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254 relations: Adolf Hitler, Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Alexander Kerensky, Allies of World War I, Alsace-Lorraine Party, American entry into World War I, Anarchism in Germany, Arbeit - Bewegung - Geschichte, Armistice of 11 November 1918, Arthur Rosenberg, Article 48 (Weimar Constitution), Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, August Bebel, Austria-Hungary, Auxiliary Services Act (1916), Balkans Campaign (World War I), Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Bavaria, Bavarian Soviet Republic, Beer Hall Putsch, Berlin Palace, Berliner Tageblatt, Bolsheviks, Bourgeois nationalism, Bourgeoisie, Braunschweig, Bremen, Bremen Soviet Republic, Burgfriedenspolitik, Carl Friedrich von Siemens, Carl Legien, Carl von Ossietzky, Ceasefire, Centre Party (Germany), Centrist Marxism, Chancellor of Germany, Chemnitz, Chris Harman, Cold War, Communism, Communist Party of Germany, Communist revolution, Compiègne, Constitutional monarchy, Council of the People's Deputies, Düsseldorf, De facto, Death squad, Der Spiegel, Detlev Peukert, ..., Direct democracy, East Germany, Eberhard Kolb, Ebert–Groener pact, Economic Union (political party), Eduard Bernstein, Eight-hour day, Emil Barth, Emil Eichhorn, Erich Ludendorff, Erich Mühsam, Erich von Falkenhayn, Ernst Toller, Ernst Troeltsch, Eugen Leviné, Eugen Schiffer, February Revolution, Federal monarchy, Finnish Civil War, Former eastern territories of Germany, Fourteen Points, Frankfurt, Franz Mehring, Franz von Hipper, Free Conservative Party, Freikorps, Friedrich Ebert, Friedrich Engels, Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg, Georg von Hertling, Gerhard A. Ritter, Gerhard Hirschfeld, German Army (German Empire), German Conservative Party, German Democratic Party, German Empire, German federal election, 1912, German National People's Party, German People's Party, Gotha, Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919), Gustav Landauer, Gustav Noske, Hagen Schulze, Hamburg, Hanover, Hans Mommsen, Harry Graf Kessler, Haymarket Books, Heidelberg, Heinrich August Winkler, Heligoland Bight, High treason, Hindenburg Programme, Hugo Haase, Hugo Preuß, Hugo Stinnes, Hundred Days Offensive, Hungarian Soviet Republic, I Battle Squadron, III Battle Squadron, Imperial German Navy, Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, Ireland, July Crisis, Kapp Putsch, Karl Artelt, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Karl Kautsky, Karl Liebknecht, Karl Marx, Karl Radek, Kassel, Königsberg, Kiel Canal, Kiel mutiny, King of Bavaria, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kurt Eisner, Kurt Tucholsky, Labour movement, Landwehr Canal, Left-wing politics, Leipzig, Leo Jogiches, Leon Trotsky, Leuna works, List of German monarchs in 1918, Lothar Popp, Ludwig III of Bavaria, Lustgarten, Marxism–Leninism, Materiel, Matthias Erzberger, Max Weber, Mülheim, Merseburg, Monarchy of Germany, Munich, Mutiny, National Liberal Party (Germany), Nationalism, Naval order of 24 October 1918, Nazi Party, Neuer Marstall, Nicholas II of Russia, Oberste Heeresleitung, Occupation of factories, October Revolution, Organisation Consul, Otto Braun, Otto Landsberg, Otto Wels, Pacifism, Parliamentary system, Paul Frölich, Paul Levi, Paul von Hindenburg, People's State of Bavaria, Philipp Scheidemann, Pierre Broué, Polish Party, President of Germany (1919–1945), Prince Maximilian of Baden, Progressive People's Party (Germany), Proletarian internationalism, Prussia, Reactionary, Reichstag building, Reichswehr, Reinhard Scheer, Revolutionary Stewards, Revolutions of 1917–1923, Rhineland, Richard Müller (socialist), RMS Lusitania, Rosa Luxemburg, Royal Navy, Rudolf Hilferding, Ruhr, Russian Civil War, Russian Empire, Russian Provisional Government, Saint Petersburg, Sarajevo, Saxony, Schillig, Sebastian Haffner, Seekriegsleitung, Separate peace, Shop steward, Silesia, Silesian Uprisings, Skirmish of the Berlin Schloss, Social democracy, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Socialism, Socialist International, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Soviet (council), Soviet republic (system of government), Soviet Union, Spa, Belgium, Spartacist uprising, Spartacus League, Spirit of 1914, Spring Offensive, Stab-in-the-back myth, Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten, Sturmabteilung, Susanne Miller, Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, Thuringia, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of Versailles, Triple Entente, Vladimir Lenin, Volker Ullrich, Vorwärts, Waldemar Pabst, Walther Rathenau, War bond, Weimar, Weimar Coalition, Weimar Constitution, Weimar National Assembly, Weimar Republic, Western Front (World War I), Wilhelm Groener, Wilhelm II, German Emperor, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Wilhelm Pieck, Wilhelm Souchon, Wilhelmshaven, Wilmersdorf, Wolfgang Kapp, Wolfgang Mommsen, Woodrow Wilson, Workers' council, World revolution, World War I, Wrocław, Zürich, Zwickau. Expand index (204 more) »
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Adolf Hitler's rise to power
Adolf Hitler's rise to power began in Germany in September 1919 when Hitler joined the political party known as the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – DAP (German Workers' Party).
