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296 relations: Acetaldehyde, Acre (state), Africa, Agribusiness, Agricultural subsidy, Air pollution, Alagoas, Alaska, Alcohol by volume, Alcoholic drink, Aldehyde, Alternative fuel, Amapá, Amazon biome, Amazon rainforest, Amazonas (Brazilian state), Andean Community, Angola, Anhydrous, Asia, Azeotrope, Época (Brazilian magazine), Bagasse, Bahia, Benin, BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport, Biofuel, Biofuel in Australia, Biofuel in Sweden, Biofuels by region, Biotechnology, Bloomberg Businessweek, Boiler, Brazil, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Brazilian real, Bunkie, Louisiana, Burkina Faso, California, California Air Resources Board, Cape Verde, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide equivalent, Carbon monoxide, Caribbean, Caribbean Basin Initiative, Cash crop, Ceará, Cellulosic ethanol, Central America, ..., Central-West Region, Brazil, Centrifuge, Cerrado, Chevrolet, Citroën, Coffee, Colombia, Commodity, Common ethanol fuel mixtures, Compression ratio, Congressional Budget Office, Cosan, Costa Rica, Credit crunch, Crystallization, Dehydration, Distillation, Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement, Drinking, Dry basis, Editora Abril, El País, El Salvador, Electricity generation, Emission intensity, Energy recovery, Environmentalist, Espírito Santo, Ethanol, Ethanol fermentation, Ethanol fuel, Ethanol fuel by country, Ethanol fuel in the Philippines, Ethanol fuel in the United States, Europe, European Commission, European Union, Evaporation, Federal District (Brazil), Fermentation, Fertilizer, Fiat 147, Fiat Automobiles, Financial crisis of 2007–2008, Financial Times, Flexible-fuel vehicle, Florida, Food vs. fuel, Ford Motor Company, Formaldehyde, Fossil fuel, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Futures exchange, Gallon, Gasoline, General Electric, Genome, George Monbiot, George W. Bush, Ghana, Global warming, Goiás, Grassland, Great Recession, Greenhouse gas, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Harvard University, Hawaii, Hectare, History of ethanol fuel in Brazil, Honda, Honduras, Hot, Flat, and Crowded, Hydrate, Hydrocarbon, Hydrolysis, Imperial Valley, India, Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, Industrial processes, Inter-American Development Bank, International community, International Council on Clean Transportation, Iowa State University, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jean Ziegler, John F. 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Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde (systematic name ethanal) is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me.
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Acre (state)
Acre is a state located in the northern region of Brazil.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Agribusiness
Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production.
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Agricultural subsidy
An agricultural subsidy is a governmental subsidy paid to agribusinesses, agricultural organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply of such commodities.
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Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.
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Alagoas
Alagoas is one of the 27 states of Brazil and is situated in the eastern part of the Northeast Region.
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Alaska
Alaska (Alax̂sxax̂) is a U.S. state located in the northwest extremity of North America.
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Alcohol by volume
Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as ABV, abv, or alc/vol) is a standard measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage (expressed as a volume percent).
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Alcoholic drink
An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar.
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Aldehyde
An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
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Alternative fuel
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels like; fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural gas), as well as nuclear materials such as uranium and thorium, as well as artificial radioisotope fuels that are made in nuclear reactors.
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Amapá
Amapá is a state located in the northern region of Brazil.
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Amazon biome
The Amazon biome (Bioma Amazônia) contains the Amazon rainforest, an area of tropical rainforest, and other ecoregions that cover most of the Amazon basin and some adjacent areas to the north and east.
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Amazon rainforest
The Amazon rainforest (Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Selva Amazónica, Amazonía or usually Amazonia; Forêt amazonienne; Amazoneregenwoud), also known in English as Amazonia or the Amazon Jungle, is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.
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Amazonas (Brazilian state)
Amazonas is a state of Brazil, located in the North Region in the northwestern corner of the country.
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Andean Community
The Andean Community (Comunidad Andina, CAN) is a customs union comprising the South American countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola; Kikongo, Kimbundu and Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in Southern Africa.
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Anhydrous
A substance is anhydrous if it contains no water.
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Asia
Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.
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Azeotrope
An azeotrope (gK, US) or a constant boiling point mixture is a mixture of two or more liquids whose proportions cannot be altered or changed by simple distillation.
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Época (Brazilian magazine)
Época is a Brazilian weekly news and analysis magazine.The magazine was started in May 1998.
