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248 relations: Abdülaziz, Achille Fould, Ad hoc Divans, Adevărul, Administration of Paris, Adolphe Thiers, Aide-de-camp, Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea, Alexander of Battenberg, Alexandru B. Știrbei, Alexandru Ciurcu, Alexandru II Ghica, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Alexandru Marghiloman, Alexandru Plagino, Alfred Le Roux, Amaranthus retroflexus, Anna de Noailles, Antoine Bibesco, Anton I. Arion, Apostol Arsache, Artist-in-residence, Auguste Feyen-Perrin, Austria-Hungary, Austrian Empire, École des Beaux-Arts, École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys, Baccalauréat, Barbara Jelavich, Barbu Catargiu, Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, Barbu Știrbey, Begzada, Bonapartiste, Boulevard Haussmann, Boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia, Brașov, Brill Publishers, British Raj, Bucharest, Budjak, Buftea, C. A. Rosetti, Calea Victoriei, Calmann-Lévy, Cantacuzino family, Carol I of Romania, Caspar Purdon Clarke, Cezar Bolliac, ..., Chamber of Deputies (Romania), Château, Chernivtsi, Cieszyn Silesia, Classical liberalism, Clucer, Collège de France, Congress of Paris (1856), Conseil d'État (France), Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918), Constantin N. Brăiloiu, Consuelo Fould, Convorbiri Literare, Copyhold, Cossacks, Costache Caragiale, Countess Marie Larisch von Moennich, County Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser, Courbevoie, Court of Cassation (France), Craiova, Crest (heraldry), Crimean War, Danube Delta, Danubian Principalities, Dawn (newspaper), Dimitrie Ghica, Dolj County, Domnitor, Dugald Sutherland MacColl, Editura Minerva, Emilio Zocchi, Emperor of Austria, Empire style, Ernest Chesneau, Eugen Lovinescu, European Squadron, Exposition Universelle (1878), Extradition, Ștefan Golescu, Ferdinand Roybet, Firman, Firmin Didot, Francization, Franz Joseph I of Austria, French Army, French franc, French nationality law, French Revolution of 1848, French Third Republic, Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust, Gazzetta Ufficiale, George Valentin Bibescu, Georges Achille-Fould, Georges Duval (journalist), Gheorghe Bibescu, Gheorghe Sion, Giulio Bergonzoli, Gregory Aristarchis, Grigore Alexandru Ghica, Grigore IV Ghica, Groupe Flammarion, Gyula Andrássy, Henrik Thrap-Meyer, Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company, Inferno (Dante), Inheritance tax, Institut de France, Ioan C. Filitti, Ioan Manu, Ion Bălăceanu, Ion C. Brătianu, Ion Emanuel Florescu, Ion Ghica, Ion I. C. Brătianu, Istanbul, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg, Journal des débats, Jules Favre, July Monarchy, Jurnalul Național, Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern, Kaymakam, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Sardinia, L'Express, La Défense, La Presse (French newspaper), Laibacher Zeitung, Land reform in Romania, Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, Léon Comerre, Le Figaro, Le Gaulois, Le Matin (France), Le Parisien, Le Petit Journal (newspaper), Le Temps (Paris), Legion of Honour, Liberalism and radicalism in Romania, Life insurance, List of Romanian consorts, List of rulers of Moldavia, List of rulers of Wallachia, Loÿs Delteil, Logothete, Louvre, Ludwig II of Bavaria, Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Manolache Costache Epureanu, Marcel Proust, Marie of Romania, Marina Știrbei, Maurice Leloir, Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov, Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania), Ministry of Public Finance (Romania), Moldavia, Mont-Dore, Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers, Napoleon III, National Party (Romania), National Theatre Bucharest, Nice, Nicolae Filipescu, Nicolae Golescu, Nicolae Iorga, Objet d'art, Oltenia, Oltenița, Open Court Publishing Company, Orsini family, Ottoman Army (1861–1922), Ottoman Empire, Palace of Versailles, Paris Commune, Paris Law Faculty, Parliamentary immunity, Pavel Kiselyov, Père Lachaise Cemetery, Pest, Hungary, Petre Mavrogheni, Phanariotes, Photoengraving, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Plaster cast, Polirom, Prime Minister of Hungary, Prime Minister of Romania, Princess Ileana of Romania, Principality of Bulgaria, Prussian Staff College, Radu R. Rosetti, Rail transport in Romania, Regulamentul Organic, Revista Fundațiilor Regale, Robert I, Duke of Parma, Romanați County, Romania, Romanian general election, 1867, Romanian prince referendum, 1866, România Literară, Românul, Rosa Bonheur, Russian Empire, Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), Saint Petersburg, Second French Empire, Secularization of monastic estates in Romania, Shilling (British coin), Sibiu, Slavery in Romania, Spatharios, Steaua Dunării, Supporter, Tax resistance, Telega, Prahova, Théodore Gosselin, The Burlington Magazine, Theodor Aman, Theodore Stanton, Tuileries Palace, Union between Sweden and Norway, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Principalities, Valenciennes, Văcărescu family, Vornic, Wallachia, Wallachian legislative election, 1857, Wallachian princely election, 1842, Wallachian Revolution of 1848, Westernization, Zigu Ornea, 1866 Constitution of Romania. Expand index (198 more) »
Abdülaziz
Abdülaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز / `Abdü’l-`Azīz, Abdülaziz; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876.
