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33 relations: Abbott Laboratories, Allopurinol, Astellas Pharma, Azathioprine, Chemotherapy, CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, European Medicines Agency, Gout, Hyperuricemia, Hypoxanthine, Ipsen, Joint venture, Menarini, Mercaptopurine, Molybdopterin, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Non-competitive inhibition, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, Pregnancy category, Springer Science+Business Media, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, TAP Pharmaceuticals, Teijin, Theophylline, UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, UGT2B7, Uric acid, Xanthine, Xanthine oxidase.
Abbott Laboratories
Abbott Laboratories is an American health care company with headquarters in Lake Bluff, Illinois, United States.
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Allopurinol
Allopurinol, sold under the brand name Zyloprim among others, is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels.
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Astellas Pharma
is a Japanese pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from the merger of and.
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Azathioprine
Azathioprine (AZA), sold under the brand name Imuran among others, is an immunosuppressive medication.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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CYP1A2
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (abbreviated CYP1A2), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body.
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CYP2C8
Cytochrome P4502C8 (abbreviated CYP2C8), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body.
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CYP2C9
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (abbreviated CYP2C9) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2C9 gene.
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European Medicines Agency
The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a European Union agency for the evaluation of medicinal products.
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Gout
Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and swollen joint.
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Hyperuricemia
Hyperuricemia is an abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood.
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Hypoxanthine
Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative.
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Ipsen
Ipsen is a French pharmaceutical company headquartered in Paris, France.
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Joint venture
A joint venture (JV) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance.
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Menarini
The Menarini Group is an Italian pharmaceutical company.
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Mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine (6-MP), sold under the brand name Purinethol among others, is a medication used for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
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Molybdopterin
Molybdopterins are a class of cofactors found in most molybdenum (Mo) and all tungsten (W) enzymes.
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National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health in the United Kingdom, which publishes guidelines in four areas.
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Non-competitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.
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Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
The is a Japanese governmental organization, similar in function to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States or the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom or the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India or the European Medicines Agency in Europe.
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Pregnancy category
The pregnancy category of a medication is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical, if it is used as directed by the mother during pregnancy.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
is the largest pharmaceutical company in Japan and Asia and a top 15 pharmaceutical company in the world.
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TAP Pharmaceuticals
TAP Pharmaceuticals was formed in 1977 as a joint venture between the two global pharmaceutical companies, Abbott Laboratories and Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. and was dissolved in 2008; its two most successful products were proton-pump inhibitor lansoprazole (Prevacid) and the prostate cancer drug, leuprorelin ((Lupron). The intention of the joint venture was to get products that Takeda had discovered developed, approved, and marketed in the US and Canada. The company was established at a time when Japanese pharmaceutical companies were seeking partnerships to access the US market. These efforts were supported by the Japanese government at the time to help the national economy compete in higher technology, as countries like South Korea, Taiwan were beginning to catch up with Japan in commodity production. Japanese pharmaceutical companies were especially strong in the fields of generating analogs of known cephalosporin antibiotics, cancer drugs, and cardiovascular drugs. The first products TAP file new drug applications for, were two cephalosporins, cefmenoxime (Cefmax) and cefsulodin (Cefonomil), estazolam for sleep disorders, and leuprorelin; leuprorelin was the first one approved, in 1985. In 1998 Takeda established its own US R&D and sales force, for the diabetes drug pioglitazone (Actos). In 2000, TAP's withdrew its new drug application for apomorphine (branded as "Uprima") as a treatment for erectile dysfunction after an FDA review panel raised questions about the drug's safety, due to many clinical trial subjects fainting after taking the drug. In 2001, the US Department of Justice, states attorneys general, and TAP Pharmaceutical Products settled criminal and civil charges against TAP related to federal and state medicare fraud and illegal marketing of the drug leuprorelin. TAP paid a total of $875 million, which was a record high at the time. The $875 million settlement broke down to $290 million for violating the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, $559.5 million to settle federal fraud charges for overcharging Medicare, and $25.5 million reimbursement to 50 states and Washington, D.C., for filing false claims with the states' Medicaid programs. The case arose under the False Claims Act with claims filed by Douglas Durand, a former TAP vice president of sales, and Joseph Gerstein, a doctor at Tufts University's HMO practice. Durand, Gerstein, and Tufts shared $95 million of the settlement. When the settlement was announced, the Department of Justice also announced that seven people were indicted on criminal charges by a grand jury; the DoJ also said that four doctors had already pled guilty for receiving kickbacks. As of 2003 around 12 TAP employees had been indicted and were contested the charges, and one had pled guilty. Abbott and Takeda agreed to end the partnership in 2008, with Abbott keeping the rights to leuprorelin, which had sales in 2007 of $600 million and a patent expiring in 2015 and the approximately 300 employees who worked on the product, and Takeda keeping the rights to lansoprazole, which had sales of $2.3 billion in 2007 but was facing imminent generic competition, along with 800 employees in the U.S. and all the drugs in the TAP pipeline. Takeda was also obligated to pay Abbott about $1.5 billion over several years. By 2008, Takeda's own sales in the US outside of TAP had grown to $3 billion, mostly from sales of pioglitazone which by then was the best-selling diabetes drug in the world.
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Teijin
is a Japanese chemical, pharmaceutical and information technology company.
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Theophylline
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names.
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UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family, polypeptide A1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-1 also known as UGT-1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A1 gene.
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UGT1A3
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A3 gene.
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UGT1A9
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A9 gene.
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UGT2B7
UGT2B7 (UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase-2B7) is a phase II metabolism isoenzyme found to be active in the liver, kidneys, epithelial cells of the lower gastrointestinal tract and also has been reported in the brain.
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Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.
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Xanthine
Xanthine (or; archaically xanthic acid) (3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione), is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids and in other organisms.
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Xanthine oxidase
Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes XAO) is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species.
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ATC code M04AA03, ATCvet code QM04AA03, Adenuric, Fabulas, Uloric.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febuxostat
