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Human evolution

Index Human evolution

Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates – in particular genus Homo – and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. [1]

513 relations: A Short History of Nearly Everything, Academic Press, Acheulean, Actionbioscience, Adaptive evolution in the human genome, Aegyptopithecus, Afar Triangle, Afro-textured hair, Afropithecus, Albumin, Alfred Russel Wallace, Allan Wilson, Allele, Allen & Unwin, Alloparenting, Altai Mountains, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, American Council of Learned Societies, American Institute of Biological Sciences, American Journal of Human Genetics, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, American Society of Human Genetics, Amino acid, Amity-enmity complex, An Nafud, Anatomical Society, Anatomy, Angola, Annual Review of Anthropology, Annual Review of Nutrition, Annual Reviews (publisher), Anthropological Society of London, Anthropology, Anthropopithecus, Ape, Arboreal locomotion, Archaeogenetics, Archaeology, Archaic human admixture with modern humans, Archaic humans, Archicebus, Ardipithecus, Ardipithecus ramidus, Arizona State University, Aurignacian, Australopithecine, Australopithecus, Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, ..., Australopithecus anamensis, Australopithecus bahrelghazali, Australopithecus deyiremeda, Australopithecus garhi, Australopithecus sediba, Austria, AuthorHouse, Barter, Basic Books, BBC, BBC News, Before Present, Before the Dawn (book), Behavioral modernity, Big-game hunting, BioEssays, Biological anthropology, Bipedalism, Blond, Bloomsbury Publishing, Bonobo, Brachiation, Brain (journal), Cairo, Cambridge University Press, Canine tooth, Carl Linnaeus, Catarrhini, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, Cave painting, Cell (journal), Cell Press, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Ceprano Man, Cerebellum, Charles Darwin, Charles Lyell, Châtelperronian, Chimpanzee, Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, Chin, Chopper (archaeology), Chris Stringer, Chronology, Cognition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Columbia University Press, Common chimpanzee, Concealed ovulation, Constable & Robinson, Control of fire by early humans, Cradle of Humankind, Crown group, Current Biology, Dawn of Humanity, Dendropithecus, Denisova Cave, Denisovan, Development of the nervous system, Discovery Channel, Discovery, Inc., Dmanisi, DNA, DNA sequencing, Documentary film, Donald Johanson, Doubleday (publisher), Dryopithecus, Dual inheritance theory, Dunbar's number, Dysgenics, E. O. Wilson, Early Miocene, Early Pleistocene, East African Rift, Elsevier, Embryology, Encephalization, Endemic (epidemiology), Endocast, Endocranium, England, Eocene, EPAS1, Equatorius, Ethiopia, Ethology, Eugène Dubois, Eurasia, European early modern humans, Evolution, Evolution (journal), Evolution of human intelligence, Evolution of morality, Evolution of primates, Evolutionary anthropology, Evolutionary developmental biology, Evolutionary medicine, Evolutionary neuroscience, Evolutionary origin of religions, Evolutionary pressure, Evolutionary psychology, Faiyum, Family (biology), Femur, Flint, Flores, Florisbad Skull, Foramen magnum, Forensic science, Fossil, Founder effect, France, Franz Weidenreich, French Academy of Sciences, Galago, Gauteng, Gawis cranium, Gene, Gene pool, Genetic divergence, Genetic drift, Genetics, Genome, Genome Research, Genus, Georgia (country), Gibbon, Gorilla, Gorillini, Great Rift Valley, Kenya, Greece, Greenwood Publishing Group, Griphopithecus, Guns, Germs, and Steel, Hadar, Ethiopia, Hand axe, Haplogroup, Haplotype, HarperCollins, Harvard University Press, Heliopithecus, Henry Holt and Company, Heterochrony, High-altitude adaptation in humans, Hobbit, Holtzbrinck Publishing Group, Hominidae, Homininae, Hominini, Homo, Homo antecessor, Homo erectus, Homo ergaster, Homo floresiensis, Homo gautengensis, Homo habilis, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo naledi, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo rudolfensis, Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens idaltu, Horn of Africa, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Human, Human behavior, Human behavioral ecology, Human body, Human brain, Human development (biology), Human evolution/Species chart, Human evolutionary genetics, Human genetic clustering, Human genetic variation, Human genome, Human leukocyte antigen, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup, Human origins, Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism, Human taxonomy, Human vestigiality, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Human zoo, Ice age, Ilium (bone), India, Indiana University, Indonesia, Industrialisation, Insular dwarfism, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, International Society for Comparative Psychology, Introgression, Inuit, Israel, Italy, Java, Java Man, Johannesburg, John Murray (publisher), John Tyler Bonner, John Wiley & Sons, Johns Hopkins University, Journal of Anatomy, Journal of Human Evolution, Kamoyapithecus, Kenya, Kenyanthropus, Kenyapithecus, Kromdraai Conservancy, Kuru (disease), Lactase persistence, Lake Toba, Lake Turkana, Language, Language acquisition, Last glacial period, Late Cretaceous, Late Miocene, Late Pleistocene, Latin, Lemur, Levallois technique, Levant, Light skin, Lineage (evolution), Lineage (genetic), Linguistics, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, List of human evolution fossils, Lists of extinct species, Lithic flake, Lithic technology, Little finger, Little Foot, Little, Brown and Company, Loris, Louis Leakey, Lower Paleolithic, Lucy (Australopithecus), Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, Lumbar vertebrae, Madagascar, Malaria, Mammal, Man's Place in Nature, March of Progress, Martin Pickford, Mary Leakey, Meave Leakey, Medicine, Melanesians, Menopause, Michel Brunet (paleontologist), Middle Miocene, Middle Paleolithic, Middle Pleistocene, Milford H. Wolpoff, Miocene, Mitochondrial DNA, Mitochondrial Eve, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Molecular clock, Molecular evolution, Molecular paleontology, Morphology (biology), Multiregional origin of modern humans, Mutation, Nacholapithecus, Nakalipithecus, Namibia, National Academy of Sciences, National Geographic, National Geographic Society, National Museum of Natural History, National Science Foundation, Natural science, Natural selection, Nature (journal), Nature Publishing Group, Neanderthal, Neocortex, Neolithic Subpluvial, Neontology, Neoteny, Neuron, Neuroscience, Neurosurgery (journal), New World monkey, Noogenesis, Normandy University, Nova ScienceNow, Nyanzapithecus pickfordi, Observational learning, Obstetrical dilemma, Occipital lobe, Oceania, Oldowan, Olduvai Gorge, Oligocene, Omo remains, On the Origin of Species, Ontogeny, Orangutan, Oreopithecus, Origin of language, Origin of speech, Orrorin, Osteodontokeratic culture, Ouranopithecus, Oxford University Press, Pair bond, Paleoanthropology, Paleocene, Paleolithic, Paleontological Society, Paleontology, Palomar College, Paranthropus, Paranthropus aethiopicus, Paranthropus boisei, Paranthropus robustus, Parapithecus, PBS, Peking Man, Penguin Books, Penguin Group, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Phylogenetic tree, Phylogenetics, Physician, Piacenzian, Pierolapithecus, Plesiadapis, Pliocene, Ponginae, Population bottleneck, Prefrontal cortex, Prehistoric Autopsy, Prehistory, Prentice Hall, Primate, Primatology, Princeton University Press, PRNP, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proconsul (primate), Propliopithecus, Proto-Indo-European language, Quartzite, Radiocarbon dating, Random House, Random House of Canada, Rangwapithecus, Raymond Dart, Recent human evolution, Retouch (lithics), Richard Leakey, Richard Owen, Rising Star Cave, Robert May, Baron May of Oxford, Royal Society, Saadanius, Sahara pump theory, Sahelanthropus, Sampling bias, San people, Sarah Tishkoff, Saudi Arabia, Science (journal), Science Daily, Science News, Scientific American, Self-domestication, Serum (blood), Sex differences in human physiology, Sexual dimorphism, Sexual selection, Sexual selection in humans, Siberia, Sickle cell disease, Sickle cell trait, Simian, Sinai Peninsula, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Sivapithecus, Skhul and Qafzeh hominins, Skull, Sky News, Sky UK, Smithsonian Institution, Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution, Society for Science & the Public, Society for the Study of Evolution, South Africa, Spain, Speciation, Speech, Spencer Wells, Springer Publishing, Springer Science+Business Media, SRGAP2, Stanford University Press, Stephen Oppenheimer, Stone Age, Stone tool, Supervolcano, Surface-area-to-volume ratio, Swartkrans, Taung Child, Temporal lobe, Temporal styloid process, Texas A&M University Press, Thames & Hudson, The 10,000 Year Explosion, The Anatomical Record, The Ancestor's Tale, The Beatles, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The Fate of the Earth, The Naked Ape, The New York Times, The Scientist (magazine), Third metacarpal styloid process, Thomas Henry Huxley, Three Rivers Press, Thumb, Tim D. White, TimeTree, Toba catastrophe theory, Tool use by animals, Transaction Publishers, Transitional fossil, Trapping pit, Trinil, Tugen Hills, Turkey, Type (biology), University of California Press, University of California, Berkeley, University of Cambridge, University of Chicago Press, University of Texas at Austin, University of Tokyo Press, Upper Paleolithic, Vertebral column, Victoriapithecus, Vincent Sarich, W. W. Norton & Company, Wall to Wall Media (production company), Watt, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, WGBH Educational Foundation, Wiley-Blackwell, William Morrow and Company, X chromosome, Y chromosome, Y-chromosomal Adam, Yale University, Zygosity, 20th century. Expand index (463 more) »