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Achille Fould
Achille Fould (17 November 18005 October 1867) was a French financier and politician.
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Ad hoc Divans
The two Ad hoc Divans were legislative and consultative assemblies of the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), vassals of the Ottoman Empire.
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Adevărul
Adevărul (meaning "The Truth", formerly spelled Adevĕrul) is a Romanian daily newspaper, based in Bucharest.
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Administration of Paris
As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government.
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Adolphe Thiers
Marie Joseph Louis Adolphe Thiers (15 April 17973 September 1877) was a French statesman and historian.
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Aide-de-camp
An aide-de-camp (French expression meaning literally helper in the military camp) is a personal assistant or secretary to a person of high rank, usually a senior military, police or government officer, a member of a royal family, or a head of state.
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Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea
Alecu Filipescu-Vulpea, also known as Aleco Filipescul, Alecsandru R. Filipescu or Alexandru Răducanu Filipescu (1775 – November 1856), was a Wallachian administrator and high-ranking boyar, who played an important part in the politics of the late Phanariote era and of the Regulamentul Organic regime.
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Alexander of Battenberg
Alexander Joseph (Александър I Батенберг; 5 April 185723 October 1893), known as Alexander of Battenberg, was the first prince (knyaz) of modern Bulgaria from 1879 until his abdication in 1886.
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Alexandru B. Știrbei
Alexandru Barbu Știrbei, also rendered Alex.
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Alexandru Ciurcu
Alexandru Ciurcu (29 January 1854, Şercaia –22 January 1922, Bucharest) was a Romanian inventor and publisher, known for his invention with the French journalist of a reaction engine.
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Alexandru II Ghica
Alexandru II or Alexandru D. Ghica (1796–1862), a member of the Ghica family, was Prince of Wallachia from April 1834 to 7 October 1842 and later caimacam (regent) from July 1856 to October 1858.
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Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Alexandru Ioan Cuza (or Alexandru Ioan I, also anglicised as Alexander John Cuza; 20 March 1820 – 15 May 1873) was Prince of Moldavia, Prince of Wallachia, and later Domnitor (Ruler) of the Romanian Principalities.
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Alexandru Marghiloman
Alexandru Marghiloman (4 July 1854 – 10 May 1925) was a Romanian conservative statesman who served for a short time in 1918 (March–October) as Prime Minister of Romania, and had a decisive role during World War I.
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Alexandru Plagino
Alexandru C. Plagino, or Plajino (August 21, 1821–October 4, 1894), was a Wallachian-born Romanian politician.
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Alfred Le Roux
Alfred Le Roux (11 December 1815 - 1 June 1880) was a French poet, banker and politician.
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Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexus is a species of flowering plant in the Amaranthaceae family with several common names, including red-root amaranth, redroot pigweed, red-rooted pigweed, common amaranth, pigweed amaranth, and common tumbleweed. page 470.
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Anna de Noailles
Anna, Comtesse Mathieu de Noailles (15 November 1876 – 30 April 1933) was a Romanian-French writer.
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Antoine Bibesco
Prince Antoine Bibesco (Prinţul Anton Bibescu; July 19, 1878 – September 2, 1951) was a Romanian aristocrat, lawyer, diplomat and writer.
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Anton I. Arion
Anton I. Arion (1824–1897) was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Interior from August 12, 1868 until November 16, 1868.
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Apostol Arsache
Apostol Arsache (in Romanian) or Apostolos Arsakis (Απόστολος Αρσάκης; 1792–1874) was a Greek-Romanian politician and philanthropist.
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Artist-in-residence
Artist-in-residence programs and other residency opportunities exist to invite artists, academicians, curators, to reside within the premises of an institution.
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Auguste Feyen-Perrin
François Nicolas Augustin Feyen, known as Auguste Feyen-Perrin (12 April 1826, Bey-sur-Seille - 14 October 1888, Paris) was a French painter, engraver and illustrator.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Austrian Empire
The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.
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École des Beaux-Arts
An École des Beaux-Arts (School of Fine Arts) is one of a number of influential art schools in France.
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École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
The École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (ESM, literally the "Special Military School of Saint-Cyr") is the foremost French military academy.
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Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys
Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys (19 November 1805 – 1 March 1881) was a French statesman and diplomat, born at Melun in the department of Seine et Marne.
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Baccalauréat
The baccalauréat, often known in France colloquially as bac, is an academic qualification that French students take after high school.
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Barbara Jelavich
Barbara Jelavich (April 12, 1923 – January 14, 1995) was an American professor of history at Indiana University and an expert on the diplomatic histories of the Russian and Habsburg monarchies, the diplomacy of the Ottoman Empire, and the history of the Balkans.
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Barbu Catargiu
Barbu Catargiu (26 October 1807 –) was a conservative Romanian politician and journalist.
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Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei, also written as Stirbey, (1799 in Craiova – April 13, 1869 in Nice), a member of the Bibescu boyar family, was a Prince of Wallachia on two occasions, between 1848–1853 and between 1854–1856.
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Barbu Știrbey
Prince Barbu Alexandru Știrbey (4 November 1872 – 24 March 1946) was 30th Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Romania in 1927.
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Begzada
Begzade (Kurdish), Beyzade (Turkic), and Begzadići (Slavic), Beizadea (Romanian), Begzadi (female) are titles given within the Ottoman Empire to provisional governors and military generals who are decedents of noble households and occupy important positions within the empire.
