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290 relations: ACT-R, Adaptive reuse, Aesthetics, Agility, Agra, Alhambra, Anatolia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Andrea Palladio, Angkor Wat, Architect, Architectural decision, Architectural design competition, Architectural design values, Architectural drawing, Architectural firm, Architectural style, Architectural technology, Architectural theory, Architecture description language, Argentina, Artist, Asia, Athens, Auditorio de Tenerife, Augustus Pugin, Australia, Austria, Avant-garde, Çatalhöyük, École des Beaux-Arts, Bahay na bato, Bauhaus, Behavior, Beijing, Beijing National Stadium, Biodegradation, Biomorphism, Brazil, Bruno Zevi, Brutalist architecture, Buenos Aires, Building, Building material, Business, Business architect, Business model, Business process, Butterworth-Heinemann, ..., Byzantium, Cambodia, Canary Islands, Cathedral, Cathedral of Brasília, Charles Moore (architect), Chicago, China, Christian Norberg-Schulz, City Hall, London, Civil engineering, Classical antiquity, Classical architecture, Classical order, Cognition, Cognitive psychology, Collaborative for High Performance Schools, Common Era, Computer, Computer engineering, Computer program, Computer simulation, Conceptual model, Construction, Contemporary architecture, Course (architecture), Craft, Culture, Czech Republic, Dancing House, Data type, De architectura, De Montfort University, De Re Aedificatoria, Design, Design rationale, Dessau, Deutscher Werkbund, Doge's Palace, Dome of the Rock, Dravidian architecture, Dry dock, Eero Saarinen, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficient energy use, Egypt, Empiricism, Engineer, Engineering, Engineering design process, England, Enterprise architecture, Ernesto Nathan Rogers, Estate (land), Europe, Expressionist architecture, Fallingwater, Fazlur Rahman Khan, Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations, Filippo Brunelleschi, Florence, Form follows function, France, Frank Lloyd Wright, Germany, Gilles Deleuze, Giorgio Vasari, Giza Plateau, Glossary of architecture, Golden ratio, Gothic architecture, Gothic Revival architecture, Granada, Greece, Green building, Green roof, Guerrilla architecture, Guild, Gyeongbokgung, Haus Wittgenstein, House, Housing estate, Implementation, India, Industrial Revolution, Instruction set architecture, International Style (architecture), International Union of Architects, Ireland, Istanbul, Italy, Japan, Jerusalem, John Ruskin, Kinkaku-ji, Kuala Lumpur, Kyoto, Landscape architect, Landscape architecture, Landscape design, Landscape urbanism, Le Corbusier, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, Len Bass, Leon Battista Alberti, Lesotho, Lighting, List of architecture prizes, List of Guggenheim Museums, List of human habitation forms, Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Logic synthesis, Louis Sullivan, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Machu Picchu, Malaysia, Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra, Marcel Breuer, Mathematics and architecture, Metaphoric architecture, Michel Foucault, Michelangelo, Michele Valori, Microarchitecture, Middle Ages, Middle East, Mind, Ming tombs, Minoru Yamasaki, Modern architecture, Modernism, Mohenjo-daro, Municipal or urban engineering, Natural environment, Natural landscape, New Classical architecture, New Urbanism, New York City, Nonbuilding structure, Norway, Notre-Dame de Paris, OMG Business Architecture Special Interest Group, Organic architecture, Outline of architecture, Pakistan, Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Palais Garnier, Palazzo Farnese, Paris, Park, Parthenon, Passive solar building design, Paul Rudolph (architect), Petronas Towers, Phenomenology (architecture), Phenomenology (philosophy), Philip Johnson, Philip Newcomb, Philippines, Physical layer, Planning, Plato, Pont Alexandre III, Post-structuralism, Postmodern architecture, Postmodernism, Prague, Programming model, Rationalism, Real-time computing, Renaissance, Renaissance humanism, Restoration ecology, Robert Venturi, Robie House, Roman aqueduct, Romanesque architecture, Rome, Royal Institute of British Architects, Rural area, Rustication (architecture), Santa Maria Novella, Scottish baronial architecture, Sea trial, Segovia, Semantics, Seoul, Shilpa Shastras, Shipbuilding, Site planning, Smart growth, Soar (cognitive architecture), Sociology of architecture, Software Engineering Notes, Software system, South Korea, Space Shuttle, Spain, Sri Lanka, St. Peter's Basilica, Statute, Structuralism, Structure, Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Supernatural, Sustainability, Sustainable architecture, Sustainable design, Sustainable urbanism, Sydney Opera House, System, Taj Mahal, Telecommunication, Telecommunications network, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, Tower of London, Tube (structure), United States, Urban area, Urban design, Urban planning, Urban sprawl, Urbanism, Venice, Vernacular architecture, View model, Vitruvius, Vittorio Gregotti, Water-sensitive urban design, Watercraft, Weimar, William M. Ulrich, Willis Tower, Work of art, World Trade Center (1973–2001), World War I, World War II, Zoomorphic architecture. Expand index (240 more) »
