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220 relations: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, Abdus Salam, Abelian group, Action (physics), Affine representation, Aharonov–Bohm effect, Anomaly (physics), Ansatz, Associated bundle, Asymptotic freedom, Atomic nucleus, BF model, Born–Infeld model, Boson, Boundary (topology), BRST quantization, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Canonical quantization, Chaos theory, Chen-Ning Yang, Chern–Simons theory, Chiral anomaly, Circle group, Classical electromagnetism, Classical field theory, Color charge, Compact space, Complex number, Condensed matter physics, Conformal anomaly, Connection form, Continuum mechanics, Convolution, Coordinate system, Coriolis force, Correlation function, Coupling constant, Covariant derivative, Crystallography, Curvature, Curvature form, David Hilbert, Degrees of freedom, Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), Derivative, Diffeomorphism, Differentiable manifold, Differential form, Differential geometry, Differential structure, ..., Dirac equation, Dynamics (mechanics), E (mathematical constant), Edward Witten, Ehresmann connection, Einstein field equations, Einstein notation, Electric charge, Electric potential, Electromagnetic field, Electromagnetic four-potential, Electromagnetic tensor, Electromagnetism, Electron, Electrostatics, Electroweak interaction, Elementary particle, Energy, Euclidean space, Euclidean vector, Exotic R4, Exterior algebra, Exterior derivative, Faddeev–Popov ghost, Fiber bundle, Field (physics), Field strength, Four-vector, Fritz London, Fundamental interaction, G-structure on a manifold, Galilean transformation, Gauge anomaly, Gauge boson, Gauge covariant derivative, Gauge fixing, Gauge gravitation theory, Gauge group (mathematics), Gauge principle, Gauge theory, Gauge theory gravity, General covariance, General relativity, Generating set of a group, Global symmetry, Gluon, Gluon field, Gluon field strength tensor, Gradient, Graviton, Gravity, Group (mathematics), Group representation, Gupta–Bleuler formalism, Hermann Weyl, Hodge star operator, Homeomorphism, Homotopy, Inertial frame of reference, Infinitesimal, Instanton, Interaction, Invariant (physics), Isospin, James Clerk Maxwell, Jet bundle, Kaluza–Klein theory, Lagrangian (field theory), Lanczos tensor, Landau pole, Lattice gauge theory, Lepton, Level of measurement, Lie algebra, Lie group, Local symmetry, Lorenz gauge condition, Low-dimensional topology, Magnetic potential, Manifold, Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model, Matrix (mathematics), Maxwell's equations, Metric connection, Michael Atiyah, Michael Freedman, Minimal coupling, Module (mathematics), Nathan Seiberg, Neutron, Newtonian dynamics, Noether's theorem, Non-abelian group, Non-linear sigma model, Nonlinear optics, Nonlinear realization, Nuclear physics, Nucleon, Orthogonal group, Oxford University Press, Partial derivative, Particle physics, Perturbation theory, Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics), Phase (waves), Photon, Physical Review, Physics, Pion, Point (geometry), Principal bundle, Principal homogeneous space, Principle of least action, Probability amplitude, Proton, Quantization (physics), Quantum, Quantum chromodynamics, Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum field theory, Quantum gauge theory, Quantum gravity, Quantum mechanics, Quark, Relativistic quantum mechanics, Renormalization, Robert Mills (physicist), Scalar (mathematics), Scalar (physics), Section (fiber bundle), Seiberg–Witten invariants, Simon Donaldson, Smoothness, Solid-state physics, Space, Spacetime, Spinor, Springer Science+Business Media, Standard Model, String theory, Strong CP problem, Strong interaction, Structure constants, Supercomputer, Supersymmetry, Symmetry (physics), Symmetry breaking, Symmetry group, Symmetry in quantum mechanics, Topology, Turbulence, Unitary group, University of Chicago Press, Up to, Vacuum state, Vector bundle, Vector calculus, Vector field, Vector potential, Vladimir Fock, W and Z bosons, Ward–Takahashi identity, Wave function, Weak interaction, Wiley-VCH, Wilson loop, Wolfgang Pauli, Yang–Mills existence and mass gap, Yang–Mills theory, 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers. Expand index (170 more) »
A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
"A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field" is a paper by James Clerk Maxwell on electromagnetism, published in 1865.
