67 relations: Adiabatic process, Albert Einstein, Alexander Friedmann, Analytic function, Arthur Eddington, Arthur Geoffrey Walker, Big Bang, Catholic University of Leuven (1835–1968), Circumference, Comoving and proper distances, Connected space, Constant of integration, Cosmic Background Explorer, Cosmological constant, Dark energy, Edwin Hubble, Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem, Einstein field equations, Elliptic geometry, Equation of state (cosmology), Euclidean space, Exact solutions in general relativity, Expansion of the universe, First law of thermodynamics, Friedmann equations, Gaussian curvature, General relativity, Georges Lemaître, Gravitational constant, Gravity, Howard P. Robertson, Hyperbolic space, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Isotropy, Lambda-CDM model, Light-year, London Mathematical Society, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Observable universe, Physical cosmology, Physics Reports, Planck (spacecraft), Planck units, Power series, Primordial fluctuations, Quantum mechanics, Quintessence (physics), Radius of curvature, Ricci curvature, Riemannian manifold, ..., Scalar field theory, Scale factor (cosmology), Schwarzschild coordinates, Simply connected space, Sinc function, Spacetime topology, Springer Science+Business Media, Static spacetime, Static universe, Stress–energy tensor, The Astrophysical Journal, The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time, Thermodynamics of the universe, Tuple, Universe, Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, Zeitschrift für Physik. Expand index (17 more) »
Adiabatic process
In thermodynamics, an adiabatic process is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics).
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Alexander Friedmann
Alexander Alexandrovich Friedmann (also spelled Friedman or Fridman; Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Фри́дман) (June 16, 1888 – September 16, 1925) was a Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician.
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Analytic function
In mathematics, an analytic function is a function that is locally given by a convergent power series.
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Arthur Eddington
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician of the early 20th century who did his greatest work in astrophysics.
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Arthur Geoffrey Walker
Arthur Geoffrey Walker (17 July 1909 in Watford, Hertfordshire, England – 31 March 2001) was a leading mathematician who made important contributions to physics and physical cosmology.
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Big Bang
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution.
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Catholic University of Leuven (1835–1968)
The Catholic University of Leuven (of Louvain in French, and historically in English), founded as the Catholic University of Mechelen in 1834 and transferred to the town of Leuven in 1835, was considered the largest, oldest and most prominent university in Belgium.
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Circumference
In geometry, the circumference (from Latin circumferentia, meaning "carrying around") of a circle is the (linear) distance around it.
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Comoving and proper distances
In standard cosmology, comoving distance and proper distance are two closely related distance measures used by cosmologists to define distances between objects.
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Connected space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint nonempty open subsets.
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Constant of integration
In calculus, the indefinite integral of a given function (i.e., the set of all antiderivatives of the function) on a connected domain is only defined up to an additive constant, the constant of integration.
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Cosmic Background Explorer
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), also referred to as Explorer 66, was a satellite dedicated to cosmology, which operated from 1989 to 1993.
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Cosmological constant
In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda: Λ) is the value of the energy density of the vacuum of space.
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Dark energy
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe.
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Edwin Hubble
Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer.
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Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem
The Ehlers–Geren–Sachs theorem, published in 1968 by Jürgen Ehlers, P. Geren and Rainer K. Sachs, shows that if, in a given universe, all freely falling observers measure the cosmic background radiation to have exactly the same properties in all directions (that is, they measure the background radiation to be isotropic), then that universe is an isotropic and homogeneous FLRW spacetime, if the one uses a kinetic picture and the collision term vanishes, i.e. in the so-called Vlasov case or if there is a so-called detailed balance.
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Einstein field equations
The Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) comprise the set of 10 equations in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity that describe the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by mass and energy.
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Elliptic geometry
Elliptic geometry is a geometry in which Euclid's parallel postulate does not hold.
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Equation of state (cosmology)
In cosmology, the equation of state of a perfect fluid is characterized by a dimensionless number w, equal to the ratio of its pressure p to its energy density \rho: It is closely related to the thermodynamic equation of state and ideal gas law.
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Euclidean space
In geometry, Euclidean space encompasses the two-dimensional Euclidean plane, the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, and certain other spaces.
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Exact solutions in general relativity
In general relativity, an exact solution is a Lorentzian manifold equipped with tensor fields modeling states of ordinary matter, such as a fluid, or classical nongravitational fields such as the electromagnetic field.
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Expansion of the universe
The expansion of the universe is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the universe with time.
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First law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems.
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Friedmann equations
The Friedmann equations are a set of equations in physical cosmology that govern the expansion of space in homogeneous and isotropic models of the universe within the context of general relativity.
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Gaussian curvature
In differential geometry, the Gaussian curvature or Gauss curvature Κ of a surface at a point is the product of the principal curvatures, κ1 and κ2, at the given point: For example, a sphere of radius r has Gaussian curvature 1/r2 everywhere, and a flat plane and a cylinder have Gaussian curvature 0 everywhere.
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General relativity
General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
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Georges Lemaître
Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, RAS Associate (17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic Priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven.
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Gravitational constant
The gravitational constant (also known as the "universal gravitational constant", the "Newtonian constant of gravitation", or the "Cavendish gravitational constant"), denoted by the letter, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
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Gravity
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.
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Howard P. Robertson
Howard Percy "Bob" Robertson (January 27, 1903 – August 26, 1961) was an American mathematician and physicist known for contributions related to physical cosmology and the uncertainty principle.