ACT-R
ACT-R (pronounced /ˌækt ˈɑr/; short for "Adaptive Control of Thought—Rational") is a cognitive architecture mainly developed by John Robert Anderson at Carnegie Mellon University.
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Adaptive reuse
Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than which it was built or designed for.
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Aesthetics
Aesthetics (also spelled esthetics) is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty.
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Agility
Agility or nimbleness is the ability to change the body's position efficiently, and requires the integration of isolated movement skills using a combination of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength, and endurance.
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Agra
Agra is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Alhambra
The Alhambra (الْحَمْرَاء, Al-Ḥamrā, lit. "The Red One",The "Al-" in "Alhambra" means "the" in Arabic, but this is ignored in general usage in both English and Spanish, where the name is normally given the definite articleالْحَمْرَاء, trans.; literally "the red one", feminine; in colloquial Arabic: the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra)الْقَلْعَةُ ٱلْحَمْرَاءُ, trans.
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Anatolia
Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history from the Greek Dark Ages of the 13th–9th centuries BC to the end of antiquity (AD 600).
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Ancient Rome
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
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Andrea Palladio
Andrea Palladio (30 November 1508 – 19 August 1580) was an Italian architect active in the Republic of Venice.
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Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat (អង្គរវត្ត, "Capital Temple") is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world, on a site measuring.
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Architect
An architect is a person who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings.
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Architectural decision
In software engineering and software architecture design, architectural decisions (ADs) are design decisions that address architecturally significant requirements; they are perceived as hard to make and/or costly to change.
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Architectural design competition
An architectural design competition is a type of competition in which an organization that intends on constructing a new building invites architects to submit design proposals.
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Architectural design values
Architectural design values make up an important part of what influences architects and designers when they make their design decisions.
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Architectural drawing
An architectural drawing or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building (or building project) that falls within the definition of architecture.
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Architectural firm
An architectural firm, architecture firm or architectural practice is a business which offers architectural services in the profession of architecture.
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Architectural style
An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable.
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Architectural technology
Architectural technology, or building technology, is the application of technology to the design of buildings.
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Architectural theory
Architectural theory is the act of thinking, discussing, and writing about architecture.
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Architecture description language
Architecture description languages (ADLs) are used in several disciplines: system engineering, software engineering, and enterprise modelling and engineering.
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Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic (República Argentina), is a federal republic located mostly in the southern half of South America.
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Artist
An artist is a person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art.
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Asia
Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.
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Athens
Athens (Αθήνα, Athína; Ἀθῆναι, Athênai) is the capital and largest city of Greece.
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Auditorio de Tenerife
The Auditorio de Tenerife "Adán Martín" (commonly referred to as the Auditorio de Tenerife) is an auditorium in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Augustus Pugin
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1 March 181214 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist, and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Austria
Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.