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Bonapartiste
A Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated conservative, monarchist and imperial political faction in nineteenth century France.
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Boulevard Haussmann
Boulevard Haussmann, long from the 8th to the 9th arrondissement, is one of the wide tree-lined boulevards created in Paris by Napoleon III, under the direction of his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann.
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Boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia
The boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia were the nobility of the Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.
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Brașov
Brașov (Corona, Kronstadt, Transylvanian Saxon: Kruhnen, Brassó) is a city in Romania and the administrative centre of Brașov County.
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Brill Publishers
Brill (known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill Academic Publishers) is a Dutch international academic publisher founded in 1683 in Leiden, Netherlands.
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British Raj
The British Raj (from rāj, literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.
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Budjak
Budjak or Budzhak (Russian, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian: Буджак; Bugeac; Bucak, historical Cyrillic: Буӂак; Bucak) is a historical region in Ukraine.
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Buftea
Buftea is a town in Ilfov County, Romania, located 20 km north-west of Bucharest.
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C. A. Rosetti
Constantin Alexandru Rosetti (2 June 1816 – 8 April 1885) was a Romanian literary and political leader, born in Bucharest into the Princely Rosetti family.
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Calea Victoriei
Calea Victoriei (Victory Avenue) is a major avenue in central Bucharest.
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Calmann-Lévy
Calmann-Lévy is a French publishing house founded in 1836 by Michel Lévy (1821–1875) and his brother Kalmus "Calmann" Lévy (1819–1891), as Michel Lévy frères.
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Cantacuzino family
The Cantacuzino or Cantacuzène family is a Romanian aristocratic family that gave several Princes of Wallachia and Moldavia, descending from a branch of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family, specifically from the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (reigned 1347–1354).
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Carol I of Romania
Carol I (20 April 1839 – 27 September (O.S.) / 10 October (N.S.) 1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to 1914.
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Caspar Purdon Clarke
Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke (1846–1911) was an English architect and museum director.
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Cezar Bolliac
Cezar Bolliac or Boliac, Boliak (March 23, 1813 – February 25, 1881) was a Wallachian and Romanian radical political figure, amateur archaeologist, journalist and Romantic poet.
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Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaților) is the lower house in Romania's bicameral parliament.
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Château
A château (plural châteaux; in both cases) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally—and still most frequently—in French-speaking regions.
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Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi (Černivci; see also other names) is a city in western Ukraine, situated on the upper course of the River Prut.
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Cieszyn Silesia
Cieszyn Silesia or Těšín Silesia or Teschen Silesia (Polish:, Czech: or, German: Teschener Schlesien or Olsagebiet) is a historical region in south-eastern Silesia, centered on the towns of Cieszyn and Český Těšín and bisected by the Olza River.
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Classical liberalism
Classical liberalism is a political ideology and a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom.
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Clucer
Clucer (plural cluceri) was a historical rank traditionally held by boyars in Moldavia and Wallachia, roughly corresponding to that of Masters of the Royal Court.
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Collège de France
The Collège de France, founded in 1530, is a higher education and research establishment (grand établissement) in France and an affiliate college of PSL University.
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Congress of Paris (1856)
The Congress of Paris was a diplomatic meeting held in Paris, France, in 1856,"Paris, Treaty of(1856)".
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Conseil d'État (France)
In France, the Council of State (Conseil d'État) is a body of the French national government that acts both as legal adviser of the executive branch and as the supreme court for administrative justice.
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Conservative Party (Romania, 1880–1918)
The Conservative Party (Partidul Conservator) was between 1880 and 1918 one of Romania's two most important parties, the other one being the Liberal Party.
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Constantin N. Brăiloiu
Constantin N. Brăiloiu (October 3, 1809 or 1810–June 19, 1889) was a Wallachian and Romanian politician.
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Consuelo Fould
Consuelo Fould (22 November 1862 – 1927) was a French painter.
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Convorbiri Literare
Convorbiri Literare (meaning Literary Talk in English) is a Romanian literary magazine published in Romania.
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Copyhold
Copyhold tenure was a form of customary tenure of land common in England from the Middle Ages.
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Cossacks
Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.
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Costache Caragiale
Costache Caragiale (March 29, 1815 – February 13, 1877) was a Romanian actor and theatre manager who had an important role in the development of the Romanian theatre.
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Countess Marie Larisch von Moennich
Countess Marie Louise Larisch von Moennich (also known as Countess Marie Louise Larisch-Wallersee and Countess Marie Larisch) (24 February 1858 - 4 July 1940) was the niece and confidante of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.
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County Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser
The County Observer and Monmouthshire Central Advertiser was a weekly English language newspaper with conservative editorial leanings.
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Courbevoie
Courbevoie is a commune located from the center of Paris, France.
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Court of Cassation (France)
The Court of Cassation (Cour de cassation) founded in 1804 is one of France's courts of last resort having jurisdiction over all matters triable in the judicial stream with scope of certifying questions of law and review in determining miscarriages of justice.
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Craiova
No description.
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Crest (heraldry)
A crest is a component of a heraldic display, consisting of the device borne on top of the helm.
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Crimean War
The Crimean War (or translation) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.
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Danube Delta
The Danube Delta (Delta Dunării; Дельта Дунаю, Deľta Dunayu) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.