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Abdus Salam
Mohammad Abdus Salam Salam adopted the forename "Mohammad" in 1974 in response to the anti-Ahmadiyya decrees in Pakistan, similarly he grew his beard.
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Abelian group
In abstract algebra, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written.
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Action (physics)
In physics, action is an attribute of the dynamics of a physical system from which the equations of motion of the system can be derived.
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Affine representation
An affine representation of a topological (Lie) group G on an affine space A is a continuous (smooth) group homomorphism from G to the automorphism group of A, the affine group Aff(A).
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Aharonov–Bohm effect
The Aharonov–Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg–Siday–Aharonov–Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an electrically charged particle is affected by an electromagnetic potential (V, A), despite being confined to a region in which both the magnetic field B and electric field E are zero.
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Anomaly (physics)
In quantum physics an anomaly or quantum anomaly is the failure of a symmetry of a theory's classical action to be a symmetry of any regularization of the full quantum theory.
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Ansatz
In physics and mathematics, an ansatz (meaning: "initial placement of a tool at a work piece", plural ansätze; or ansatzes) is an educated guessIn his book on "The Nature of Mathematical Modelling", Neil Gershenfeld introduces ansatz, with interpretation "a trial answer", to be an important technique for solving differential equations.
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Associated bundle
In mathematics, the theory of fiber bundles with a structure group G (a topological group) allows an operation of creating an associated bundle, in which the typical fiber of a bundle changes from F_1 to F_2, which are both topological spaces with a group action of G. For a fibre bundle F with structure group G, the transition functions of the fibre (i.e., the cocycle) in an overlap of two coordinate systems Uα and Uβ are given as a G-valued function gαβ on Uα∩Uβ.
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Asymptotic freedom
In particle physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases.
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Atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.
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BF model
The BF model is a topological field, which when quantized, becomes a topological quantum field theory.
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Born–Infeld model
In theoretical physics, the Born–Infeld model is a particular example of what is usually known as a nonlinear electrodynamics.
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Boson
In quantum mechanics, a boson is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics.
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Boundary (topology)
In topology and mathematics in general, the boundary of a subset S of a topological space X is the set of points which can be approached both from S and from the outside of S. More precisely, it is the set of points in the closure of S not belonging to the interior of S. An element of the boundary of S is called a boundary point of S. The term boundary operation refers to finding or taking the boundary of a set.
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BRST quantization
In theoretical physics, the BRST formalism, or BRST quantization (where the BRST refers to Becchi, Rouet, Stora and Tyutin) denotes a relatively rigorous mathematical approach to quantizing a field theory with a gauge symmetry.
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Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
The Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society is a quarterly mathematical journal published by the American Mathematical Society.
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Canonical quantization
In physics, canonical quantization is a procedure for quantizing a classical theory, while attempting to preserve the formal structure, such as symmetries, of the classical theory, to the greatest extent possible.
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Chaos theory
Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions.
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Chen-Ning Yang
Chen-Ning Yang or Yang Zhenning (born October 1, 1922) is a Chinese physicist who works on statistical mechanics and particle physics.
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Chern–Simons theory
The Chern–Simons theory, named after Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, is a 3-dimensional topological quantum field theory of Schwarz type, developed by Edward Witten.
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Chiral anomaly
In physics, a chiral anomaly is the anomalous nonconservation of a chiral current.
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Circle group
In mathematics, the circle group, denoted by T, is the multiplicative group of all complex numbers with absolute value 1, that is, the unit circle in the complex plane or simply the unit complex numbers The circle group forms a subgroup of C×, the multiplicative group of all nonzero complex numbers.