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Avant-garde
The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard", literally "fore-guard") are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.
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Çatalhöyük
Çatalhöyük (also Çatal Höyük and Çatal Hüyük; from Turkish çatal "fork" + höyük "mound") was a very large Neolithic and Chalcolithic proto-city settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC, and flourished around 7000 BC.
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École des Beaux-Arts
An École des Beaux-Arts (School of Fine Arts) is one of a number of influential art schools in France.
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Bahay na bato
Bahay na bato (Tagalog, literally "house of stone") is a type of building originating during the Philippines' Spanish Colonial Period.
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Bauhaus
Staatliches Bauhaus, commonly known simply as Bauhaus, was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught.
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Behavior
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (Commonwealth English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment.
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Beijing
Beijing, formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city proper, and most populous capital city.
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Beijing National Stadium
Beijing National Stadium, officially the National Stadium, also known as the Bird's Nest, is a stadium in Beijing.
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Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the disintegration of materials by bacteria, fungi, or other biological means.
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Biomorphism
Biomorphism models artistic design elements on naturally occurring patterns or shapes reminiscent of nature and living organisms.
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Brazil
Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.
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Bruno Zevi
Bruno Zevi (22 January 1918 – 9 January 2000) was an Italian architect, historian, professor, curator, author, and editor.
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Brutalist architecture
Brutalist architecture flourished from 1951 to 1975, having descended from the modernist architectural movement of the early 20th century.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina.
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Building
A building, or edifice, is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a house or factory.
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Building material
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes.
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Business
Business is the activity of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (goods and services).
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Business architect
A business architect is a practitioner of business architecture, a discipline concerned with developing and maintaining business capabilities of the enterprise in line with the corporate strategy as well as contributing to the business strategy and plans.
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Business model
A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value,Business Model Generation, Alexander Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Alan Smith, and 470 practitioners from 45 countries, self-published, 2010 in economic, social, cultural or other contexts.
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Business process
A business process or business method is a collection of related, structured activities or tasks that in a specific sequence produces a service or product (serves a particular business goal) for a particular customer or customers.
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Butterworth-Heinemann
Butterworth–Heinemann is a British publishing company specialized in professional information and learning materials for higher education and professional training, in printed and electronic forms.
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Byzantium
Byzantium or Byzantion (Ancient Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) was an ancient Greek colony in early antiquity that later became Constantinople, and later Istanbul.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (កម្ពុជា, or Kampuchea:, Cambodge), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, prĕəh riəciənaacak kampuciə,; Royaume du Cambodge), is a sovereign state located in the southern portion of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (Islas Canarias) is a Spanish archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Morocco at the closest point.
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Cathedral
A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate.
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Cathedral of Brasília
The Cathedral of Brasília (Portuguese: Catedral Metropolitana Nossa Senhora Aparecida, "Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of Aparecida") is the Roman Catholic cathedral serving Brasília, Brazil, and serves as the seat of the Archdiocese of Brasília.
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Charles Moore (architect)
Charles Willard Moore (October 31, 1925 – December 16, 1993) was an American architect, educator, writer, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, and winner of the AIA Gold Medal in 1991.
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Chicago
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Christian Norberg-Schulz
Christian Norberg-Schulz (23 May 1926– 28 March 2000) was a Norwegian architect, author, educator and architectural theorist.
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City Hall, London
City Hall is the headquarters of the Greater London Authority (GLA), which comprises the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Civil engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways.
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Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.
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Classical architecture
Classical architecture usually denotes architecture which is more or less consciously derived from the principles of Greek and Roman architecture of classical antiquity, or sometimes even more specifically, from the works of Vitruvius.
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Classical order
An order in architecture is a certain assemblage of parts subject to uniform established proportions, regulated by the office that each part has to perform". Coming down to the present from Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman civilization, the architectural orders are the styles of classical architecture, each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed.
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Cognition
Cognition is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".