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Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (Алекса́ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский,; Russian: Александръ Ѳедоровичъ Керенскій; 4 May 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who was a key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Allies of World War I
The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.
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Alsace-Lorraine Party
The Alsace-Lorraine Party (Elsäss-Lothringen Partei; also known as Elsässer) was a political party in the German Empire.
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American entry into World War I
The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war.
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Anarchism in Germany
German individualist philosopher Max Stirner became an important early influence in anarchism.
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Arbeit - Bewegung - Geschichte
Arbeit - Bewegung - Geschichte ("Labour - Movement - History") is a academic journal covering the history of labour and other social movements.
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Armistice of 11 November 1918
The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice that ended fighting on land, sea and air in World War I between the Allies and their last opponent, Germany.
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Arthur Rosenberg
Arthur Rosenberg (1889–1943) was a German Marxist historian and writer.
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Article 48 (Weimar Constitution)
Article 48 of the constitution of the Weimar Republic of Germany (1919–1933) allowed the President, under certain circumstances, to take emergency measures without the prior consent of the Reichstag.
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Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, occurred on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo when they were mortally wounded by Gavrilo Princip.
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August Bebel
Ferdinand August Bebel (22 February 1840 – 13 August 1913) was a German socialist politician, writer, and orator.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Auxiliary Services Act (1916)
The Auxiliary Services Act (Gesetz über den vaterländischen Hilfsdienst) was a German law introduced during the First World War on 6 December 1916 to facilitate the Hindenburg Programme.
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Balkans Campaign (World War I)
The Balkans Campaign, or Balkan Theatre of World War I was fought between the Central Powers, represented by Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Allies, represented by France, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, and the United Kingdom (and later Romania and Greece, who sided with the Allied Powers) on the other side.
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Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Bavaria
Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.
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Bavarian Soviet Republic
The Bavarian Soviet Republic (Bayerische Räterepublik)Hollander, Neil (2013) Elusive Dove: The Search for Peace During World War I. McFarland.
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Beer Hall Putsch
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,Dan Moorhouse, ed.
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Berlin Palace
The Berlin Palace (Berliner Schloss or Stadtschloss), also known as the Berlin City Palace, is a building in the centre of Berlin, located on the Museum Island at Schlossplatz, opposite the Lustgarten park.
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Berliner Tageblatt
The Berliner Tageblatt or BT was a German language newspaper published in Berlin from 1872 to 1939.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Bourgeois nationalism
In Marxism, bourgeois nationalism is the practice by the ruling classes of deliberately dividing people by nationality, race, ethnicity, or religion, so as to distract them from initiating class warfare.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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Braunschweig
Braunschweig (Low German: Brunswiek), also called Brunswick in English, is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser rivers.
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Bremen
The City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (also called just "Bremen" for short), a federal state of Germany.
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Bremen Soviet Republic
The Bremen Soviet Republic was an unrecognised, short-lived state, existing for 25 days in 1919.
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Burgfriedenspolitik
Burgfriedenspolitik—literally "castle peace politics" but more accurately a political policy of "party truce" — is a German term used for the political truce the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the other political parties agreed to during World War I. The trade unions refrained from striking, the SPD voted for war credits in the Reichstag and the parties agreed not to criticize the government and its war.
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Carl Friedrich von Siemens
Carl Friedrich von Siemens (5 September 1872 in Berlin – 9 September 1941 in Heinendorf near Potsdam) was a German Entrepreneur and politician.
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Carl Legien
Carl Legien (1 December 1861 – 26 December 1920) was a German unionist, moderate Social Democratic politician and first President of the International Federation of Trade Unions.
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Carl von Ossietzky
Carl von Ossietzky (3 October 1889 – 4 May 1938) was a German pacifist and the recipient of the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in exposing the clandestine German re-armament.
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Ceasefire
A ceasefire (or truce), also called cease fire, is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions.
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Centre Party (Germany)
The German Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei or just Zentrum) is a lay Catholic political party in Germany, primarily influential during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic.
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Centrist Marxism
Centrism has a specific meaning within the Marxist movement, referring to a position between revolution and reformism.
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Chancellor of Germany
The title Chancellor has designated different offices in the history of Germany.
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Chemnitz
Chemnitz, known from 1953 to 1990 as Karl-Marx-Stadt, is the third-largest city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
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Chris Harman
Chris Harman (8 November 1942 – 7 November 2009) was a British journalist and political activist, and a member of the Central Committee of the Socialist Workers Party.
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Cold War
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others).
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Communist Party of Germany
The Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD) was a major political party in Germany between 1918 and 1933, and a minor party in West Germany in the postwar period until it was banned in 1956.