A Short History of Nearly Everything

A Short History of Nearly Everything by American author Bill Bryson is a popular science book that explains some areas of science, using easily accessible language that appeals more so to the general public than many other books dedicated to the subject.

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Academic Press

Academic Press is an academic book publisher.

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Acheulean

Acheulean (also Acheulian and Mode II), from the French acheuléen, is an archaeological industry of stone tool manufacture characterized by distinctive oval and pear-shaped "hand-axes" associated with Homo erectus and derived species such as Homo heidelbergensis.

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Actionbioscience

Action Bioscience is a non-commercial, educational web site sponsored by the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS).

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Adaptive evolution in the human genome

Adaptive evolution results from the propagation of advantageous mutations through positive selection.

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Aegyptopithecus

Aegyptopithecus, which means "Egyptian Monkey", from Greek Αίγυπτος (Egypt) and πίθηκος (ape or monkey), is an early fossil catarrhine that predates the divergence between hominoids (apes and humans) and cercopithecids (Old World monkeys).

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Afar Triangle

The Afar Triangle (also called the Afar Depression) is a geological depression caused by the Afar Triple Junction, which is part of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa.

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Afro-textured hair

Afro-textured hair is the natural hair texture of certain populations in Africa, the African diaspora, Oceania and Asia.

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Afropithecus

Afropithecus turkanensis is a Miocene hominoid which was excavated from a small site near Lake Turkana called Kalodirr in northern Kenya in 1986 and was named by Richard Leakey and Meave Leakey.

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Albumin

The albumins (formed from Latin: albumen "(egg) white; dried egg white") are a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins.

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Alfred Russel Wallace

Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was an English naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist.

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Allan Wilson

Allan Charles Wilson (18 October 1934 – 21 July 1991) was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, a pioneer in the use of molecular approaches to understand evolutionary change and reconstruct phylogenies, and a revolutionary contributor to the study of human evolution.

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Allele

An allele is a variant form of a given gene.

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Allen & Unwin

Allen & Unwin is an Australian independent publishing company, established in Australia in 1976 as a subsidiary of the British firm George Allen & Unwin Ltd., which was founded by Sir Stanley Unwin in August 1914 and went on to become one of the leading publishers of the twentieth century.

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Alloparenting

Alloparenting (also referred to as alloparental care) is a term used to classify any form of parental care provided by an individual towards a non-descendent young.

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Altai Mountains

The Altai Mountains (also spelled Altay Mountains; Altai: Алтай туулар, Altay tuular; Mongolian:, Altai-yin niruɣu (Chakhar) / Алтайн нуруу, Altain nuruu (Khalkha); Kazakh: Алтай таулары, Altai’ tay’lary, التاي تاۋلارى Алтайские горы, Altajskije gory; Chinese; 阿尔泰山脉, Ā'ěrtài Shānmài, Xiao'erjing: اَعَرتَىْ شًامَىْ; Dungan: Артэ Шанмэ) are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan come together, and are where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.

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American Association for the Advancement of Science

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.

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American Association of Physical Anthropologists

The American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) is an American international scientific society of physical anthropologists, based in the United States.

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American Council of Learned Societies

The American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS), founded in 1919, is a private, nonprofit federation of 75 scholarly organizations in the humanities and related social sciences.

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American Institute of Biological Sciences

The American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) is a non-profit scientific association that is dedicated to advancing biological research and education.

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American Journal of Human Genetics

The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics.

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American Journal of Physical Anthropology

The American Journal of Physical Anthropology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official journal of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.

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American Society of Human Genetics

The American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG), founded in 1948, is the primary professional membership organization for specialists in human genetics worldwide.

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Amity-enmity complex

The amity-enmity complex was a term introduced by Sir Arthur Keith.

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An Nafud

An Nafud or Al-Nefud or The Nefud (Arabic,صحراء النفود, ṣahrā' al-nefud) is a desert in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula at, occupying a great oval depression.

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Anatomical Society

The Anatomical Society, previously known as the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland or ASGBI was founded in London in 1887 to "promote, develop and advance research and education in all aspects of anatomical science".

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Anatomy

Anatomy (Greek anatomē, “dissection”) is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

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Angola

Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola; Kikongo, Kimbundu and Repubilika ya Ngola), is a country in Southern Africa.

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Annual Review of Anthropology

The Annual Review of Anthropology is an annual peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1972.

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Annual Review of Nutrition

The Annual Review of Nutrition is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on nutrition.

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Annual Reviews (publisher)

Annual Reviews, located in Palo Alto California, Annual Reviews is a nonprofit publisher dedicated to synthesizing and integrating knowledge for the progress of science and the benefit of society.

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Anthropological Society of London

The Anthropological Society of London was founded in 1863 by Richard Francis Burton and Dr.

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Anthropology

Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present.

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Anthropopithecus

The terms Anthropopithecus (Blainville, 1839) and Pithecanthropus (Haeckel, 1868) are obsolete taxa describing either chimpanzees or archaic humans.

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Ape

Apes (Hominoidea) are a branch of Old World tailless anthropoid primates native to Africa and Southeast Asia.

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Arboreal locomotion

Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees.

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Archaeogenetics

Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources.

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Archaeology

Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

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Archaic human admixture with modern humans

There is evidence for interbreeding between archaic and modern humans during the Middle Paleolithic and early Upper Paleolithic.

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Archaic humans

A number of varieties of Homo are grouped into the broad category of archaic humans in the period contemporary and predating the emergence of the earliest anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) over 315 kya.

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Archicebus

Archicebus is a genus of fossil primates that lived in the early Eocene forests (~55 million years ago) of what is now Jingzhou in the Hubei Province in central China, discovered in 2003.

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Ardipithecus

Ardipithecus is a genus of an extinct hominine that lived during Late Miocene and Early Pliocene in Afar Depression, Ethiopia.

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Ardipithecus ramidus

Ardipithecus ramidus is a species of hominin classified as an australopithecine of the genus Ardipithecus.

