the system's state of least energy.
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Meteor shower
A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky.
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Microwave
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and.
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Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System.
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Minute and second of arc
A minute of arc, arcminute (arcmin), arc minute, or minute arc is a unit of angular measurement equal to of one degree.
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Naked eye
Naked eye, also called bare eye or unaided eye, is the practice of engaging in visual perception unaided by a magnifying or light-collecting optical instrument, such as a telescope or microscope.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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National Optical Astronomy Observatory
The National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) is the United States national observatory for ground-based nighttime ultraviolet-optical-infrared (OUVIR) astronomy.
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Nebulium
Nebulium was a proposed element found in astronomical observation of a nebula by William Huggins in 1864.
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Neutron star
A neutron star is the collapsed core of a large star which before collapse had a total of between 10 and 29 solar masses.
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NGC 1058
NGC 1058 is a Seyfert Type 2 galaxy in the NGC 1023 Group, located in the Perseus constellation.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, formerly sometimes spelled de la Caille, (15 March 1713 – 21 March 1762) was a French astronomer.
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Nova
A nova (plural novae or novas) or classical nova (CN, plural CNe) is a transient astronomical event that causes the sudden appearance of a bright, apparently "new" star, that slowly fades over several weeks or many months.
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O-type star
An O-type star is a hot, blue-white star of spectral type O in the Yerkes classification system employed by astronomers.
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Occultation
An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer.
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Opacity (optics)
Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light.
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Open cluster
An open cluster is a group of up to a few thousand stars that were formed from the same giant molecular cloud and have roughly the same age.
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Optical depth
In physics, optical depth or optical thickness, is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material, and spectral optical depth or spectral optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted spectral radiant power through a material.
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Optical depth (astrophysics)
Optical depth in astrophysics refers to a specific level of transparency.
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Optical pumping
Optical pumping is a process in which light is used to raise (or "pump") electrons from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher one.
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Orbital eccentricity
The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle.
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Orbital period
The orbital period is the time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object, and applies in astronomy usually to planets or asteroids orbiting the Sun, moons orbiting planets, exoplanets orbiting other stars, or binary stars.
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Orbiting Solar Observatory
The Orbiting Solar Observatory (abbreviated OSO) Program was the name of a series of American space telescopes primarily intended to study the Sun, though they also included important non-solar experiments.
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Ozone layer
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.
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P Cygni
P Cygni (34 Cyg) is a variable star in the constellation Cygnus.
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Pair-instability supernova
A pair-instability supernova occurs when pair production, the production of free electrons and positrons in the collision between atomic nuclei and energetic gamma rays, temporarily reduces the internal pressure supporting a supermassive star's core against gravitational collapse.
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Parsec
The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System.
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Petrus Plancius
Petrus Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Dutch-Flemish astronomer, cartographer and clergyman.
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Photoelectrochemical process
Photoelectrochemical processes are processes in photoelectrochemistry; they usually involve transforming light into other forms of energy.
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Photosphere
The photosphere is a star's outer shell from which light is radiated.
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Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser
Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser, sometimes Petrus Theodorus (c. 1540 in Emden – 11 September 1596 in Banten), was a Dutch navigator who mapped the southern sky.
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Population inversion
In science, specifically statistical mechanics, a population inversion occurs while a system (such as a group of atoms or molecules) exists in a state in which more members of the system are in higher, excited states than in lower, unexcited energy states.
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Radiant (meteor shower)
The radiant or apparent radiant of a meteor shower is the point in the sky from which (to a planetary observer) meteors appear to originate.
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Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.
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Radio astronomy
Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Reflection nebula
In astronomy, reflection nebulae are clouds of interstellar dust which might reflect the light of a nearby star or stars.
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Rigel
Rigel, also designated Beta Orionis (β Orionis, abbreviated Beta Ori, β Ori), is generally the seventh-brightest star in the night sky and the brightest star in the constellation of Orion—though periodically it is outshone within the constellation by the variable Betelgeuse.
