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30 relations: Amide, Aminoglutethimide, Barbiturate, Benzodiazepine, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Cmax (pharmacology), Codeine, Controlled Substances Act, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Convulsion, CYP2D6, Delirium, Diphenhydramine, Drug Enforcement Administration, Drug withdrawal, Ethchlorvynol, Fever, Insomnia, International Narcotics Control Board, Kidney, Liver, Methaqualone, Methyprylon, Michael reaction, Morphine, Nitrile, Piperidione, Pseudohallucination, Pyrithyldione, Sedative.
Amide
An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).
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Aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide is an anti-steroid drug marketed under the tradename Cytadren by Novartis around the world.
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Barbiturate
A barbiturate is a drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to death.
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Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepines (BZD, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.
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Ciba Specialty Chemicals
Ciba was a chemical company based in and near Basel, Switzerland.
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Cmax (pharmacology)
Cmax is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administrated and before the administration of a second dose.
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Codeine
Codeine is an opiate used to treat pain, as a cough medicine, and for diarrhea. It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain. Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol (acetaminophen) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Evidence does not support its use for acute cough suppression in children or adults. In Europe it is not recommended as a cough medicine in those under twelve years of age. It is generally taken by mouth. It typically starts working after half an hour with maximum effect at two hours. The total duration of its effects last for about four to six hours. Common side effects include vomiting, constipation, itchiness, lightheadedness, and drowsiness. Serious side effects may include breathing difficulties and addiction. It is unclear if its use in pregnancy is safe. Care should be used during breastfeeding as it may result in opiate toxicity in the baby. Its use as of 2016 is not recommended in children. Codeine works following being broken down by the liver into morphine. How quickly this occurs depends on a person's genetics. Codeine was discovered in 1832 by Pierre Jean Robiquet. In 2013 about 361,000 kilograms of codeine were produced while 249,000 kilograms were used. This makes it the most commonly taken opiate. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.04 and 0.29 USD per dose as of 2014. In the United States it costs about one dollar a dose. Codeine occurs naturally and makes up about 2% of opium.
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Controlled Substances Act
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute establishing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated.
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Convention on Psychotropic Substances
The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine-type stimulants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed in Vienna, Austria on 21 February 1971.
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Convulsion
A convulsion is a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body.
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CYP2D6
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2D6 gene.
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Delirium
Delirium, also known as acute confusional state, is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of mental function.
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Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies.
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Drug Enforcement Administration
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the United States Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States.
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Drug withdrawal
Drug withdrawal is the group of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in intake of medications or recreational drugs.
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Ethchlorvynol
Ethchlorvynol is a GABA-ergic sedative and hypnotic/soporific medication developed by Pfizer in the 1950s.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.
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International Narcotics Control Board
The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the independent and quasi-judicial control organ for the implementation of the United Nations drug conventions.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Methaqualone
Methaqualone, sold under the brand name Quaalude (pronounced) and sometimes stylized "Quāālude" in the United States and Mandrax in the United Kingdom and South Africa, is a sedative and hypnotic medication.
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Methyprylon
Methyprylon (Noludar) is a sedative of the piperidinedione derivative family developed by Hoffmann-La Roche.
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Michael reaction
The Michael reaction or Michael addition is the nucleophilic addition of a carbanion or another nucleophile to an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound.
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Morphine
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.
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Nitrile
A nitrile is any organic compound that has a −C≡N functional group.
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Piperidione
Piperidione (trade name Sedulon) is a sedative drug, structurally related to methyprylon and pyrithyldione.
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Pseudohallucination
A pseudohallucination is an involuntary sensory experience vivid enough to be regarded as a hallucination, but recognised by the patient not to be the result of external stimuli.
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Pyrithyldione
Pyrithyldione (Presidon, Persedon) is a psychoactive drug invented in 1949.
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Sedative
A sedative or tranquilliser is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement.
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ATC code N05CE01, ATCvet code QN05CE01, Alfimid, Doriden, Elrodorm, Gimid, Glimid, Noxiron, Noxyron, Ondasil, Rigenox, Sarodormin.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutethimide