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Communist revolution
A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution often, but not necessarily inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism, typically with socialism as an intermediate stage.
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Compiègne
Compiègne is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
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Constitutional monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.
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Council of the People's Deputies
The Council of the People's Deputies was the name given to the government of the November Revolution in Germany from November 1918 until February 1919.
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Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf (Low Franconian, Ripuarian: Düsseldörp), often Dusseldorf in English sources, is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the seventh most populous city in Germany. Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs.
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De facto
In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.
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Death squad
A death squad is an armed group that conducts extrajudicial killings or forced disappearances of persons for the purposes of political repression, genocide, or revolutionary terror.
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Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.
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Detlev Peukert
Detlev Peukert (September 20, 1950 in Gütersloh – May 17, 1990 in Hamburg) was a German historian, noted for his studies of the relationship between what he called the "spirit of science" and the Holocaust and in social history and the Weimar Republic.
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Direct democracy
Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly.
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.
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Eberhard Kolb
Professor Eberhard Kolb (born 8 August 1933, Stuttgart) is a historian, best known for his research of the German history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
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Ebert–Groener pact
The Ebert–Groener pact, sometimes called the Ebert-Groener deal, was an agreement between the Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert, at the time the head of government of Germany, and Wilhelm Groener, Quartermaster General of the German Army, on November 10, 1918.
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Economic Union (political party)
The Economic Union (Wirtschaftliche Vereinigung) was a parliamentary group in the German Empire's Reichstag, gathering deputies of several minor antisemitic and agrarian parties.
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Eduard Bernstein
Eduard Bernstein (6 January 185018 December 1932) was a German social-democratic Marxist theorist and politician.
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Eight-hour day
The eight-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement, also known as the short-time movement, was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day, preventing excesses and abuses.
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Emil Barth
Emil Barth (Heidelberg, 23 April 1879 – Berlin, 17 July 1941) was a German Social Democratic party worker who became a key figure in the German Revolution of 1918.
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Emil Eichhorn
Emil Eichhorn (9 October 1863 - 26 July 1925) was a USPD politician and Chief of the Berlin Police during the 1918-1919 German Revolution.
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Erich Ludendorff
Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German general, the victor of the Battle of Liège and the Battle of Tannenberg.
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Erich Mühsam
Erich Mühsam (6 April 1878 – 10 July 1934) was a German-Jewish antimilitarist anarchist essayist, poet and playwright.
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Erich von Falkenhayn
General Erich Georg Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 – 8 April 1922) was the Chief of the German General Staff during the First World War from September 1914 until 29 August 1916.
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Ernst Toller
Ernst Toller (1 December 1893 – 22 May 1939) was a German left-wing playwright, best known for his Expressionist plays.
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Ernst Troeltsch
Ernst Peter Wilhelm Troeltsch (17 February 1865, Haunstetten – 1 February 1923, Berlin) was a German Protestant theologian and writer on philosophy of religion and philosophy of history, and an influential figure in German thought before 1914, including as a member of the history of religions school.
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Eugen Leviné
Eugen Leviné (Евгений Левине) (born 10 May 1883 – 5 July 1919) was a German communist revolutionary and leader of the short-lived Bavarian Council Republic.
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Eugen Schiffer
Eugen Schiffer (14 February 1860 – 5 September 1954) was a German lawyer and liberal politician.
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February Revolution
The February Revolution (p), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.
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Federal monarchy
A federal monarchy is a federation of states with a single monarch as over-all head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation.
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Finnish Civil War
The Finnish Civil War was a conflict for the leadership and control of Finland during the country's transition from a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.
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Former eastern territories of Germany
The former eastern territories of Germany (Ehemalige deutsche Ostgebiete) are those provinces or regions east of the current eastern border of Germany (the Oder–Neisse line) which were lost by Germany after World War I and then World War II.
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Fourteen Points
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.
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Frankfurt
Frankfurt, officially the City of Frankfurt am Main ("Frankfurt on the Main"), is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany.
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Franz Mehring
Franz Erdmann Mehring (27 February 1846 – 28 January 1919), was a German Communist and a Revolutionary Socialist Politician who was a senior member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany during the German Revolution in 1918–19.
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Franz von Hipper
Franz Ritter von Hipper (13 September 1863 – 25 May 1932) was an admiral in the German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine).
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Free Conservative Party
The Free Conservative Party (Freikonservative Partei, FKP) was a moderate right-wing political party in Prussia and the German Empire, which emerged from the Conservatives in the Prussian Landtag in 1866.
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Freikorps
Freikorps ("Free Corps") were German volunteer units that existed from the 18th to the early 20th centuries, which effectively fought as mercenary or private armies, regardless of their own nationality.
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Friedrich Ebert
Friedrich Ebert (4 February 1871 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the first President of Germany from 1919 until his death in office in 1925.
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Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.
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Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg
Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg (21 August 1852 – 16 April 1925) was the final sovereign prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and also the last German ruler to abdicate in the wake of the November Revolution of 1918.