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Cognitive psychology
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking".
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Collaborative for High Performance Schools
The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) is the United States' first green building rating program especially designed for K-12 schools.
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Common Era
Common Era or Current Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system.
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Computer
A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.
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Computer engineering
Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of computer science and electronics engineering required to develop computer hardware and software.
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Computer program
A computer program is a collection of instructions for performing a specific task that is designed to solve a specific class of problems.
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Computer simulation
Computer simulation is the reproduction of the behavior of a system using a computer to simulate the outcomes of a mathematical model associated with said system.
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Conceptual model
A conceptual model is a representation of a system, made of the composition of concepts which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents.
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Construction
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
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Contemporary architecture
Contemporary architecture is the architecture of the 21st century.
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Course (architecture)
A course is a layer of the same unit running horizontally in a wall.
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Craft
A craft or trade is a pastime or a profession that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work.
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Culture
Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (Česká republika), also known by its short-form name Czechia (Česko), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast.
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Dancing House
The Dancing House (Tančící dům), or Fred and Ginger, is the nickname given to the Nationale-Nederlanden building on the Rašínovo nábřeží (Rašín Embankment) in Prague, Czech Republic.
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Data type
In computer science and computer programming, a data type or simply type is a classification of data which tells the compiler or interpreter how the programmer intends to use the data.
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De architectura
De architectura (On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture) is a treatise on architecture written by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and dedicated to his patron, the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects.
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De Montfort University
De Montfort University (DMU) is a public university in the city of Leicester, England.
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De Re Aedificatoria
De re aedificatoria (On the Art of Building) is a classic architectural treatise written by Leon Battista Alberti between 1443 and 1452.
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Design
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or measurable human interaction (as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawings, business processes, circuit diagrams, and sewing patterns).
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Design rationale
A design rationale is an explicit documentation of the reasons behind decisions made when designing a system or artifact.
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Dessau
Dessau is a town and former municipality in Germany on the junction of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt.
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Deutscher Werkbund
The Deutscher Werkbund (German Association of Craftsmen) is a German association of artists, architects, designers, and industrialists, established in 1907.
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Doge's Palace
The Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale; Pałaso Dogal) is a palace built in Venetian Gothic style, and one of the main landmarks of the city of Venice in northern Italy.
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Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock (قبة الصخرة Qubbat al-Sakhrah, כיפת הסלע Kippat ha-Sela) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.
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Dravidian architecture
Dravidian architecture is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South India, reaching its final form by the sixteenth century.
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Dry dock
A dry dock (sometimes dry-dock or drydock) is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform.
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Eero Saarinen
Eero Saarinen (August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961) was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neo-futuristic style.
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Effectiveness
Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result or the ability to produce desired output.
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Efficiency
Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result.
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Efficient energy use
Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.
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Engineer
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are people who invent, design, analyze, build, and test machines, systems, structures and materials to fulfill objectives and requirements while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.
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Engineering
Engineering is the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, operation and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations.
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Engineering design process
The engineering design process is a methodical series of steps that engineers use in creating functional products and processes.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Enterprise architecture
Enterprise architecture (EA) is "a well-defined practice for conducting enterprise analysis, design, planning, and implementation, using a comprehensive approach at all times, for the successful development and execution of strategy.
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Ernesto Nathan Rogers
Ernesto Nathan Rogers (March 16, 1909 – November 7, 1969) was an Italian architect, writer and educator.
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Estate (land)
Historically, an estate comprises the houses, outbuildings, supporting farmland, and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a country house or mansion.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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Expressionist architecture
Expressionist architecture is an architectural movement in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts that especially developed and dominated in Germany.
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Fallingwater
Fallingwater is a house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural southwestern Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh.
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Fazlur Rahman Khan
Fazlur Rahman Khan (ফজলুর রহমান খান, Fozlur Rôhman Khan) (3 April 1929 – 27 March 1982) was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect, who initiated important structural systems for skyscrapers.
