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272 relations: Adam Smith, Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto, Amitav Ghosh, Arabs, Arthur W. Hummel Sr., Arthur Waley, Baoshan District, Shanghai, Battle of Amoy, Battle of Canton (March 1841), Battle of Chapu, Battle of Chinhai, Battle of Chinkiang, Battle of Chuenpi, Battle of First Bar, Battle of Kowloon, Battle of Ningpo, Battle of the Barrier, Battle of the Bogue, Battle of Tzeki, Battle of Whampoa, Battle of Woosung, Bayonet, Beijing, Bengal, Black market, Blockship, Bohai Sea, Brig, British Army, Broadway expedition, Brown Bess, Brunswick rifle, Bullion, Canton System, Capture of Chusan (1841), Casus belli, Century of humiliation, Charles C. Mann, Charles Elliot, Chen Huacheng, Chennai, China, Chinese Maritime Customs Service, Citadel, Cixi, Zhejiang, Classical economics, Cohong, Company rule in India, Confucianism, Congreve rocket, ..., Convention of Chuenpi, Counter-battery fire, Crossbow, Cutter (boat), Daoguang Emperor, Deflation, Digital object identifier, Dinghai District, Discourses on Salt and Iron, Draft (hull), East India Company, East Indiaman, Egypt, Eight Banners, Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, Etiquette, Extraterritoriality, Final good, Fire ship, Forbidden City, Forging, Frigate, Ganges, Ge Yunfei, Geography of Taiwan, George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784), Ginseng, Glacis, Gold standard, Goods, Grand Canal (China), Great Recoinage of 1816, Green Standard Army, Grove Atlantic, Guan Tianpei, Guangxi, Guangzhou, Gunboat diplomacy, Hai River, Halberd, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Henry Pottinger, History of canals in China, History of the Philippines (1521–1898), HMS Cornwallis (1813), HMS Hyacinth (1829), HMS Melville (1817), HMS Volage (1825), HMS Wellesley (1815), Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong University Press, Hospital ship, Huangpu River, Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, Humen, Humen Town, Humphrey Fleming Senhouse, Illinois, Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, Imperial Chinese Tributary System, Imperial Commissioner (China), Indemnity, Indian people, Industrial Revolution, International Standard Book Number, Interventionism (politics), Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine, Jack Beeching, Jacob Pieter van Braam, James Bremer, James Leasor, James Scott (Royal Navy officer), Java, Javanese people, Jiangning District, Jiaqing Emperor, Jiulong River, John Francis Davis, John K. Fairbank, John Quincy Adams, Julia Lovell, Junk (ship), Kangxi Emperor, Kendall Johnson, Kolkata, Kowloon, Kowtow, Lai Enjue, Lascar, Levant Company, Light infantry, Lin Zexu, Line infantry, Macartney Embassy, Macau, Madak, Malwa, Manchu people, Manila, Manila galleon, Matchlock, Mercantilism, Nanjing, Naperville, Illinois, Napoleonic Wars, Narcotic, Nei Lingding Island, Nemesis (1839), Nerbudda incident, Ningbo, OCLC, Old China Trade, Olyphant & Co., Open letter, Opium, Opium Wars, Oriental Crisis of 1840, Ottoman Empire, Overseas Chinese, Oxford University Press, Pazhou, Pearl River (China), Pearl River Delta, Percussion cap, Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope, Philippines, Porcher (1799 ship), Portuguese Empire, Presidency armies, Price war, Private property, Prize of war, Public property, Punitive expedition, Qiantang River, Qing dynasty, Qishan (Manchu official), Quakers, Queen Victoria, Rattan, Recreational drug use, River of Smoke, Robert Montgomery Martin, Royal charter, Royal Marines, Royal Navy, Royal Saxon, Saint Helena Act 1833, Sanyuanli incident, Scholar-official, Schooner, Second Battle of Chuenpi, Second Opium War, Sepoy, Shanghai, Ship of the line, Singapore, Sino-Sikh War, Sir George Robinson, 2nd Baronet, Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet, Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Shenstone, Skirmisher, Sloop-of-war, Sourcebooks, South China Sea, Southern United States, Spanish Empire, Steamship, Strait of Malacca, Suppressive fire, Survey vessel, Tael, Tai Wai, Taiping Rebellion, Tang dynasty, The London Gazette, The Opium War (film), The Wall Street Journal, Third-rate, Thirteen Factories, Timothy Mo, Tobacco, Treaty of Nanking, Treaty of the Bogue, Treaty of Wanghia, Treaty of Whampoa, Treaty ports, Troopship, Tsim Sha Tsui, Tsinghua University, Typhus, Unequal treaty, Union Jack, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, University of North Carolina Press, Viceroy of Liangguang, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroys in China, Volley fire, W. W. Norton & Company, Whigs (British political party), White Lotus Rebellion, William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, William Ewart Gladstone, William J. Bernstein, William Jardine (merchant), William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, William Napier, 9th Lord Napier, Wokou, Wusong, Xi River, Xiamen, Yang Fang (general), Yangtze, Yellow Sea, Yijing (prince), Yishan (Manchu official), Yury Golovkin, Zhapu, Zhenjiang, Zhoushan, Zhoushan Island. Expand index (222 more) »
Adam Smith
Adam Smith (16 June 1723 NS (5 June 1723 OS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.