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Georg von Hertling
Georg Friedrich, Graf von Hertling (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was a Bavarian politician who served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918.
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Gerhard A. Ritter
Gerhard Albert Ritter (29 March 1929 – 20 June 2015) was a German historian.
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Gerhard Hirschfeld
Gerhard Hirschfeld (born 19 September 1946 in Plettenberg, Germany) is a German historian and author.
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German Army (German Empire)
The Imperial German Army (Deutsches Heer) was the name given to the combined land and air forces of the German Empire (excluding the Marine-Fliegerabteilung maritime aviation formations of the Imperial German Navy).
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German Conservative Party
The German Conservative Party (Deutschkonservative Partei, DKP) was a right-wing political party of the German Empire, founded in 1876.
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German Democratic Party
The German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei, DDP) was founded in November, 1918, by leaders of the former Progressive People's Party (Fortschrittliche Volkspartei), left members of the National Liberal Party (Nationalliberale Partei), and a new group calling themselves the Democrats.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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German federal election, 1912
Federal elections were held in Germany on 12 January 1912.
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German National People's Party
The German National People's Party (DNVP) was a national conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic.
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German People's Party
The German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, or DVP) was a national liberal party in Weimar Germany and a successor to the National Liberal Party of the German Empire.
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Gotha
Gotha is the fifth-largest city in Thuringia, Germany, located west of Erfurt and east of Eisenach with a population of 44,000.
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Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)
The Greater Poland uprising of 1918–1919, or Wielkopolska uprising of 1918–1919 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–19 roku; Großpolnischer Aufstand) or Posnanian War was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region (German: Grand Duchy of Poznań or Provinz Posen) against German rule.
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Gustav Landauer
Gustav Landauer (7 April 18702 May 1919) was one of the leading theorists on anarchism in Germany at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.
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Gustav Noske
Gustav Noske (9 July 1868 – 30 November 1946) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
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Hagen Schulze
Hagen Schulze (31 July 1943 – 4 September 2014) was a German historian who held a position at the Free University of Berlin.
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Hamburg
Hamburg (locally), Hamborg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),Constitution of Hamburg), is the second-largest city of Germany as well as one of the country's 16 constituent states, with a population of roughly 1.8 million people. The city lies at the core of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which spreads across four German federal states and is home to more than five million people. The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign state. Prior to the constitutional changes in 1919 it formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. The city has repeatedly been beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, exceptional coastal flooding and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids. Historians remark that the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. Situated on the river Elbe, Hamburg is home to Europe's second-largest port and a broad corporate base. In media, the major regional broadcasting firm NDR, the printing and publishing firm italic and the newspapers italic and italic are based in the city. Hamburg remains an important financial center, the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, italic, italic, italic, and Unilever. The city is a forum for and has specialists in world economics and international law with such consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. In recent years, the city has played host to multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German Chancellor italic, who governed Germany for eight years, and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, come from Hamburg. The city is a major international and domestic tourist destination. It ranked 18th in the world for livability in 2016. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. Among its most notable cultural venues are the italic and italic concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's italic is among the best-known European entertainment districts.
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Hanover
Hanover or Hannover (Hannover), on the River Leine, is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover).
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Hans Mommsen
Hans Mommsen (5 November 1930 – 5 November 2015) was a German historian, known for his studies in German social history, and for his functionalist interpretation of the Third Reich, especially for arguing that Hitler was a weak dictator.
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Harry Graf Kessler
Harry Clemens Ulrich Graf Kessler (23 May 1868 – 30 November 1937) was an Anglo-German count, diplomat, writer, and patron of modern art.
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Haymarket Books
Haymarket Books is a non-profit, radical, independent book publisher based in Chicago.
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Heidelberg
Heidelberg is a college town in Baden-Württemberg situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany.
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Heinrich August Winkler
Heinrich August Winkler (born 19 December 1938 in Königsberg) is a German historian.
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Heligoland Bight
The Heligoland Bight, also known as Helgoland Bight, (Helgoländer Bucht) is a bay which forms the southern part of the German Bight, itself a bay of the North Sea, located at the mouth of the Elbe river.
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High treason
Treason is criminal disloyalty.
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Hindenburg Programme
The Hindenburg Programme of August 1916 is the name given to the armaments and economic policy begun in late 1916 by the Third Oberste Heeresleitung (OHL, the German General Staff), Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff.
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Hugo Haase
Hugo Haase (29 September 1863 – 7 November 1919) was a German socialist politician, jurist and pacifist.
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Hugo Preuß
Hugo Preuß (Preuss) (28 October 1860 – 9 October 1925) was a German lawyer and liberal politician.
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Hugo Stinnes
Hugo Dieter Stinnes (12 February 1870 – 10 April 1924) was a German industrialist and politician.
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Hundred Days Offensive
The Hundred Days Offensive was the final period of the First World War, during which the Allies launched a series of offensives against the Central Powers on the Western Front from 8 August to 11 November 1918, beginning with the Battle of Amiens.
