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Extracellular vesicle

Index Extracellular vesicle

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles that are naturally released from almost all types of cells but, unlike a cell, cannot replicate. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 87 relations: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Adenoma, Algae, Alzheimer's disease, Amyloid beta, Apolipoprotein E, Apoptosis, Archaea, Astrocyte, Bacteria, Bat, Biomarker, Blood plasma, Cancer, CCR5, Cell (biology), Cell culture, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell wall, Ceramide, Cholesterol, Coagulation, Colorectal cancer, CXCR4, Cytokine, Cytoskeleton, DNA, Drosophila, Electron microscope, Endocrine system, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endosome, Enzyme, Erwin Chargaff, Exopher, Exosome (vesicle), Flagellate, Flagellum, Fungus, Glioblastoma, Golgi apparatus, Growth factor, Hibernation, HIV, In vitro, International Society for Extracellular Vesicles, Intestinal villus, Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, Lipid, ... Expand index (37 more) »

  2. Eukaryotic cell anatomy
  3. Vesicles

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes.

See Extracellular vesicle and Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Adenoma

An adenoma is a benign tumor of epithelial tissue with glandular origin, glandular characteristics, or both.

See Extracellular vesicle and Adenoma

Algae

Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.

See Extracellular vesicle and Algae

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia.

See Extracellular vesicle and Alzheimer's disease

Amyloid beta

Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease.

See Extracellular vesicle and Amyloid beta

Apolipoprotein E

Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body of mammals.

See Extracellular vesicle and Apolipoprotein E

Apoptosis

Apoptosis (from falling off) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast.

See Extracellular vesicle and Apoptosis

Archaea

Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.

See Extracellular vesicle and Archaea

Astrocyte

Astrocytes (from Ancient Greek,, "star" and,, "cavity", "cell"), also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.

See Extracellular vesicle and Astrocyte

Bacteria

Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.

See Extracellular vesicle and Bacteria

Bat

Bats are flying mammals of the order Chiroptera.

See Extracellular vesicle and Bat

Biomarker

In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.

See Extracellular vesicle and Biomarker

Blood plasma

Blood plasma is a light amber-colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains proteins and other constituents of whole blood in suspension.

See Extracellular vesicle and Blood plasma

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cancer

CCR5

C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines.

See Extracellular vesicle and CCR5

Cell (biology)

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life. Extracellular vesicle and cell (biology) are cell biology.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cell (biology)

Cell culture

Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. Extracellular vesicle and cell culture are cell biology.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cell culture

Cell membrane

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).

See Extracellular vesicle and Cell membrane

Cell nucleus

The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Extracellular vesicle and cell nucleus are eukaryotic cell anatomy.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cell nucleus

Cell wall

A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cell wall

Ceramide

Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules.

See Extracellular vesicle and Ceramide

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cholesterol

Coagulation

Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

See Extracellular vesicle and Coagulation

Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).

See Extracellular vesicle and Colorectal cancer

CXCR4

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCR4 gene.

See Extracellular vesicle and CXCR4

Cytokine

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cytokine

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. Extracellular vesicle and cytoskeleton are eukaryotic cell anatomy.

See Extracellular vesicle and Cytoskeleton

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

See Extracellular vesicle and DNA

Drosophila

Drosophila is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.

See Extracellular vesicle and Drosophila

Electron microscope

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.

See Extracellular vesicle and Electron microscope

Endocrine system

The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs.

See Extracellular vesicle and Endocrine system

Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. Extracellular vesicle and endoplasmic reticulum are eukaryotic cell anatomy.

See Extracellular vesicle and Endoplasmic reticulum

Endosome

Endosomes are a collection of intracellular sorting organelles in eukaryotic cells. Extracellular vesicle and Endosome are vesicles.

See Extracellular vesicle and Endosome

Enzyme

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.

See Extracellular vesicle and Enzyme

Erwin Chargaff

Erwin Chargaff (11 August 1905 – 20 June 2002) was an Austro-Hungarian-born American biochemist, writer, Bucovinian Jew who emigrated to the United States during the Nazi era, and professor of biochemistry at Columbia University medical school.

See Extracellular vesicle and Erwin Chargaff

Exopher

Exophers are a type of membrane-bound extracellular vesicle (EV) that are released by budding out of cells into the extracellular space. Extracellular vesicle and Exopher are cells, eukaryotic cell anatomy and vesicles.

See Extracellular vesicle and Exopher

Exosome (vesicle)

Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nanometers, are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells. Extracellular vesicle and Exosome (vesicle) are vesicles.

See Extracellular vesicle and Exosome (vesicle)

Flagellate

A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. Extracellular vesicle and flagellate are cell biology.

See Extracellular vesicle and Flagellate

Flagellum

A flagellum (flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility.

See Extracellular vesicle and Flagellum

Fungus

A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.

See Extracellular vesicle and Fungus

Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma, previously known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most aggressive and most common type of cancer that originates in the brain, and has a very poor prognosis for survival. Initial signs and symptoms of glioblastoma are nonspecific. They may include headaches, personality changes, nausea, and symptoms similar to those of a stroke.

See Extracellular vesicle and Glioblastoma

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

See Extracellular vesicle and Golgi apparatus

Growth factor

A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.

See Extracellular vesicle and Growth factor

Hibernation

Hibernation is a state of minimal activity and metabolic depression undergone by some animal species.

See Extracellular vesicle and Hibernation

HIV

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.

See Extracellular vesicle and HIV

In vitro

In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.

See Extracellular vesicle and In vitro

International Society for Extracellular Vesicles

The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) is an international scientific organization that focuses on the study of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These membrane-bound particles are released from all known cells and include exosomes, ectosomes, exophers, oncosomes, and more. Established in 2011, the society is a nonprofit organization.