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Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto
Adrião Acácio da Silveira Pinto (born late 18th century - died 1868) served as a staff officer (Captain later Lieutenant-General) during Liberal Wars in the Duke of Terceira's army which landed in the Algarve and marched north to Lisbon in 1833.
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Amitav Ghosh
Amitav Ghosh (born 11 July 1956), Encyclopædia Britannica is an Indian writer best known for his work in English fiction.
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Arabs
Arabs (عَرَب ISO 233, Arabic pronunciation) are a population inhabiting the Arab world.
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Arthur W. Hummel Sr.
Arthur William Hummel Sr. (March 6, 1884March 10, 1975) was an American Christian missionary to China, head of the Asian Division of the Library of Congress, noted Sinologist, and editor of Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, a biographical dictionary.
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Arthur Waley
Arthur David Waley (born Arthur David Schloss, 19 August 188927 June 1966) was an English Orientalist and sinologist who achieved both popular and scholarly acclaim for his translations of Chinese and Japanese poetry.
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Baoshan District, Shanghai
, is a suburban district of Shanghai.
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Battle of Amoy
The Battle of Amoy or Xiamen was fought between British and Qing forces at Xiamen (then known as "Amoy" from the local pronunciation of the name) on Xiamen Island, Fujian, in the Qing Empire on 26August 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Canton (March 1841)
The First Battle of Canton was fought between British and Chinese forces in Canton, Kwangtung Province, China, on 18March 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Chapu
The Battle of Chapu, Chapoo, or Zhapu (18May 1842) was fought between British and Qing forces at Zhapu (then romanized as "Chapoo" or "Chapu") on the northern shore of Hangzhou Bay during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Chinhai
The Battle of Chinhai was fought between British and Chinese forces in Chinhai (Zhenhai), Zhejiang province, China, on 10October 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Chinkiang
The Battle of Chinkiang was fought between British and Chinese forces in Chinkiang (Zhenjiang), Jiangsu province, China, on 21July 1842 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Chuenpi
The First Battle of Chuenpi was a naval engagement fought between British and Chinese ships at the entrance of the Humen strait (Bogue), Guangdong province, China, on 3 November 1839 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of First Bar
The Battle of First Bar was fought between British and Chinese forces at First Bar Island and its surrounding area in the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China, on 27 February 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Kowloon
The Battle of Kowloon was a skirmish between British and Chinese vessels off the Kowloon Peninsula, China, on 4 September 1839.
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Battle of Ningpo
The Battle of Ningpo was fought between British and Chinese Manchu forces in Ningpo (Ningbo), Zhejiang province, China, on 10March 1842 during the First Opium War (18391842).
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Battle of the Barrier
The Battle of the Barrier was fought between British and Chinese forces at the boundary separating Macau from the Chinese mainland on 19August 1840 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of the Bogue
The Battle of the Bogue was fought between British and Chinese forces in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong province, China, on 23–26 February 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Tzeki
The Battle of Tzeki, Cixi, or Tsz'kí was fought between British and Chinese forces in Tzeki (Cixi), Zhejiang province, China on 15 March 1842 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Whampoa
The Battle of Whampoa was fought between British and Chinese forces at Whampoa Island (modern-day Pazhou Island) on the Pearl River near the city of Canton (Guangzhou), Guangdong, China, on 2March 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Battle of Woosung
The Battle of Woosung was fought between British and Chinese forces at the entrance of the Woosung River (present-day Huangpu River), Jiangsu province, China, on 16June 1842 during the First Opium War.
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Bayonet
A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a knife, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of a rifles muzzle, allowing it to be used as a pike.
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Beijing
Beijing, formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city proper, and most populous capital city.
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Bengal
Bengal (Bānglā/Bôngô /) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in Asia, which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.
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Black market
A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.
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Blockship
A blockship is a ship deliberately sunk to prevent a river, channel, or canal from being used.
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Bohai Sea
The Bohai Sea or Bo Sea, also known as Bohai Gulf, Bo Gulf or Pohai Bay, is the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay on the coast of Northeastern and North China.
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Brig
A brig is a sailing vessel with two square-rigged masts.
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British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.
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Broadway expedition
The Broadway expedition was a British military expedition that explored the Broadway River (present-day Xi River) in Guangdong province, China, on 13–15 March 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Brown Bess
"Brown Bess" is a nickname of uncertain origin for the British Army's muzzle-loading smoothbore Land Pattern Musket and its derivatives.
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Brunswick rifle
The Brunswick rifle was a large calibre (.704) muzzle-loading percussion rifle manufactured for the British Army at the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield in the early 19th century.
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Bullion
Bullion is gold, silver, or other precious metals in the form of bars or ingots.
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Canton System
The Canton System (1757–1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).
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Capture of Chusan (1841)
The second capture of Chusan occurred on 1October 1841 during the First Opium War when British forces captured the city of Tinghai, capital of the Chusan (Zhoushan) islands off the north east Chinese coast.