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Hungarian Soviet Republic
The Hungarian Soviet Republic or literally Republic of Councils in Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság or Magyarországi Szocialista Szövetséges Tanácsköztársaság) was a short-lived (133 days) communist rump state.
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I Battle Squadron
The I Battle Squadron was a unit of the German High Seas Fleet before and during World War I. The squadron saw action throughout the war, including the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where it formed the center of the German line.
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III Battle Squadron
The III Battle Squadron was a unit of the German High Seas Fleet before and during World War I. The squadron saw action throughout the war, including the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916, where it formed the front of the German line.
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Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy ("Imperial Navy") was the navy created at the time of the formation of the German Empire.
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Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic.
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Ireland
Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.
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July Crisis
The July Crisis was a series of interrelated diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that was the penultimate cause of World War I. The crisis began on June 28, 1914, when Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian and Yugoslavic partisan, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
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Kapp Putsch
The Kapp Putsch, also known as the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz, was an attempted coup on 13 March 1920 which aimed to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic and establish a right-wing autocratic government in its place.
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Karl Artelt
Karl Artelt (31 December 1890 - 28 September 1981) was a German revolutionary and a leader of the sailors' revolt in Kiel.
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Karl Dietrich Bracher
Karl Dietrich Bracher (13 March 1922 – 19 September 2016) was a German political scientist and historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany.
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Karl Kautsky
Karl Johann Kautsky (16 October 1854 – 17 October 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theoretician.
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Karl Liebknecht
Karl Liebknecht (13 August 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a German socialist and a co-founder with Rosa Luxemburg of the Spartacist League and the Communist Party of Germany.
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Karl Marx
Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.
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Karl Radek
Karl Berngardovich Radek (31 October 1885 – 19 May 1939) was a Marxist active in the Polish and German social democratic movements before World War I and an international Communist leader in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution.
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Kassel
Kassel (spelled Cassel until 1928) is a city located at the Fulda River in northern Hesse, Germany.
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Königsberg
Königsberg is the name for a former German city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.
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Kiel Canal
The Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, literally "North--Baltic Sea canal", formerly known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal) is a long freshwater canal in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
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Kiel mutiny
The Kiel mutiny was a major revolt by sailors of the German High Seas Fleet on 3 November 1918.
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King of Bavaria
King of Bavaria was a title held by the hereditary Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria in the state known as the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1805 until 1918, when the kingdom was abolished.
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Kingdom of Bulgaria
The Kingdom of Bulgaria (Царство България, Tsarstvo Bǎlgariya), also referred to as the Tsardom of Bulgaria and the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, was a constitutional monarchy in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October (O.S. 22 September) 1908 when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a kingdom.
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Kurt Eisner
Kurt Eisner (14 May 186721 February 1919)"Kurt Eisner – Encyclopædia Britannica" (biography), Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006, Britannica.com webpage:.
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Kurt Tucholsky
Kurt Tucholsky (January 9, 1890 – December 21, 1935) was a German-Jewish journalist, satirist, and writer.
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Labour movement
The labour movement or labor movement consists of two main wings, the trade union movement (British English) or labor union movement (American English), also called trade unionism or labor unionism on the one hand, and the political labour movement on the other.
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Landwehr Canal
The Landwehr Canal, or Landwehrkanal in German, is a long canal parallel to the Spree river in Berlin, Germany, built between 1845 and 1850 according to plans by Peter Joseph Lenné.
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Left-wing politics
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.
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Leipzig
Leipzig is the most populous city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany.
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Leo Jogiches
Leon "Leo" Jogiches (German: Leo Jogiches; Russian: Лев "Лео" Йогихес; 1867 – 1919), also commonly known by the party name Jan Tyszka, was a Marxist revolutionary of Polish-Jewish descent active in Poland, Lithuania and Germany.
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Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky (born Lev Davidovich Bronstein; – 21 August 1940) was a Russian revolutionary, theorist, and Soviet politician.
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Leuna works
The Leuna works (Leunawerke) in Leuna, Saxony-Anhalt, is one of the biggest chemical industrial complexes in Germany.
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List of German monarchs in 1918
The term German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich) commonly refers to Germany, from its foundation as a unified nation-state on January 18, 1871, until the abdication of its last Kaiser, Wilhelm II, on November 9, 1918.
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Lothar Popp
Lothar Popp (7 February 1887 – 27 April 1980) was a German revolutionary and a leader of the sailors' revolt in Kiel.
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Ludwig III of Bavaria
Ludwig III (Ludwig Luitpold Josef Maria Aloys Alfried; Louis Leopold Joseph Mary Aloysius Alfred; 7 January 1845 – 18 October 1921) was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918.
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Lustgarten
The Lustgarten (Pleasure Garden) is a park on Museum Island in central Berlin, near the site of the former Berliner Stadtschloss (Berlin City Palace) of which it was originally a part.
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Marxism–Leninism
In political science, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of the Communist International and of Stalinist political parties.