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Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations
The Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations (FEAPO) is a worldwide association of professional organizations which have come together to provide a forum to standardize, professionalize, and otherwise advance the discipline of enterprise architecture.
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Filippo Brunelleschi
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor.
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Florence
Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.
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Form follows function
Form follows function is a principle associated with 20th-century modernist architecture and industrial design which says that the shape of a building or object should primarily relate to its intended function or purpose.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Frank Lloyd Wright
Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures, 532 of which were completed.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Gilles Deleuze
Gilles Deleuze (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1960s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art.
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Giorgio Vasari
Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.
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Giza Plateau
The Giza Plateau (جيزة بلاتي) is a plateau that is located in Giza, Egypt.
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Glossary of architecture
This page is a glossary of architecture.
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Golden ratio
In mathematics, two quantities are in the golden ratio if their ratio is the same as the ratio of their sum to the larger of the two quantities.
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Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.
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Gothic Revival architecture
Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England.
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Granada
Granada is the capital city of the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
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Greece
No description.
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Green building
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.
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Green roof
A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane.
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Guerrilla architecture
Guerrilla architecture is the hacking of existing buildings, often old, disused or distressed, adapted to a new function.
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Guild
A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.
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Gyeongbokgung
Gyeongbokgung, also known as Gyeongbokgung Palace or Gyeongbok Palace, was the main royal palace of the Joseon dynasty.
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Haus Wittgenstein
Haus Wittgenstein, (also known as the Stonborough House and the Wittgenstein House) is a house in the modernist style on the Kundmanngasse, Vienna, Austria.
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House
A house is a building that functions as a home.
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Housing estate
A housing estate (or sometimes housing complex) is a group of homes and other buildings built together as a single development.
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Implementation
Implementation is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Instruction set architecture
An instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer.
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International Style (architecture)
The International Style is the name of a major architectural style that developed in the 1920s and 1930s and strongly related to Modernism and Modern architecture.
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International Union of Architects
The International Union of Architects (French: Union internationale des Architectes, UIA) is the only international non-governmental organization that represents the world's architects, now estimated to number some 3.2 million in all.
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Ireland
Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Japan
Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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John Ruskin
John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was the leading English art critic of the Victorian era, as well as an art patron, draughtsman, watercolourist, a prominent social thinker and philanthropist.
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Kinkaku-ji
, officially named, is a Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan.
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Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur, officially the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur), or commonly known as KL, is the national capital of Malaysia as well as its largest city in the country.
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Kyoto
, officially, is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture, located in the Kansai region of Japan.
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Landscape architect
A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture.
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Landscape architecture
Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioural, or aesthetic outcomes.
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Landscape design
Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practised by landscape designers, combining nature and culture.
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Landscape urbanism
Landscape urbanism is a theory of urban planning arguing that the best way to organize cities is through the design of the city's landscape, rather than the design of its buildings.
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Le Corbusier
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.
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Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is one of the most popular green building certification programs used worldwide.
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Len Bass
Leonard Joel (Len) Bass (born ca 1944) is an American software engineer, Emeritus professor and former researcher at the Software Engineering Institute (SEI), particularly known for his contributions on software architecture in practice.
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Leon Battista Alberti
Leon Battista Alberti (February 14, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomised the Renaissance Man.
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Lesotho
Lesotho officially the Kingdom of Lesotho ('Muso oa Lesotho), is an enclaved country in southern Africa.
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Lighting
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
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List of architecture prizes
This is a list of architecture prizes.
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List of Guggenheim Museums
The Guggenheim Museums are a group of museums in different parts of the world established (or proposed to be established) by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation.
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List of human habitation forms
This is a list of (semi)-permanent, mobile and misc.
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Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Le Vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architettori), also known as The Lives (Le Vite), is a series of artist biographies written by 16th-century Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, which is considered "perhaps the most famous, and even today the most-read work of the older literature of art", "some of the Italian Renaissance's most influential writing on art", and "the first important book on art history".