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Casus belli
Casus belli is a Latin expression meaning "an act or event that provokes or is used to justify war" (literally, "a case of war").
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Century of humiliation
The century of humiliation, also known by permutations such as the hundred years of national humiliation, refers to the period of intervention and imperialism by Western powers and Japan in China between 1839 and 1949.
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Charles C. Mann
Charles C. Mann (born 1955) is an American journalist and author, specializing in scientific topics.
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Charles Elliot
Sir Charles Elliot, KCB (15 August 1801 – 9 September 1875) was a British Royal Navy officer, diplomat, and colonial administrator.
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Chen Huacheng
Chen Huancheng (1776–1842) was a 19th century military leader of Qing China.
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Chennai
Chennai (formerly known as Madras or) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Chinese Maritime Customs Service
The Chinese Maritime Customs Service was a Chinese governmental tax collection agency and information service from its founding in 1854 until it split in 1949 into services operating in the Republic of China on Taiwan, and in the People's Republic of China.
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Citadel
A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city.
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Cixi, Zhejiang
Cixi is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of the sub-provincial city of Ningbo, in the north of Zhejiang province, China.
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Classical economics
Classical economics or classical political economy (also known as liberal economics) is a school of thought in economics that flourished, primarily in Britain, in the late 18th and early-to-mid 19th century.
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Cohong
The Cohong, sometimes spelled kehang or gonghang, was a guild of Chinese merchants or ''hongs'' who operated the import-export monopoly in Canton (now Guangzhou) during the Qing dynasty (16441911).
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Company rule in India
Company rule in India (sometimes, Company Raj, "raj, lit. "rule" in Hindi) refers to the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of the Indian subcontinent.
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Confucianism
Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.
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Congreve rocket
The Congreve rocket was a British military weapon designed and developed by Sir William Congreve in 1804, based directly on Mysorean rockets.
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Convention of Chuenpi
The Convention of Chuenpi (also spelt Chuanbi) was a tentative agreement between British Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot and Chinese Imperial Commissioner Qishan during the First Opium War between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China.
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Counter-battery fire
Counter-battery fire (sometimes called counter-fire) is a battlefield military activity to defeat the enemy's indirect fire elements (guns, rocket launchers, artillery and mortars), including their target acquisition, command and control components.
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Crossbow
A crossbow is a type of ranged weapon based on the bow and consisting of a horizontal bow-like assembly mounted on a frame which is handheld in a similar fashion to the stock of a gun.
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Cutter (boat)
A cutter is typically a small, but in some cases a medium-sized, watercraft designed for speed rather than for capacity.
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Daoguang Emperor
The Daoguang Emperor (16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850) was the eighth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1820 to 1850.
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Deflation
In economics, deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services.
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Digital object identifier
In computing, a Digital Object Identifier or DOI is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
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Dinghai District
() is a district of Zhoushan City made of 128 islands in Zhejiang province, China.
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Discourses on Salt and Iron
The Discourses on Salt and Iron was a debate held at the imperial court in 81 BCE on state policy during the Han dynasty in China.
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Draft (hull)
The draft or draught of a ship's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull (keel), with the thickness of the hull included; in the case of not being included the draft outline would be obtained.
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East India Company
The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, formed to trade with the East Indies (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent.
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East Indiaman
East Indiaman was a general name for any sailing ship operating under charter or licence to any of the East India Companies of the major European trading powers of the 17th through the 19th centuries.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Eight Banners
The Eight Banners (in Manchu: jakūn gūsa) were administrative/military divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all Manchu households were placed.
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Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912) (ECCP) is a biographical dictionary published in 1943 by the United States Government Printing Office, edited by Arthur W. Hummel, Sr., then head of the Orientalia Division of the Library of Congress.
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Etiquette
Etiquette is a code of behavior that delineates expectations for social behavior according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or group.
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Extraterritoriality
Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempted from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations.
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Final good
In economics, any commodity which is produced and subsequently consumed by the consumer, to satisfy his current wants or needs, is a consumer good or final good.
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Fire ship
A fire ship or fireship, used in the days of wooden rowed or sailing ships, was a ship filled with combustibles, deliberately set on fire and steered (or, when possible, allowed to drift) into an enemy fleet, in order to destroy ships, or to create panic and make the enemy break formation.
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Forbidden City
The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China.
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Forging
Forging is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces.
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Frigate
A frigate is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries.
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Ganges
The Ganges, also known as Ganga, is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of India and Bangladesh.
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Ge Yunfei
Ge Yunfei (1789–1841) was a Chinese general of the Qing dynasty.
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Geography of Taiwan
Taiwan, formerly known as Formosa, is an island in East Asia; located some off the southeastern coast of mainland China across the Taiwan Strait.
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George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)
Admiral Sir George Elliot (1 August 1784 – 24 June 1863) was a Royal Navy officer who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, and the First Opium War.
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Ginseng
Ginseng is the root of plants in the genus Panax, such as Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), South China ginseng (P. notoginseng), and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), typically characterized by the presence of ginsenosides and gintonin.
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Glacis
A glacis in military engineering is an artificial slope as part of a medieval castle or in early modern fortresses.