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Bagasse
Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
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Bahia
Bahia (locally) is one of the 26 states of Brazil and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast.
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Benin
Benin (Bénin), officially the Republic of Benin (République du Bénin) and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa.
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BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport
BioEthanol for Sustainable Transport (BEST) was a four-year project financially supported by the European Union for promoting the introduction and market penetration of bioethanol as a vehicle fuel, and the introduction and wider use of flexible-fuel vehicles and ethanol-powered vehicles on the world market.
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Biofuel
A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.
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Biofuel in Australia
Biofuel is fuel that is produced from organic matter (biomass), including plant materials and animal waste.
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Biofuel in Sweden
Biofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass).
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Biofuels by region
The use of biofuels varies by region and with increasing oil prices there is a renewed interest in it as an energy source.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Bloomberg Businessweek
Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L.P. Businessweek was founded in 1929.
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Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated.
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Brazil
Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.
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Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária) is a state-owned research corporation affiliated with the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture.
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Brazilian real
The Brazilian real (real, pl. reais; sign: R$; code: BRL) is the official currency of Brazil.
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Bunkie, Louisiana
Bunkie is a city in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, United States.
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Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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California Air Resources Board
The California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) is the "clean air agency" in the government of California.
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Cape Verde
Cape Verde or Cabo Verde (Cabo Verde), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon dioxide equivalent
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) and equivalent carbon dioxide (e and eq) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much global warming a given type and amount of greenhouse gas may cause, using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration of carbon dioxide as the reference.
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Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air.
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Caribbean
The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts.
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Caribbean Basin Initiative
The Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) was a unilateral and temporary United States program initiated by the 1983 Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act (CBERA).
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Cash crop
A cash crop or profit crop is an agricultural crop which is grown for sale to return a profit.
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Ceará
Ceará (locally in Ceará or in Northeast Region of Brazil the pronunciation is) is one of the 27 states of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country, on the Atlantic coast.
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Cellulosic ethanol
Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit.
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Central America
Central America (América Central, Centroamérica) is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with the South American continent on the southeast.
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Central-West Region, Brazil
The Central-West Region of Brazil (Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil) is composed of the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul; along with Distrito Federal (Federal District), where Brazil's national capital, Brasília, is situated.
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Centrifuge
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis (spins it in a circle), applying a force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward) that can be very strong.
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Cerrado
The Cerrado is a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins and Minas Gerais.
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Chevrolet
Chevrolet, colloquially referred to as Chevy and formally the Chevrolet Division of General Motors Company, is an American automobile division of the American manufacturer General Motors (GM).
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Citroën
Citroën is a French automobile manufacturer, part of the PSA Peugeot Citroën group since 1976, founded in 1919 by French industrialist André-Gustave Citroën (1878–1935).
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Coffee
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, which are the seeds of berries from the Coffea plant.
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America.
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Commodity
In economics, a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.
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Common ethanol fuel mixtures
Several common ethanol fuel mixtures are in use around the world.
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Compression ratio
The static compression ratio of an internal combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity.
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Congressional Budget Office
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government that provides budget and economic information to Congress.
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Cosan
Cosan is a public listed company, a Brazilian conglomerate producer of bioethanol, sugar and energy.
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Costa Rica
Costa Rica ("Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (República de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island.
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Credit crunch
A credit crunch (also known as a credit squeeze or credit crisis) is a sudden reduction in the general availability of loans (or credit) or a sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loan from banks.
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Crystallization
Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.
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Dehydration
In physiology, dehydration is a deficit of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.
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Distillation
Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation.
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Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement
The Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) is a free trade agreement (legally a treaty under international law, but not under U.S. law).
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Drinking
Drinking is the act of ingesting water or other liquids into the body through the mouth.
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Dry basis
Dry basis is an expression of the calculation in chemistry, chemical engineering and related subjects, in which the presence of water is ignored for the purposes of the calculation.
