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Flag of convenience

Index Flag of convenience

Flag of convenience (FOC) is a business practice whereby a ship's owners register a merchant ship in a ship register of a country other than that of the ship's owners, and the ship flies the civil ensign of that country, called the flag state. [1]

108 relations: Able seaman, Admiralty law, American Bureau of Shipping, American Revolutionary War, Americo-Liberians, Ancient Rome, Andrew Furuseth, Baltic and International Maritime Council, Barbary pirates, Bearer instrument, Beneficial ownership, Board of directors, Bulk carrier, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Carnival Cruise Line, Charles Taylor (Liberian politician), Chief cook, Chief engineer, Civil ensign, Convention on the High Seas, Cunard Line, Deadweight tonnage, Deck department, Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast, Deepwater Horizon, Democratic Party (United States), Edward Stettinius Jr., Elsevier, Engine department (ship), Environmental Justice Foundation, European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, False flag, Flag state, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Franz Fischler, Freight transport, George H. Olmsted, Heroin, Hun Sen, IHS Markit, Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, International Association of Classification Societies, International Chamber of Shipping, International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, International Convention on Load Lines, International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, International Labour Organization, International law, International Maritime Organization, International Registries, ..., International Transport Workers' Federation, John Breaux, Liberia, Licensed mariner, Lifeboat (shipboard), Lincoln Steffens, Louisiana, Magna Carta, Marine Policy, Maritime Labour Convention, MARPOL 73/78, Marshall Islands, Merchant vessel, Middle Ages, Muckraker, Napoleonic Wars, Nationality, OECD, Oil tanker, Ordinary seaman, Panama, Philippine peso, Pong Su incident, Port State Control, Prohibition in the United States, Renminbi, Residency (domicile), RMS Empress of Canada (1960), RMS Titanic, Robert M. La Follette, Sailor, SeaLand, Seamen's Act, Secretary of state, Ship registration, Slave ship, SOLAS Convention, SS Torrey Canyon, Stavros Niarchos, STCW Convention, Tax avoidance, Tax haven, Taylor & Francis, The Hague, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, United Nations, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, United States, United States Coast Guard, United States Maritime Administration, United States Merchant Marine, United States Senate, USS Zafiro (1884), War of 1812, West Africa Squadron, World War I. Expand index (58 more) »

Able seaman

An able seaman (AB) is a naval rating of the deck department of a merchant ship with more than two years' experience at sea and considered "well acquainted with his duty".

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Admiralty law

Admiralty law or maritime law is a body of law that governs nautical issues and private maritime disputes.

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American Bureau of Shipping

The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) is a classification society, with a mission to promote the security of life, property and the natural environment, primarily through the development and verification of standards for the design, construction and operational maintenance of marine-related facilities.

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American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (17751783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a global war that began as a conflict between Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies which declared independence as the United States of America. After 1765, growing philosophical and political differences strained the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing Boston Harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power. British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts in April 1775 led to open combat. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, an American attempt to invade Quebec and raise rebellion against the British failed decisively. On July 2, 1776, the Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had drastic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France but not as an ally of the United States. In 1780, the Kingdom of Mysore attacked the British in India, and tensions between Great Britain and the Netherlands erupted into open war. In North America, the British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Washington then besieged Cornwallis' army and, with no sign of relief, he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in North America, but the war continued in Europe and India. Britain remained under siege in Gibraltar but scored a major victory over the French navy. On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. French involvement had proven decisive,Brooks, Richard (editor). Atlas of World Military History. HarperCollins, 2000, p. 101 "Washington's success in keeping the army together deprived the British of victory, but French intervention won the war." but France made few gains and incurred crippling debts. Spain made some minor territorial gains but failed in its primary aim of recovering Gibraltar. The Dutch were defeated on all counts and were compelled to cede territory to Great Britain. In India, the war against Mysore and its allies concluded in 1784 without any territorial changes.

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Americo-Liberians

Americo-Liberians, or African Americans in Liberian English, are a Liberian ethnicity of African-American, Afro-Caribbean, and liberated African descent.

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Ancient Rome

In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.

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Andrew Furuseth

Andrew Furuseth (March 12, 1854 – January 22, 1938) of Åsbygda, Hedmark, Norway was a merchant seaman and an American labor leader.

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Baltic and International Maritime Council

BIMCO is the largest of the international shipping associations representing shipowners; its membership controls around 65 percent of the world’s tonnage and it has members in more than 120 countries, including managers, brokers and agents.

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Barbary pirates

The Barbary pirates, sometimes called Barbary corsairs or Ottoman corsairs, were Ottoman pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Salé, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli.

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Bearer instrument

A bearer instrument is a document that entitles the holder of the document rights of ownership or title to the underlying property, such as shares or bonds.

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Beneficial ownership

Beneficial ownership is a term in domestic and international commercial law that refers to anyone who enjoys the benefits of ownership of a security or property, without being on the record as being the owner.

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Board of directors

A board of directors is a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization, which can be either a for-profit business, nonprofit organization, or a government agency.