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Gold standard
A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold.
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Goods
In economics, goods are materials that satisfy human wants and provide utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase of a satisfying product.
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Grand Canal (China)
The Grand Canal, known to the Chinese as the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal (Jīng-Háng Dà Yùnhé), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the longest as well as one of the oldest canal or artificial river in the world and a famous tourist destination.
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Great Recoinage of 1816
The Great Recoinage of 1816 was an attempt by the British Government to re-stabilise the currency of Great Britain following economic difficulties precipitated by the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
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Green Standard Army
The Green Standard Army (Manchu: niowanggiyan turun i kūwaran) was the name of a category of military units under the control of Qing dynasty China.
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Grove Atlantic
Grove Atlantic, Inc. is an American independent publisher, based in New York City, New York, that was formed in 1993 by the merger of Grove Press and Atlantic Monthly Press.
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Guan Tianpei
Guan Tianpei (1781 – 26 February 1841) was a Chinese admiral of the Qing dynasty who served in the First Opium War.
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Guangxi
Guangxi (pronounced; Zhuang: Gvangjsih), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is a Chinese autonomous region in South Central China, bordering Vietnam.
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Guangzhou
Guangzhou, also known as Canton, is the capital and most populous city of the province of Guangdong.
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Gunboat diplomacy
In international politics, gunboat diplomacy (or "Big Stick ideology" in U.S. history) refers to the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of naval powerimplying or constituting a direct threat of warfare, should terms not be agreeable to the superior force.
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Hai River
The Hai River (lit."Sea River"), formerly known as the Peiho, Pei He or ("White River"), is a Chinese river connecting Beijing to Tianjin and the Bohai Sea.
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Halberd
A halberd (also called halbard, halbert or Swiss voulge) is a two-handed pole weapon that came to prominent use during the 14th and 15th centuries.
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Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, (20 October 1784 – 18 October 1865) was a British statesman who served twice as Prime Minister in the mid-19th century.
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Henry Pottinger
Lieutenant General Sir Henry Pottinger, 1st Baronet, GCB, PC (Chinese: 砵甸乍; 3 October 1789 – 18 March 1856), was an Anglo-Irish soldier and colonial administrator who became the first Governor of Hong Kong.
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History of canals in China
The history of canals in China connecting its major rivers and centers of agriculture and population extends from the legendary exploits of Yu the Great in his attempts control the flooding of the Yellow River to the present infrastructure projects of the People's Republic of China.
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History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
The history of the Philippines from 1521 to 1898, also known as the Spanish colonial period, a period that spans during the Captaincy General of the Philippines located in the collection of Islands in Southeast Asia that was colonized by Spain known as 'Las Islas Filipinas', once under New Spain until Mexican independence which gave Madrid direct control over the area.
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HMS Cornwallis (1813)
HMS Cornwallis was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 12 May 1813 at Bombay.
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HMS Hyacinth (1829)
HMS Hyacinth was an 18-gun Royal Navy ship sloop.
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HMS Melville (1817)
HMS Melville was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 17 February 1817 at Bombay Dockyard.
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HMS Volage (1825)
HMS Volage was a Sixth-rate Sailing frigate launched in 1825 for the British Royal Navy.
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HMS Wellesley (1815)
HMS Wellesley was a 74-gun third rate, named after the Duke of Wellington, and launched in 1815.
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Hong Kong Island
Hong Kong Island is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong.
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Hong Kong University Press
Hong Kong University Press is the university press of the University of Hong Kong.
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Hospital ship
A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating medical treatment facility or hospital.
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Huangpu River
The, formerly romanized as Whangpoo, is a long river flowing through Shanghai that was first excavated and created by Lord Chunshen, one of the Four Lords of the Warring States during the Warring States period (475 BC - 221 BC).
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Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough
Field Marshal Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, (3 November 1779 – 2 March 1869) was a British Army officer.
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Humen
The Humen, known historically by Europeans as the Bocca Tigris or Bogue, is a narrow strait in the Pearl River Delta that separates Shiziyang in the north and Lingdingyang in the south near Humen Town in China's Guangdong Province.
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Humen Town
Humen Town, formerly Fumun, is a town in Dongguan city on the eastern side of the Humen strait on the Pearl River Delta, in Guangdong province, southern China.
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Humphrey Fleming Senhouse
Captain Sir Humphrey Fleming Senhouse, KCH, CB (baptised 6 June 1781 – 13 June 1841), was a British Royal Navy officer.
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Illinois
Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.
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Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms
The Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms, or Haiguo Tuzhi, is a 19th-century Chinese gazetteer compiled by scholar-official Wei Yuan and others, based on initial research carried out by Special Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu.
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Imperial Chinese Tributary System
The Imperial Chinese Tributary System is a term created by John King Fairbank to describe "a set of ideas and practices developed and perpetuated by the rulers of China over many centuries".
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Imperial Commissioner (China)
Imperial Commissioner (Manchu: hese i takūraha amban) was a high-ranking government official or military general commissioned by the emperor of China during the late Ming (13681644) and Qing (16441911) dynasties. His power was just below that of the emperor, such that he could command viceroys and provincial governors by imperial edict.