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Danubian Principalities
Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene, translit) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century.
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Dawn (newspaper)
DAWN is Pakistan's oldest, leading and most widely read English-language newspaper.
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Dimitrie Ghica
Dimitrie Ghica or Ghika (31 May 1816 – 15 February 1897) was a Romanian politician.
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Dolj County
Dolj (originally meant Dol(no)-Jiu, "lower Jiu", as opposed to Gorj (upper Jiu)) is a county (județ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in Oltenia, with the capital city at Craiova.
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Domnitor
Domnitor (pl. Domnitori) was the official title of the ruler of Romania between 1862 and 1881.
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Dugald Sutherland MacColl
Dugald Sutherland MacColl (10 March 1859 – 21 December 1948) was a Scottish watercolour painter, art critic, lecturer and writer.
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Editura Minerva
Editura Minerva is one of the largest publishing houses in Romania.
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Emilio Zocchi
Emilio Zocchi (March 5, 1835 – January 10, 1913) was an Italian sculptor.
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Emperor of Austria
The Emperor of Austria (German: Kaiser von Österreich) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Empire style
The Empire style (style Empire) is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism.
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Ernest Chesneau
Ernest Chesneau (9 April 1833 – 24 February 1890) was a French art historian and critic.
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Eugen Lovinescu
Eugen Lovinescu (31 October 1881 – 16 July 1943) was a Romanian modernist literary historian, literary critic, academic, and novelist, who in 1919 established the Sburătorul literary club.
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European Squadron
The European Squadron, also known as the European Station, was a part of the United States Navy in the late 19th century and the early 1900s.
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Exposition Universelle (1878)
The third Paris World's Fair, called an Exposition Universelle in French, was held from 1 May through to 10 November 1878.
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Extradition
Extradition is the act by one jurisdiction of delivering a person who has been accused of committing a crime in another jurisdiction or has been convicted of a crime in that other jurisdiction into the custody of a law enforcement agency of that other jurisdiction.
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Ștefan Golescu
Ștefan Golescu (1809 – 1874) was a Wallachian Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs for two terms from 1 March 1867 to 5 August 1867 and from 13 November 1867 to 30 April 1868, and as Prime Minister of Romania between 26 November 1867 and 12 May 1868.
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Ferdinand Roybet
Ferdinand Victor Léon Roybet (12 April 1840, Uzès - 11 April 1920, Paris) was a French painter and engraver; best known for his historical and costume genre scenes.
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Firman
A firman (فرمان farmân), or ferman (Turkish), at the constitutional level, was a royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state, namely the Ottoman Empire.
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Firmin Didot
Firmin Didot (14 April 176424 April 1836) was a French printer, engraver, and type founder.
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Francization
Francization or Francisation (in Canadian English and American English), Frenchification (in British and also in American English), or Gallicization designates the extension of the French language by its adoption as a first language or not, adoption that can be forced upon or desired by the concerned population.
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Franz Joseph I of Austria
Franz Joseph I also Franz Josef I or Francis Joseph I (Franz Joseph Karl; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and monarch of other states in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, from 2 December 1848 to his death.
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French Army
The French Army, officially the Ground Army (Armée de terre) (to distinguish it from the French Air Force, Armée de L'air or Air Army) is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces.
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French franc
The franc (sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.
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French nationality law
French nationality law is historically based on the principles of jus soli (Latin for "right of soil"), according to Ernest Renan's definition, in opposition to the German definition of nationality, jus sanguinis (Latin for "right of blood"), formalized by Johann Gottlieb Fichte.
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French Revolution of 1848
The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution (révolution de Février), was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
Count Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust (Friedrich Ferdinand Graf von Beust) (13 January 1809 – 24 October 1886) was a German and Austrian statesman.
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Gazzetta Ufficiale
The Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (Italian, trans. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic) is the official journal of record of the Italian government.
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George Valentin Bibescu
George III Valentin, Prince Bibescu (22 March 1880, Bucharest – 2 July 1941, Bucharest) was a Romanian early aviation pioneer and automobile enthusiast.
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Georges Achille-Fould
Georges Achille-Fould or George-Achille Fould-Stirbey (24 August 1868 – 24 August 1951) was a French painter.
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Georges Duval (journalist)
Georges Duval (2 February 1847 – 23 September 1919) was a French journalist and playwright.
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Gheorghe Bibescu
Gheorghe Bibescu (1804–1873) was a hospodar (Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848.
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Gheorghe Sion
Gheorghe Sion (May 22, 1822 – October 1, 1892) was a Moldavian, later Romanian poet, playwright, translator and memoirist.
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Giulio Bergonzoli
Giulio Bergonzoli was a late nineteenth-century Italian sculptor.
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Gregory Aristarchis
Gregory Aristarchis (Γρηγόριος Αριστάρχης; died 1915), also known as Aristarchi Bey, was an Ottoman diplomat of Greek ethnicity, author of a corpus of Ottoman legislation.
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Grigore Alexandru Ghica
Grigore Alexandru Ghica or Ghika (1803 or 1807 – 24 August 1857) was a Prince of Moldavia between 14 October 1849, and June 1853, and again between 30 October 1854, and 3 June 1856.
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Grigore IV Ghica
Grigore IV Ghica or Grigore Dimitrie Ghica (June 30, 1755 – April 29, 1834) was Prince of Wallachia between 1822 and 1828.
