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117 relations: Adam Smith, AkzoNobel, Albany International, Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie, Anti-competitive practices, Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Austria, Belgium, Bertelsmann, Bertelsmann Music Group, Block Exemption Regulation, Cartel, Civitas (think tank), Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, Collusion, Competition and Markets Authority, Competition law, Competition regulator, Conglomerate merger, Corporate behaviour, Courage Ltd v Crehan, Croatia, Demerger, Denmark, Deutsche Post, Directorate-General for Competition, Doha Development Round, Dominance (economics), E.ON, Economies of scale, European Commission, European Commissioner for Competition, European Competition Network, European Court of Justice, European Single Market, European Union, European Union merger law, European Union roaming regulations, Federal Cartel Office, Financial Times, Finland, Fourth Railway Package, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, General Electric, Germany, Greece, Grundig, Höfner and Elser v Macrotron GmbH, Herfindahl index, Honeywell, ..., Hungary, Immunity (medical), Inequality of bargaining power, International Competition Network, International Trade Organization, Ireland, Irish competition law, Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro, Italy, Jean Monnet, Latvia, Legal immunity, Liberalization, Lithuania, Maastricht Treaty, Malév Hungarian Airlines, Market power, Market structure, Member state, Member state of the European Union, Mergers and acquisitions, Michelin, Microsoft, Microsoft Corp v Commission, Microsoft Windows, Monopoly, Netherlands, Nicolas Sarkozy, O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v Commission, OECD, Office of Fair Trading, Oligopoly, Poland, Portugal, Predatory pricing, Price fixing, Public service, Relevant market, Rhineland-Palatinate, Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce, Robert Schuman, Second Railway Package, Share (finance), Single European Railway Directive 2012, Single market, Slovenia, Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price, Sony BMG, Sony Music, Spain, Subsidy, Sweden, Telecoms Package, The Wealth of Nations, Third railway package, Transition economy, Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Rome, Trial court, Turkey, United Parcel Service, United States antitrust law, United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division, Windows Media Player, World Trade Organization, 2004 enlargement of the European Union, 2007 enlargement of the European Union. Expand index (67 more) »
Adam Smith
Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.
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AkzoNobel
Akzo Nobel N.V., trading as AkzoNobel, is a Dutch multinational company which creates paints and performance coatings and produces specialty chemicals for both industry and consumers worldwide.
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Albany International
Albany International Corporation, originally the Albany Felt Company, is an industrial-goods company based in Rochester, New Hampshire, United States.
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Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie
Albany International BV v Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie (1999) is an EU law case, concerning the boundary between European labour law and European competition law in the European Union.
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Anti-competitive practices
Anti-competitive practices are business, government or religious practices that prevent or reduce competition in a market (see restraint of trade).
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Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union prohibits cartels and other agreements that could disrupt free competition in the European Economic Area's internal market.
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Austria
Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.
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Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.
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Bertelsmann
Bertelsmann is a German multinational corporation based in Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Bertelsmann Music Group
Bertelsmann Music Group (abbreviated as BMG) was a division of German media company Bertelsmann before its completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Japan's Sony Corporation of America on 1 October 2008.
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Block Exemption Regulation
The Block Exemption Regulation is an exemption in a business line or industry, which debars organizations in the industry from some business activities in order to create competition.
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Cartel
A cartel is a group of apparently independent producers whose goal is to increase their collective profits by means of price fixing, limiting supply, or other restrictive practices.
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Civitas (think tank)
Civitas: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society is an independent think tank, not affiliated to a political party, aimed at developing public understanding of the framework of a free and democratic society.
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Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 (codified at), was a part of United States antitrust law with the goal of adding further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime; the Clayton Act sought to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency.
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Collusion
Collusion is an agreement between two or more parties, sometimes illegal–but always secretive–to limit open competition by deceiving, misleading, or defrauding others of their legal rights, or to obtain an objective forbidden by law typically by defrauding or gaining an unfair market advantage.
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Competition and Markets Authority
The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) is a non-ministerial government department in the United Kingdom, responsible for strengthening business competition and preventing and reducing anti-competitive activities.
