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69 relations: Academic journal, Academic publishing, Alcohol intoxication, Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases, Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid, Angina, Assay, Beta oxidation, Binding site, Cancer, Carbon dioxide, Carbon–carbon bond, Carnitine, Carnitine biosynthesis, Carnitine O-acetyltransferase, Clinical trial, Cofactor (biochemistry), Cost, Demethylation, Diabetes mellitus, Dimethylamine, Efficacy, Enzyme, Enzyme catalysis, Enzyme inhibitor, Enzyme promiscuity, Epileptic seizure, Fatty acid, Fatty acid metabolism, Fluorescein, Fluorescence, Fluoride, Formaldehyde, Functional analog (chemistry), Gene, Glutathione, Grindeks, Heart failure, High-throughput screening, Hydroxylation, In vitro, Instrumentation, Iron, Latvia, Lysine, Mass spectrometry, Meldonium, Microarray, Mitochondrion, Myocardial infarction, ..., Neurological disorder, Non-competitive inhibition, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Oxidoreductase, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, Oxygen, Oxygenase, Pharmacovigilance, Pico-, Product (chemistry), Radioactive tracer, Redox, Reducing agent, Stevens rearrangement, Stroke, Substrate (chemistry), Succinic acid, Vitamin C, 3-Dehydrocarnitine. Expand index (19 more) »
Academic journal
An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.
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Academic publishing
Academic publishing is the subfield of publishing which distributes academic research and scholarship.
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Alcohol intoxication
Alcohol intoxication, also known as drunkenness or alcohol poisoning, is negative behavior and physical effects due to the recent drinking of ethanol (alcohol).
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Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases are non-heme, iron-containing enzymes that consume oxygen and alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG, also known as 2-oxoglutarate, or 2OG) as co-substrates.
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Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid
α-Ketoglutaric acid (2-oxoglutaric acid) is one of two ketone derivatives of glutaric acid.
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Angina
Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is chest pain or pressure, usually due to not enough blood flow to the heart muscle.
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Assay
An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, pharmacology, environmental biology and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity (the analyte).
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Beta oxidation
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain.
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Binding site
In biochemistry, a binding site is a region on a protein or piece of DNA or RNA to which ligands (specific molecules and/or ions) may form a chemical bond.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon–carbon bond
A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms.
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Carnitine
Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid, 3-hydroxy-4-N,N,N- trimethylaminobutyrate) is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants and some bacteria. Carnitine may exist in two isomers, labeled D-carnitine and L-carnitine, as they are optically active. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a white powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with low toxicity. Carnitine only exists in animals as the L-enantiomer, and D-carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of L-carnitine. Carnitine, derived from an amino acid, is found in nearly all organisms and animal tissue. Carnitine is the generic expression for a number of compounds that include L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine. It is most accumulated in cardiac and skeletal muscles as it accounts for 0.1% of its dry matter. It was first derived from meat extracts in 1905, therefore the name carnitine is derived from Latin "carnus" or flesh. The body synthesizes enough carnitine from lysine side chains to keep up with the needs of energy production in the body as carnitine acts as a transporter of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria to be oxidized and produce energy. Some individuals with genetic or medical disorders (like preterm infants) cannot make enough, so this makes carnitine a conditionally essential nutrient for them.
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Carnitine biosynthesis
Carnitine biosynthesis is a method for the endogenous production of L-carnitine, a molecule that is essential for energy metabolism.
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Carnitine O-acetyltransferase
Carnitine O-acetyltransferase also called carnitine acetyltransferase (CRAT, or CAT) is an enzyme that encoded by the CRAT gene that catalyzes the chemical reaction where the acetyl group displaces the hydrogen atom in the central hydroxyl group of carnitine.
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Clinical trial
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Cost
In production, research, retail, and accounting, a cost is the value of money that has been used up to produce something or deliver a service, and hence is not available for use anymore.
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Demethylation
Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group (CH3) from a molecule.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Dimethylamine
Dimethylamine is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NH.
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Efficacy
Efficacy is the ability to get a job done satisfactorily.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction by the active site of a protein.
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Enzyme inhibitor
4QI9) An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
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Enzyme promiscuity
Enzyme promiscuity is the ability of an enzyme to catalyse a fortuitous side reaction in addition to its main reaction.
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Epileptic seizure
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Fatty acid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).
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Fluorescein
Fluorescein is a manufactured organic compound and dye.
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Fluorescence
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
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Fluoride
Fluoride.
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Formaldehyde
No description.
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Functional analog (chemistry)
In chemistry and pharmacology, functional analogs are chemical compounds that have similar physical, chemical, biochemical, or pharmacological properties.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea.
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Grindeks
AS Grindeks (branded as Grindex), is a Latvian company listed on the Nasdaq Riga with production of pharmaceutical drugs, medicine and phytochemical medicine. The company was founded 17 October 1991 and is a joint stock company since 25 August 1997. One of the key drugs for Grindeks is meldonium, marketed under the trade name Mildronate. Meldonium is used for the treatment of angina and myocardial infarction by inhibiting the carnitine biosynthesis pathway via the inhibition of gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase. In 2017, Grindeks had a turnover revenue of €132.4 million with a profit of €10.3 million. Grindeks had 1355 employees and the main shareholders were Kirovs Lipmans (33.29%) and Anna Lipmane (16.65%).
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
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High-throughput screening
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific experimentation especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology and chemistry.
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Hydroxylation
Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (-OH) into an organic compound.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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Instrumentation
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities, and has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Latvia
Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
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Meldonium
Meldonium (INN; trade name Mildronate, among others) is a limited-market pharmaceutical, developed in 1970 by Ivars Kalviņš at the USSR Latvia Institute of Organic Synthesis, and now manufactured by the Latvian pharmaceutical company Grindeks and several generic manufacturers.
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Microarray
A microarray is a multiplex lab-on-a-chip.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Myocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
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Neurological disorder
A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.
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Non-competitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition is a type of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bound the substrate.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation.
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Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.
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Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex, most commonly known for its role in the citric acid cycle.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxygenase
An oxygenase is any enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring the oxygen from molecular oxygen O2 (as in air) to it.
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Pharmacovigilance
Pharmacovigilance (PV or PhV), also known as drug safety, is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products.
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Pico-
Pico- (symbol p) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting one trillionth, a factor of 10−12.
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Product (chemistry)
Products are the species formed from chemical reactions.
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Radioactive tracer
A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Reducing agent
A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element (such as calcium) or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction.
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Stevens rearrangement
The Stevens rearrangement in organic chemistry is an organic reaction converting quaternary ammonium salts and sulfonium salts to the corresponding amines or sulfides in presence of a strong base in a 1,2-rearrangement.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product.
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Succinic acid
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
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Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
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3-Dehydrocarnitine
3-Dehydrocarnitine is an intermediate in the production of carnitine.
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Redirects here:
4-trimethylammoniobutanoate,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), BBOX1, BBOX1 (gene), EC 1.14.11.1, G-butyrobetaine dioxygenase.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-butyrobetaine_dioxygenase