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Groupe Flammarion
Groupe Flammarion is the fourth-largest publishing group in France, comprising many units, including its namesake, founded in 1876 by Ernest Flammarion, as well as units in distribution, sales, printing and bookshops (La Hune and Flammarion Center).
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Gyula Andrássy
Count Gyula Andrássy de Csíkszentkirály et Krasznahorka (8 March 1823 – 18 February 1890) was a Hungarian statesman, who served as Prime Minister of Hungary (1867–1871) and subsequently as Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary (1871–1879).
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Henrik Thrap-Meyer
Henrik Thrap-Meyer (31 July 1833 – 29 December 1910) was a Norwegian architect.
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Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company
The Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company (German: k. k. privilegierte österreichische Staatseisenbahn-Gesellschaft), from 1 January 1883 the Privileged Austro-Hungarian State Railway Company (privilegierte österreichisch-ungarische Staatseisenbahn-Gesellschaft) was a private railway company in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Inferno (Dante)
Inferno (Italian for "Hell") is the first part of Dante Alighieri's 14th-century epic poem Divine Comedy.
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Inheritance tax
A tax paid by a person who inherits money or property or a levy on the estate (money and property) of a person who has died.
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Institut de France
The Institut de France (Institute of France) is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is the Académie française.
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Ioan C. Filitti
Ioan Constantin Filitti (first name also Ion; Francized Jean C. Filitti; May 8, 1879 – September 21, 1945) was a Romanian historian, diplomat and conservative theorist, best remembered for his contribution to social history, legal history, genealogy and heraldry.
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Ioan Manu
Ioan M. Manu, also known as Iancu Manu (1803 – November 29 O.S., 1874), was a Romanian boyar and politician.
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Ion Bălăceanu
Ion Bălăceanu (January 25, 1828 – December 22, 1914) was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from January 30, 1876 until March 31, 1876 during the existence of United Principalities.
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Ion C. Brătianu
Ion Constantin Brătianu (June 2, 1821 – May 16, 1891) was one of the major political figures of 19th-century Romania.
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Ion Emanuel Florescu
Ion Emanuel Florescu (7 August 1819, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Wallachia – 10 May 1893, Paris, France) was a Romanian army general who served as Prime Minister of Romania for a short time in a provisional government in 1876 (4 April – 26 April) and then in 1891 (2 March – 29 December).
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Ion Ghica
Ion Ghica (12 August 1816 – 7 May 1897) was a Romanian revolutionary, mathematician, diplomat and politician, who was Prime Minister of Romania five times.
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Ion I. C. Brătianu
Ion I. C. Brătianu (also known as Ionel Brătianu; 20 August 1864 – 24 November 1927) was a Romanian politician, leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL), Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, and Foreign Minister on several occasions; he was the eldest son of statesman and PNL leader Ion Brătianu, the brother of Vintilă and Dinu Brătianu, and the father of Gheorghe I. Brătianu.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (or or; İstanbul), historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural, and historic center.
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Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (11 May 1827 – 12 October 1875) was a French sculptor and painter during the Second Empire under Napoleon III.
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Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg
Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg (19 November 1794 – 26 July 1880) was an Austrian Feldzeugmeister born in Gorizia.
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Journal des débats
The Journal des débats (French for: Journal of Debates) was a French newspaper, published between 1789 and 1944 that changed title several times.
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Jules Favre
Jules Claude Gabriel Favre (21 March 1809 – 20 January 1880) was a French statesman.
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July Monarchy
The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848.
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Jurnalul Național
Jurnalul Național is a Romanian newspaper, part of the INTACT Media Group led by Dan Voiculescu, which also includes the popular television station Antena 1.
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Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern
Prince Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (Karl Anton Joachim Zephyrinus Friedrich Meinrad Fürst von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) (7 September 1811 – 2 June 1885) was head of the Princely House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Hohenzollern from 1869 and Prime Minister of Prussia.
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Kaymakam
Qaim Maqam, Qaimaqam or Kaymakam (also spelled kaimakam and caimacam; قائم مقام, "sub-governor") is the title used for the governor of a provincial district in the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and in Lebanon; additionally, it was a title used for roughly the same official position in the Ottoman Empire.
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Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.
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Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe which existed from 1881, when prince Carol I of Romania was proclaimed King, until 1947, when King Michael I of Romania abdicated and the Parliament proclaimed Romania a republic.
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Kingdom of Sardinia
The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.
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L'Express
L'Express is a French weekly news magazine headquartered in Paris.
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La Défense
La Défense is a major business district, three kilometres west of the city limits of Paris.
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La Presse (French newspaper)
La Presse was the first penny press newspaper in France.
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Laibacher Zeitung
Laibacher Zeitung (meaning Ljubljana News in English) was the largest and most influential newspaper in Ljubljana in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Land reform in Romania
Four major land reforms have taken place in Romania: in 1864, 1921, 1945 and 1991.
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Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen
The official name "Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen" ("a Szent Korona Országai") denominated the Hungarian territories of Austria-Hungary during the totality of the existence of the latter (30 March 1867 – 16 November 1918).
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Léon Comerre
Léon François Comerre (10 October 1850 – 20 February 1916) was a French academic painter, famous for his portraits of beautiful women and Oriental themes.
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Le Figaro
Le Figaro is a French daily morning newspaper founded in 1826 and published in Paris.