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Indemnity
Indemnity is a contractual obligation of one party (indemnitor) to compensate the loss occurred to the other party (indemnitee) due to the act of the indemnitor or any other party.
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Indian people
No description.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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International Standard Book Number
The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier.
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Interventionism (politics)
Interventionism is a policy of non-defensive (proactive) activity undertaken by a nation-state, or other geo-political jurisdiction of a lesser or greater nature, to manipulate an economy and/or society.
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Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine
The was an underground silver mine in the city of Ōda, in Shimane Prefecture on the main island of Honshu, Japan.
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Jack Beeching
Jack Beeching (May 8, 1922 – December 27, 2001), born John Charles Stuart Beeching, was an English poet, novelist and nonfiction writer.
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Jacob Pieter van Braam
Jacob Pieter van Braam (Werkhoven, 27 October 1737 – Zwolle, 16 July 1803) was a Dutch admiral.
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James Bremer
Sir James John Gordon Bremer, KCB, KCH (26 September 1786 – 14 February 1850) was a British Royal Navy officer.
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James Leasor
James Leasor (20 December 1923 – 10 September 2007) was a prolific British author, who wrote historical books and thrillers.
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James Scott (Royal Navy officer)
Admiral Sir James Scott, KCB (18 June 1790 – 2 March 1872), was a British Royal Navy officer.
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Java
Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ꦗꦮ; Sundanese) is an island of Indonesia.
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Javanese people
The Javanese (Ngoko Javanese:, Madya Javanese:,See: Javanese language: Politeness Krama Javanese:, Ngoko Gêdrìk: wòng Jåwå, Madya Gêdrìk: tiyang Jawi, Krama Gêdrìk: priyantun Jawi, Indonesian: suku Jawa) are an ethnic group native to the Indonesian island of Java.
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Jiangning District
Jiangning District is one of 11 districts of Nanjing, the capital of Jiangsu province, China.
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Jiaqing Emperor
The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), personal name Yongyan, was the seventh emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820.
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Jiulong River
The Jiulong River, formerly known as the Longjiang, is the largest river in southern Fujian and the second largest in the province.
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John Francis Davis
Sir John Francis Davis, 1st Baronet KCB (16 July 179513 November 1890) was a British diplomat and sinologist who served as second Governor of Hong Kong from 1844 to 1848.
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John K. Fairbank
John King Fairbank (May 24, 1907 – September 14, 1991), was a prominent American historian of China.
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John Quincy Adams
John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman who served as a diplomat, minister and ambassador to foreign nations, and treaty negotiator, United States Senator, U.S. Representative (Congressman) from Massachusetts, and the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
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Julia Lovell
Julia Lovell (born 1975), is a scholar and prize-winning author and translator about China.
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Junk (ship)
Junk is a type of ancient Chinese sailing ship that is still in use today.
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Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (康熙; 4 May 165420 December 1722), personal name Xuanye, was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, the first to be born on Chinese soil south of the Shanhai Pass near Beijing, and the second Qing emperor to rule over that part of China, from 1661 to 1722.
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Kendall Johnson
Kendall Elizabeth Johnson (born April 24, 1991) is an American professional women's soccer midfielder and defender.
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Kolkata
Kolkata (also known as Calcutta, the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal.
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Kowloon
Kowloon is an urban area in Hong Kong comprising the Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon.
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Kowtow
Kowtow, which is borrowed from kau tau in Cantonese (koutou in Mandarin Chinese), is the act of deep respect shown by prostration, that is, kneeling and bowing so low as to have one's head touching the ground.
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Lai Enjue
Lai Enjue (Chinese:赖恩爵, 1795-1848), also known as Jian Ting (简廷) was a late Qing military general.
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Lascar
A lascar was a sailor or militiaman from the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Arab world, and other territories located to the east of the Cape of Good Hope, who were employed on European ships from the 16th century until the middle of the 20th century.
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Levant Company
The Levant Company was an English chartered company formed in 1592.
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Light infantry
Light infantry is a designation applied to certain types of foot soldiers (infantry) throughout history, typically having lighter equipment or armament or a more mobile or fluid function than other types of infantry, such as heavy infantry or line infantry.
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Lin Zexu
Lin Zexu (30 August 1785 – 22 November 1850), courtesy name Yuanfu, was a Chinese scholar-official of the Qing dynasty best known for his role in the First Opium War of 1839–42.
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Line infantry
Line infantry was the type of infantry that composed the basis of European land armies from the middle of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century.
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Macartney Embassy
The Macartney Embassy, also called the Macartney Mission, was the first British diplomatic mission to China, which took place in 1793.
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Macau
Macau, officially the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the western side of the Pearl River estuary in East Asia.
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Madak
Madak was a blend of opium and tobacco used as a recreational drug in 16th and 17th century China.
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Malwa
Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.
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Manchu people
The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.
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Manila
Manila (Maynilà, or), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynilà), is the capital of the Philippines and the most densely populated city proper in the world.