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Arizona State University

Arizona State University (commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area, and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona.

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Aurignacian

The Aurignacian is an archaeological tradition of the Upper Palaeolithic associated with European early modern humans (EEMH).

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Australopithecine

Australopithecines are generally all species in the related Australopithecus and Paranthropus genera, and it typically includes Kenyanthropus, Ardipithecus, and Praeanthropus.

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Australopithecus

Australopithecus (informal australopithecine or australopith, although the term australopithecine has a broader meaning as a member of the subtribe Australopithecina which includes this genus as well as Paranthropus, Kenyanthropus, Ardipithecus, and Praeanthropus) is an extinct genus of hominins.

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Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus afarensis (Latin: "Southern ape from Afar") is an extinct hominin that lived between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago in Africa and possibly Europe.

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Australopithecus africanus

Australopithecus africanus is an extinct (fossil) species of the australopithecines, the first of an early ape-form species to be classified as hominin (in 1924).

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Australopithecus anamensis

Australopithecus anamensis is a hominin species that lived approximately four million years ago.

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Australopithecus bahrelghazali

Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a fossil hominin discovered in 1995 by a Franco-Chadian team led by the paleontologist Michel Brunet.

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Australopithecus deyiremeda

Australopithecus deyiremeda is a proposed species of early hominin among those who lived about 3.5–3.3 million years ago in northern Ethiopia, around the same time and place as several discovered specimens of Australopithecus afarensis, including the well-known "Lucy", a juvenile specimen.

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Australopithecus garhi

Australopithecus garhi is a 2.5-million-year-old gracile australopithecine species whose fossils were discovered in 1996 by a paleontologist research team led by Berhane Asfaw and Tim White.

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Australopithecus sediba

Australopithecus sediba is a species of Australopithecus of the early Pleistocene, identified based on fossil remains dated to about 2 million years ago.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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AuthorHouse

AuthorHouse, formerly known as 1stBooks, is a self-publishing company based in the United States.

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Barter

In trade, barter is a system of exchange where participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.

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Basic Books

Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1952 and located in New York, now an imprint of Hachette Books.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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Before Present

Before Present (BP) years is a time scale used mainly in geology and other scientific disciplines to specify when events occurred in the past.

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Before the Dawn (book)

Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors is a non-fiction book by Nicholas Wade, a science reporter for The New York Times.

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Behavioral modernity

Behavioral modernity is a suite of behavioral and cognitive traits that distinguishes current Homo sapiens from other anatomically modern humans, hominins, and primates.

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Big-game hunting

Big-game hunting is the hunting of large game, almost always large terrestrial mammals, for meat, other animal by-products (such as horn or bone), trophy or sport.

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BioEssays

BioEssays is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal covering molecular and cellular biology.

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Biological anthropology

Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin ancestors.

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Bipedalism

Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an organism moves by means of its two rear limbs or legs.

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Blond

Blond (male), blonde (female), or fair hair, is a hair color characterized by low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

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Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc (formerly M.B.N.1 Limited and Bloomsbury Publishing Company Limited) is a British independent, worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.

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Bonobo

The bonobo (Pan paniscus), formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee, is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan; the other is Pan troglodytes, or the common chimpanzee.

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Brachiation

Brachiation (from "brachium", Latin for "arm"), or arm swinging, is a form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms.

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Brain (journal)

Brain is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of neurology, founded in 1878 by John Charles Bucknill, David Ferrier, James Crichton-Browne and John Hughlings Jackson.

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Cairo

Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Canine tooth

In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dog teeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth.

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Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.

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Catarrhini

Catarrhini is one of the two subdivisions of the simians, the other being the plathyrrhine (New World monkeys).

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Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human

Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human (2009) is a book by British primatologist Richard Wrangham, published by Profile Books in England, and Basic Books in the USA.

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Cave painting

Cave paintings, also known as parietal art, are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, beginning roughly 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in Eurasia.

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Cell (journal)

Cell is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research papers across a broad range of disciplines within the life sciences.

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Cell Press

Cell Press, an imprint of Elsevier, is a publisher of biomedical journals, including Cell and Neuron.

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Centre national de la recherche scientifique

The French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS) is the largest governmental research organisation in France and the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.

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Ceprano Man

Ceprano Man, Argil, and Ceprano Calvarium, refers to a Middle Pleistocene archaic human fossil, a single skull cap (calvaria), accidentally unearthed in a highway construction project in 1994 near Ceprano in the province of Frosinone, Italy.

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Cerebellum

The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

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Charles Lyell

Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who popularised the revolutionary work of James Hutton.

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Châtelperronian

The Châtelperronian is a claimed industry of the Upper Palaeolithic, the existence of which is debated.

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Chimpanzee

The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.

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Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor

The chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, or CHLCA, is the last common ancestor shared by the extant Homo (human) and Pan (chimpanzee) genera of Hominini.

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Chin

The chin or the mental region is the area of the face below the lower lip and including the mandibular prominence.

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Chopper (archaeology)

Archaeologists define a chopper as a pebble tool with an irregular cutting edge formed through the removal of flakes from one side of a stone.

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Chris Stringer

Christopher Brian "Chris" Stringer FRS (born 1947), is a British physical anthropologist noted for his work on human evolution.

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Chronology

Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, "time"; and -λογία, -logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time.

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Cognition

Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

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Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press was founded in 1933 to aid in Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory's purpose of furthering the advance and spread of scientific knowledge.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Common chimpanzee

The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also known as the robust chimpanzee, is a species of great ape.

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Concealed ovulation

Concealed ovulation or hidden estrus in a species is the lack of any perceptible change in an adult female (for instance, a change in appearance or scent) when she is "in heat" and near ovulation.

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Constable & Robinson

Constable & Robinson Ltd. is an imprint of Little, Brown which publishes fiction and non-fiction books and ebooks.

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Control of fire by early humans

The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution.

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Cradle of Humankind

The Cradle of Humankind is a paleoanthropological site about northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, in the Gauteng province.

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Crown group

In phylogenetics, the crown group of a collection of species consists of the living representatives of the collection together with their ancestors back to their most recent common ancestor as well as all of that ancestor's descendants.

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Current Biology

Current Biology is a scientific journal that covers all areas of biology, especially molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, neurobiology, ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Dawn of Humanity

Dawn of Humanity is a 2015 American documentary film that was released online on September 10, 2015, and aired nationwide in the United States on September 16, 2015.

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Dendropithecus

Dendropithecus is an extinct genus of apes native to East Africa between 20 and 15 million years ago.

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Denisova Cave

Denisova Cave (Дени́сова Пеще́ра, Аю-Таш.

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Denisovan

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo.

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Development of the nervous system

Development of the nervous system refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to adulthood.

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Discovery Channel

Discovery Channel (known as The Discovery Channel from 1985 to 1995, and often referred to as simply Discovery) is an American pay television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Inc., a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav.

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Discovery, Inc.

Discovery, Inc. (formerly Discovery Communications) is an American mass media company based in Silver Spring, Maryland, first established in 1985.

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Dmanisi

Dmanisi (tr) is a town and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.

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Documentary film

A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record.

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Donald Johanson

Donald Carl Johanson (born June 28, 1943) is an American paleoanthropologist.

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Doubleday (publisher)

Doubleday is an American publishing company founded as Doubleday & McClure Company in 1897 that by 1947 was the largest in the United States.

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Dryopithecus

Dryopithecus is a genus of extinct apes that is known from Eurasia during the late Miocene period.

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Dual inheritance theory

Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

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Dunbar's number

Dunbar's number is a suggested cognitive limit to the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships—relationships in which an individual knows who each person is and how each person relates to every other person.

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Dysgenics

Dysgenics (rarely cacogenics) is the study of factors producing the accumulation and perpetuation of defective or disadvantageous genes and traits in offspring of a particular population or species.