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Le Gaulois
Le Gaulois was a French daily newspaper, founded in 1868 by Edmond Tarbé and Henri de Pène.
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Le Matin (France)
Le Matin was a French daily newspaper first published in 1884 and discontinued in 1944.
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Le Parisien
Le Parisien (French for "The Parisian") is a French daily newspaper covering both international and national news, and local news of Paris and its suburbs.
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Le Petit Journal (newspaper)
Le Petit Journal was a conservative daily Parisian newspaper founded by Moïse Polydore Millaud; published from 1863 to 1944.
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Le Temps (Paris)
Le Temps (The Times) was one of Paris's most important daily newspapers from 25 April 1861 to 30 November 1942.
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Legion of Honour
The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.
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Liberalism and radicalism in Romania
This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Romania.
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Life insurance
Life insurance (or life assurance, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations) is a contract between an insurance policy holder and an insurer or assurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money (the benefit) in exchange for a premium, upon the death of an insured person (often the policy holder).
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List of Romanian consorts
Consorts of Romanian monarchs were persons married to the Romanian monarch during his reign.
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List of rulers of Moldavia
This is a List of rulers of Moldavia, from the first mention of the medieval polity east of the Carpathians and until its disestablishment in 1862, when it united with Wallachia, the other Danubian Principality, to form the modern-day state of Romania.
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List of rulers of Wallachia
This is a list of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union with Moldavia in 1862, leading to the creation of Romania.
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Loÿs Delteil
Loÿs Henri Delteil Leo Delteil (1869–1927), was a French engraver and lithographer, publisher, dealer, art historian and compiler of 19th-century graphics catalogues.
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Logothete
Logothete (λογοθέτης, logothétēs, pl. λογοθέται, logothétai; Med. logotheta, pl. logothetae; логотет; logoteta; logofăt; логотет, logotet) was an administrative title originating in the eastern Roman Empire.
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Louvre
The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is the world's largest art museum and a historic monument in Paris, France.
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Ludwig II of Bavaria
Ludwig II (Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm; Louis Otto Frederick William; 25 August 1845 – 13 June 1886) was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886.
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Lycée Louis-le-Grand
The Lycée Louis-le-Grand is a prestigious secondary school located in Paris.
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Manolache Costache Epureanu
Manolache Costache Epureanu (1823–1880) was twice the Prime Minister of Romania as a representative of the Conservative Party: in 1870 (20 April-14 December) and in 1876 (6 May-5 August).
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Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922), known as Marcel Proust, was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time; earlier rendered as Remembrance of Things Past), published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927.
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Marie of Romania
Marie of Edinburgh, more commonly known as Marie of Romania (Marie Alexandra Victoria; 29 October 1875 – 18 July 1938), was the last Queen of Romania as the wife of King Ferdinand I. Born into the British royal family, she was titled Princess Marie of Edinburgh at birth.
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Marina Știrbei
Marina Știrbei (19 March, 1912 – 15 July, 2001) was a Romanian aviator who gained fame in the Second World War as a founding member of the Romanian Air Force's all-women White Squadron, rescuing the wounded from the front lines.
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Maurice Leloir
Maurice Leloir (1 November 1853 – 7 October 1940) was a French illustrator, watercolourist, draftsman, printmaker, writer and collector.
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Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov
Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov (Михаи́л Дми́триевич Горчако́в; –, Warsaw) was a Russian General of the Artillery from the Gorchakov family, who commanded the Russian forces in the latter stages of the Crimean War and later served as a Namestnik of Kingdom of Poland from 1856 until his death.
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Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry in the government of France that handles France's foreign relations.
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)
The Romanian Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Ministerul Afacerilor Externe) is the ministry responsible for external affairs of the Romanian Government.
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Ministry of Public Finance (Romania)
The Ministry of Public Finance of Romania (Ministerul Finanțelor Publice) is one of the fifteen ministries of the Government of Romania.
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Moldavia
Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
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Mont-Dore
Mont-Dore (Mont Dòr in Auvergnat, and Mont-Dore-les-Bains), in common usage Le Mont-Dore, is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
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Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Angers
The Musée des beaux-arts d'Angers is a museum of art located in a mansion, the "logis Barrault", place Saint-Éloi near the historic city of Angers.
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Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.
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National Party (Romania)
The Partida Națională was a liberal Romanian political party active between 1856 and 1859.
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National Theatre Bucharest
The National Theatre Bucharest (Teatrul Naţional "Ion Luca Caragiale" Bucureşti) is one of the national theatres of Romania, located in the capital city of Bucharest.
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Nice
Nice (Niçard Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, nonstandard,; Nizza; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes département.
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Nicolae Filipescu
Nicolae Filipescu (December 5, 1862 – September 30, 1916) was a Romanian politician.
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Nicolae Golescu
Nicolae Golescu (1810–1877) was a Wallachian Romanian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Romania in 1860 and May–November 1868.
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Nicolae Iorga
Nicolae Iorga (sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. January 17, 1871 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright.
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Objet d'art
Objet d'art (plural objets d'art) means literally "art object", or work of art, in French, but in practice the term has long been reserved in English to describe works of art that are not paintings, large or medium-sized sculptures, prints or drawings.
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Oltenia
Oltenia (also called Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions, with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea between 1718 and 1739) is a historical province and geographical region of Romania in western Wallachia.