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Robur Carolinum
Robur Carolinum (Latin for Charles' oak) was a constellation created by the English astronomer Edmond Halley in 1679.
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ROSAT
ROSAT (short for Röntgensatellit, in German X-rays are called Röntgenstrahlen, in honour of Wilhelm Röntgen) was a German Aerospace Center-led satellite X-ray telescope, with instruments built by West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.
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S Doradus
S Doradus (also known as S Dor) is located 160,000 light years away, and is one of the brightest stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a satellite of the Milky Way.
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Satellite
In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally placed into orbit.
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SN 1006
SN 1006 was a supernova that is likely the brightest observed stellar event in recorded history, reaching an estimated −7.5 visual magnitude, and exceeding roughly sixteen times the brightness of Venus.
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SN 1961V
SN 1961V was an abnormal, supernova-like event that was a potential supernova impostor. The potential impostor nature of SN 1961V was first identified by Fritz Zwicky in 1964. SN 1961V occurred in galaxy NGC 1058, about 9.3 Mpc away (about 30 million light years). Unlike many supernovae, the progenitor star is tentatively known: an extremely large, very bright blue star, similar to Eta Carinae. Mass estimates of the precursor star were as high as 2000 times the mass of the sun, but these are likely to be extreme overestimates. If SN 1961V was not a supernova then it was most likely an extremely large outburst by a luminous blue variable star. The remnant of SN 1961V's explosion is expanding at 2,000 km/s, which is much slower than the majority of supernovae. The profile of its light curve, with a gradual climb to maximum brightness, was unusual when compared to a supernova. This unusual light curve led to suspicion that it was some other event. If the star survived this would identify SN 1961V as an impostor supernova rather than a true supernova. Attempts to determine if the progenitor star is still present have been extensive and have included use of both the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. These attempts have been hampered by the cloud of debris from the event, which have left the area obscured. Christopher Kochanek at Ohio State University has compared the event to the confirmed supernova SN 2005gl and suggested that the low velocity of expansion can be explained by a pre-supernova mass loss event similar to that which was observed to occur in SN 2005gl. The analysis by Kochanek's group strongly suggests that SN 1961V was indeed a genuine supernova. Almost at the same moment, another team detected a highly luminous blue star, labeled Object 7, remaining at the site of the supernova, although they couldn't rule out this being a surviving companion of the exploded star.
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SN 2006gy
SN 2006gy was an extremely energetic supernova, also referred to as a hypernova or quark-nova, that was discovered on September 18, 2006.
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SN 2006jc
SN 2006jc was a supernova that was detected on October 9, 2006 in the galaxy UGC 4904, which is about 77 million light-years away in the constellation Lynx.
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SN 2009ip
SN 2009ip was a supernova discovered in 2009 in the spiral galaxy NGC 7259 in the constellation of Piscis Austrinus.
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Solar mass
The solar mass is a standard unit of mass in astronomy, equal to approximately.
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Southern celestial hemisphere
The Southern Celestial Hemisphere, or the Southern Sky, is the southern half of the celestial sphere, which appears to rotate around a polar axis due to Earth's rotation.
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Spectral energy distribution
A spectral energy distribution (SED) is a plot of energy versus frequency or wavelength of light (not to be confused with a 'spectrum' of flux density vs frequency or wavelength).
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Spectral line
A spectral line is a dark or bright line in an otherwise uniform and continuous spectrum, resulting from emission or absorption of light in a narrow frequency range, compared with the nearby frequencies.
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Spectral line shape
Spectral line shape describes the form of a feature, observed in spectroscopy, corresponding to an energy change in an atom, molecule or ion.
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Star formation
Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in interstellar space, sometimes referred to as "stellar nurseries" or "star-forming regions", collapse and form stars.
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Star system
A star system or stellar system is a small number of stars that orbit each other, bound by gravitational attraction.
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Stellar classification
In astronomy, stellar classification is the classification of stars based on their spectral characteristics.