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E. O. Wilson

Edward Osborne Wilson (born June 10, 1929), usually cited as E. O. Wilson, is an American biologist, researcher, theorist, naturalist and author.

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Early Miocene

The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and Burdigalian stages.

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Early Pleistocene

The Early Pleistocene (also known as the Lower Pleistocene) is a subepoch in the international geologic timescale or a subseries in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary period/system and Pleistocene epoch/series.

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East African Rift

The East African Rift (EAR) is an active continental rift zone in East Africa.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.

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Embryology

Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.

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Encephalization

Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass related to an animal's total body mass.

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Endemic (epidemiology)

In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from Greek ἐν en "in, within" and δῆμος demos "people") in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs.

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Endocast

An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms.

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Endocranium

The endocranium in comparative anatomy is a part of the skull base in vertebrates and it represents the basal, inner part of the cranium.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Eocene

The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.

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EPAS1

Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 (EPAS1, also known as hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2alpha)) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPAS1 gene.

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Equatorius

Equatorius is an extinct primate genus of Kenyapithecinae identified as a result of a skeleton found in central Kenya at the Tugen Hills.

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia (ኢትዮጵያ), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ, yeʾĪtiyoṗṗya Fēdēralawī Dēmokirasīyawī Rīpebilīk), is a country located in the Horn of Africa.

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Ethology

Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.

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Eugène Dubois

Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois (28 January 1858 – 16 December 1940) was a Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist.

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Eurasia

Eurasia is a combined continental landmass of Europe and Asia.

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European early modern humans

European early modern humans (EEMH) in the context of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe refers to the early presence of anatomically modern humans in Europe.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolution (journal)

Evolution, the International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical or theoretical investigations concerning facts, processes, mechanics, or concepts of evolutionary phenomena and events.

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Evolution of human intelligence

The evolution of human intelligence is closely tied to the evolution of the human brain and to the origin of language.

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Evolution of morality

The evolution of morality refers to the emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution.

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Evolution of primates

The evolutionary history of the primates can be traced back 65 million years.

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Evolutionary anthropology

Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates.

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Evolutionary developmental biology

Evolutionary developmental biology (informally, evo-devo) is a field of biological research that compares the developmental processes of different organisms to infer the ancestral relationships between them and how developmental processes evolved.

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Evolutionary medicine

Evolutionary medicine or Darwinian medicine is the application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease.

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Evolutionary neuroscience

Evolutionary neuroscience is the scientific study of the evolution of nervous systems.

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Evolutionary origin of religions

The emergence of religious behavior by the Neolithic period has been discussed in terms of evolutionary psychology, the origin of language and mythology, cross-cultural comparison of the anthropology of religion, as well as evidence for spirituality or cultic behavior in the Upper Paleolithic, and similarities in great ape behavior.

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Evolutionary pressure

Any cause that reduces reproductive success in a portion of a population potentially exerts evolutionary pressure, selective pressure or selection pressure.

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Evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.

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Faiyum

Faiyum (الفيوم; ̀Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ or Ⲫⲓⲱⲙ) is a city in Middle Egypt.

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Family (biology)

In biological classification, family (familia, plural familiae) is one of the eight major taxonomic ranks; it is classified between order and genus.

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Femur

The femur (pl. femurs or femora) or thigh bone, is the most proximal (closest to the hip joint) bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles including lizards, and amphibians such as frogs.

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Flint

Flint is a hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert.

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Flores

Flores (Indonesian: Pulau Flores) is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, a group of islands in the eastern half of Indonesia.

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Florisbad Skull

The Florisbad Skull was originally discovered by T. F. Dreyer at the Florisbad site in 1932.

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Foramen magnum

The foramen magnum (great hole) is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals.

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Forensic science

Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.

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Fossil

A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.

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Founder effect

In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Franz Weidenreich

Franz Weidenreich (7 June 1873, Edenkoben – 11 July 1948, New York City) was a Jewish German anatomist and physical anthropologist who studied evolution.

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French Academy of Sciences

The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research.

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Galago

Galagos, also known as bushbabies, bush babies, or nagapies (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans), are small nocturnal primates native to continental Africa, and make up the family Galagidae (also sometimes called Galagonidae).

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Gauteng

Gauteng, which means "place of gold", is one of the nine provinces of South Africa.

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Gawis cranium

The Gawis cranium is a portion of a fossil hominin skull discovered on February 16, 2006 near the drainage of Gawis, a tributary of the Awash River in the Afar Depression, Ethiopia.

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Gene

In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.

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Gene pool

The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.

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Genetic divergence

Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time.

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Genetic drift

Genetic drift (also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect) is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.

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Genome Research

Genome Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

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Genus

A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Gibbon

Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae.

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Gorilla

Gorillas are ground-dwelling, predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Gorillini

Gorillini is a taxonomic tribe containing two genera: Gorilla and the extinct Chororapithecus.

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Great Rift Valley, Kenya

The Great Rift Valley is part of an intra-continental ridge system that runs through Kenya from north to south.

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Greece

No description.

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Greenwood Publishing Group

ABC-CLIO/Greenwood is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-CLIO.

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Griphopithecus

Griphopithecus is a prehistoric ape from the Miocene of Turkey and Central Europe.

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Guns, Germs, and Steel

Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (also titled Guns, Germs and Steel: A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years) is a 1997 transdisciplinary non-fiction book by Jared Diamond, professor of geography and physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

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Hadar, Ethiopia

Hadar (also spelled Adda Da'ar; Afar "treaty stream ")Jon Kalb Adventures in the Bone Trade (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001), p. 83 is a village in Ethiopia, on the southern edge of the Afar Triangle.

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Hand axe

A hand axe (or handaxe) is a prehistoric stone tool with two faces that is the longest-used tool in human history.

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Haplogroup

A haplotype is a group of genes in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent, and a haplogroup (haploid from the ἁπλούς, haploûs, "onefold, simple" and group) is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor with a single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation.

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Haplotype

A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.

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HarperCollins

HarperCollins Publishers L.L.C. is one of the world's largest publishing companies and is one of the Big Five English-language publishing companies, alongside Hachette, Macmillan, Penguin Random House, and Simon & Schuster.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Heliopithecus

Heliopithecus is an extinct genus of primates that existed 16 million years ago during the Miocene epoch.

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Henry Holt and Company

Henry Holt and Company is an American book publishing company based in New York City.

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Heterochrony

In evolutionary developmental biology, heterochrony is a developmental change in the timing or rate of events, leading to changes in size and shape.

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High-altitude adaptation in humans

High-altitude adaptation in humans is an instance of evolutionary modification in certain human populations, including those of Tibet in Asia, the Andes of the Americas, and Ethiopia in Africa, who have acquired the ability to survive at extremely high altitudes.

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Hobbit

Hobbits are a fictional, diminutive, humanoid race who inhabit the lands of Middle-earth in J. R. R. Tolkien’s fiction.

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Holtzbrinck Publishing Group

Holtzbrinck Publishing Group is a privately-held Stuttgart-based company which owns publishing companies worldwide.

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Hominidae

The Hominidae, whose members are known as great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo, the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan; Gorilla, the eastern and western gorilla; Pan, the common chimpanzee and the bonobo; and Homo, which includes modern humans and its extinct relatives (e.g., the Neanderthal), and ancestors, such as Homo erectus.

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Homininae

Homininae is a subfamily of Hominidae.

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Hominini

The Hominini, or hominins, form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae ("hominines").

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Homo

Homo (Latin homō "human being") is the genus that encompasses the extant species Homo sapiens (modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely related to modern humans (depending on a species), most notably Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.

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Homo antecessor

Homo antecessor is an extinct archaic human species (or subspecies) of the Lower Paleolithic, known to have been present in Western Europe (Spain, England and France) between about 1.2 million and 0.8 million years ago (Mya).