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Bulk carrier

A bulk carrier, bulk freighter, or colloquially, bulker is a merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo, such as grains, coal, ore, and cement in its cargo holds.

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Bureau of Labor Statistics

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a unit of the United States Department of Labor.

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Carnival Cruise Line

Carnival Cruise Line is a cruise line with headquarters in Miami, Florida.

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Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)

Charles McArthur Ghankay Taylor (born 28 January 1948) is a former Liberian politician who served as the 22nd President of Liberia from 2 August 1997 until his resignation on 11 August 2003.

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Chief cook

A chief cook (often shortened to cook) is a seniormost unlicensed crewmember working in the steward's department of a merchant ship.

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Chief engineer

A chief engineer is a senior engineer in an organization.

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Civil ensign

A civil ensign is an ensign used by civilian vessels to denote their nationality.

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Convention on the High Seas

The Convention on the High Seas is an international treaty which codifies the rules of international law relating to the high seas, otherwise known as international waters.

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Cunard Line

Cunard Line is a British-American cruise line based at Carnival House at Southampton, England, operated by Carnival UK and owned by Carnival Corporation & plc.

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Deadweight tonnage

Deadweight tonnage (also known as deadweight; abbreviated to DWT, D.W.T., d.w.t., or dwt) or tons deadweight (TDW) is a measure of how much weight a ship can carry, not its weight, empty or in any degree of load.

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Deck department

The deck department is an organisational team on board naval and merchant ships.

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Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast

The Declaration recognising the Right to a Flag of States having no Sea-coast (Déclaration portant reconnaissance du droit au pavillon des Etats dépourvus de littoral) is a 1921 multilateral treaty which legally recognised that a land-locked state could be a maritime flag state; that is, that a land-locked state could register ships and sail them on the sea under its own flag.

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Deepwater Horizon

Deepwater Horizon was an ultra-deepwater, dynamically positioned, semi-submersible offshore drilling rig owned by Transocean.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Edward Stettinius Jr.

Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr. (October 22, 1900 – October 31, 1949) was an American businessman who served as United States Secretary of State under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman from 1944 to 1945, and as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1945 to 1946.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.

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Engine department (ship)

In maritime transportation, the engine department or engineering department is an organizational unit aboard a ship that is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and repair of the propulsion systems and the support systems for crew, passengers, and cargo.

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Environmental Justice Foundation

The Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) founded in 2001 by Steve Trent and Juliette Williams that promotes the non-violent resolution of human rights abuses and related environmental issues in the Global South.

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European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

The Commissioner for Maritime affairs and Fisheries is a member of the European Commission.

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False flag

A false flag is a covert operation designed to deceive; the deception creates the appearance of a particular party, group, or nation being responsible for some activity, disguising the actual source of responsibility.

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Flag state

The flag state of a merchant vessel is the jurisdiction under whose laws the vessel is registered or licensed.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

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Franz Fischler

Franz Fischler (born 23 September 1946) is an Austrian politician from the Christian-conservative People's Party (ÖVP).

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Freight transport

Freight transport is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo.

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George H. Olmsted

Major General George H. Olmsted (March 18, 1901, Des Moines, Iowa – October 8, 1998) was an American military officer and insurance executive.

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Heroin

Heroin, also known as diamorphine among other names, is an opioid most commonly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

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Hun Sen

Hun Sen (ហ៊ុន សែន; born 5 August 1952) is a Cambodian politician and the Prime Minister of Cambodia, President of the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) and Member of Parliament (MP) for Kandal.

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IHS Markit

IHS Markit Ltd is a global information provider based in London, United Kingdom.

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Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing

Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) is an international issue around the world.

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International Association of Classification Societies

The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) is a technically based non-governmental organization that currently consists of twelve member marine classification societies.

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International Chamber of Shipping

The International Chamber of Shipping is the world's principal shipping organisation, representing around 80% of the world’s merchant tonnage, through membership by national shipowners' associations.

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International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage

The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, renewed in 1992 and often referred to as the CLC Convention, is an international maritime treaty admistered by the International Maritime Organization that was adopted to ensure that adequate compensation would be available where oil pollution damage was caused by maritime casualties involving oil tankers (i.e. ships that carry oil as cargo).

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International Convention on Load Lines

The International Convention on Load Lines (CLL), was signed in London on 5 April 1966, amended by the 1988 Protocol and further revised in 2003.

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International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage

The International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1992, often referred to as FUND92 or FUND, is an international maritime treaty, administered by the International Maritime Organization.

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International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.

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International law

International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.

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International Maritime Organization

The International Maritime Organization (IMO), known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) until 1982, is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating shipping.

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International Registries

International Registries, Inc. (IRI) is a company based in Reston, Virginia, United States, which operates the flag of convenience ship registry and corporate registry of the Marshall Islands on behalf of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI).

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International Transport Workers' Federation

The International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF) is a global union federation of transport workers' trade unions, founded in 1896.

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John Breaux

John Berlinger Breaux (born March 1, 1944) was a member of the United States Senate from Louisiana from 1987 until 2005.

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Liberia

Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast.

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Licensed mariner

A licensed mariner is a person who holds a license issued by one or more countries to hold senior positions aboard ships, boats, and similar vessels.