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Materiel
Materiel, more commonly matériel in US English and also listed as the only spelling in some UK dictionaries (both pronounced, from French matériel meaning equipment or hardware), refers to military technology and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management.
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Matthias Erzberger
Matthias Erzberger (20 September 1875 – 26 August 1921) was a German publicist and politician, Reich Minister of Finance from 1919 to 1920.
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Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.
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Mülheim
Mülheim an der Ruhr, also described as "City on the River", is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
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Merseburg
Merseburg is a town in the south of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt on the river Saale, approx.
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Monarchy of Germany
The Monarchy of Germany (the German Monarchy) was the system of government in which a hereditary monarch was the sovereign of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918.
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Munich
Munich (München; Minga) is the capital and the most populated city in the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of the River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps.
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Mutiny
Mutiny is a criminal conspiracy among a group of people (typically members of the military or the crew of any ship, even if they are civilians) to openly oppose, change, or overthrow a lawful authority to which they are subject.
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National Liberal Party (Germany)
The National Liberal Party (Nationalliberale Partei, NLP) was a liberal political party of the North German Confederation and the German Empire, which flourished between 1867 and 1918.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.
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Naval order of 24 October 1918
The naval order of 24 October 1918 was a plan made by the German Admiralty at the end of World War I to provoke a decisive battle between the German High Seas Fleet and the British Grand Fleet in the southern North Sea.
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Nazi Party
The National Socialist German Workers' Party (abbreviated NSDAP), commonly referred to in English as the Nazi Party, was a far-right political party in Germany that was active between 1920 and 1945 and supported the ideology of Nazism.
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Neuer Marstall
The Neuer Marstall (New Stables) is a listed historic building in Berlin, Germany located on the Schloßplatz and the Spree River.
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Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II (r; 1868 – 17 July 1918), known as Saint Nicholas II of Russia in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917.
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Oberste Heeresleitung
The Oberste Heeresleitung (Supreme Army Command or OHL) was the highest echelon of command of the army (Heer) of the German Empire.
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Occupation of factories
Occupation of factories is a method of the workers' movement used to prevent lock outs.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Organisation Consul
Organisation Consul (O.C.) was an ultra-nationalist force operating in Germany in 1921 and 1922.
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Otto Braun
Otto Braun (28 January 1872 – 15 December 1955) was a German Social Democratic politician who served as Prime Minister of Prussia for most of the time from 1920 to 1932.
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Otto Landsberg
Otto Landsberg (4 December 1869 – 9 December 1957) was a German jurist, politician and diplomat.
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Otto Wels
Otto Wels (15 September 1873 – 16 September 1939) was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) from 1919 and a member of parliament from 1920 to 1933.
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Pacifism
Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
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Paul Frölich
Paul Frölich (7 August 1884 – 16 March 1953) was a journalist and left wing political activist who was a founding member of the Communist Party of Germany and founder of the party's paper, Die Rote Fahne. A Communist Party deputy in the Reichstag on two occasions, Frölich was expelled from the Party in 1928, after which he joined the organized German Communist Opposition movement.
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Paul Levi
Paul Levi (March 11, 1883 – February 9, 1930) was a German Communist and Social Democratic political leader.
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Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known generally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Generalfeldmarschall and statesman who commanded the German military during the second half of World War I before later being elected President of the Weimar republic in 1925.
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People's State of Bavaria
The People's State of Bavaria (Volksstaat Bayern) was a short-lived attempt to establish a socialist state in Bavaria during the German Revolution of 1918–19.
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Philipp Scheidemann
Philipp Heinrich Scheidemann (26 July 1865 – 29 November 1939) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
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Pierre Broué
Pierre Broué (8 May 1926 – 27 July 2005) was a French historian and Trotskyist revolutionary militant whose work covers the history of the Bolshevik Party, the Spanish Revolution and biographies of Leon Trotsky.
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Polish Party
The Polish Party (Polnische Partei) was a political party in the German Empire.
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President of Germany (1919–1945)
The Reichspräsident was the German head of state under the Weimar constitution, which was officially in force from 1919 to 1945.
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Prince Maximilian of Baden
Maximilian, Margrave of Baden (Maximilian Alexander Friedrich Wilhelm; 10 July 1867 – 6 November 1929),Almanach de Gotha.
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Progressive People's Party (Germany)
The Progressive People's Party (Fortschrittliche Volkspartei, FVP) was a social liberal party of the late German Empire.
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Proletarian internationalism
Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all communist revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events.
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Reactionary
A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary status quo of a society.
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Reichstag building
The Reichstag (Reichstagsgebäude; officially: Deutscher Bundestag - Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebäude) is a historic edifice in Berlin, Germany, constructed to house the Imperial Diet (German: Reichstag) of the German Empire.
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Reichswehr
The Reichswehr (English: Realm Defence) formed the military organisation of Germany from 1919 until 1935, when it was united with the new Wehrmacht (Defence Force).
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Reinhard Scheer
Reinhard Scheer (30 September 1863 – 26 November 1928) was an Admiral in the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine).