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Homo erectus

Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic humans that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological epoch.

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Homo ergaster

Homo ergaster (meaning "working man") or African Homo erectus is an extinct chronospecies of the genus Homo that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the early Pleistocene, between about 1.9 million and 1.4 million years ago.

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Homo floresiensis

Homo floresiensis ("Flores Man"; nicknamed "hobbit") is an extinct species in the genus Homo.

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Homo gautengensis

Homo gautengensis is a hominin species proposed by biological anthropologist Darren Curnoe in 2010.

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Homo habilis

Homo habilis was a species of early humans, who lived between roughly 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago.

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Homo heidelbergensis

Homo heidelbergensis is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo of the Middle Pleistocene (between about 700,000 and 200,000-300,000 years ago), known from fossils found in Southern Africa, East Africa and Europe.

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Homo naledi

Homo naledi is an extinct species of hominin, which anthropologists first described in September 2015 and have assigned to the genus Homo.

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Homo rhodesiensis

Homo rhodesiensis is the species name proposed by Arthur Smith Woodward (1921) to classifiy Kabwe 1 (the "Kabwe skull" or "Broken Hill skull", also "Rhodesian Man"), a fossil recovered from a cave at Broken Hill, or Kabwe, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).

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Homo rudolfensis

Homo rudolfensis (also Australopithecus rudolfensis) is an extinct species of the Hominini tribe known only through a handful of representative fossils, the first of which was discovered by Bernard Ngeneo, a member of a team led by anthropologist Richard Leakey and zoologist Meave Leakey in 1972, at Koobi Fora on the east side of Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in Kenya.

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Homo sapiens

Homo sapiens is the systematic name used in taxonomy (also known as binomial nomenclature) for the only extant human species.

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Homo sapiens idaltu

Homo sapiens idaltu (Idaltu; "elder" or "first born"), also called Herto Man, is the name given to a number of hominin fossils found in 1997 in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia.

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Horn of Africa

The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts into the Guardafui Channel, lying along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden and the southwest Red Sea.

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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) is an educational and trade publisher in the United States.

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Howard Hughes Medical Institute

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is an American non-profit medical research organization based in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

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Human

Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.

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Human behavior

Human behavior is the responses of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli.

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Human behavioral ecology

Human behavioral ecology (HBE) or human evolutionary ecology applies the principles of evolutionary theory and optimization to the study of human behavioral and cultural diversity.

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Human body

The human body is the entire structure of a human being.

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Human brain

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human development (biology)

Human development is the process of growing to maturity.

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Human evolution/Species chart

Category:Speciation.

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Human evolutionary genetics

Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from another human genome, the evolutionary past that gave rise to it, and its current effects.

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Human genetic clustering

Human genetic clustering is the degree to which human genetic variation can be partitioned into a small number of groups or clusters.

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Human genetic variation

Human genetic variation is the genetic differences in and among populations.

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Human genome

The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.

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Human leukocyte antigen

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system or complex is a gene complex encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in humans.

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Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA.

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Human origins

Human origins may refer to.

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Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism

The evolution of human bipedalism, which began in primates about four million years ago, or as early as seven million years ago with Sahelanthropus, has led to morphological alterations to the human skeleton including changes to the arrangement and size of the bones of the foot, hip size and shape, knee size, leg length, and the shape and orientation of the vertebral column.

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Human taxonomy

Human taxonomy is the classification of the human species (systematic name Homo sapiens) within zoological taxonomy.

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Human vestigiality

In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those traits (such as organs or behaviors) occurring in humans that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution.

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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y-chromosome (called Y-DNA).

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Human zoo

Human zoos, also called ethnological expositions, were 19th-, 20th-, and 21st-century public exhibitions of humans, usually in a so-called natural or primitive state.

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Ice age

An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Ilium (bone)

The ilium (plural ilia) is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish.

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India

India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.

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Indiana University

Indiana University (IU) is a multi-campus public university system in the state of Indiana, United States.

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Indonesia

Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.

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Industrialisation

Industrialisation or industrialization is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society, involving the extensive re-organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing.

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Insular dwarfism

Insular dwarfism, a form of phyletic dwarfism, is the process and condition of large animals evolving or having a reduced body size when their population's range is limited to a small environment, primarily islands.

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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

The International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, originally edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, is a 26-volume work published by Elsevier.

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International Society for Comparative Psychology

The International Society for Comparative Psychology was founded in 1980 and held its first meeting in 1983.

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Introgression

Introgression, also known as introgressive hybridization, in genetics is the movement of a gene (gene flow) from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrid with one of its parent species.

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Inuit

The Inuit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "the people") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Java

Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese) is an island of Indonesia.

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Java Man

Java Man (Homo erectus erectus; Javanese: Manungsa Jawa; Indonesian: Manusia Jawa) is early human fossils discovered on the island of Java (Indonesia) in 1891 and 1892.

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Johannesburg

Johannesburg (also known as Jozi, Joburg and Egoli) is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world.

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John Murray (publisher)

John Murray is a British publisher, known for the authors it has published in its history, including Jane Austen, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Lord Byron, Charles Lyell, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Herman Melville, Edward Whymper, and Charles Darwin.

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John Tyler Bonner

John Tyler Bonner (born May 12, 1920) is an emeritus professor, now lecturer with the rank of professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University.

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John Wiley & Sons

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., also referred to as Wiley, is a global publishing company that specializes in academic publishing.

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Johns Hopkins University

Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.

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Journal of Anatomy

The Journal of Anatomy, originally between 1867 and 1916 known as the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Journal of Human Evolution

The Journal of Human Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of evolution, specializing in human and primate evolution.

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Kamoyapithecus

Kamoyapithecus (Kamoya + Greek -pithekos “ape”) was a primate that lived in Africa during the late Oligocene period, about 24.2-27.5 million years ago.

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Kenya

Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa with its capital and largest city in Nairobi.

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Kenyanthropus

Kenyanthropus platyops is a 3.5 to 3.2-million-year-old (Pliocene) hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999 by Justus Erus, who was part of Meave Leakey's team.

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Kenyapithecus

Kenyapithecus wickeri was a fossil ape discovered by Louis Leakey in 1961 at a site called Fort Ternan in Kenya.

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Kromdraai Conservancy

Kromdraai Conservancy is a protected conservation park located to the south-west of Gauteng province in north-east South Africa.

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Kuru (disease)

Kuru is a very rare, incurable neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly common among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea.

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Lactase persistence

Lactase persistence is the continued activity of the lactase enzyme in adulthood.

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Lake Toba

Lake Toba (Danau Toba) is a large natural lake in Indonesia occupying the caldera of a supervolcano.

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Lake Turkana

Lake Turkana, formerly known as Lake Rudolf, is a lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley, in northern Kenya, with its far northern end crossing into Ethiopia.

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Language

Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.

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Language acquisition

Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.

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Last glacial period

The last glacial period occurred from the end of the Eemian interglacial to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period years ago.

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Late Cretaceous

The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale.

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Late Miocene

The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages.

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Late Pleistocene

The Late Pleistocene is a geochronological age of the Pleistocene Epoch and is associated with Upper Pleistocene or Tarantian stage Pleistocene series rocks.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Lemur

Lemurs are a clade of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar.

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Levallois technique

The Levallois technique is a name given by archaeologists to a distinctive type of stone knapping developed by precursors to modern humans during the Palaeolithic period.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Light skin

Light skin is a naturally occurring human skin color, which has little eumelanin pigmentation and which has been adapted to environments of low UV radiation.

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Lineage (evolution)

An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of organisms, populations, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendent.

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Lineage (genetic)

A genetic lineage is a series of mutations which connect an ancestral genetic type (allele, haplotype, or haplogroup) to derivative type.

