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107 relations: Amniote, Anatomical terms of location, Animal, Anus, Archenteron, Asymmetry, Beta-catenin, Blastocoel, Blastocyst, Blastula, Blood, Blood vessel, Bone, Bone morphogenetic protein, Bone morphogenetic protein 4, Brachyury, Cartilage, CDH1 (gene), Cell adhesion, Cell culture, Cellular differentiation, Cerberus (protein), Chicken, Cleavage (embryo), Cnidaria, Connective tissue, Ctenophora, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Dermis, Deuterostome, Digestion, Diploblasty, Ectoderm, Embryo, Embryogenesis, Embryoid body, Embryological origins of the mouth and anus, Embryonic stem cell, Endoderm, Epiblast, Epiboly, Epidermis (zoology), Epithelial–mesenchymal transition, Epithelium, Ernst Haeckel, Euechinoidea, Fate mapping, FGF8, Fibroblast growth factor, ..., Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, Frog, Gastruloid, Germ layer, Hans Spemann, Heart, Hilde Mangold, Human digestive system, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Ingression (biology), Invagination, Involution (medicine), Koller's sickle, Lefty (protein), Lewis Wolpert, Liver, Mechanisms of Development, Mesenchyme, Mesoderm, Messenger RNA, Microtubule, Mollusca, Mouth, Muscle, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, Nervous system, Neural crest, Neurulation, NODAL, Nodal signaling pathway, Notch signaling pathway, Notochord, Organ (anatomy), Organogenesis, Organoid, Pancreas, Placenta, Primitive knot, Primitive streak, Protostome, Respiratory system, Rib cage, Sea urchin, Sea urchin skeletogenesis, Simply connected space, SNAI1, Sphere, Spindle apparatus, Symmetry in biology, The Three Rs, Tissue (biology), Topological space, Torus, Triploblasty, Vegetal rotation, Vertebra, Wnt signaling pathway. Expand index (57 more) »
Amniote
Amniotes (from Greek ἀμνίον amnion, "membrane surrounding the fetus", earlier "bowl in which the blood of sacrificed animals was caught", from ἀμνός amnos, "lamb") are a clade of tetrapod vertebrates comprising the reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location deal unambiguously with the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Animal
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.
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Anus
The anus (from Latin anus meaning "ring", "circle") is an opening at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth.
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Archenteron
The primary gut that forms during gastrulation in the developing zygote is known as the archenteron or the digestive tube.
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Asymmetry
Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection).
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Beta-catenin
Catenin beta-1, also known as β-catenin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene.
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Blastocoel
A blastocoel is a fluid-filled cavity that forms in the animal hemisphere of early amphibian and echinoderm embryos, or between the epiblast and hypoblast of avian, reptilian, and mammalian blastoderm-stage embryos.
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Blastocyst
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals.
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Blastula
The blastula (from Greek βλαστός (blastos), meaning "sprout") is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoele formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals.
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Blood
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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Blood vessel
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.
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Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.
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Bone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens.
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Bone morphogenetic protein 4
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene.
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Brachyury
Brachyury is a protein that in humans is encoded by the T gene.
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Cartilage
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
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CDH1 (gene)
Cadherin-1 also known as CAM 120/80 or epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) or uvomorulin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDH1 gene.
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Cell adhesion
Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface.
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Cell culture
Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
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Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
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Cerberus (protein)
Cerberus also known as CER1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CER1 gene.
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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
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Cleavage (embryo)
In embryology, cleavage is the division of cells in the early embryo.
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Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic (freshwater and marine) environments: they are predominantly marine species.
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
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Ctenophora
Ctenophora (singular ctenophore, or; from the Greek κτείς kteis 'comb' and φέρω pherō 'to carry'; commonly known as comb jellies) is a phylum of invertebrate animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
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Cytoskeleton
A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life (archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes).
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Dermis
The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.
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Deuterostome
Deuterostomes (taxonomic term: Deuterostomia; meaning "second mouth" in Greek) are any members of a superphylum of animals.
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Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma.
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Diploblasty
Diploblasty is a condition of the blastula in which there are two primary germ layers: the ectoderm and endoderm.
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Ectoderm
Ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis is the process by which the embryo forms and develops.
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Embryoid body
Embryoid bodies (EBs) are three-dimensional aggregates of pluripotent stem cells.
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Embryological origins of the mouth and anus
The embryological origin of the mouth and anus is an important characteristic, and forms the morphological basis for separating bilaterian animals into two natural groupings: the protostomes and deuterostomes.
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Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells or ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo.
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Endoderm
Endoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Epiblast
In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast (also known as the primitive ectoderm) is one of two distinct layers arising from the inner cell mass in the mammalian blastocyst or from the blastodisc in reptiles and birds.
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Epiboly
Epiboly describes one of the five major types of cell movements that occur in the Gastrulation stage of embryonic development of some organisms.
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Epidermis (zoology)
In zoology, the epidermis is an epithelium (sheet of cells) that covers the body of an eumetazoan (animal more complex than a sponge).
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Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types.
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Epithelium
Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
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Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny.
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Euechinoidea
The subclass Euechinoidea includes almost all living species of sea urchin, and fossil forms going back as far as the Triassic.
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Fate mapping
In developmental biology, fate mapping is a method of understanding the embryonic origin of various tissues in the adult organism by establishing the correspondence between individual cells (or groups of cells) at one stage of development, and their progeny at later stages of development.
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FGF8
Fibroblast growth factor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF8 gene.
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Fibroblast growth factor
The fibroblast growth factors are a family of cell signalling proteins that are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development.