See Extracellular vesicle and International Society for Extracellular Vesicles

Intestinal villus

Intestinal villi (villus) are small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine.

See Extracellular vesicle and Intestinal villus

Journal of Extracellular Vesicles

The Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, JEV, is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV).

See Extracellular vesicle and Journal of Extracellular Vesicles

Lipid

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.

See Extracellular vesicle and Lipid

Lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

See Extracellular vesicle and Lipid bilayer

Megakaryocyte

A megakaryocyte (mega- + karyo- + -cyte, "large-nucleus cell") is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus that produces blood platelets (thrombocytes), which are necessary for normal clotting.

See Extracellular vesicle and Megakaryocyte

Messenger RNA

In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.

See Extracellular vesicle and Messenger RNA

Metabolite

In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.

See Extracellular vesicle and Metabolite

Metastasis

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.

See Extracellular vesicle and Metastasis

Micrometre

The micrometre (Commonwealth English) as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-".

See Extracellular vesicle and Micrometre

MicroRNA

MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides.

See Extracellular vesicle and MicroRNA

Microvesicle

Microvesicles (ectosomes, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) that are released from the cell membrane. Extracellular vesicle and Microvesicle are cell biology and vesicles.

See Extracellular vesicle and Microvesicle

Mitochondrion

A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.

See Extracellular vesicle and Mitochondrion

Nanometre

molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres.

See Extracellular vesicle and Nanometre

National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research.

See Extracellular vesicle and National Institutes of Health

Neurospora

Neurospora is a genus of Ascomycete fungi.

See Extracellular vesicle and Neurospora

Nucleic acid

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.

See Extracellular vesicle and Nucleic acid

Organelle

In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.

See Extracellular vesicle and Organelle

Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane.

See Extracellular vesicle and Phosphatidylserine

Plant

Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.

See Extracellular vesicle and Plant

Platelet

Platelets or thrombocytes are a blood component whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. Extracellular vesicle and Platelet are cell biology.

See Extracellular vesicle and Platelet

Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

See Extracellular vesicle and Protein

Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy (named after physicist C. V. Raman) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, although rotational and other low-frequency modes of systems may also be observed.

See Extracellular vesicle and Raman spectroscopy

Red blood cell

Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (with -cyte translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as red cells, erythroid cells, and rarely haematids, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.

See Extracellular vesicle and Red blood cell

RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).

See Extracellular vesicle and RNA

Rose Johnstone

Rose Mamelak Johnstone FRSC (14 May 1928 – 3 July 2009) was a Canadian biochemist who is known for her discovery of exosomes, the cellular structures that transport proteins, lipids and RNA.

See Extracellular vesicle and Rose Johnstone

Spontaneous generation

Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular.

See Extracellular vesicle and Spontaneous generation

Tetraspanin

Tetraspanins are a family of membrane proteins found in all multicellular eukaryotes also referred to as the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) proteins.

See Extracellular vesicle and Tetraspanin

Thyroid

The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates.

See Extracellular vesicle and Thyroid

Thyroid follicular cell

Thyroid follicular cells (also called thyroid epithelial cells or thyrocytes) are the major cell type in the thyroid gland, and are responsible for the production and secretion of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

See Extracellular vesicle and Thyroid follicular cell

Tissue (biology)

In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.

See Extracellular vesicle and Tissue (biology)

Tissue factor

Tissue factor, also called platelet tissue factor or Coagulation factor III, is a protein present in subendothelial tissue and leukocytes which plays a major role in coagulation and, in humans, is encoded by F3 gene.

See Extracellular vesicle and Tissue factor

Transmembrane protein

A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane.

See Extracellular vesicle and Transmembrane protein

Tunable resistive pulse sensing

Tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) is a single-particle technique used to measure the size, concentration and zeta potential of particles as they pass through a size-tunable nanopore.

See Extracellular vesicle and Tunable resistive pulse sensing

Tunneling nanotube

A tunneling nanotube (TNT) or membrane nanotube is a term that has been applied to cytoskeletal protrusions that extend from the plasma membrane which enable different animal cells to connect over long distances, sometimes over 100 μm between certain types of cells.

See Extracellular vesicle and Tunneling nanotube

Ultracentrifuge

An ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as (approx.). There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge.

See Extracellular vesicle and Ultracentrifuge

Unilamellar liposome

A unilamellar liposome is a spherical liposome, a vesicle, bounded by a single bilayer of an amphiphilic lipid or a mixture of such lipids, containing aqueous solution inside the chamber.

See Extracellular vesicle and Unilamellar liposome

Uromodulin

Uromodulin (UMOD), also known as Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP), is a zona pellucida-like domain-containing glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the UMOD gene.

See Extracellular vesicle and Uromodulin

Vertebrate

Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

See Extracellular vesicle and Vertebrate

Viral envelope

A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses.

See Extracellular vesicle and Viral envelope

Virus

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

See Extracellular vesicle and Virus

See also

Eukaryotic cell anatomy

Vesicles

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_vesicle

Also known as Apoptotic body, Extracellular vesicles, Small extracellular vesicle.

, Lipid bilayer, Megakaryocyte, Messenger RNA, Metabolite, Metastasis, Micrometre, MicroRNA, Microvesicle, Mitochondrion, Nanometre, National Institutes of Health, Neurospora, Nucleic acid, Organelle, Phosphatidylserine, Plant, Platelet, Protein, Raman spectroscopy, Red blood cell, RNA, Rose Johnstone, Spontaneous generation, Tetraspanin, Thyroid, Thyroid follicular cell, Tissue (biology), Tissue factor, Transmembrane protein, Tunable resistive pulse sensing, Tunneling nanotube, Ultracentrifuge, Unilamellar liposome, Uromodulin, Vertebrate, Viral envelope, Virus.