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Competition law
Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.
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Competition regulator
A competition regulator is a government agency, typically a statutory authority, sometimes called an economic regulator, which regulates and enforces competition laws, and may sometimes also enforce consumer protection laws.
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Conglomerate merger
A conglomerate merger is "any merger that is not horizontal or vertical; in general, it is the combination of firms in different industries or firms operating in different geographic areas".
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Corporate behaviour
Corporate behaviour is the actions of a company or group who are acting as a single body.
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Courage Ltd v Crehan
Courage Ltd v Crehan and Inntrepreneur Pub Company v Crehan (2001) are a series of EU competition law and English contract law cases, concerning the validity of beer tie agreements.
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Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.
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Demerger
A demerger is a form of corporate restructuring in which the entity's business operations are segregated into one or more components.
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Denmark
Denmark (Danmark), officially the Kingdom of Denmark,Kongeriget Danmark,.
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Deutsche Post
The Deutsche Post AG, operating under the trade name Deutsche Post DHL Group, is a German postal service and international courier service company, the world's largest.
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Directorate-General for Competition
The Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, located in Brussels, Belgium.
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Doha Development Round
The Doha Development Round or Doha Development Agenda (DDA) is the trade-negotiation round of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which commenced in November 2001 under then director-general Mike Moore.
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Dominance (economics)
Market dominance is a measure of the strength of a brand, product, service, or firm, relative to competitive offerings.
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E.ON
E.ON SE (marketed with an interpunct as E·ON) is a European holding company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Economies of scale
In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation (typically measured by amount of output produced), with cost per unit of output decreasing with increasing scale.
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European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
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European Commissioner for Competition
The Commissioner for Competition is the member of the European Commission responsible for competition.
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European Competition Network
The European Competition Network (ECN) consists of the 28 competition authorities within the European Union (see below for details) and the DG Competition of the European Commission.
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European Court of Justice
The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially just the Court of Justice (Cour de Justice), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law.
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European Single Market
The European Single Market, Internal Market or Common Market is a single market which seeks to guarantee the free movement of goods, capital, services, and labour – the "four freedoms" – within the European Union (EU).
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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European Union merger law
European Union merger law is a part of the law of the European Union which regulates whether firms can merge with one another and under what conditions.
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European Union roaming regulations
The Roaming Regulation 2012 (sometimes called the Eurotariff) regulate the imposition of roaming charges within the European Economic Area (EEA), which consists of the member states of the European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.
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Federal Cartel Office
The Federal Cartel Office (Germany) (Bundeskartellamt) is Germany's national competition regulator.
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Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a Japanese-owned (since 2015), English-language international daily newspaper headquartered in London, with a special emphasis on business and economic news.
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Finland
Finland (Suomi; Finland), officially the Republic of Finland is a country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Norway to the north, Sweden to the northwest, and Russia to the east.
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Fourth Railway Package
The fourth railway package is a set of changes to rail transport regulation in the European Union law.
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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas.
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General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Greece
No description.
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Grundig
Grundig is a German manufacturer of consumer electronics, domestic appliances and personal care products.
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Höfner and Elser v Macrotron GmbH
Höfner and Elser v Macrotron GmbH (1991) was a significant EU competition law case, concerning the definition of an "undertaking" and abuse of a dominant position.
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Herfindahl index
The Herfindahl index (also known as Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, HHI, or sometimes HHI-score) is a measure of the size of firms in relation to the industry and an indicator of the amount of competition among them.
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Honeywell
Honeywell International Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of commercial and consumer products, engineering services and aerospace systems for a wide variety of customers, from private consumers to major corporations and governments.
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Hungary
Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.
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Immunity (medical)
In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.
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Inequality of bargaining power
In law, economics and the social sciences, inequality of bargaining power is where one party to a "bargain", contract or agreement, has more and better alternatives than the other party.
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International Competition Network
The International Competition Network is an informal, virtual network that seeks to facilitate cooperation between competition law authorities globally.
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International Trade Organization
The International Trade Organization (ITO) was the proposed name for an international institution for the regulation of trade.