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Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), also known as basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, fms-related tyrosine kinase-2 / Pfeiffer syndrome, and CD331, is a receptor tyrosine kinase whose ligands are specific members of the fibroblast growth factor family.
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Frog
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order Anura (Ancient Greek ἀν-, without + οὐρά, tail).
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Gastruloid
Gastruloids are three dimensional aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that display many features of early development such as symmetry-breaking, axial organisation, germ layer specification, polarised gene expression and axial elongation.
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Germ layer
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that form during embryogenesis.
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Hans Spemann
Hans Spemann (27 June 1869 – 9 September 1941) was a German embryologist who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, an influence, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs.
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Heart
The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.
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Hilde Mangold
Hilde Mangold (20 October 1898 – 4 September 1924) (née Proescholdt) was a German embryologist who was best known for her 1923 dissertation which was the foundation for her mentor, Hans Spemann's, 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the embryonic organizer,Mangold, Hilde (Proescholdt) by Marilyn Baily Ogilvie and Joy Dorothy Harvey in The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science.
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Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
Induced pluripotent stem cells (also known as iPS cells or iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells.
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Ingression (biology)
Ingression is one of the many changes in the location or relative position of cells that takes place during the gastrulation stage of animal development.
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Invagination
In developmental biology, invagination is a mechanism that takes place during gastrulation.
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Involution (medicine)
Involution refers to the shrinking or return of an organ to a former size.
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Koller's sickle
In avian gastrulation, Koller's sickle is a local thickening of cells at the posterior edge of the upper layer of the area pellucida called the epiblast.
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Lefty (protein)
Lefty (left-right determination factors) refers to proteins that are closely related members of the TGF-beta family of growth factors.
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Lewis Wolpert
Lewis Wolpert CBE FRS FRSL FMedSci (born 19 October 1929) is a South African-born British developmental biologist, author, and broadcaster.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Mechanisms of Development
Mechanisms of Development is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of developmental biology.
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Mesenchyme
Mesenchyme, in vertebrate embryology, is a type of connective tissue found mostly during the development of the embryo.
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Mesoderm
In all bilaterian animals, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Microtubule
Microtubules are tubular polymers of tubulin that form part of the cytoskeleton that provides the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and some bacteria with structure and shape.
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Mollusca
Mollusca is a large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs or mollusksThe formerly dominant spelling mollusk is still used in the U.S. — see the reasons given in Gary Rosenberg's.
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Mouth
In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, buccal cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds.
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Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology is a peer-reviewed monthly review journal that was established in October 2000 and is published by Nature Publishing Group.
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Nervous system
The nervous system is the part of an animal that coordinates its actions by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.
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Neural crest
Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to chordates of the group Cristozoa that arise from the embryonic ectoderm cell layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.
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Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
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NODAL
Nodal is a secretory protein that in humans is encoded by the NODAL gene which is located on chromosome 10q22.1.
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Nodal signaling pathway
The nodal signaling pathway is a signal transduction pathway important in pattern formation and differentiation during embryo development.
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Notch signaling pathway
The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms.
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Notochord
In anatomy, the notochord is a flexible rod made out of a material similar to cartilage.
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Organ (anatomy)
Organs are collections of tissues with similar functions.
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Organogenesis
In animal development, organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and goes until birth.
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Organoid
An organoid is a miniaturized and simplified version of an organ produced in vitro in three dimensions that shows realistic micro-anatomy.
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Pancreas
The pancreas is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates.
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Placenta
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy.
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Primitive knot
The primitive knot (or primitive node) is the organizer for gastrulation in the vertebrate embryo.
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Primitive streak
The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the blastula during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development.
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Protostome
Protostomia (from Greek πρωτο- proto- "first" and στόμα stoma "mouth") is a clade of animals.
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Respiratory system
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.
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Rib cage
The rib cage is an arrangement of bones in the thorax of most vertebrates.
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Sea urchin
Sea urchins or urchins are typically spiny, globular animals, echinoderms in the class Echinoidea.
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Sea urchin skeletogenesis
Skeletogenesis is a key morphogenetic event in the embryonic development of vertebrates and is of equal, although transient, importance in the development of the sea urchin, a marine invertebrate.
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Simply connected space
In topology, a topological space is called simply connected (or 1-connected, or 1-simply connected) if it is path-connected and every path between two points can be continuously transformed (intuitively for embedded spaces, staying within the space) into any other such path while preserving the two endpoints in question.
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SNAI1
Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (sometimes referred to as Snail) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAI1 gene.
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Sphere
A sphere (from Greek σφαῖρα — sphaira, "globe, ball") is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space that is the surface of a completely round ball (viz., analogous to the circular objects in two dimensions, where a "circle" circumscribes its "disk").
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Spindle apparatus
In cell biology, the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle) refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells.
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Symmetry in biology
Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes within the body of an organism.
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The Three Rs
The Three Rs (3Rs) in relation to science are guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in testing.
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Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ.
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Topological space
In topology and related branches of mathematics, a topological space may be defined as a set of points, along with a set of neighbourhoods for each point, satisfying a set of axioms relating points and neighbourhoods.
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Torus
In geometry, a torus (plural tori) is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in three-dimensional space about an axis coplanar with the circle.
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Triploblasty
Triploblasty is a condition of the blastula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
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Vegetal rotation
Vegetal Rotation is a morphogenetic movement that drives mesoderm internalization during gastrulation in amphibian embryos.
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Vertebra
In the vertebrate spinal column, each vertebra is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, the proportions of which vary according to the segment of the backbone and the species of vertebrate.
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Wnt signaling pathway
The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrulation