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Manila galleon
The Manila Galleons (Galeón de Manila; Kalakalang Galyon ng Maynila at Acapulco) were Spanish trading ships which for two and a half centuries linked the Philippines with Mexico across the Pacific Ocean, making one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of Acapulco and Manila, which were both part of New Spain.
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Matchlock
The matchlock was the first mechanism invented to facilitate the firing of a hand-held firearm.
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Mercantilism
Mercantilism is a national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and, historically, to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver (as well as crops).
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Nanjing
Nanjing, formerly romanized as Nanking and Nankin, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the East China region, with an administrative area of and a total population of 8,270,500.
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Naperville, Illinois
Naperville is a city in DuPage and Will counties in the U.S. state of Illinois, and a suburb of Chicago.
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Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.
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Narcotic
The term narcotic (from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with sleep-inducing properties.
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Nei Lingding Island
Nei or Inner Lingding Island, formerly romanized as Lintin or is an island in the Pearl River estuary in the southeastern Chinese province of Guangdong.
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Nemesis (1839)
Nemesis was the first British ocean-going iron warship.
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Nerbudda incident
The Nerbudda incident was the execution of 197 personnel of the British transport ship Nerbudda and brig Ann in southern Taiwan, on 10 August 1842 during the First Opium War.
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Ningbo
Ningbo, formerly written Ningpo, is a sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province in China. It comprises the urban districts of Ningbo proper, three satellite cities, and a number of rural counties including islands in Hangzhou Bay and the East China Sea. Its port, spread across several locations, is among the busiest in the world and the municipality possesses a separate state-planning status. As of the 2010 census, the entire administrated area had a population of 7.6 million, with 3.5 million in the six urban districts of Ningbo proper. To the north, Hangzhou Bay separates Ningbo from Shanghai; to the east lies Zhoushan in the East China Sea; on the west and south, Ningbo borders Shaoxing and Taizhou respectively.
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OCLC
OCLC, currently incorporated as OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Incorporated, is an American nonprofit cooperative organization "dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs".
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Old China Trade
The Old China Trade refers to the early commerce between the Qing Empire and the United States under the Canton System, spanning from shortly after the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 to the Treaty of Wanghsia in 1844.
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Olyphant & Co.
Olyphant & Co. was a merchant trading house or ''hong'' in 19th-century China.
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Open letter
An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.
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Opium
Opium (poppy tears, with the scientific name: Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy (scientific name: Papaver somniferum).
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Opium Wars
The Opium Wars were two wars in the mid-19th century involving Anglo-Chinese disputes over British trade in China (prominently the eponymous opium trade) and China's sovereignty.
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Oriental Crisis of 1840
The Oriental Crisis of 1840 was an episode in the Egyptian–Ottoman War in the eastern Mediterranean, triggered by the self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan Muhammad Ali Pasha's aims to establish a personal empire in the Ottoman province of Egypt.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Overseas Chinese
No description.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Pazhou
Pazhou is a subdistrict of Haizhu in southeastern Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, in China.
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Pearl River (China)
The Pearl River, also known by its Chinese name Zhujiang and formerly often known as the, is an extensive river system in southern China.
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Pearl River Delta
The Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region (PRD), also known as Zhujiang Delta or Zhusanjiao, is the low-lying area surrounding the Pearl River estuary, where the Pearl River flows into the South China Sea.
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Percussion cap
The percussion cap, introduced circa 1820, is a type of single-use ignition device used on muzzleloading firearms that enabled them to fire reliably in any weather conditions.
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Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope
Philip Henry Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope FRS (30 January 1805 – 24 December 1875), styled Viscount Mahon between 1816 and 1855, was a British politician and historian.
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Philippines
The Philippines (Pilipinas or Filipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas), is a unitary sovereign and archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.
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Porcher (1799 ship)
Porcher was launched in 1799 at Calcutta.
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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history and the first colonial empire of the Renaissance.
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Presidency armies
The presidency armies were the armies of the three presidencies of the East India Company's rule in India, later the forces of the British Crown in India, composed primarily of Indian sepoys.
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Price war
Price war is "commercial competition characterized by the repeated cutting of prices below those of competitors".
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Private property
Private property is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities.
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Prize of war
A prize of war is a piece of enemy property or land seized by a belligerent party during or after a war or battle, typically at sea.
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Public property
Public property is property that is dedicated to public use and is a subset of state property.
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Punitive expedition
A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a state or any group of persons outside the borders of the punishing state.
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Qiantang River
The Qiantang River (sometimes spelled Tsientang river) is an East Chinese river that originates in the border region of Anhui and Jiangxi provinces.
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Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912.
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Qishan (Manchu official)
Qishan (18 January 1786 – 3 August 1854), courtesy name Jing'an, was a Mongol nobleman and official of the late Qing dynasty.
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Quakers
Quakers (or Friends) are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements formally known as the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church.
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Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death.
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Rattan
Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for roughly 600 species of old world climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae (from the Greek 'kálamos'.
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Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.
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River of Smoke
River of Smoke (2011) is a novel by Indian novelist Amitav Ghosh.
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Robert Montgomery Martin
Robert Montgomery Martin (c. 1801 – 6 September 1868), commonly referred to as "Montgomery Martin", was an Anglo-Irish author and civil servant.