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Stellar parallax
Stellar parallax is the apparent shift of position of any nearby star (or other object) against the background of distant objects.
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Stellar structure
Stars of different mass and age have varying internal structures.
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Stellar wind
A stellar wind is a flow of gas ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star.
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Stimulated emission
Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level.
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Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
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Super high frequency
Super high frequency (SHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies (RF) in the range between 3 and 30 gigahertz (GHz).
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Supergiant star
Supergiants are among the most massive and most luminous stars.
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Superluminous supernova
A superluminous supernova (SLSN, plural superluminous supernovae or SLSNe; also known as hypernova) is a type of stellar explosion with a luminosity 10 or more times higher than that of standard supernovae.
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Supernova
A supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas, abbreviations: SN and SNe) is a transient astronomical event that occurs during the last stellar evolutionary stages of a star's life, either a massive star or a white dwarf, whose destruction is marked by one final, titanic explosion.
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Supernova impostor
Supernova impostors are stellar explosions that appear at first to be a type of supernova but do not destroy their progenitor stars.
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Thomson scattering
Thomson scattering is the elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism.
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Triple-alpha process
The triple-alpha process is a set of nuclear fusion reactions by which three helium-4 nuclei (alpha particles) are transformed into carbon.
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Trumpler 14
Trumpler 14 (Tr 14) is an open cluster with a diameter of, located within the inner regions of the Carina Nebula, approximately from Earth.
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Trumpler 15
Trumpler 15 is an open cluster in the constellation Carina that lies on the outskirts of the Carina Nebula.
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Trumpler 16
Trumpler 16 (Tr 16) is a massive open cluster that is home to some of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
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Twenty-Eight Mansions
The Twenty-Eight Mansions, hsiu, xiu or sieu are part of the Chinese constellations system.
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Type Ib and Ic supernovae
Type Ib and Type Ic supernovae are categories of supernovae that are caused by the core collapse of massive stars.
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UGC 4904
UGC 4904 is a galaxy located in the constellation Lynx, located about 77 million light-years from Earth.
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Uhuru (satellite)
Uhuru was the first satellite launched specifically for the purpose of X-ray astronomy.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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University of Colorado
The University of Colorado system is a system of public universities in Colorado consisting of four campuses: University of Colorado Boulder, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, University of Colorado Denver in downtown Denver and at the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora.
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Uranometria
Uranometria is the short title of a star atlas produced by Johann Bayer.
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Variable star
A variable star is a star whose brightness as seen from Earth (its apparent magnitude) fluctuates.
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Víctor M. Blanco Telescope
The Víctor M. Blanco Telescope, also known as the Blanco 4m, is a 4-metre aperture telescope located at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Chile.
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Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun, orbiting it every 224.7 Earth days.
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Wergaia
Wergaia or Werrigia is an indigenous Australian language group in the Wimmera region of north-Western Victoria.
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Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2
The Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) is a camera formerly installed on the Hubble Space Telescope.
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William John Burchell
William John Burchell (23 July 1781 – 23 March 1863) was an English explorer, naturalist, traveller, artist, and author.
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Wolf–Rayet star
Wolf–Rayet stars, often abbreviated as WR stars, are a rare heterogeneous set of stars with unusual spectra showing prominent broad emission lines of highly ionised helium and nitrogen or carbon.
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WR 25
WR 25 (HD 93162) is a binary star system in the turbulent star forming region Carina Nebula, about 7,500 light-years from Earth.
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X-ray
X-rays make up X-radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation.
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30th parallel north
The 30th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 30 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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30th parallel south
The 30th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 30 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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Redirects here:
231 G Carinae, Eta Argus, Eta Car, Eta Carinae A, Eta Carini, Eta Carinæ, Eta Navis, Eta car, Eta carina, Eta carinae, Foramen (star), Great Eruption, HD 93308, HR 4210, IRAS 10431-5925, Tseen She, Η Car, Η Carinae.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Carinae