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Editora Abril
Editora Abril is a major Brazilian publisher and printing company and one of the biggest media holdings in Latin America. The company was founded in 1950 by Victor Civita in São Paulo and is now part of Grupo Abril. Civita had initially founded his publisher as Editora Primavera, publishing an unsuccessful comic magazine named in Brazil Raio Vermelho. The following year, Civita changed its name to Abril - referencing the month in which spring begins on the northern hemisphere - - and published its first title, Donald Duck, in Brazil called Pato Donald, which continues to run to this date. Abril's first magazine lead Civita to claim "It all started with a duck", parodying Walt Disney's declaration that "I only hope that we never lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by Mickey Mouse. Under its name it publishes titles like AnaMaria, Tititi, Minha Novela, Sou+Eu!, Quatro Rodas, Veja, Veja Rio, Veja São Paulo, Nova, Placar, Claudia, Boa Forma, Manequim, and Exame, as well as the Brazilian editions of Disney comics, Cosmopolitan, Men's Health, Women's Health, Runner's World, and Playboy. It also owns the Brazilian MTV and cable company Abril Grafica. In May 2006, Naspers acquired a 30% interest in Editora Abril. On the internet, Abril owns the most popular website aimed to women, named MdeMulher, with 5 million visitors monthly.
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El País
El País (literally The Country) is the most read newspaper (231,140 printed copies) in Spain and the most circulated daily newspaper (180,765 circulation average), according to data certified by the Office of Justification of Dissemination (OJD) and referring to the period of January 2017 to December 2017.
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El Salvador
El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador (República de El Salvador, literally "Republic of The Savior"), is the smallest and the most densely populated country in Central America.
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Electricity generation
Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy.
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Emission intensity
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity, C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).
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Energy recovery
Energy recovery includes any technique or method of minimizing the input of energy to an overall system by the exchange of energy from one sub-system of the overall system with another.
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Environmentalist
An environmentalist is a supporter of the goals of the environmental movement, "a political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities".
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Espírito Santo
Espírito Santo (meaning "Holy Spirit") is a state in southeastern Brazil.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Ethanol fermentation
Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
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Ethanol fuel
Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel.
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Ethanol fuel by country
The world's top ethanol fuel producers in 2011 were the United States with 13.9 billion U.S. liquid gallons (bg) (52.6 billion liters) and Brazil with 5.6 bg (21.1 billion liters), accounting together for 87.1% of world production of 22.36 billion US gallons (84.6 billion liters).
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Ethanol fuel in the Philippines
The Philippines Biofuels Act 2006 requires oil companies to use biofuels in all "liquid fuels for motors and engines sold in the Philippines." All gasoline sold in the country must contain at least 5 percent ethanol by February 2009, and by 2011, the mandated blend can go up to 10 percent.
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Ethanol fuel in the United States
The United States became the world's largest producer of ethanol fuel in 2005.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gaseous phase before reaching its boiling point.
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Federal District (Brazil)
The Federal District (Distrito Federal) is one of 27 federative units of Brazil.
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Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen.
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Fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
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Fiat 147
The Fiat 147 was a three-door hatchback compact car produced by Fiat in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais from autumn 1976 until 1987, when it was replaced by the Fiat Uno.
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Fiat Automobiles
Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (originally FIAT, lit) is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.
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Financial crisis of 2007–2008
The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the global financial crisis and the 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.
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Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a Japanese-owned (since 2015), English-language international daily newspaper headquartered in London, with a special emphasis on business and economic news.
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Flexible-fuel vehicle
A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (colloquially called a flex-fuel vehicle) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel, usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel, and both fuels are stored in the same common tank.
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Florida
Florida (Spanish for "land of flowers") is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States.
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Food vs. fuel
Food versus fuel is the dilemma regarding the risk of diverting farmland or crops for biofuels production to the detriment of the food supply.
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Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to simply as "Ford") is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.
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Formaldehyde
No description.
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Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.
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Fundação Getúlio Vargas
Fundação Getulio Vargas (Getúlio Vargas Foundation, often abbreviated as FGV or simply GV) is a Brazilian higher education institution founded on December 20, 1944.
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Futures exchange
A futures exchange or futures market is a central financial exchange where people can trade standardized futures contracts; that is, a contract to buy specific quantities of a commodity or financial instrument at a specified price with delivery set at a specified time in the future.
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Gallon
The gallon is a unit of measurement for fluid capacity in both the US customary units and the British imperial systems of measurement.
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Gasoline
Gasoline (American English), or petrol (British English), is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
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General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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George Monbiot
George Joshua Richard Monbiot (born 27 January 1963) is a British writer known for his environmental, political activism.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
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Ghana
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.
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Global warming
Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.