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Lifeboat (shipboard)

A lifeboat is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship.

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Lincoln Steffens

Lincoln Joseph Steffens (April 6, 1866 – August 9, 1936) was a New York reporter who launched a series of articles in McClure's, called Tweed Days in St.

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Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Magna Carta

Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "Great Charter"), is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.

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Marine Policy

Marine Policy is a monthly interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier concerning ocean policy studies, analyzing social science disciplines relevant to the formulation of marine policy.

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Maritime Labour Convention

The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) is an International Labour Organization convention, number 186, established in 2006 as the fourth pillar of international maritime law and embodies "all up-to-date standards of existing international maritime labour Conventions and Recommendations, as well as the fundamental principles to be found in other international labour Conventions".

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MARPOL 73/78

The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78, MARPOL is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978) is one of the most important international marine environmental conventions.

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Marshall Islands

The Marshall Islands, officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands (Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ), is an island country located near the equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the International Date Line.

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Merchant vessel

A merchant vessel, trading vessel or merchantman is a boat or ship that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Muckraker

The term muckraker was used in the Progressive Era to characterize reform-minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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Nationality

Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual person and a state.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Oil tanker

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products.

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Ordinary seaman

An ordinary seaman (OS) is a naval rating of the deck department of a ship.

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Panama

Panama (Panamá), officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá), is a country in Central America, bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south.

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Philippine peso

The Philippine peso, also referred to by its Filipino name piso (Philippine English:,, plural pesos; piso; peso; sign: ₱; code: PHP), is the official currency of the Philippines.

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Pong Su incident

The Pong Su incident began on 16 April 2003 when heroin was smuggled from the Pong Su, a North Korean cargo ship, onto an Australian beach.

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Port State Control

Port state control (PSC) is an internationally agreed regime for the inspection by PSC inspectors of foreign ships in ports other those of the flag state.

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Prohibition in the United States

Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933.

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Renminbi

The renminbi (Ab.: RMB;; sign: 元; code: CNY) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China.

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Residency (domicile)

Residency is the act of establishing or maintaining a residence in a given place.

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RMS Empress of Canada (1960)

RMS Empress of Canada was an ocean liner built in 1961 by Vickers-Armstrongs, Walker-on-Tyne, England for Canadian Pacific Steamships Ltd..

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RMS Titanic

RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City.

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Robert M. La Follette

Robert Marion La Follette, Sr. (June 14, 1855June 18, 1925) was an American lawyer and politician.

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Sailor

A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crewmember in their operation and maintenance.

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SeaLand

SeaLand, a division of the Maersk Group, is an intra-regional container shipping company headquartered in Miramar, Florida with representation in 29 countries across the Americas.

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Seamen's Act

The Seamen's Act, formally known as Act to Promote the Welfare of American Seamen in the Merchant Marine of the United States or Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (Act of March 4, 1915, ch. 153, 38 Stat. 1164), was designed to improve the safety and security of United States seamen.

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Secretary of state

The title secretary of state or state secretary is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in governments around the world.

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Ship registration

Ship registration is the process by which a ship is documented and given the nationality of the country to which the ship has been documented.

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Slave ship

Slave ships were large cargo ships specially converted for the purpose of transporting slaves.

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SOLAS Convention

The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships.

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SS Torrey Canyon

SS Torrey Canyon was an LR2 Suezmax class oil tanker with a cargo capacity of 120,000 tons of crude oil.

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Stavros Niarchos

Stavros Spyros Niarchos (Σταύρος Σπύρος Νιάρχος,; 3 July 1909 – 16 April 1996) was a multi-billionaire Greek shipping tycoon.

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STCW Convention

The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978 sets minimum qualification standards for masters, officers and watch personnel on seagoing merchant ships.

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Tax avoidance

Tax avoidance is the legal usage of the tax regime in a single territory to one's own advantage to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law.

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Tax haven

A tax haven is defined as a jurisdiction with very low "effective" rates of taxation ("headline" rates may be higher).

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Taylor & Francis

Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.

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The Hague

The Hague (Den Haag,, short for 's-Gravenhage) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands and the capital of the province of South Holland.

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Tuvalu

Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, about midway between Hawaii and Australia, lying east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (belonging to the Solomons), southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body.

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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Coast Guard

The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country's seven uniformed services.

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United States Maritime Administration

The United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation.

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United States Merchant Marine

The United States Merchant Marine refers to either United States civilian mariners, or to U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.

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USS Zafiro (1884)

USS Zafiro was a collier, a bulk cargo ship, that served in the United States Navy from 1898 until 1904.

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War of 1812

The War of 1812 was a conflict fought between the United States, the United Kingdom, and their respective allies from June 1812 to February 1815.

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West Africa Squadron

The Royal Navy established the West Africa Squadron at substantial expense in 1808 after Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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Redirects here:

Convenience flag, Flag of Convenience, Flag of necessity, Flagging (shipping), Flags of convenience, Foreign flag, Foreign flagged, International registry, Open register, Open registry, Port of convenience.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_convenience

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