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Classical electromagnetism
Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of theoretical physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model.
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Classical field theory
A classical field theory is a physical theory that predicts how one or more physical fields interact with matter through field equations.
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Color charge
Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).
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Compact space
In mathematics, and more specifically in general topology, compactness is a property that generalizes the notion of a subset of Euclidean space being closed (that is, containing all its limit points) and bounded (that is, having all its points lie within some fixed distance of each other).
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Complex number
A complex number is a number that can be expressed in the form, where and are real numbers, and is a solution of the equation.
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Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter.
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Conformal anomaly
A conformal anomaly, scale anomaly, or Weyl anomaly is an anomaly, i.e. a quantum phenomenon that breaks the conformal symmetry of the classical theory.
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Connection form
In mathematics, and specifically differential geometry, a connection form is a manner of organizing the data of a connection using the language of moving frames and differential forms.
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Continuum mechanics
Continuum mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the analysis of the kinematics and the mechanical behavior of materials modeled as a continuous mass rather than as discrete particles.
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Convolution
In mathematics (and, in particular, functional analysis) convolution is a mathematical operation on two functions (f and g) to produce a third function, that is typically viewed as a modified version of one of the original functions, giving the integral of the pointwise multiplication of the two functions as a function of the amount that one of the original functions is translated.
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Coordinate system
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space.
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Coriolis force
In physics, the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame.
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Correlation function
A correlation function is a function that gives the statistical correlation between random variables, contingent on the spatial or temporal distance between those variables.
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Coupling constant
In physics, a coupling constant or gauge coupling parameter is a number that determines the strength of the force exerted in an interaction.
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Covariant derivative
In mathematics, the covariant derivative is a way of specifying a derivative along tangent vectors of a manifold.
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Crystallography
Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids (see crystal structure).
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Curvature
In mathematics, curvature is any of a number of loosely related concepts in different areas of geometry.
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Curvature form
In differential geometry, the curvature form describes the curvature of a connection on a principal bundle.
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician.
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Degrees of freedom
In many scientific fields, the degrees of freedom of a system is the number of parameters of the system that may vary independently.
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Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
In physics, a degree of freedom is an independent physical parameter in the formal description of the state of a physical system.
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Derivative
The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of the function value (output value) with respect to a change in its argument (input value).
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Diffeomorphism
In mathematics, a diffeomorphism is an isomorphism of smooth manifolds.
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Differentiable manifold
In mathematics, a differentiable manifold (also differential manifold) is a type of manifold that is locally similar enough to a linear space to allow one to do calculus.
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Differential form
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and tensor calculus, differential forms are an approach to multivariable calculus that is independent of coordinates.
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Differential geometry
Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multilinear algebra to study problems in geometry.
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Differential structure
In mathematics, an n-dimensional differential structure (or differentiable structure) on a set M makes M into an n-dimensional differential manifold, which is a topological manifold with some additional structure that allows for differential calculus on the manifold.
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Dirac equation
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928.
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Dynamics (mechanics)
Dynamics is the branch of applied mathematics (specifically classical mechanics) concerned with the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion, as opposed to kinematics, which studies the motion of objects without reference to these forces.
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E (mathematical constant)
The number is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 2.71828, which appears in many different settings throughout mathematics.
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Edward Witten
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist and professor of mathematical physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Ehresmann connection
In differential geometry, an Ehresmann connection (after the French mathematician Charles Ehresmann who first formalized this concept) is a version of the notion of a connection, which makes sense on any smooth fiber bundle.
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Einstein field equations
The Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) comprise the set of 10 equations in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity that describe the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by mass and energy.
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Einstein notation
In mathematics, especially in applications of linear algebra to physics, the Einstein notation or Einstein summation convention is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving notational brevity.
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Electric charge
Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
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Electric potential
An electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop or the electrostatic potential) is the amount of work needed to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point inside the field without producing any acceleration.
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Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects.
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Electromagnetic four-potential
An electromagnetic four-potential is a relativistic vector function from which the electromagnetic field can be derived.