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Oltenița
Oltenița is a city in Romania in the Călărași County on the left bank of the Argeş River where its waters flows into the Danube.
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Open Court Publishing Company
The Open Court Publishing Company is a publisher with offices in Chicago and La Salle, Illinois.
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Orsini family
The Orsini family is an Italian noble family; it was one of the most influential princely families in medieval Italy and renaissance Rome.
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Ottoman Army (1861–1922)
The Ottoman Army was reorganized along modern Western European lines during the Tanzimat modernization period and functioned during the decline and dissolution period that is roughly between 1861 (though as a unit First Army dates 1842) and 1918, end of World War I for the Ottomans.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles (Château de Versailles;, or) was the principal residence of the Kings of France from Louis XIV in 1682 until the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789.
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Paris Commune
The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris) was a radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871.
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Paris Law Faculty
The Paris Law Faculty (Faculté de droit de Paris) was one of the four and eventually five faculties of the University of Paris, nicknamed "the Sorbonne", from around 1150-1200 until 1970.
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Parliamentary immunity
Parliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity, is a system in which members of the parliament or legislature are granted partial immunity from prosecution.
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Pavel Kiselyov
Count Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselyov or Kiseleff (Па́вел Дми́триевич Киселёв) (Moscow –, Paris) is generally regarded as the most brilliant Russian reformer during Nicholas I's generally conservative reign.
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Père Lachaise Cemetery
Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise,; formerly,, "Cemetery of the East") is the largest cemetery in the city of Paris, although there are larger cemeteries in the city's suburbs.
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Pest, Hungary
Pest is the eastern, mostly flat part of Budapest, Hungary, comprising about two thirds of the city's territory.
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Petre Mavrogheni
Petre Mavrogheni (1819 – 20 April 1887) also known as Petru Mavrogheni was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 11 May until 13 July 1866 and as the Minister of Finance.
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Phanariotes
Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Φαναριώτες, Fanarioți, Fenerliler) were members of prominent Greek families in PhanarEncyclopædia Britannica,Phanariote, 2008, O.Ed.
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Photoengraving
Photoengraving is a process that uses a light-sensitive photoresist applied to the surface to be engraved to create a mask that shields some areas during a subsequent operation which etches, dissolves, or otherwise removes some or all of the material from the unshielded areas.
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Pierre Puvis de Chavannes
Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (14 December 1824 – 24 October 1898) was a French painter best known for his mural painting, who came to be known as 'the painter for France'.
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Plaster cast
A plaster cast is a copy made in plaster of another 3-dimensional form.
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Polirom
Polirom or Editura Polirom ("Polirom" Publishing House) is a Romanian publishing house with a tradition of publishing classics of international literature and also various titles in the fields of social sciences, such as psychology, sociology and anthropology.
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Prime Minister of Hungary
The Prime Minister of Hungary (miniszterelnök) is the head of government in Hungary.
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Prime Minister of Romania
The Prime Minister of the Government of Romania (Prim-ministrul Guvernului României) is the head of the Government of Romania.
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Princess Ileana of Romania
Princess Ileana of Romania, also known as Mother Alexandra (5 January 1909 – 21 January 1991), was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania and his consort, Queen Marie of Romania.
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Principality of Bulgaria
The Principality of Bulgaria (Княжество България, Knyazhestvo Balgariya) was a de facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
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Prussian Staff College
The Prussian Staff College, also Prussian War College (Preußische Kriegsakademie) was the highest military facility of the Kingdom of Prussia to educate, train, and develop general staff officers.
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Radu R. Rosetti
Radu R. Rosetti (–June 2, 1949) was a Romanian general and military historian.
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Rail transport in Romania
The first railway in the Kingdom of Romania opened in 1869 and linked Bucharest and Giurgiu.
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Regulamentul Organic
Regulamentul Organic (Organic Regulation; Règlement Organique; r)The name also has plural versions in all languages concerned, referring to the dual nature of the document; however, the singular version is usually preferred.
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Revista Fundațiilor Regale
Revista Fundațiilor Regale ("The Review of Royal Foundations") was a monthly magazine devoted to literature, the arts and culture, published in Romania between 1934 and 1947.
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Robert I, Duke of Parma
Robert I (Italian: Roberto I Carlo Luigi Maria di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 to 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento.
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Romanați County
Romanați County was a county (Romanian: județ) in the Kingdom of Romania, in southeastern part of the historical region of Oltenia.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Romanian general election, 1867
General elections were held in Romania in December 1867 (New Style: December 1867 – January 1868), and were won by a coalition of liberal-and-radical groups, or "Concordia Agreement", formed around incumbent Prime Minister Ștefan Golescu.
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Romanian prince referendum, 1866
A referendum on Prince Karl Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen becoming ruling prince was held in Romania on 20 April 1866.
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România Literară
România Literară is a cultural and literary magazine from Romania.
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Românul
Românul (meaning "The Romanian"; originally spelled Romanulu or Românulŭ, also known as Romînul, Concordia, Libertatea and Consciinti'a Nationala), was a political and literary newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania, from 1857 to 1905.
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Rosa Bonheur
Rosa Bonheur, born Marie-Rosalie Bonheur, (16 March 1822 – 25 May 1899) was a French artist, an animalière (painter of animals) and sculptor, known for her artistic realism. Her most well-known paintings are Ploughing in the Nivernais, first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1848, and now at Musée d’Orsay in Paris, and The Horse Fair (in French: Le marché aux chevaux), which was exhibited at the Salon of 1853 (finished in 1855) and is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York City. Bonheur was widely considered to be the most famous female painter during the nineteenth century.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence.