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Logic synthesis
In electronics, logic synthesis is a process by which an abstract form of desired circuit behavior, typically at register transfer level (RTL), is turned into a design implementation in terms of logic gates, typically by a computer program called a synthesis tool.
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Louis Sullivan
Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism".
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born Maria Ludwig Michael Mies; March 27, 1886 – August 17, 1969) was a German-American architect.
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
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Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu (or,, Machu Pikchu) is a 15th-century Inca citadel situated on a mountain ridge above sea level.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
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Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
The Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra is a manuscript of the 5th or 6th century CE that gives the basis on which Sri Lankan Buddhist monasteries are constructed.
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Marcel Breuer
Marcel Lajos Breuer (21 May 1902 – 1 July 1981), was a Hungarian-born modernist, architect, and furniture designer.
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Mathematics and architecture
Mathematics and architecture are related, since, as with other arts, architects use mathematics for several reasons.
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Metaphoric architecture
Metaphoric architecture is an architectural movement that developed in Europe during the mid-20th century.
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Michel Foucault
Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), generally known as Michel Foucault, was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic.
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Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni or more commonly known by his first name Michelangelo (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
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Michele Valori
Michele Valori (Bologna, 23 June 1923 – Rome, 16 October 1979) was an Italian urban designer and architect.
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Microarchitecture
In computer engineering, microarchitecture, also called computer organization and sometimes abbreviated as µarch or uarch, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA), is implemented in a particular processor.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Middle East
The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).
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Mind
The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory.
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Ming tombs
The Ming tombs are a collection of mausoleums built by the emperors of the Ming dynasty of China.
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Minoru Yamasaki
Minoru Yamasaki (December 1, 1912February 6, 1986) was an American architect, best known for designing the original World Trade Center in New York City and several other large-scale projects.
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Modern architecture
Modern architecture or modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II.
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Modernism
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo-daro (موئن جو دڙو, meaning 'Mound of the Dead Men'; موئن جو دڑو) is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh, Pakistan.
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Municipal or urban engineering
Municipal or urban engineering applies the tools of science, art and engineering in an urban environment.
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Natural environment
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.
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Natural landscape
A natural landscape is the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture.
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New Classical architecture
New Classical architecture is a contemporary movement in architecture that continues the practice of classical and traditional architecture.
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New Urbanism
New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.
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New York City
The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.
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Nonbuilding structure
A nonbuilding structure, also referred to simply as a structure, refers to any body or system of connected parts used to support a load that was not designed for continuous human occupancy.
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Norway
Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.
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Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.
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OMG Business Architecture Special Interest Group
The Business Architecture Special Interest Group (BASIG) is a working group on business architecture of the Object Management Group (OMG), known for their contribution to the history of business architecture.
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Organic architecture
Organic architecture is a philosophy of architecture which promotes harmony between human habitation and the natural world.
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Outline of architecture
The following outline is an overview and topical guide to architecture: Architecture – the process and the product of designing and constructing buildings.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.
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Palace of the Argentine National Congress
The Palace of the Argentine National Congress (Palacio del Congreso Nacional Argentino, often referred locally as Palacio del Congreso) is a monumental building, seat of the Argentine National Congress, located in Buenos Aires at the western end of Avenida de Mayo (at the other end of which is the Casa Rosada).
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Palais Garnier
The Palais Garnier (French) is a 1,979-seat opera house, which was built from 1861 to 1875 for the Paris Opera.
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Palazzo Farnese
Palazzo Farnese or Farnese Palace is one of the most important High Renaissance palaces in Rome.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Park
A park is an area of natural, semi-natural or planted space set aside for human enjoyment and recreation or for the protection of wildlife or natural habitats.
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Parthenon
The Parthenon (Παρθενών; Παρθενώνας, Parthenónas) is a former temple, on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron.
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Passive solar building design
In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer.