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Ireland
Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.
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Irish competition law
Irish Competition Law is the Irish body of legal rules designed to ensure fairness and freedom in the marketplace.
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Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro
The Istituto Nazionale per l'Assicurazione contro gli Infortuni sul Lavoro e le malattie professionali or INAIL (National Institute for Insurance against Workplace Accidents and Occupational Disease) is a statutory corporation in Italy, overseen by the Ministry of Labour and Social Policies.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Jean Monnet
Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French political economist and diplomat.
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Latvia
Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Legal immunity
Legal immunity, or immunity from prosecution, is a legal status wherein an individual or entity can not be held liable for a violation of the law to facilitate societal aims that outweigh the value of imposing liability in such cases.
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Liberalization
Liberalization (or liberalisation) is a general term for any process whereby a state lifts restrictions on some private individual activities.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.
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Maastricht Treaty
The Treaty on European Union (TEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Maastricht is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Rome). The TEU was originally signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands to further European integration. On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty. Upon its entry into force on 1 November 1993 during the Delors Commission, it created the three pillars structure of the European Union and led to the creation of the single European currency, the euro. TEU comprised two novel titles respectively on Common Foreign and Security Policy and Cooperation in the Fields of Justice and Home Affairs, which replaced the former informal intergovernmental cooperation bodies named TREVI and European Political Cooperation on EU Foreign policy coordination. In addition TEU also comprised three titles which amended the three pre-existing community treaties: Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, and the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community which had its abbreviation renamed from TEEC to TEC (being known as TFEU since 2007). The Maastricht Treaty (TEU) and all pre-existing treaties, has subsequently been further amended by the treaties of Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) and Lisbon (2009).
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Malév Hungarian Airlines
MALÉV Ltd. (Zrt.), which did business as MALÉV Hungarian Airlines (Magyar Légiközlekedési Vállalat, abbreviated MALÉV), was the flag carrier of Hungary from 1946 until 2012.
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Market power
In economics and particularly in industrial organization, market power is the ability of a firm to profitably raise the market price of a good or service over marginal cost.
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Market structure
Market structure has historically emerged in two separate types of discussions in economics, that of Adam Smith on the one hand, and that of Karl Marx on the other hand.
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Member state
A member state is a state that is a member of an international organization or of a federation or confederation.
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Member state of the European Union
The European Union (EU) consists of 28 member states.
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Mergers and acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations, or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities.
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Michelin
Michelin (full name: SCA Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin) is a French tyre manufacturer based in Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne région of France.
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.
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Microsoft Corp v Commission
Microsoft Corp v Commission (2007) is a case brought by the European Commission of the European Union (EU) against Microsoft for abuse of its dominant position in the market (according to competition law).
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Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.
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Monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek μόνος mónos and πωλεῖν pōleîn) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Nicolas Sarkozy
Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa KOGF GCB (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 until 15 May 2012.
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O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v Commission
O2 (Germany) GmbH & Co OHG v Commission (2006) is an EU competition law case, concerning the requirements for a restriction of competition to be found under TFEU article 101.
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OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
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Office of Fair Trading
The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) was a non-ministerial government department of the United Kingdom, established by the Fair Trading Act 1973, which enforced both consumer protection and competition law, acting as the United Kingdom's economic regulator.
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Oligopoly
An oligopoly (from Ancient Greek ὀλίγος (olígos) "few" + πωλεῖν (polein) "to sell") is a market form wherein a market or industry is dominated by a small number of large sellers (oligopolists).
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Predatory pricing
Predatory pricing, also known as undercutting, is a pricing strategy in which a product or service is set at a very low price with the intention to drive competitors out of the market or to create barriers to entry for potential new competitors.
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Price fixing
Price fixing is an agreement between participants on the same side in a market to buy or sell a product, service, or commodity only at a fixed price, or maintain the market conditions such that the price is maintained at a given level by controlling supply and demand.
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Public service
Public service is a service which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing provision of services.
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Relevant market
In competition law, a relevant market is a market in which a particular product or service is sold.