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Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.

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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW) is an imprint of the publishing conglomerate Wolters Kluwer.

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List of human evolution fossils

The following tables give a brief overview of several notable hominin fossil finds relating to human evolution beginning with the formation of the Hominini tribe in the late Miocene (roughly 6 million years ago).

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Lists of extinct species

This page features lists of extinct species, organisms that have become extinct, either in the wild life or completely disappeared from Earth.

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Lithic flake

In archaeology, a lithic flake is a "portion of rock removed from an objective piece by percussion or pressure,"Andrefsky, W. (2005) Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis.

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Lithic technology

Lithic technology refers to a broad array of techniques and styles in archaeology, which are used to produce usable tools from various types of stone.

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Little finger

The little finger or pinky finger, also known as the fourth digit or just pinky, is the most ulnar and smallest finger of the human hand, opposite the thumb, and next to the ring finger.

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Little Foot

"Little Foot" (Stw 573) is the nickname given to a nearly complete Australopithecus fossil skeleton found in 1994–1998 in the cave system of Sterkfontein, South Africa.

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Little, Brown and Company

Little, Brown and Company is an American publisher founded in 1837 by Charles Coffin Little and his partner, James Brown, and for close to two centuries has published fiction and nonfiction by American authors.

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Loris

Loris is the common name for the strepsirrhine primates of the subfamily Lorinae (sometimes spelled Lorisinae) in the family Lorisidae.

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Louis Leakey

Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan paleoanthropologist and archaeologist whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at Olduvai Gorge with his wife, fellow paleontologist Mary Leakey.

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Lower Paleolithic

The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Lucy (Australopithecus)

Lucy is the common name of AL 288-1, several hundred pieces of bone fossils representing 40 percent of the skeleton of a female of the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis.

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Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" is a song credited to Lennon–McCartney that appears on the Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

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Lumbar vertebrae

The lumbar vertebrae are, in human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis.

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Madagascar

Madagascar (Madagasikara), officially the Republic of Madagascar (Repoblikan'i Madagasikara; République de Madagascar), and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.

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Mammal

Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.

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Man's Place in Nature

Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature is an 1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley, in which he gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor.

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March of Progress

The March of Progress, properly called The Road to Homo Sapiens, is an illustration that presents 25 million years of human evolution.

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Martin Pickford

Martin Pickford holds a Chair in Paleoanthropology and Prehistory at the Collège de France and researcher at the Département Histoire de la Terre in the Muséum national d'Histoire.

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Mary Leakey

Mary Douglas Leakey, FBA (née Nicol, 6 February 1913 – 9 December 1996) was a British paleoanthropologist who discovered the first fossilised Proconsul skull, an extinct ape which is now believed to be ancestral to humans.

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Meave Leakey

Meave G. Leakey (born Meave Epps on 28 July 1942 in London, England) is a British paleoanthropologist.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

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Melanesians

Melanesians are the predominant indigenous inhabitants of Melanesia.

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Menopause

Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.

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Michel Brunet (paleontologist)

Michel Brunet (born on April 6, 1940) is a French paleontologist and a professor at the Collège de France.

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Middle Miocene

The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages.

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Middle Paleolithic

The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Middle Pleistocene

The Middle Pleistocene is an informal, unofficial subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch, from 781,000 to 126,000 years ago.

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Milford H. Wolpoff

Milford Howell Wolpoff is a paleoanthropologist working as a professor of anthropology and adjunct associate research scientist, Museum of Anthropology, at the University of Michigan.

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Miocene

The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Mitochondrial Eve

In human genetics, the Mitochondrial Eve (also mt-Eve, mt-MRCA) is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all currently living humans, i.e., the most recent woman from whom all living humans descend in an unbroken line purely through their mothers, and through the mothers of those mothers, back until all lines converge on one woman.

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Molecular Biology and Evolution

Molecular Biology and Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Molecular clock

The molecular clock is a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.

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Molecular evolution

Molecular evolution is the process of change in the sequence composition of cellular molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins across generations.

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Molecular paleontology

Molecular paleontology refers to the recovery and analysis of DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids, and their diagenetic products from ancient human, animal, and plant remains.

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Morphology (biology)

Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

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Multiregional origin of modern humans

The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.

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Nacholapithecus

Nacholapithecus is a Middle Miocene genus of hominoid found in the Nachola formation in northern Kenya, a key genus in early hominid evolution.

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Nakalipithecus

Nakalipithecus nakayamai was a prehistoric ape species that lived in modern-day Kenya early in the Late Miocene, 10 million years ago (mya).

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Namibia

Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German:; Republiek van Namibië), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean.

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National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

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National Geographic

National Geographic (formerly the National Geographic Magazine and branded also as NAT GEO or) is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society.

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National Geographic Society

The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world.

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National Museum of Natural History

The National Museum of Natural History is a natural-history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States.

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National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.

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Natural science

Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Nature Publishing Group

Nature Publishing Group is a division of the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature that publishes academic journals, magazines, online databases, and services in science and medicine.

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Neanderthal

Neanderthals (also; also Neanderthal Man, taxonomically Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived in Eurasia during at least 430,000 to 38,000 years ago.

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Neocortex

The neocortex, also called the neopallium and isocortex, is the part of the mammalian brain involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.

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Neolithic Subpluvial

The Neolithic Subpluvial, or the Holocene Wet Phase, was an extended period (from about 7500–7000 BCE to about 3500–3000 BCE) of wet and rainy conditions in the climate history of northern Africa.

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Neontology

Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.

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Neoteny

Neoteny, (also called juvenilization)Montagu, A. (1989).

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Neuron

A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.

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Neurosurgery (journal)

Neurosurgery is a monthly peer reviewed medical journal of neurosurgery and the official journal of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.

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New World monkey

New World monkeys are the five families of primates that are found in the tropical regions of Central and South America and Mexico: Callitrichidae, Cebidae, Aotidae, Pitheciidae, and Atelidae.

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Noogenesis

Noogenesis (Ancient Greek: νοῦς.

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Normandy University

Normandy University (Normandie université) is the association of universities and higher education institutions (ComUE) for institutions of higher education and research in the French regions of Lower Normandy and Upper Normandy.

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Nova ScienceNow

Nova ScienceNow (styled NOVA scienceNOW) is a spinoff of the long-running and venerable PBS science program Nova.

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Nyanzapithecus pickfordi

Nyanzapithecus pickfordi was a primate from the Middle Miocene of Maboko Island, Nyanza Province, Kenya.

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Observational learning

Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

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Obstetrical dilemma

The obstetrical dilemma is a hypothesis to explain why humans often require assistance from other humans during childbirth to avoid complications, whereas most non-human primates give birth alone with relatively little difficulty.

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Occipital lobe

The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.

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Oceania

Oceania is a geographic region comprising Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and Australasia.

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Oldowan

The Oldowan (or Mode I) is the earliest widespread stone tool archaeological industry (style) in prehistory.

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Olduvai Gorge

The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropological sites in the world; it has proven invaluable in furthering our understanding of early human evolution.

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Oligocene

The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.

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Omo remains

The Omo remains are a collection of homininThis article quotes historic texts that use the terms 'hominid' and 'hominin' with meanings that may be different from their modern usages.

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On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

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Ontogeny

Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism, usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to the organism's mature form—although the term can be used to refer to the study of the entirety of an organism's lifespan.

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Orangutan

The orangutans (also spelled orang-utan, orangutang, or orang-utang) are three extant species of great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia.

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Oreopithecus

Oreopithecus is an extinct hominoid primate from the Miocene epoch whose fossils have been found in today's Tuscany and Sardinia in Italy; (from the Greek ὄρος, oros and πίθηκος, pithekos, meaning "hill-ape").

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Origin of language

The evolutionary emergence of language in the human species has been a subject of speculation for several centuries.