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Paul Rudolph (architect)
Paul Marvin Rudolph (October 23, 1918 – August 8, 1997) was an American architect and the chair of Yale University's Department of Architecture for six years, known for his use of concrete and highly complex floor plans.
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Petronas Towers
The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara Petronas, or Menara Berkembar Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Phenomenology (architecture)
Phenomenology in architecture can be understood as an aspect of philosophy researching into the experience of built space, and as shorthand for architectural phenomenology, a historical architectural movement.
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Phenomenology (philosophy)
Phenomenology (from Greek phainómenon "that which appears" and lógos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness.
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Philip Johnson
Philip Cortelyou Johnson (July 8, 1906 – January 25, 2005) was an American architect.
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Philip Newcomb
Philip H. Newcomb (born 1950s) is an American software engineer and CEO of The Software Revolution, Inc., known for his work in the field of formal methods of software engineering.
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Philippines
The Philippines (Pilipinas or Filipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas), is a unitary sovereign and archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.
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Physical layer
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer.
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Planning
Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal.
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Plato
Plato (Πλάτων Plátōn, in Classical Attic; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.
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Pont Alexandre III
The Pont Alexandre III is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris.
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Post-structuralism
Post-structuralism is associated with the works of a series of mid-20th-century French, continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to be known internationally in the 1960s and 1970s.
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Postmodern architecture
Postmodern architecture is a style or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
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Postmodernism
Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late-20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism and that marked a departure from modernism.
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Prague
Prague (Praha, Prag) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union and also the historical capital of Bohemia.
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Programming model
A Programming model refers to the style of programming where execution is invoked by making what appear to be library calls.
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Rationalism
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".
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Real-time computing
In computer science, real-time computing (RTC), or reactive computing describes hardware and software systems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example from event to system response.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.
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Restoration ecology
Restoration ecology is the scientific study supporting the practice of ecological restoration, which is the practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action.
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Robert Venturi
Robert Charles Venturi Jr. (born June 25, 1925) is an American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, and one of the major architectural figures in the twentieth century.
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Robie House
The Frederick C. Robie House is a U.S. National Historic Landmark on the campus of the University of Chicago in the South Side neighborhood of Hyde Park in Chicago, Illinois, at 5757 S. Woodlawn Avenue.
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Roman aqueduct
The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Empire, to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns.
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Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Royal Institute of British Architects
The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.
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Rural area
In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities.
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Rustication (architecture)
Two different styles of rustication in the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi in Florence; smooth-faced above and rough-faced below. In classical architecture rustication is a range of masonry techniques giving visible surfaces a finish that contrasts in texture with the smoothly finished, squared-block masonry surfaces called ashlar.
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Santa Maria Novella
Santa Maria Novella is a church in Florence, Italy, situated just across from the main railway station named after it.
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Scottish baronial architecture
Scottish Baronial architecture (often Scots Baronial and sometimes Baronial style) is a style of architecture with its origins in the sixteenth century.
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Sea trial
A sea trial is the testing phase of a watercraft (including boats, ships, and submarines).
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Segovia
Segovia is a city in the autonomous region of Castile and León, Spain.
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Semantics
Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
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Seoul
Seoul (like soul; 서울), officially the Seoul Special Metropolitan City – is the capital, Constitutional Court of Korea and largest metropolis of South Korea.
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Shilpa Shastras
Shilpa Shastras (शिल्प शास्त्र) literally means the Science of Shilpa (arts and crafts).
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Shipbuilding
Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels.
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Site planning
Site planning in landscape architecture and architecture refers to the organizational stage of the landscape design process.
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Smart growth
Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl.
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Soar (cognitive architecture)
Soar is a cognitive architecture, originally created by John Laird, Allen Newell, and at Carnegie Mellon University.
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Sociology of architecture
Sociology of architecture is the sociological study of the built environment and the role and occupation of architects in modern societies.