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Royal charter
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate.
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Royal Marines
The Corps of Royal Marines (RM) is the amphibious light infantry of the Royal Navy.
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Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force.
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Royal Saxon
Royal Saxon was a British merchant ship built at Liverpool in 1829.
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Saint Helena Act 1833
The Saint Helena Act 1833 or The Government of India Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will 4 c 85) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
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Sanyuanli incident
The Sanyuanli incident was a military conflict between regular troops of the British Army and an irregular force made up of Chinese militia and local citizens that took place around Sanyuanli village on the outskirts of Canton (now Guangzhou) on the 29May 1841 after the Second Battle of Canton at the time of the First Opium War (18391842).
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Scholar-official
Scholar-officials, also known as Literati, Scholar-gentlemen, Scholar-bureaucrats or Scholar-gentry were politicians and government officials appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day political duties from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty.
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Schooner
A schooner is a type of sailing vessel with fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts.
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Second Battle of Chuenpi
The Second Battle of Chuenpi was fought between British and Chinese forces in the Pearl River Delta, Guangdong province, China, on 7January 1841 during the First Opium War.
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Second Opium War
The Second Opium War (第二次鴉片戰爭), the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the United Kingdom and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860.
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Sepoy
A sepoy was formerly the designation given to an Indian soldier.
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Shanghai
Shanghai (Wu Chinese) is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of China and the most populous city proper in the world, with a population of more than 24 million.
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Ship of the line
A ship of the line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th through to the mid-19th century to take part in the naval tactic known as the line of battle, in which two columns of opposing warships would manoeuvre to bring the greatest weight of broadside firepower to bear.
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Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.
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Sino-Sikh War
The Sino-Sikh War (also referred to as the Invasion of Tibet or the Dogra War) was fought from May 1841 to August 1842, between the forces of Qing China and the Sikh Empire after General Zorawar Singh Kahluria invaded western Tibet.
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Sir George Robinson, 2nd Baronet
Sir George Best Robinson, 2nd Baronet (14November 17971855) was a British colonial administrator who became Chief Superintendent of British trade in China.
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Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet
Sir James Robert George Graham, 2nd Baronet GCB PC (1 June 1792 – 25 October 1861) was a British statesman.
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Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, of Shenstone
Admiral of the Fleet Sir William Parker, 1st Baronet, GCB (1 December 1781 – 13 November 1866), was a Royal Navy officer.
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Skirmisher
Skirmishers are light infantry or cavalry soldiers in the role of skirmishing—stationed to act as a vanguard, flank guard, or rearguard, screening a tactical position or a larger body of friendly troops from enemy advances.
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Sloop-of-war
In the 18th century and most of the 19th, a sloop-of-war in the Royal Navy was a warship with a single gun deck that carried up to eighteen guns.
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Sourcebooks
Sourcebooks, Inc., is an independent book publisher founded by Dominique Raccah located in Naperville, Illinois, in the western suburbs of Chicago.
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South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around.
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Southern United States
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español; Imperium Hispanicum), historically known as the Hispanic Monarchy (Monarquía Hispánica) and as the Catholic Monarchy (Monarquía Católica) was one of the largest empires in history.
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Steamship
A steamship, often referred to as a steamer, is a type of steam powered vessel, typically ocean-faring and seaworthy, that is propelled by one or more steam engines that typically drive (turn) propellers or paddlewheels.
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Strait of Malacca
The Strait of Malacca (Selat Melaka, Selat Malaka; Jawi: سلت ملاک) or Straits of Malacca is a narrow, stretch of water between the Malay Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
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Suppressive fire
In military science, suppressive fire (commonly called covering fire) is "fire that degrades the performance of an enemy force below the level needed to fulfill its mission".
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Survey vessel
A survey vessel is any type of ship or boat that is used for mapping.
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Tael
Tael (at the OED Online.) or tahil can refer to any one of several weight measures of the Far East.
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Tai Wai
Tai Wai is an area in the New Territories of Hong Kong, located between Sha Tin New Town and the Lion Rock.
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Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion or total civil war in China that was waged from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan.
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Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
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The London Gazette
The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, and the most important among such official journals in the United Kingdom, in which certain statutory notices are required to be published.
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The Opium War (film)
The Opium War (鸦片战争) is a 1997 Chinese historical epic film directed by Xie Jin.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.
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Third-rate
In the rating system of the British Royal Navy, a third rate was a ship of the line which from the 1720s mounted between 64 and 80 guns, typically built with two gun decks (thus the related term two-decker).
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Thirteen Factories
The Thirteen Factories also known as the, was a neighbourhood along the Pearl River in southwestern Guangzhou in the Qing Empire from to 1856.
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Timothy Mo
Timothy Peter Mo (born 30December 1950) is a British novelist.
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Tobacco
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them.
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Treaty of Nanking
The Treaty of Nanking or Nanjing was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842.
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Treaty of the Bogue
The Treaty of the Bogue was a treaty between China and the United Kingdom, concluded in October 1843 to supplement the previous Treaty of Nanking.