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Origin of speech

The origin of speech refers to the more general problem of the origin of language in the context of the physiological development of the human speech organs such as the tongue, lips and vocal organs used to produce phonological units in all human languages.

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Orrorin

Orrorin tugenensis is a postulated early species of Homininae, estimated at and discovered in 2000.

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Osteodontokeratic culture

The Osteodontokeratic ("bone-tooth-horn", Greek and Latin derivation) culture (ODK) is a hypothesis that was developed by Prof.

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Ouranopithecus

Ouranopithecus was a genus of Eurasian great ape represented by two species, Ouranopithecus macedoniensis, a late Miocene (9.6–8.7 mya) hominoid from Greece and Ouranopithecus turkae, also from the late Miocene (8.7–7.4 mya) of Turkey.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

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Pair bond

In biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between a pair consisting of a male and female, or in some cases as a same-sex pairing, potentially leading to producing offspring and/or a lifelong bond.

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Paleoanthropology

Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of archaeology with a human focus, which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinship lines within the family Hominidae, working from biological evidence (such as petrified skeletal remains, bone fragments, footprints) and cultural evidence (such as stone tools, artifacts, and settlement localities).

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Paleocene

The Paleocene or Palaeocene, the "old recent", is a geological epoch that lasted from about.

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Paleolithic

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic is a period in human prehistory distinguished by the original development of stone tools that covers c. 95% of human technological prehistory.

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Paleontological Society

The Paleontological Society, formerly the Paleontological Society of America, is an international organisation devoted to the promotion of paleontology.

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Paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).

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Palomar College

Palomar College is a community college with one campus, three centers and four education sites in San Diego County, California, United States.

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Paranthropus

Paranthropus (from Greek παρα, para "beside"; άνθρωπος, ánthropos "human") is a genus of extinct hominins that lived between 2.6 and 1.1 million years ago.

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Paranthropus aethiopicus

Paranthropus aethiopicus or Australopithecus aethiopicus is an extinct species of hominin, one of the robust australopithecines.

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Paranthropus boisei

Paranthropus boisei or Australopithecus boisei or "Karl Surva" was an early hominin, described as the largest of the genus Paranthropus (robust australopithecines).

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Paranthropus robustus

Paranthropus robustus (or Australopithecus robustus) is an early hominin, originally discovered in Southern Africa in 1938.

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Parapithecus

Parapithecus is an extinct genus of primate that lived during the Earliest Oligocene in what is now Egypt.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor.

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Peking Man

Peking Man, Homo erectus pekinensis (formerly known by the junior synonym Sinanthropus pekinensis), is an example of Homo erectus.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books is a British publishing house.

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Penguin Group

The Penguin Group is a trade book publisher and part of Penguin Random House.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society.

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Phylogenetic tree

A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.

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Phylogenetics

In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.

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Physician

A physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor, or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

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Piacenzian

The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene.

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Pierolapithecus

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus is an extinct species of primate which lived about 13 million years ago during the Miocene in what is now Hostalets de Pierola, Catalonia (Spain), giving the name to the species.

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Plesiadapis

Plesiadapis is one of the oldest known primate-like mammal genera which existed about 55–58 million years ago in North America and Europe.

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Pliocene

The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP.

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Ponginae

Ponginae is a subfamily in the family Hominidae.

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Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide).

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Prefrontal cortex

In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe.

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Prehistoric Autopsy

Prehistoric Autopsy is a 2012 British television documentary film series shown in three one-hour episodes on BBC Two.

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Prehistory

Human prehistory is the period between the use of the first stone tools 3.3 million years ago by hominins and the invention of writing systems.

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Prentice Hall

Prentice Hall is a major educational publisher owned by Pearson plc.

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Primate

A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").

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Primatology

Primatology is the scientific study of primates.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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PRNP

PRNP (PRioN Protein) is the human gene encoding for the major prion protein PrP (for prion protein), also known as CD230 (cluster of differentiation 230).

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.

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Proconsul (primate)

Proconsul is an extinct genus of primates that existed from 23 to 25 million years ago during the Miocene epoch.

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Propliopithecus

Propliopithecus is an extinct genus of primate.

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Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.

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Quartzite

Quartzite (from Quarzit) is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone.

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Radiocarbon dating

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.

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Random House

Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world.

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Random House of Canada

Random House of Canada was the Canadian distributor for Random House, Inc. from 1944 until 2013.

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Rangwapithecus

Rangwapithecus is an extinct genus of ape from the Early Miocene of Kenya.

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Raymond Dart

Raymond Arthur Dart (4 February 1893 – 22 November 1988) was an Australian anatomist and anthropologist, best known for his involvement in the 1924 discovery of the first fossil ever found of Australopithecus africanus, an extinct hominin closely related to humans, at Taung in the North of South Africa in the province Northwest.

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Recent human evolution

Recent human evolution refers to evolutionary adaptation and selection and genetic drift within anatomically modern human populations, since their separation and dispersal in the Middle Paleolithic.

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Retouch (lithics)

Retouch is the act of producing scars on a stone flake after the ventral surface has been created.

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Richard Leakey

Richard Erskine Frere Leakey FRS (born 19 December 1944) is a Kenyan paleoanthropologist, conservationist, and politician.

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Richard Owen

Sir Richard Owen (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and paleontologist.

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Rising Star Cave

The Rising Star cave system (also known as Westminster or Empire cave) is located in the Malmani dolomites, in Bloubank River valley, about southwest of Swartkrans, part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa.

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Robert May, Baron May of Oxford

Robert McCredie May, Baron May of Oxford, HonFAIB (born 8 January 1936) is an Australian scientist who has been Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government, President of the Royal Society, and a Professor at the University of Sydney and Princeton University.

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Royal Society

The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society.

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Saadanius

Saadanius is a genus of fossil primate dating to the Oligocene that is closely related to the common ancestor of the Old World monkeys and apes, collectively known as catarrhines.

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Sahara pump theory

The Sahara pump theory is a hypothesis that explains how flora and fauna migrated between Eurasia and Africa via a land bridge in the Levant region.

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Sahelanthropus

Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct homininae species and is probably the ancestor to Orrorin that is dated to about, during the Miocene epoch, possibly very close to the time of the chimpanzee–human divergence.

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Sampling bias

In statistics, sampling bias is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.

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San people

No description.

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Sarah Tishkoff

Sarah A. Tishkoff (born 1965) is an American geneticist who is the David and Lyn Silfen Professor at the University of Pennsylvania.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Science Daily

Science Daily is an American website that aggregates press releases and publishes lightly edited press releases (a practice called churnalism) about science, similar to Phys.org and EurekAlert!.

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Science News

Science News is an American bi-weekly magazine devoted to short articles about new scientific and technical developments, typically gleaned from recent scientific and technical journals.

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Scientific American

Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.

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Self-domestication

Self-domestication is the process of adaptation of wild animals to humans, without direct human selective breeding of the animals.

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Serum (blood)

In blood, the serum is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma not including the fibrinogens.

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Sex differences in human physiology

Sex differences in human physiology are distinctions of physiological characteristics associated with either male or female humans.

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Sexual dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs.

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Sexual selection

Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).

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Sexual selection in humans

Sexual selection in humans concerns the concept of sexual selection, introduced by Charles Darwin as an element of his theory of natural selection, as it affects humans.

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Siberia

Siberia (a) is an extensive geographical region, and by the broadest definition is also known as North Asia.

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Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.

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Sickle cell trait

Sickle cell trait describes a condition in which a person has one abnormal allele of the hemoglobin beta gene (is heterozygous), but does not display the severe symptoms of sickle-cell disease that occur in a person who has two copies of that allele (is homozygous).