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Revolutionary Stewards
During the First World War (1914–1918), the Revolutionary Stewards (German: Revolutionäre Obleute) were shop stewards who were independent from the official unions and freely chosen by workers in various German industries.
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Revolutions of 1917–1923
The Revolutions of 1917–1923 were a period of political unrest and revolts around the world inspired by the success of the Russian Revolution and the disorder created by the aftermath of World War I. The uprisings were mainly socialist or anti-colonial in nature and were mostly short-lived, failing to have a long-term impact.
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Rhineland
The Rhineland (Rheinland, Rhénanie) is the name used for a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
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Richard Müller (socialist)
Richard Müller (9 December 1880 – 11 May 1943) was a German socialist and historian.
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RMS Lusitania
RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner and briefly the world's largest passenger ship.
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Rosa Luxemburg
Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg; also Rozalia Luxenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist, and revolutionary socialist who became a naturalized German citizen at the age of 28.
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Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force.
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Rudolf Hilferding
Rudolf Hilferding (10 August 1877 – 11 February 1941) was an Austrian-born Marxist economist, leading socialist theorist,International Institute of Social History, Rodolf Hilferding Papers.
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Ruhr
The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet), or the Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War (Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossiyi; November 1917 – October 1922) was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government (Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of Russia established immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire on 2 March 1917.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (see names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its current administrative limits.
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Saxony
The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen; Swobodny stat Sakska) is a landlocked federal state of Germany, bordering the federal states of Brandenburg, Saxony Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland (Lower Silesian and Lubusz Voivodeships) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Liberec, and Ústí nad Labem Regions).
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Schillig
Schillig is a village in the Friesland district of Lower Saxony in Germany.
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Sebastian Haffner
Raimund Pretzel (27 December 1907 – 2 January 1999), better known by his pseudonym Sebastian Haffner, was a German journalist and author.
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Seekriegsleitung
The Seekriegsleitung or SKL (Maritime Warfare Command) was a higher command staff section of the Kaiserliche Marine and the Kriegsmarine of Germany during the World Wars.
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Separate peace
The phrase "separate peace" refers to a nation's agreement to cease military hostilities with another, even though the former country had previously entered into a military alliance with other states that remain at war with the latter country.
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Shop steward
Shop stewards are representatives of labour unions.
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Silesia
Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.
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Silesian Uprisings
The Silesian Uprisings (Aufstände in Oberschlesien; Powstania śląskie) were a series of three armed uprisings of the Poles and Polish Silesians of Upper Silesia, from 1919 to 1921, against German rule; the resistance hoped to break away from Germany in order to join the Second Polish Republic, which had been established in the wake of World War I. In the latter-day history of Poland after World War II, the insurrections were celebrated as centrepieces of national pride.
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Skirmish of the Berlin Schloss
The Skirmish of the Berlin Schloss (German: Weihnachtskämpfe or Weihnachtsaufstand) was a small skirmish between the socialist revolutionary Volksmarinedivision and regular German army units on 24 December 1918 during the German Revolution of 1918–19.
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Social democracy
Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.
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Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) is a social-democratic political party in Germany.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Socialist International
The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide association of political parties, which seek to establish democratic socialism.
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Socialist Unity Party of Germany
The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED), established in April 1946, was the governing Marxist–Leninist political party of the German Democratic Republic from the country's foundation in October 1949 until it was dissolved after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989.
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Soviet (council)
Soviets (singular: soviet; sovét,, literally "council" in English) were political organizations and governmental bodies, primarily associated with the Russian Revolutions and the history of the Soviet Union, and which gave the name to the latter state.
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Soviet republic (system of government)
A soviet republic (from Советская республика - Sovetskaya respublika, Räterepublik, République des conseils, Radenrepubliek, Радянська республіка, Савецкая рэспубліка, etc) is a term used to describe a republic in which the government is formed of soviets (workers' councils) and politics are based on soviet democracy and democratic centralism.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Spa, Belgium
Spa is a Belgian town located in the Province of Liège, and is the town where the word spa comes from.
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Spartacist uprising
The Spartacist uprising (Spartakusaufstand), also known as the January uprising (Januaraufstand), was a general strike (and the armed battles accompanying it) in Germany from 4 to 15 January 1919.
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Spartacus League
The Spartacus League (Spartakusbund) was a Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany during World War I. The League was named after Spartacus, leader of the largest slave rebellion of the Roman Republic.
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Spirit of 1914
The Spirit of 1914 (German: Augusterlebnis) was the alleged jubilation in Germany at the outbreak of World War I. Many individuals remembered that euphoria erupted on 4 August 1914 after all the political parties in the Reichstag, including the previously antimilitarist Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), supported the war credits in a unanimous vote, later referred to as the Burgfrieden (literally "castle peace", but more accurately party truce).
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Spring Offensive
The 1918 Spring Offensive, or Kaiserschlacht (Kaiser's Battle), also known as the Ludendorff Offensive, was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918, which marked the deepest advances by either side since 1914.