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Electromagnetic tensor
In electromagnetism, the electromagnetic tensor or electromagnetic field tensor (sometimes called the field strength tensor, Faraday tensor or Maxwell bivector) is a mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime.
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Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is a branch of physics involving the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies electric charges at rest.
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Electroweak interaction
In particle physics, the electroweak interaction is the unified description of two of the four known fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism and the weak interaction.
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Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle with no substructure, thus not composed of other particles.
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Energy
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.
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Euclidean space
In geometry, Euclidean space encompasses the two-dimensional Euclidean plane, the three-dimensional space of Euclidean geometry, and certain other spaces.
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Euclidean vector
In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector (sometimes called a geometric or spatial vector, or—as here—simply a vector) is a geometric object that has magnitude (or length) and direction.
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Exotic R4
In mathematics, an exotic R4 is a differentiable manifold that is homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic to the Euclidean space R4.
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Exterior algebra
In mathematics, the exterior product or wedge product of vectors is an algebraic construction used in geometry to study areas, volumes, and their higher-dimensional analogs.
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Exterior derivative
On a differentiable manifold, the exterior derivative extends the concept of the differential of a function to differential forms of higher degree.
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Faddeev–Popov ghost
In physics, Faddeev–Popov ghosts (also called Faddeev–Popov gauge ghosts or Faddeev–Popov ghost fields) are extraneous fields which are introduced into gauge quantum field theories to maintain the consistency of the path integral formulation.
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Fiber bundle
In mathematics, and particularly topology, a fiber bundle (or, in British English, fibre bundle) is a space that is locally a product space, but globally may have a different topological structure.
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Field (physics)
In physics, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a number or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time.
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Field strength
In physics, field strength means the magnitude of a vector-valued field (e.g., in volts per meter, V/m, for an electric field E).
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Four-vector
In special relativity, a four-vector (also known as a 4-vector) is an object with four components, which transform in a specific way under Lorentz transformation.
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Fritz London
Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900 – March 30, 1954) was a Jewish-German physicist and professor at Duke University.
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Fundamental interaction
In physics, the fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions.
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G-structure on a manifold
In differential geometry, a G-structure on an n-manifold M, for a given structure group G, is a G-subbundle of the tangent frame bundle FM (or GL(M)) of M. The notion of G-structures includes various classical structures that can be defined on manifolds, which in some cases are tensor fields.
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Galilean transformation
In physics, a Galilean transformation is used to transform between the coordinates of two reference frames which differ only by constant relative motion within the constructs of Newtonian physics.
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Gauge anomaly
In theoretical physics, a gauge anomaly is an example of an anomaly: it is a feature of quantum mechanics—usually a one-loop diagram—that invalidates the gauge symmetry of a quantum field theory; i.e. of a gauge theory.
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Gauge boson
In particle physics, a gauge boson is a force carrier, a bosonic particle that carries any of the fundamental interactions of nature, commonly called forces.
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Gauge covariant derivative
The gauge covariant derivative is a variation of the covariant derivative used in general relativity.
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Gauge fixing
In the physics of gauge theories, gauge fixing (also called choosing a gauge) denotes a mathematical procedure for coping with redundant degrees of freedom in field variables.
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Gauge gravitation theory
In quantum field theory, gauge gravitation theory is the effort to extend Yang–Mills theory, which provides a universal description of the fundamental interactions, to describe gravity.
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Gauge group (mathematics)
A gauge group is a group of gauge symmetries of the Yang – Mills gauge theory of principal connections on a principal bundle.
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Gauge principle
In physics, a gauge principle specifies a procedure for obtaining an interaction term from a free Lagrangian which is symmetric with respect to a continuous symmetry—the results of localizing (or gauging) the global symmetry group must be accompanied by the inclusion of additional fields (such as the electromagnetic field), with appropriate kinetic and interaction terms in the action, in such a way that the extended Lagrangian is covariant with respect to a new extended group of local transformations.