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Software Engineering Notes
The ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes (SEN) is published by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for the Special Interest Group on Software Engineering (SIGSOFT).
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Software system
A software system is a system on intercommunicating components based on software forming part of a computer system (a combination of hardware and software).
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk,; lit. "The Great Country of the Han People"), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and lying east to the Asian mainland.
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Space Shuttle
The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.
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St. Peter's Basilica
The Papal Basilica of St.
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Statute
A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a city, state, or country.
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Structuralism
In sociology, anthropology, and linguistics, structuralism is the methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.
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Structure
Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.
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Sultan Ahmed Mosque
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque or Sultan Ahmet Mosque (Sultan Ahmet Camii) is a historic mosque located in Istanbul, Turkey.
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Supernatural
The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "natural", first used: 1520–1530 AD) is that which exists (or is claimed to exist), yet cannot be explained by laws of nature.
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Sustainability
Sustainability is the process of change, in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations.
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Sustainable architecture
Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space and the ecosystem at large.
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Sustainable design
Sustainable design (also called environmentally sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc.) is the philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and ecological sustainability.
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Sustainable urbanism
Sustainable urbanism is an approach to the study of urbanism focusing on strategies that promote long term resilience to cities, towns and other areas.
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Sydney Opera House
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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System
A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming an integrated whole.
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Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal (meaning "Crown of the Palace") is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra.
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Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.
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Telecommunications network
A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes, links are connected so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals.
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The Seven Lamps of Architecture
The Seven Lamps of Architecture is an extended essay, first published in May 1849 and written by the English art critic and theorist John Ruskin.
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Tower of London
The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.
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Tube (structure)
In structural engineering, the tube is a system where, to resist lateral loads (wind, seismic, impact), a building is designed to act like a hollow cylinder, cantilevered perpendicular to the ground.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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Urban area
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment.
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Urban design
Urban design is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities, towns and villages.
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Urban planning
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use in an urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.
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Urban sprawl
Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, monofunctional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization.
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Urbanism
Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with the built environment.
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Venice
Venice (Venezia,; Venesia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.
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Vernacular architecture
Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions.
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View model
A view model or viewpoints framework in systems engineering, software engineering, and enterprise engineering is a framework which defines a coherent set of views to be used in the construction of a system architecture, software architecture, or enterprise architecture.
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Vitruvius
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (c. 80–70 BC – after c. 15 BC), commonly known as Vitruvius, was a Roman author, architect, civil engineer and military engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work entitled De architectura.
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Vittorio Gregotti
Vittorio Gregotti (Novara, 10 August 1927) is an Italian architect, born in Novara.
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Water-sensitive urban design
Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) is a land planning and engineering design approach which integrates the urban water cycle, including stormwater, groundwater and wastewater management and water supply, into urban design to minimise environmental degradation and improve aesthetic and recreational appeal.
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Watercraft
Watercraft or marine vessel are water-borne vehicles including ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines.
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Weimar
Weimar (Vimaria or Vinaria) is a city in the federal state of Thuringia, Germany.
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William M. Ulrich
William M. Ulrich (born c. 1956) is an American business architecture consultant, consultant at Cutter Consortium, director and lecturer, known for development of 'The Systems Redevelopment Methodology' (TSRM) in the 1990s, on legacy systems in the 2000s and more recently on his work on business architecture.
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Willis Tower
The Willis Tower, built as and still commonly referred to as the Sears Tower, is a 110-story, skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.
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Work of art
A work of art, artwork, art piece, piece of art or art object is an aesthetic physical item or artistic creation.
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World Trade Center (1973–2001)
The original World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Zoomorphic architecture
Zoomorphic architecture is the practice of using animal forms as the inspirational basis and blueprint for architectural design.
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Archetecture, Architectural, Architectural work, Architecturally, Architecture (built environment), Architectures, Architecure, Asian architecture, Civil Architecture, Civil architecture, Frozen music, The Art and History of Architecture, Types of architecture.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture