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Goiás
Goiás is a state of Brazil, located in the Center-West region of the country. The name Goiás (formerly, Goyaz) comes from the name of an indigenous community. The original word seems to have been guaiá, a compound of gua e iá, meaning "the same person" or "people of the same origin." It borders the Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The most populous state of its region, Goiás is characterized by a landscape of chapadões (plateaus). In the height of the drought season, from June to September, the lack of rain makes the level of the Araguaia River go down and exposes almost of beaches, making it the main attraction of the State. At the Emas National Park in the municipality of Mineiros, it is possible to observe the typical fauna and flora from the region. At the Chapada dos Veadeiros the attractions are the canyons, valleys, rapids and waterfalls. Other attractions are the historical city of Goiás (or Old Goiás), from Goiânia, established in the beginning of 18th Century, and Caldas Novas, with its hot water wells attracting more than one million tourists per year. In Brazil's geoeconomic division, Goiás belongs to the Centro-Sul (Center-South), being the northernmost state of the southern portion of Brazil.
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Grassland
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae); however, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs.
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Great Recession
The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s.
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Greenhouse gas
A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.
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Guinea
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea (République de Guinée), is a country on the western coast of Africa.
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Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau (República da Guiné-Bissau), is a sovereign state in West Africa.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Hawaii
Hawaii (Hawaii) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.
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Hectare
The hectare (SI symbol: ha) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to a square with 100 meter sides, or 10,000 m2, and is primarily used in the measurement of land.
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History of ethanol fuel in Brazil
The history of ethanol fuel in Brazil dates from the 1970s and relates to Brazil's sugarcane-based ethanol fuel program, which allowed the country to become the world's second largest producer of ethanol, and the world's largest exporter.
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Honda
is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, aircraft, motorcycles, and power equipment.
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Honduras
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras (República de Honduras), is a republic in Central America.
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Hot, Flat, and Crowded
Hot, Flat, and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution—And How It Can Renew America is a book by New York Times Foreign Affairs columnist Thomas Friedman, proposing that the solutions to global warming and the best method to regain the United States' economic and political stature in the world are to embrace the clean energy and green technology industries.
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Hydrate
In chemistry, a hydrate is a substance that contains water or its constituent elements.
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Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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Imperial Valley
The Imperial Valley lies in California's Imperial County.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
The indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, also known as ILUC, relates to the unintended consequence of releasing more carbon emissions due to land-use changes around the world induced by the expansion of croplands for ethanol or biodiesel production in response to the increased global demand for biofuels.
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Industrial processes
Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an item or items, usually carried out on a very large scale.
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Inter-American Development Bank
The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB or IDB or BID) is the largest source of development financing for Latin America and the Caribbean.
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International community
The international community is a phrase used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world.
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International Council on Clean Transportation
The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) is an independent nonprofit organization incorporated under Section 501(c)(3) of the US tax code.
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Iowa State University
Iowa State University of Science and Technology, generally referred to as Iowa State, is a public flagship land-grant and space-grant research university located in Ames, Iowa, United States.
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Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a sovereign state located in West Africa.
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Jamaica
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea.
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Japan
Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.
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Jean Ziegler
Jean Ziegler (born April 19, 1934 as Hans Ziegler) is a former professor of sociology at the University of Geneva and the Sorbonne, Paris.
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John F. Kennedy School of Government
The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) is a public policy and public administration school, of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
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Joule
The joule (symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of Units.
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Juiz de Fora
Juiz de Fora (Outsider Judge), also known as J.F., is a city in the southeastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, approximately from the state border with Rio de Janeiro.
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Kauai
Kauai, anglicized as Kauai, is geologically the oldest of the main Hawaiian Islands.
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Kenya
Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.
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Kia Motors
Kia Motor Corporation (stylized as KIΛ), headquartered in Seoul, is South Korea's second-largest automobile manufacturer, following the Hyundai Motor Company, with sales of over 3.3 million vehicles in 2015.
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La Nación (San José)
La Nación is a Costa Rican newspaper.
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Latin America
Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Spanish, French and Portuguese are spoken; it is broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America.
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a United States national laboratory located in the Berkeley Hills near Berkeley, California that conducts scientific research on behalf of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).
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Liberia
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast.
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Life-cycle assessment
Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling.
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List of renewable energy topics by country
This is a list of renewable energy topics by country.
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Litre
The litre (SI spelling) or liter (American spelling) (symbols L or l, sometimes abbreviated ltr) is an SI accepted metric system unit of volume equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm3), 1,000 cubic centimetres (cm3) or 1/1,000 cubic metre. A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre. The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word litre is derived from an older French unit, the litron, whose name came from Greek — where it was a unit of weight, not volume — via Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI,, p. 124. ("Days" and "hours" are examples of other non-SI units that SI accepts.) although not an SI unit — the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m3). The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by almost all English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English. One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice. Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact.