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Simian

The simians (infraorder Simiiformes) are monkeys and apes, cladistically including: the New World monkeys or platyrrhines, and the catarrhine clade consisting of the Old World monkeys and apes (including humans).

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Sinai Peninsula

The Sinai Peninsula or simply Sinai (now usually) is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.

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Single-nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism, often abbreviated to SNP (plural), is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. > 1%).

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Sivapithecus

Sivapithecus (Shiva's Ape) (syn: Ramapithecus) is a genus of extinct apes.

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Skhul and Qafzeh hominins

The Skhul/Qafzeh hominins or Qafzeh–Skhul early modern humans are hominin fossils discovered in the Qafzeh and Es Skhul Caves in Israel.

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Skull

The skull is a bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates.

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Sky News

Sky News is a 24-hour international multimedia news organisation based in the UK that started as a 24-hour television news channel.

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Sky UK

Sky UK (formerly British Sky Broadcasting Limited, BSkyB and Sky) is a telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom.

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Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.

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Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution

The Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE) is a scientific and academic organization created in 1982 to support academic research in the field of molecular evolution.

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Society for Science & the Public

Society for Science & the Public (SSP), formerly known as Science Service, is a 501(c)3 non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of science, through its science education programs and publications, including the bi-weekly Science News magazine and the free-accessible online.

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Society for the Study of Evolution

The Society for the Study of Evolution is a professional organization of evolutionary biologists.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.

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Speech

Speech is the vocalized form of communication used by humans and some animals, which is based upon the syntactic combination of items drawn from the lexicon.

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Spencer Wells

Spencer Wells (born April 6, 1969) is a geneticist, anthropologist, author, entrepreneur, adjunct professor at the University of Texas at Austin, and owner of Antone's, an iconic nightclub in Austin, Texas.

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Springer Publishing

Springer Publishing is an American publishing company of academic journals and books, focusing on the fields of nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation (neuropsychology).

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Springer Science+Business Media

Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.

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SRGAP2

SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 2 (srGAP2) also known as formin-binding protein 2 (FNBP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SRGAP2 gene.

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Stanford University Press

The Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

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Stephen Oppenheimer

Stephen Oppenheimer (born 1947) is a British paediatrician, geneticist, and writer.

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Stone Age

The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make implements with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface.

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Stone tool

A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely out of stone.

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Supervolcano

A supervolcano is a large volcano that has had an eruption of magnitude 8, which is the largest value on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI).

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Surface-area-to-volume ratio

The surface-area-to-volume ratio, also called the surface-to-volume ratio and variously denoted sa/vol or SA:V, is the amount of surface area per unit volume of an object or collection of objects.

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Swartkrans

Swartkrans is a fossil-bearing cave designated as a South African National Heritage Site, located about from Johannesburg.

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Taung Child

The Taung Child (or Taung Baby) is the fossilised skull of a young Australopithecus africanus.

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Temporal lobe

The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.

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Temporal styloid process

The temporal styloid process is a process of bone that extends down from the temporal bone of the human skull, just below the ear.

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Texas A&M University Press

Texas A&M University Press (also known informally as TAMU Press) is a scholarly publishing house associated with Texas A&M University.

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Thames & Hudson

Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books on art, architecture, design, and visual culture.

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The 10,000 Year Explosion

The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilization Accelerated Human Evolution is a 2009 book by anthropologists Gregory Cochran and Henry Harpending.

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The Anatomical Record

The Anatomical Record is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering anatomy.

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The Ancestor's Tale

The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life is a 2004 popular science book by Richard Dawkins, with contributions from Dawkins' research assistant Yan Wong.

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The Beatles

The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960.

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The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex is a book by English naturalist Charles Darwin, first published in 1871, which applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and details his theory of sexual selection, a form of biological adaptation distinct from, yet interconnected with, natural selection.

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The Fate of the Earth

The Fate of the Earth is a 1982 book by Jonathan Schell.

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The Naked Ape

The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal (Hardback:; Reprint) is a 1967 book by zoologist and ethologist Desmond Morris that looks at humans as a species and compares them to other animals.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Scientist (magazine)

The Scientist is a professional magazine intended for life scientists.

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Third metacarpal styloid process

The third metacarpal styloid process enables the hand bone to lock into the wrist bones, allowing for greater amounts of pressure to be applied to the wrist and hand from a grasping thumb and fingers.

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Thomas Henry Huxley

Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist specialising in comparative anatomy.

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Three Rivers Press

Three Rivers Press is the trade paperback imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House.

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Thumb

The thumb is the first digit of the hand.

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Tim D. White

Tim D. White (born August 24, 1950) is an American paleoanthropologist and Professor of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley.

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TimeTree

TimeTree is a free public database developed by S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, now at Temple University, for presenting times of divergence in the tree of life.

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Toba catastrophe theory

The Toba supereruption was a supervolcanic eruption that occurred about 75,000 years ago at the site of present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia.

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Tool use by animals

Tool use by animals is a phenomenon in which an animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming, defense, recreation or construction.

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Transaction Publishers

Transaction Publishers was a New Jersey–based publishing house that specialized in social science books.

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Transitional fossil

A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.

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Trapping pit

Trapping pits are deep pits dug into the ground, or built from stone, in order to trap animals.

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Trinil

Trinil is a palaeoanthropological site on the banks of the Bengawan Solo River in Ngawi Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia.

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Tugen Hills

The Tugen Hills (also known as Saimo) are a series of hills in Baringo County, Kenya.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Type (biology)

In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally attached.

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University of California Press

University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.

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University of Texas at Austin

The University of Texas at Austin (UT, UT Austin, or Texas) is a public research university and the flagship institution of the University of Texas System.

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University of Tokyo Press

The is a university press affiliated with the University of Tokyo in Japan.

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Upper Paleolithic

The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic, Late Stone Age) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.

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Vertebral column

The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton.

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Victoriapithecus

Victoriapithecus macinnesi was a primate.

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Vincent Sarich

Vincent Matthew Sarich (December 13, 1934October 27, 2012) was an American anthropologist.

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W. W. Norton & Company

W.

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Wall to Wall Media (production company)

Wall to Wall Media, part of Warner Bros. Television Productions UK (formerly Shed Media Group), is an independent television production company that produces event specials and drama, factual entertainment, science and history programmes for broadcast by networks in both the United Kingdom and United States.

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Watt

The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.

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Weidenfeld & Nicolson

Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd (established 1948), often shortened to W&N or Weidenfeld, is a British publisher of fiction and reference books.

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WGBH Educational Foundation

The WGBH Educational Foundation was established in 1951 in Boston, Massachusetts as an American nonprofit organization that oversees all of the PBS member stations licensed to the state of Massachusetts: the WGBH stations in Boston (WGBH-TV, the foundation's flagship property, and WGBX-TV) and WGBY-TV in Springfield.

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Wiley-Blackwell

Wiley-Blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.

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William Morrow and Company

William Morrow and Company is an American publishing company founded by William Morrow in 1926.

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X chromosome

The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes (allosomes) in many organisms, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome), and is found in both males and females.

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Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes (allosomes) in mammals, including humans, and many other animals.

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Y-chromosomal Adam

In human genetics, the Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living men are descended patrilineally.

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Yale University

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Zygosity

Zygosity is the degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism.

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20th century

The 20th century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.

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Redirects here:

Evolution of Homo sapiens, Evolution of Man, Evolution of homo sapiens, Evolution of humanity, Evolution of humans, Evolution of man, Evolution of men, Evolution of the human diet, Evolution of the human race, Hominid evolution, Human Evolution, Human ancestor, Human ancestors, Humanity evolution, Origin of homo sapiens, Origins of Humanity in Interbreeding, Origins of homo sapiens, Origins of man, Protohominids, The theory of human evolution, Theory of Human Evolution, Theory of human evolution, Ulnar opposition.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution

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