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Gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian is invariant under certain Lie groups of local transformations.
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Gauge theory gravity
Gauge theory gravity (GTG) is a theory of gravitation cast in the mathematical language of geometric algebra.
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General covariance
In theoretical physics, general covariance, also known as diffeomorphism covariance or general invariance, consists of the invariance of the form of physical laws under arbitrary differentiable coordinate transformations.
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General relativity
General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.
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Generating set of a group
In abstract algebra, a generating set of a group is a subset such that every element of the group can be expressed as the combination (under the group operation) of finitely many elements of the subset and their inverses.
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Global symmetry
In physics, a global symmetry is a symmetry that holds at all points in the spacetime under consideration, as opposed to a local symmetry which varies from point to point.
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Gluon
A gluon is an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks.
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Gluon field
In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field is a four vector field characterizing the propagation of gluons in the strong interaction between quarks.
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Gluon field strength tensor
In theoretical particle physics, the gluon field strength tensor is a second order tensor field characterizing the gluon interaction between quarks.
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Gradient
In mathematics, the gradient is a multi-variable generalization of the derivative.
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Graviton
In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravity.
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Gravity
Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward (or gravitate toward) one another.
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Group (mathematics)
In mathematics, a group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set of elements equipped with an operation that combines any two elements to form a third element and that satisfies four conditions called the group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility.
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Group representation
In the mathematical field of representation theory, group representations describe abstract groups in terms of linear transformations of vector spaces; in particular, they can be used to represent group elements as matrices so that the group operation can be represented by matrix multiplication.
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Gupta–Bleuler formalism
In quantum field theory, the Gupta–Bleuler formalism is a way of quantizing the electromagnetic field.
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Hermann Weyl
Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, (9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher.
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Hodge star operator
In mathematics, the Hodge isomorphism or Hodge star operator is an important linear map introduced in general by W. V. D. Hodge.
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Homeomorphism
In the mathematical field of topology, a homeomorphism or topological isomorphism or bi continuous function is a continuous function between topological spaces that has a continuous inverse function.
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Homotopy
In topology, two continuous functions from one topological space to another are called homotopic (from Greek ὁμός homós "same, similar" and τόπος tópos "place") if one can be "continuously deformed" into the other, such a deformation being called a homotopy between the two functions.
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Inertial frame of reference
An inertial frame of reference in classical physics and special relativity is a frame of reference in which a body with zero net force acting upon it is not accelerating; that is, such a body is at rest or it is moving at a constant speed in a straight line.
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Infinitesimal
In mathematics, infinitesimals are things so small that there is no way to measure them.
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Instanton
An instanton (or pseudoparticle) is a notion appearing in theoretical and mathematical physics.
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Interaction
Interaction is a kind of action that occur as two or more objects have an effect upon one another.
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Invariant (physics)
In mathematics and theoretical physics, an invariant is a property of a system which remains unchanged under some transformation.
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Isospin
In nuclear physics and particle physics, isospin is a quantum number related to the strong interaction.
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.
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Jet bundle
In differential topology, the jet bundle is a certain construction that makes a new smooth fiber bundle out of a given smooth fiber bundle.
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Kaluza–Klein theory
In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the usual four of space and time and considered an important precursor to string theory.
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Lagrangian (field theory)
Lagrangian field theory is a formalism in classical field theory.
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Lanczos tensor
The Lanczos tensor or Lanczos potential is a rank 3 tensor in general relativity that generates the Weyl tensor.
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Landau pole
In physics, the Landau pole (or the Moscow zero, or the Landau ghost) is the momentum (or energy) scale at which the coupling constant (interaction strength) of a quantum field theory becomes infinite.
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Lattice gauge theory
In physics, lattice gauge theory is the study of gauge theories on a spacetime that has been discretized into a lattice.
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Lepton
In particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin (spin) that does not undergo strong interactions.
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Level of measurement
Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables.