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Louisiana
Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Low-carbon fuel standard
A low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS) is a rule enacted to reduce carbon intensity in transportation fuels as compared to conventional petroleum fuels, such as gasoline and diesel.
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Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born 27 October 1945), popularly known as Lula, is a Brazilian politician and former union leader, who served as the 35th President of Brazil from 2003 to 2011.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa, a region geologically identified with the West African Craton.
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Maranhão
Maranhão is a northeastern state of Brazil.
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Market share
Market share is the percentage of a market (defined in terms of either units or revenue) accounted for by a specific entity.
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Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso (– lit. "Thick Bushes") is one of the states of Brazil, the third-largest by area, located in the western part of the country.
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Mato Grosso do Sul
Mato Grosso do Sul is one of the Midwestern states of Brazil.
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Mexico
Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.
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Midwestern United States
The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the American Midwest, Middle West, or simply the Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau (also known as "Region 2").
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Mill (grinding)
A mill is a device that breaks solid materials into smaller pieces by grinding, crushing, or cutting.
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Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais is a state in the north of Southeastern Brazil.
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Minimum wage
A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their workers.
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Mitsubishi
The is a group of autonomous Japanese multinational companies in a variety of industries.
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Molasses
Molasses, or black treacle (British, for human consumption; known as molasses otherwise), is a viscous product resulting from refining sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.
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Motorcycle
A motorcycle, often called a bike, motorbike, or cycle, is a two-> or three-wheeled motor vehicle.
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Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique (Moçambique or República de Moçambique) is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Net energy gain
Net Energy Gain (NEG) is a concept used in energy economics that refers to the difference between the energy expended to harvest an energy source and the amount of energy gained from that harvest.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Niger
Niger, also called the Niger officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa named after the Niger River.
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Nigeria
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.
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Nissan
, usually shortened to Nissan (or; Japanese), is a Japanese multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Nishi-ku, Yokohama.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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North American Free Trade Agreement
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
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Northeast Region, Brazil
The Northeast Region of Brazil (Região Nordeste do Brasil) is one of the five official and political regions of the country according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
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O Globo
O Globo (The Globe) is a Brazilian newspaper based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
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Orange (fruit)
The orange is the fruit of the citrus species ''Citrus'' × ''sinensis'' in the family Rutaceae.
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Oxfam
Oxfam is a confederation of 20 independent charitable organizations focusing on the alleviation of global poverty, founded in 1942 and led by Oxfam International.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Panama
Panama (Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south.
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Pantanal
The Pantanal is a natural region encompassing the world's largest tropical wetland area.
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Paraíba
Paraíba (Tupi: pa'ra a'íba: "bad for navigation") is a state of Brazil.
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Paraguay River
The Paraguay River (Río Paraguay in Spanish, Rio Paraguai in Portuguese, Ysyry Paraguái in Guarani) is a major river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
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Paraná (state)
Paraná is one of the 26 states of Brazil, in the south of the country, bordered on the north by São Paulo state, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina state and the province of Misiones, Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line.
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Pará
Pará is a state in northern Brazil traversed by the lower Amazon River.
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Particulates
Atmospheric aerosol particles, also known as atmospheric particulate matter, particulate matter (PM), particulates, or suspended particulate matter (SPM) are microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in Earth's atmosphere.
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Pasteurization
Pasteurization or pasteurisation is a process in which packaged and non-packaged foods (such as milk and fruit juice) are treated with mild heat (Today, pasteurization is used widely in the dairy industry and other food processing industries to achieve food preservation and food safety. This process was named after the French scientist Louis Pasteur, whose research in the 1880s demonstrated that thermal processing would inactivate unwanted microorganisms in wine. Spoilage enzymes are also inactivated during pasteurization. Most liquid products are heat treated in a continuous system where heat can be applied using plate heat exchanger and/or direct or indirect use of steam and hot water. Due to the mild heat there are minor changes to the nutritional quality of foods as well as the sensory characteristics. Pascalization or high pressure processing (HPP) and Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) are non-thermal processes that are also used to pasteurize foods.
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Pasture
Pasture (from the Latin pastus, past participle of pascere, "to feed") is land used for grazing.