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Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) is one of the 16 states (Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Richard Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce
Richard Orme Wilberforce, Baron Wilberforce (11 March 1907 – 15 February 2003), was a British judge, most notable for his report into coal miners' pay.
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Robert Schuman
Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (29 June 18864 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born French statesman.
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Second Railway Package
The Second Railway Package is a group of European Union legislation which promote common standards and open access, working towards an integrated European railway area.
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Share (finance)
In financial markets, a share is a unit used as mutual funds, limited partnerships, and real estate investment trusts.
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Single European Railway Directive 2012
The Single European Railway Directive 2012 is an EU Directive that regulates railway networks in EU law.
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Single market
A single market is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services.
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Slovenia
Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene:, abbr.: RS), is a country in southern Central Europe, located at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes.
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Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price
In competition law, before deciding whether companies have significant market power which would justify government intervention, the test of small but significant and non-transitory increase in price (SSNIP) is used to define the relevant market in a consistent way.
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Sony BMG
Sony BMG Music Entertainment was a multinational record label, which was a 50–50 joint venture between the Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann Music Group.
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Sony Music
Sony Music Entertainment (SME) is a Japanese-owned global music conglomerate owned by Sony and incorporated as a general partnership of Sony Music Holdings Inc. through Sony Entertainment Inc., a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. (in Japanese), Sony Corporation The company was first founded in 1929 as American Record Corporation and renamed Columbia Recording Corporation in 1938, following its acquisition by the Columbia Broadcasting System. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records, and Sony Corporation bought the company in 1988, renaming it under its current name in 1991. In 2004, Sony and Bertelsmann established a 50-50 joint venture called Sony BMG Music Entertainment, which transferred the businesses of Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group into one entity. However, in 2008, Sony acquired Bertelsmann's stake, and the company reverted to the SME name shortly after; the buyout allowed Sony to acquire all of BMG's labels, including former Columbia Pictures subsidiary Arista Records as well as RCA Records, and led to the dissolution of BMG, which instead relaunched as BMG Rights Management. Sony Music Entertainment is the second largest of the "Big Three" record companies in the world, behind Universal Music Group (UMG) and ahead of Warner Music Group (WMG). Sony's music publishing division is the world's largest music publisher after the acquisition of EMI. It also owns SYCO Entertainment, which operates some of the world's most successful reality TV format including Got Talent and The X Factor.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Subsidy
A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector (or institution, business, or individual) generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy.
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Sweden
Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
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Telecoms Package
The Telecoms Package was the review of the European Union Telecommunications Framework from 2007 – 2009.
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The Wealth of Nations
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith.
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Third railway package
The third railway package is a collection of European Union legislation, intended to revitalise railways across Europe and open up passenger services to competition.
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Transition economy
A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a market economy.
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Treaty of Amsterdam
The Treaty of Amsterdam, officially the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty of Maastricht, which had been signed in 1992.
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Treaty of Rome
The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Rome) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU; also referred to as the Treaty of Maastricht).
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Trial court
A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place.
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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United Parcel Service
United Parcel Service (UPS) is an American multinational package delivery and supply chain management company.
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United States antitrust law
United States antitrust law is a collection of federal and state government laws that regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers.
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United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division
The United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division is a law enforcement agency responsible for enforcing the antitrust laws of the United States.
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Windows Media Player
Windows Media Player (WMP) is a media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio, video and viewing images on personal computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system, as well as on Pocket PC and Windows Mobile-based devices.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
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2004 enlargement of the European Union
The 2004 enlargement of the European Union was the largest single expansion of the European Union (EU), in terms of territory, number of states, and population to date; however, it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product.
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2007 enlargement of the European Union
The 2007 enlargement of the European Union saw Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007.
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Redirects here:
Antitrust law in the European Union, Competition law in the European Union, EC Competition law, EC competition law, EC competition rules, EC liberalisation, EU commission's leniency programme, EU competition law, Ec competition law, Eu comp, Eu competition, Eu competition law, European Community competition law, European Community regulation, European Competition Law, European Union antitrust law, European anti-trust regulation, European community competition law, European competition law.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_competition_law