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Lie algebra
In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced "Lee") is a vector space \mathfrak g together with a non-associative, alternating bilinear map \mathfrak g \times \mathfrak g \rightarrow \mathfrak g; (x, y) \mapsto, called the Lie bracket, satisfying the Jacobi identity.
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Lie group
In mathematics, a Lie group (pronounced "Lee") is a group that is also a differentiable manifold, with the property that the group operations are compatible with the smooth structure.
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Local symmetry
In physics, a local symmetry is symmetry of some physical quantity, which smoothly depends on the point of the base manifold.
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Lorenz gauge condition
In electromagnetism, the Lorenz gauge condition or Lorenz gauge is a partial gauge fixing of the electromagnetic vector potential.
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Low-dimensional topology
In mathematics, low-dimensional topology is the branch of topology that studies manifolds, or more generally topological spaces, of four or fewer dimensions.
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Magnetic potential
The term magnetic potential can be used for either of two quantities in classical electromagnetism: the magnetic vector potential, or simply vector potential, A; and the magnetic scalar potential ψ. Both quantities can be used in certain circumstances to calculate the magnetic field B. The more frequently used magnetic vector potential is defined so that its curl is equal to the magnetic field: curl A.
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Manifold
In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point.
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Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gauge quantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product group.
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Matrix (mathematics)
In mathematics, a matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns.
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Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits.
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Metric connection
In mathematics, a metric connection is a connection in a vector bundle E equipped with a bundle metric; that is, a metric for which the inner product of any two vectors will remain the same when those vectors are parallel transported along any curve.
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Michael Atiyah
Sir Michael Francis Atiyah (born 22 April 1929) is an English mathematician specialising in geometry.
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Michael Freedman
Michael Hartley Freedman (born 21 April 1951) is an American mathematician, at Microsoft Station Q, a research group at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
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Minimal coupling
In analytical mechanics and quantum field theory, minimal coupling refers to a coupling between fields which involves only the charge distribution and not higher multipole moments of the charge distribution.
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Module (mathematics)
In mathematics, a module is one of the fundamental algebraic structures used in abstract algebra.
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Nathan Seiberg
Nathan "Nati" Seiberg (born September 22, 1956) is an Israeli American theoretical physicist who works on string theory.
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Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
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Newtonian dynamics
In physics, the Newtonian dynamics is understood as the dynamics of a particle or a small body according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Noether's theorem
Noether's (first) theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law.
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Non-abelian group
In mathematics, and specifically in group theory, a non-abelian group, sometimes called a non-commutative group, is a group (G, ∗) in which there exists at least one pair of elements a and b of G, such that a ∗ b ≠ b ∗ a.
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Non-linear sigma model
In quantum field theory, a nonlinear σ model describes a scalar field which takes on values in a nonlinear manifold called the target manifold T.
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Nonlinear optics
Nonlinear optics (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behavior of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light.
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Nonlinear realization
In mathematical physics, nonlinear realization of a Lie group G possessing a Cartan subgroup H is a particular induced representation of G. In fact, it is a representation of a Lie algebra \mathfrak g of G in a neighborhood of its origin.
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Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions.
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Nucleon
In chemistry and physics, a nucleon is either a proton or a neutron, considered in its role as a component of an atomic nucleus.
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Orthogonal group
In mathematics, the orthogonal group in dimension, denoted, is the group of distance-preserving transformations of a Euclidean space of dimension that preserve a fixed point, where the group operation is given by composing transformations.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Partial derivative
In mathematics, a partial derivative of a function of several variables is its derivative with respect to one of those variables, with the others held constant (as opposed to the total derivative, in which all variables are allowed to vary).
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Particle physics
Particle physics (also high energy physics) is the branch of physics that studies the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation.
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Perturbation theory
Perturbation theory comprises mathematical methods for finding an approximate solution to a problem, by starting from the exact solution of a related, simpler problem.
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Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one.
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Phase (waves)
Phase is the position of a point in time (an instant) on a waveform cycle.