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Pernambuco
Pernambuco is a state of Brazil, located in the Northeast region of the country.
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Petrobras
Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. — Petrobras, more commonly known as simply Petrobras, is a semi-public Brazilian multinational corporation in the petroleum industry headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Peugeot
Peugeot is a French automotive manufacturer, part of Groupe PSA.
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Photosynthetic efficiency
The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in plants and algae.
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Piauí
Piauí is one of the states of Brazil, located in the country's Northeast Region.
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Piracicaba
Piracicaba is a city located in the Brazilian state of São Paulo.
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Precipitation (chemistry)
Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.
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Public transport
Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or mass transit) is transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip.
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "Rich Port"), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico") and briefly called Porto Rico, is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea.
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Quality control
Quality control, or QC for short, is a process by which entities review the quality of all factors involved in production.
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Radford University
Radford University is a co-educational public university located in Radford, Virginia.
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Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by high rainfall, with annual rainfall in the case of tropical rainforests between, and definitions varying by region for temperate rainforests.
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Rangeland
Rangelands are grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts that are grazed by domestic livestock or wild animals.
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Raw material
A raw material, also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products.
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Refining
Refining (also perhaps called by the mathematical term affining) is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form.
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Renault
Groupe Renault is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899.
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Renewable energy in Brazil
Renewable energy accounted for more than 85.4% of the domestically produced electricity used in Brazil.
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Renewable Fuel Standard (United States)
The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) is an American federal program that requires transportation fuel sold in the United States to contain a minimum volume of renewable fuels.
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Renewable fuels
Renewable fuels are fuels produced from renewable resources.
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Renewable Fuels Association
The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) represents the ethanol industry promoting policies, regulations, and research and development initiatives that will lead to the increased production and use of ethanol fuel.
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Research and development
Research and development (R&D, R+D, or R'n'D), also known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Rio de Janeiro (state)
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil.
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Rio Grande do Norte
Rio Grande do Norte (lit. "Great Northern River", in reference to the mouth of the Potenji River) is one of the states of Brazil, located in the northeastern region of the country, occupying the northeasternmost tip of the South American continent.
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Rio Grande do Sul
Rio Grande do Sul (lit. Great Southern River) is a state located in the southern region of Brazil.
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Robert Zoellick
Robert Bruce Zoellick (born July 25, 1953) is an American public official and lawyer who was the eleventh president of the World Bank, a position he held from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2012.
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Rondônia
Rondônia is a state in Brazil, located in the north part of the country.
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Roraima
Roraima (Pemon: roro imã, "parrot mountain" i.e. "Green Peak") is the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil, located in the Amazon region.
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Rule of thumb
The English phrase rule of thumb refers to a principle with broad application that is not intended to be strictly accurate or reliable for every situation.
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Santa Catarina (state)
Santa Catarina (Saint Catherine) is a state in the southern region of Brazil.
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Savanna
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland grassland ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.
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São Paulo
São Paulo is a municipality in the southeast region of Brazil.
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São Paulo (state)
São Paulo is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus.
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Scania AB
Scania AB, formerly AB Scania-Vabis, is a major Swedish manufacturer of commercial vehicles – specifically heavy trucks and buses.
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Semi-trailer truck
A semi-trailer truck (more commonly semi truck or simply "semi") is the combination of a tractor unit and one or more semi-trailers to carry freight.
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Senegal
Senegal (Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa.
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Sergipe
Sergipe, officially State of Sergipe, is a state of Brazil.
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa.
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Social responsibility
Social responsibility is an ethical framework and suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at large.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk,; lit. "The Great Country of the Han People"), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and lying east to the Asian mainland.
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Southeast Region, Brazil
The Southeast Region of Brazil (Região Sudeste do Brasil) is composed by the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
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St. James Parish, Louisiana
St.
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Subsidy
A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.
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Sucrose
Sucrose is common table sugar.
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Sugarcane
Sugarcane, or sugar cane, are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae, native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South and Southeast Asia, Polynesia and Melanesia, and used for sugar production.
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Sugarcane juice
Sugarcane juice is the syrup extracted from pressed sugarcane.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Sustainability
Sustainability is the process of change, in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.
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Sweden
Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
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Tariff
A tariff is a tax on imports or exports between sovereign states.
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Tax credit
A tax credit is a tax incentive which allows certain taxpayers to subtract the amount of the credit they have accrued from the total they owe the state.