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Treaty of Wanghia
The Treaty of Wanghia (also Treaty of Wangxia, Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce, with tariff of duties) was a diplomatic agreement between Qing-dynasty China and the United States, signed on July 3, 1844 in the Kun Iam Temple.
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Treaty of Whampoa
The Treaty of Whampoa was a commercial treaty between France and China, which was signed by Théodore de Lagrené and Qiying on October 24, 1844 aboard the warship L’Archimède.
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Treaty ports
The treaty ports was the name given to the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade by the unequal treaties with the Western powers.
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Troopship
A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime.
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Tsim Sha Tsui
Tsim Sha Tsui, often abbreviated as TST, is an urban area in southern Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University (abbreviated THU;; also romanized as Qinghua) is a major research university in Beijing, China and a member of the elite C9 League of Chinese universities.
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Typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus and murine typhus.
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Unequal treaty
Unequal treaty is the name given by the Chinese to a series of treaties signed with Western powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries by Qing dynasty China after suffering military defeat by the West or when there was a threat of military action by those powers.
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Union Jack
The Union Jack, or Union Flag, is the national flag of the United Kingdom.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.
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University of North Carolina Press
The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press), founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina.
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Viceroy of Liangguang
The Viceroy of Liangguang or Viceroy of the Two Guangs, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General, Commander and Quartermaster, Supervisor of Waterways, and Inspector-General of the Two Expanses and Surrounding Areas, was one of eight regional Viceroys in China proper during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
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Viceroyalty of Peru
The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima.
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Viceroys in China
Zongdu (Tsung-tu;; Manchu: Uheri kadalara amban), usually translated as Viceroy or Governor-General, governed one or more provinces of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
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Volley fire
Volley fire, as a military tactic, is in its simplest form the concept of having soldiers shoot in turns.
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W. W. Norton & Company
W.
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Whigs (British political party)
The Whigs were a political faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
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White Lotus Rebellion
The White Lotus Rebellion (1796–1804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China.
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William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst
William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, GCH, PC (14 January 1773 – 13 March 1857) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator.
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William Ewart Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone, (29 December 1809 – 19 May 1898) was a British statesman of the Liberal Party.
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William J. Bernstein
William J. Bernstein (born 1948) is an American financial theorist and neurologist.
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William Jardine (merchant)
William Jardine (24 February 1784 – 27 February 1843) was a Scottish physician and opium trader who co-founded the Hong Kong based conglomerate Jardine, Matheson & Co.
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William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, (15 March 1779 – 24 November 1848) was a British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830–1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835–1841).
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William Napier, 9th Lord Napier
William John Napier, 9th Lord Napier, Baron Napier FRSE (13 October 1786 – 11 October 1834) was a British Royal Navy officer and trade envoy in China.
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Wokou
Wokou (Japanese: Wakō; Korean: 왜구 Waegu), which literally translates to "Japanese pirates" or "dwarf pirates", were pirates who raided the coastlines of China, Japan and Korea.
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Wusong
Wusong, formerly romanized as Woosung, is a subdistrict of Baoshan in northern Shanghai.
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Xi River
The Xi River is the western tributary of the Pearl River in China.
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Xiamen
Xiamen, formerly romanized as Amoy, is a sub-provincial city in southeastern Fujian province, People's Republic of China, beside the Taiwan Strait.
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Yang Fang (general)
Yang Fang (17701846) was a Han Chinese general and diplomat during the Qing dynasty (16441911).
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Yangtze
The Yangtze, which is 6,380 km (3,964 miles) long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world.
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Yellow Sea
The Yellow Sea or West Sea is located between China and Korea.
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Yijing (prince)
Yijing (Chinese: 奕經; Wade–Giles: I-ching; 1793–1853) was a Manchu prince of the Qing Dynasty.
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Yishan (Manchu official)
Yishan (Manchu: I Šan; 13 June 1790 – 30 June 1878), courtesy name Jingxuan, was a Manchu lesser noble and official of the Qing dynasty.
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Yury Golovkin
Count Yurii Alexandrovich Golovkin (Юрий Александрович Головкин) (1762–1846) was a Russian diplomat who served as Russian Minister (ambassador) in Stuttgart (1813–18) and in Vienna (1818–1822), but is best remembered for his leadership of the ambitious mission to China despatched in 1805.
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Zhapu
Zhapu, formerly romanized as Chapoo or Chapu, is a town in Pinghu County, Jiaxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Zhenjiang
Zhenjiang, formerly romanized as Chenkiang, is a prefecture-level city in Jiangsu Province, China.
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Zhoushan
, formerly romanized as Chusan, is a prefecture-level "city" in northeastern Zhejiang Province in eastern China.
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Zhoushan Island
Zhoushan Island is the principal and namesake island in the Zhoushan Islands, formerly romanized as the ChusanIslands, an archipelago administered by Zhoushan Prefecture in Zhejiang Province in the People's Republic of China.
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Redirects here:
First Anglo-Chinese War, First Anglo-Qing War, First China War, First Opium Wars, First opium war, Opium War, Opium war, Pearl River Campaign (1841), The First Opium War, The Opium War, The first Opium War, The first opium war.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War