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Photon
The photon is a type of elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field including electromagnetic radiation such as light, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force (even when static via virtual particles).
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Physical Review
Physical Review is an American peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Pion
In particle physics, a pion (or a pi meson, denoted with the Greek letter pi) is any of three subatomic particles:,, and.
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Point (geometry)
In modern mathematics, a point refers usually to an element of some set called a space.
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Principal bundle
In mathematics, a principal bundle is a mathematical object that formalizes some of the essential features of the Cartesian product of a space with a group.
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Principal homogeneous space
In mathematics, a principal homogeneous space, or torsor, for a group G is a homogeneous space X for G in which the stabilizer subgroup of every point is trivial.
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Principle of least action
The principle of least action – or, more accurately, the principle of stationary action – is a variational principle that, when applied to the action of a mechanical system, can be used to obtain the equations of motion for that system.
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Probability amplitude
In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex number used in describing the behaviour of systems.
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Proton
| magnetic_moment.
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Quantization (physics)
In physics, quantization is the process of transition from a classical understanding of physical phenomena to a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics.
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Quantum
In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction.
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Quantum chromodynamics
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion.
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Quantum electrodynamics
In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics.
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Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is the theoretical framework for constructing quantum mechanical models of subatomic particles in particle physics and quasiparticles in condensed matter physics.
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Quantum gauge theory
In quantum physics, in order to quantize a gauge theory, for example the Yang–Mills theory, Chern–Simons theory or the BF model, one method is to perform gauge fixing.
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Quantum gravity
Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics, and where quantum effects cannot be ignored, such as near compact astrophysical objects where the effects of gravity are strong.
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Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics, quantum theory, the wave mechanical model, or matrix mechanics), including quantum field theory, is a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
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Quark
A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.
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Relativistic quantum mechanics
In physics, relativistic quantum mechanics (RQM) is any Poincaré covariant formulation of quantum mechanics (QM).
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Renormalization
Renormalization is a collection of techniques in quantum field theory, the statistical mechanics of fields, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, that are used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities by altering values of quantities to compensate for effects of their self-interactions.
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Robert Mills (physicist)
Robert Laurence Mills (April 15, 1927 – October 27, 1999) was a physicist, specializing in quantum field theory, the theory of alloys, and many-body theory.
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Scalar (mathematics)
A scalar is an element of a field which is used to define a vector space.
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Scalar (physics)
A scalar or scalar quantity in physics is a physical quantity that can be described by a single element of a number field such as a real number, often accompanied by units of measurement.
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Section (fiber bundle)
In the mathematical field of topology, a section (or cross section) of a fiber bundle E is a continuous right inverse of the projection function \pi.
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Seiberg–Witten invariants
In mathematics, Seiberg–Witten invariants are invariants of compact smooth 4-manifolds introduced by, using the Seiberg–Witten theory studied by during their investigations of Seiberg–Witten gauge theory.
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Simon Donaldson
Sir Simon Kirwan Donaldson FRS (born 20 August 1957), is an English mathematician known for his work on the topology of smooth (differentiable) four-dimensional manifolds and Donaldson–Thomas theory.
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Smoothness
In mathematical analysis, the smoothness of a function is a property measured by the number of derivatives it has that are continuous.
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Solid-state physics
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy.
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Space
Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.
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Spacetime
In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.
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Spinor
In geometry and physics, spinors are elements of a (complex) vector space that can be associated with Euclidean space.
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Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media or Springer, part of Springer Nature since 2015, is a global publishing company that publishes books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, and not including the gravitational force) in the universe, as well as classifying all known elementary particles.
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String theory
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.
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Strong CP problem
In particle physics, the strong CP problem is the puzzling question of why quantum chromodynamics (QCD) does not seem to break CP-symmetry.
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Strong interaction
In particle physics, the strong interaction is the mechanism responsible for the strong nuclear force (also called the strong force or nuclear strong force), and is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction, and gravitation.