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Stab-in-the-back myth
The stab-in-the-back myth (Dolchstoßlegende) was the notion, widely believed and promulgated in right-wing circles in Germany after 1918, that the German Army did not lose World War I on the battlefield but was instead betrayed by the civilians on the home front, especially the republicans who overthrew the monarchy in the German Revolution of 1918–19.
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Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten
The Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten ("Steel Helmet, League of Front Soldiers", also known in short form as Der Stahlhelm) was one of the many paramilitary organizations that arose after the German defeat of World War I. It was part of the "Black Reichswehr" and in the late days of the Weimar Republic operated as the armed branch of the national conservative German National People's Party (DNVP), placed at party gatherings in the position of armed security guards (Saalschutz).
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Sturmabteilung
The Sturmabteilung (SA), literally Storm Detachment, functioned as the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Susanne Miller
Susanne Miller (born Susanne Strasser: 14 May 1915 – 1 July 2008) was a left wing activist who for reasons of race and politics spent her early adulthood as a refugee in England.
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Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
Theobald Theodor Friedrich Alfred von Bethmann-Hollweg (29 November 1856 – 1 January 1921) was a German politician who was the Chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 to 1917.
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Thuringia
The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen) is a federal state in central Germany.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (Brześć Litewski; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations.
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Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles (Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end.
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Triple Entente
The Triple Entente (from French entente "friendship, understanding, agreement") refers to the understanding linking the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907.
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Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.
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Volker Ullrich
Volker Ullrich (born 1943) is a German historian, journalist and author.
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Vorwärts
Vorwärts ("Forward") is a newspaper published by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).
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Waldemar Pabst
Waldemar Pabst (24 December 1880 in Berlin – 29 May 1970 in Düsseldorf) was a German soldier and political activist, involved in far right and anti-communist activity in both his homeland and Austria.
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Walther Rathenau
Walther Rathenau (29 September 1867 – 24 June 1922) was a German statesman who served as Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic.
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War bond
War bonds are debt securities issued by a government to finance military operations and other expenditure in times of war.
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Weimar
Weimar (Vimaria or Vinaria) is a city in the federal state of Thuringia, Germany.
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Weimar Coalition
The Weimar Coalition is the name given to the centre-left to center-right coalition of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the social liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Christian democratic Centre Party, who together had a large majority of the delegates to the Constituent Assembly that met at Weimar in 1919, and were the principal groups that designed the constitution of Germany's Weimar Republic.
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Weimar Constitution
The Constitution of the German Reich (Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs), usually known as the Weimar Constitution (Weimarer Verfassung) was the constitution that governed Germany during the Weimar Republic era (1919–1933).
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Weimar National Assembly
The Weimar National Assembly (Weimarer Nationalversammlung) was the constitutional convention and de facto parliament of Germany from 6 February 1919 to 6 June 1920.
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik) is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years 1919 to 1933.
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Western Front (World War I)
The Western Front was the main theatre of war during the First World War.
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Wilhelm Groener
Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener (22 November 1867 – 3 May 1939) was a German soldier and politician.
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Wilhelm II, German Emperor
Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.
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Wilhelm Liebknecht
Wilhelm Martin Philipp Christian Ludwig Liebknecht (29 March 1826 – 7 August 1900) was a German socialist and one of the principal founders of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
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Wilhelm Pieck
Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck (3 January 1876 – 7 September 1960) was a German politician and Communist.
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Wilhelm Souchon
Wilhelm Anton Souchon (2 June 1864 – 13 January 1946) was a German-born Ottoman admiral in World War I. Souchon commanded the Kaiserliche Marines Mediterranean squadron in the early days of the war.
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Wilhelmshaven
Wilhelmshaven (meaning William's Harbour) is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany.
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Wilmersdorf
Wilmersdorf, an inner-city locality of Berlin, lies south-west of the central city.
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Wolfgang Kapp
Wolfgang Kapp (24 July 1858 – 12 June 1922) was a Prussian civil servant and journalist.
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Wolfgang Mommsen
Wolfgang Justin Mommsen (November 5, 1930 – August 11, 2004) was a German historian.
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Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.
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Workers' council
A workers' council is a form of political and economic organization in which a single local administrative division, such as a municipality or a county, is governed by a council made up of temporary and instantly revocable delegates elected in the region's workplaces.
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World revolution
World revolution is the far-left Marxist concept of overthrowing capitalism in all countries through the conscious revolutionary action of the organized working class.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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Wrocław
Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.
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Zürich
Zürich or Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich.
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Zwickau
Zwickau (Sorbian (hist.): Šwikawa, Czech Cvikov) is a town in Saxony, Germany, it is the capital of the district of Zwickau.
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Redirects here:
Communist revolution in Germany 1918–19, German Communist Revolution, German Revolution, German Revolution of 1918, German Revolution of 1918-19, German Revolution of 1918-1919, German Revolution of 1918-23, German Revolution of 1918–1919, German Revolution of 1918–23, German Revolution of 1919, German Socialist Republic, German revolution, Mutiny at Kiel, November Revolution of 1918, Revolutionary Germany, The German Revolution.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918–19