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Hyperbolic space
In mathematics, hyperbolic space is a homogeneous space that has a constant negative curvature, where in this case the curvature is the sectional curvature.
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International Journal of Theoretical Physics
The International Journal of Theoretical Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of physics published by Springer Science+Business Media since 1968.
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Isotropy
Isotropy is uniformity in all orientations; it is derived from the Greek isos (ἴσος, "equal") and tropos (τρόπος, "way").
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Lambda-CDM model
The ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) or Lambda-CDM model is a parametrization of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the universe contains a cosmological constant, denoted by Lambda (Greek Λ), associated with dark energy, and cold dark matter (abbreviated CDM).
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Light-year
The light-year is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and measures about 9.5 trillion kilometres or 5.9 trillion miles.
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London Mathematical Society
The London Mathematical Society (LMS) is one of the United Kingdom's learned societies for mathematics (the others being the Royal Statistical Society (RSS) and the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA)).
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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in astronomy and astrophysics.
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Observable universe
The observable universe is a spherical region of the Universe comprising all matter that can be observed from Earth at the present time, because electromagnetic radiation from these objects has had time to reach Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion.
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Physical cosmology
Physical cosmology is the study of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate.
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Physics Reports
Physics Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, a review section of Physics Letters that has been published by Elsevier since 1971.
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Planck (spacecraft)
Planck was a space observatory operated by the European Space Agency (ESA) from 2009 to 2013, which mapped the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution.
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Planck units
In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a set of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of five universal physical constants, in such a manner that these five physical constants take on the numerical value of 1 when expressed in terms of these units.
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Power series
In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form where an represents the coefficient of the nth term and c is a constant.
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Primordial fluctuations
Primordial fluctuations are density variations in the early universe which are considered the seeds of all structure in the universe.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quintessence (physics)
In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe.
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Radius of curvature
In differential geometry, the radius of curvature,, is the reciprocal of the curvature.
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Ricci curvature
In differential geometry, the Ricci curvature tensor, named after Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, represents the amount by which the volume of a small wedge of a geodesic ball in a curved Riemannian manifold deviates from that of the standard ball in Euclidean space.
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Riemannian manifold
In differential geometry, a (smooth) Riemannian manifold or (smooth) Riemannian space (M,g) is a real, smooth manifold M equipped with an inner product g_p on the tangent space T_pM at each point p that varies smoothly from point to point in the sense that if X and Y are differentiable vector fields on M, then p \mapsto g_p(X(p),Y(p)) is a smooth function.
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Scalar field theory
In theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields.
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Scale factor (cosmology)
The relative expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor a. Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations.
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Schwarzschild coordinates
In the theory of Lorentzian manifolds, spherically symmetric spacetimes admit a family of nested round spheres.
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Simply connected space
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed (intuitively for embedded spaces, staying within the space) into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question.
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Sinc function
In mathematics, physics and engineering, the cardinal sine function or sinc function, denoted by, has two slightly different definitions.
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Spacetime topology
Spacetime topology is the topological structure of spacetime, a topic studied primarily in general relativity.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Static spacetime
In general relativity, a spacetime is said to be static if it does not change over time and is also irrotational.
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Static universe
A static universe, also referred to as a "stationary" or "infinite" or "static infinite" universe, is a cosmological model in which the universe is both spatially infinite and temporally infinite, and space is neither expanding nor contracting.
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Stress–energy tensor
The stress–energy tensor (sometimes stress–energy–momentum tensor or energy–momentum tensor) is a tensor quantity in physics that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics.
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The Astrophysical Journal
The Astrophysical Journal, often abbreviated ApJ (pronounced "ap jay") in references and speech, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of astrophysics and astronomy, established in 1895 by American astronomers George Ellery Hale and James Edward Keeler.
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The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time is 1973 book by Stephen Hawking and George Ellis on the theoretical physics of spacetime.
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Thermodynamics of the universe
The thermodynamics of the universe is dictated by which form of energy dominates it - relativistic particles which are referred to as radiation, or non-relativistic particles which are referred to as matter.
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Tuple
In mathematics, a tuple is a finite ordered list (sequence) of elements.
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Universe
The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.
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Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), was a spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang.
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Zeitschrift für Physik
Zeitschrift für Physik (English: Journal for physics) is a defunct series of German peer-reviewed German scientific journal of physics established in 1920 by Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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Einstein Cosmological Model, Einstein's radius, Einstein's radius of the universe, FLRW, FLRW metric, FLRW space, FLRW universe, FRW cosmology, FRW equation, FRW metric, FRW model, FRW space, FRW universe, Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker, Friedman-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker, Friedman-Robertson-Walker, Friedman-Robertson-Walker equation, Friedmann cosmology, Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker, Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker cosmology, Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric, Friedmann-Lemaître metric, Friedmann-Lemaître model, Friedmann-Lemaître models, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker cosmology, Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker metric, Friedmann-Robertson-Walker, Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmology, Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric, Friedmann-Robertson-Walker model, Friedmann–Lemaitre–Robertson–Walker metric, Friedmann–Lemaître metric, Friedmann–Lemaître model, Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker, Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker cosmology, Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric, Friedman–Robertson–Walker, Lemaitre model, Newtonian Cosmology, Newtonian cosmology, Robertson Metric, Robertson-Walker coordinates, Robertson-Walker metric, Robertson–Walker coordinates, Robertson–Walker metric, The Friedmann-Lemaitre universes.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker_metric