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Structure constants
In mathematics, the structure constants or structure coefficients of an algebra over a field are used to explicitly specify the product of two basis vectors in the algebra as a linear combination.
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Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer.
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Supersymmetry
In particle physics, supersymmetry (SUSY) is a theory that proposes a relationship between two basic classes of elementary particles: bosons, which have an integer-valued spin, and fermions, which have a half-integer spin.
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Symmetry (physics)
In physics, a symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation.
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Symmetry breaking
In physics, symmetry breaking is a phenomenon in which (infinitesimally) small fluctuations acting on a system crossing a critical point decide the system's fate, by determining which branch of a bifurcation is taken.
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Symmetry group
In group theory, the symmetry group of an object (image, signal, etc.) is the group of all transformations under which the object is invariant with composition as the group operation.
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Symmetry in quantum mechanics
Symmetries in quantum mechanics describe features of spacetime and particles which are unchanged under some transformation, in the context of quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and with applications in the mathematical formulation of the standard model and condensed matter physics.
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Topology
In mathematics, topology (from the Greek τόπος, place, and λόγος, study) is concerned with the properties of space that are preserved under continuous deformations, such as stretching, crumpling and bending, but not tearing or gluing.
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Turbulence
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is any pattern of fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity.
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Unitary group
In mathematics, the unitary group of degree n, denoted U(n), is the group of unitary matrices, with the group operation of matrix multiplication.
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University of Chicago Press
The University of Chicago Press is the largest and one of the oldest university presses in the United States.
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Up to
In mathematics, the phrase up to appears in discussions about the elements of a set (say S), and the conditions under which subsets of those elements may be considered equivalent.
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Vacuum state
In quantum field theory, the quantum vacuum state (also called the quantum vacuum or vacuum state) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy.
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Vector bundle
In mathematics, a vector bundle is a topological construction that makes precise the idea of a family of vector spaces parameterized by another space X (for example X could be a topological space, a manifold, or an algebraic variety): to every point x of the space X we associate (or "attach") a vector space V(x) in such a way that these vector spaces fit together to form another space of the same kind as X (e.g. a topological space, manifold, or algebraic variety), which is then called a vector bundle over X.
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Vector calculus
Vector calculus, or vector analysis, is a branch of mathematics concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in 3-dimensional Euclidean space \mathbb^3.
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Vector field
In vector calculus and physics, a vector field is an assignment of a vector to each point in a subset of space.
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Vector potential
In vector calculus, a vector potential is a vector field whose curl is a given vector field.
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Vladimir Fock
Vladimir Aleksandrovich Fock (or Fok; Влади́мир Алекса́ндрович Фок) (December 22, 1898 – December 27, 1974) was a Soviet physicist, who did foundational work on quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics.
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W and Z bosons
The W and Z bosons are together known as the weak or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are,, and.
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Ward–Takahashi identity
In quantum field theory, a Ward–Takahashi identity is an identity between correlation functions that follows from the global or gauge symmetries of the theory, and which remains valid after renormalization.
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Wave function
A wave function in quantum physics is a mathematical description of the quantum state of an isolated quantum system.
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Weak interaction
In particle physics, the weak interaction (the weak force or weak nuclear force) is the mechanism of interaction between sub-atomic particles that causes radioactive decay and thus plays an essential role in nuclear fission.
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Wiley-VCH
Wiley-VCH is a German publisher owned by John Wiley & Sons.
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Wilson loop
In gauge theory, a Wilson loop (named after Kenneth G. Wilson) is a gauge-invariant observable obtained from the holonomy of the gauge connection around a given loop.
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Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics.
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Yang–Mills existence and mass gap
In mathematical physics, the Yang–Mills existence and mass gap problem is an unsolved problem and one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of US$1,000,000 to the one who solves it.
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Yang–Mills theory
Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on the SU(''N'') group, or more generally any compact, reductive Lie algebra.
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1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers
The 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers were written by three teams who proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory