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Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg (p) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with 5 million inhabitants in 2012, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015).
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Second French Empire
The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
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Secularization of monastic estates in Romania
The law on the secularization of monastic estates in Romania was proposed in December 1863 by Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza and approved by the Parliament of Romania.
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Shilling (British coin)
The shilling (1/-) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence.
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Sibiu
Sibiu (antiquated Sibiiu; Hermannstadt, Transylvanian Saxon: Härmeschtat, Nagyszeben) is a city in Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 147,245.
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Slavery in Romania
Slavery (robie) existed on the territory of present-day Romania from before the founding of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia in 13th–14th century, until it was abolished in stages during the 1840s and 1850s, and also until 1783, in Transylvania and Bukovina (parts of the Habsburg Monarchy).
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Spatharios
The spatharii or spatharioi (singular: spatharius; σπαθάριος, literally "spatha-bearer") were a class of Late Roman imperial bodyguards in the court in Constantinople in the 5th–6th centuries, later becoming a purely honorary dignity in the Byzantine Empire.
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Steaua Dunării
Steaua Dunării (Danube's Star) was a political newspaper and a unionist mouthpiece founded in October 1855 by Mihail Kogălniceanu.
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Supporter
In heraldry, supporters, sometimes referred to as attendants, are figures or objects usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up.
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Tax resistance
Tax resistance is the refusal to pay tax because of opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, or to government policy, or as opposition to taxation in itself.
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Telega, Prahova
Telega is a commune in Prahova County, Romania.
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Théodore Gosselin
Louis Léon Théodore Gosselin (7 October 1855, Richemont, Moselle – 7 February 1935) was a French historian and playwright who wrote under the pen name G. Lenotre.
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The Burlington Magazine
The Burlington Magazine is a monthly academic journal that covers the fine and decorative arts.
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Theodor Aman
Theodor Aman (20 March 1831 – 19 August 1891) was a Romanian painter, engraver and art professor of Macedo-Romanian ancestry.
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Theodore Stanton
Theodore Stanton (10 February 1851 in Seneca Falls, New York – 1925) was a United States journalist.
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Tuileries Palace
The Tuileries Palace (Palais des Tuileries) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine.
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Union between Sweden and Norway
Sweden and Norway or Sweden–Norway (Svensk-norska unionen; Den svensk-norske union), officially the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, or as the United Kingdoms, was a personal union of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway under a common monarch and common foreign policy that lasted from 1814 until its amicable and peaceful dissolution in 1905.
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.
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United Principalities
The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was the official name of the personal union which later became Romania, adopted in 1859 when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the Domnitor (Ruling Prince) of both territories, which were still vassals of the Ottoman Empire.
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Valenciennes
Valenciennes (Dutch: Valencijn, Latin: Valentianae, Valincyinne) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.
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Văcărescu family
The Văcărescu family was a boyar family of Wallachia (now part of Romania).
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Vornic
Vornic was a historical rank for an official in charge of justice and internal affairs.
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Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (Țara Românească; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania.
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Wallachian legislative election, 1857
Elections for the ad-hoc Divan were held in Wallachia in September 1857.
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Wallachian princely election, 1842
Elections for the princely throne of Wallachia were held on December 20–21, 1842 (New Style: January 1–2, 1843), marking the start of Gheorghe Bibescu's rule.
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Wallachian Revolution of 1848
The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia.
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Westernization
Westernization (US) or Westernisation (UK), also Europeanization/Europeanisation or occidentalization/occidentalisation (from the Occident, meaning the Western world; see "occident" in the dictionary), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.
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Zigu Ornea
Zigu Ornea (born Zigu Orenstein Andrei Vasilescu,, in, Vol. II, Nr. 1, January–June 2008, p.85 or OrnsteinGeorge Ardeleanu,, in Observator Cultural, Nr. 363, March 2007 and commonly known as Z. Ornea; August 28, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was a Romanian cultural historian, literary critic, biographer and book publisher.
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1866 Constitution of Romania
The 1866 Constitution of Romania was the fundamental law that capped a period of nation-building in the Danubian Principalities, which had united in 1859.
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Redirects here:
G. B. Știrbei, G. B. Știrbey, George B. Ştirbei, George Barbu Stirbei, George Barbu Ştirbei, George Barbu Știrbey, George Stirbei, Georges B. Știrbei, Georges B. Știrbey, Georges Știrbei, Georges Știrbey, Georgie Barbu Știrbei, Georgie Știrbei, Georgie Știrbeiŭ, Georgie Știrbey, Gh. B. Știrbei, Gh. B. Știrbey, Gh. Știrbei, Gh. Știrbey, Gheorghe B. Știrbei, Gheorghe B. Știrbey, Gheorghe Barbu Știrbei, Gheorghe Barbu Știrbey, Gheorghe Știrbei, Gheorghe Știrbey, Iorgu B. Știrbei, Iorgu B. Știrbeiŭ, Iorgu Barbu Știrbeiŭ, Iorgu Barbu Știrbey, Iorgu Știrbei, Iorgu Știrbeiŭ, Iorgu Știrbey, James Caterly.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barbu_Știrbei