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Terra (company)
Terra Networks, S.A. is a Spanish Internet multinational company with headquarters in Spain and offices in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United States and Peru.
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Texas
Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.
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The Des Moines Register
The Des Moines Register is the daily morning newspaper of Des Moines, Iowa.
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The Detroit News
The Detroit News is one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan.
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The Economist
The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.
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The Gambia
No description.
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The Independent
The Independent is a British online newspaper.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Sacramento Bee
The Sacramento Bee is a daily newspaper published in Sacramento, California, in the United States.
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Thomas Friedman
Thomas Loren Friedman (born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist and author.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Tocantins
Tocantins is one of the states of Brazil.
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic (République Togolaise), is a sovereign state in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north.
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Tonne
The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.
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Tonne of oil equivalent
The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil.
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Toyota
, usually shortened to Toyota, is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan.
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Trade barrier
Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade.
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Traffic congestion
Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing.
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Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
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Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago, officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is a twin island sovereign state that is the southernmost nation of the West Indies in the Caribbean.
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UNICA, Brazil
UNICA (União da Indústria de Cana-de-Açúcar), the Brazilian Sugarcane Industry Association, is a lobbying organization of producers of sugarcane and ethanol fuel.
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United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.
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United Nations special rapporteur
The titles Special Rapporteur, Independent Expert, and Working Group Member are given to individuals working on behalf of the United Nations (UN) within the scope of "special procedure" mechanisms who have a specific country or thematic mandate from the United Nations Human Rights Council.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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United States Department of Energy
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a cabinet-level department of the United States Government concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material.
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.
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United States Virgin Islands
The United States Virgin Islands (USVI; also called the American Virgin Islands), officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, is a group of islands in the Caribbean that is an insular area of the United States located east of Puerto Rico.
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University of Campinas
The University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas), commonly called Unicamp, is a public research university in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.
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University of Kassel
The University of Kassel (Universität Kassel) is a university founded in 1971 located in Kassel, Hesse, in Germany.
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University of São Paulo
No description.
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Utrecht University
Utrecht University (UU; Universiteit Utrecht, formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht) is a university in Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Veja (magazine)
Veja (English: see, look) is a Brazilian weekly news magazine published in São Paulo and distributed throughout the country by media conglomerate Grupo Abril.
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Vinasse
Vinasse is a byproduct of the sugar or industry.
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Volkswagen
Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler and headquartered in Wolfsburg.
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Volkswagen Gol
The Volkswagen Gol is a subcompact car that has been manufactured by Volkswagen do Brasil since 1980 as Volkswagen's entry-level car in the Latin American market—where it succeeded the Volkswagen Type 1 (Fusca) and the VW Brasilia.
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Wageningen Academic Publishers
Wageningen Academic Publishers is a publishing company in the field of life sciences that publishes scientific journals as well as monographs, textbooks, and proceedings.
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Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.
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West Indies
The West Indies or the Caribbean Basin is a region of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Caribbean that includes the island countries and surrounding waters of three major archipelagoes: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago.
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Wetland
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.
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Winning the Oil Endgame
Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs and Security is a 2005 book by Amory B. Lovins, E. Kyle Datta, Odd-Even Bustnes, Jonathan G. Koomey, and Nathan J. Glasgow, published by the Rocky Mountain Institute.
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World Bank
The World Bank (Banque mondiale) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects.
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World Bank Group
The World Bank Group (WBG) (Groupe de la Banque mondiale) is a family of five international organizations that make leveraged loans to developing countries.
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World oil market chronology from 2003
From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under $25/barrel.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yeast in winemaking
The role of yeast in winemaking is the most important element that distinguishes wine from grape juice.
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1973 oil crisis
The 1973 oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries proclaimed an oil embargo.
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1979 energy crisis
The 1979 (or second) oil crisis or oil shock occurred in the world due to decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution.
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1980s oil glut
The 1980s oil glut was a serious surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s energy crisis.
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2007–08 world food price crisis
World food prices increased dramatically in 2007 and the first and second quarter of 2008, creating a global crisis and causing political and economic instability and social unrest in both poor and developed nations.
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Redirects here:
Brazilian ethanol, Brazilian sugar cane ethanol, Brazilian sugarcane ethanol, Cane ethanol, Ethanol fuel in brazil, MAD8, Pro-Álcool, Programa Nacional do Alcool, Programa Nacional do Álcool.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_Brazil
