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Glycoprotein

Index Glycoprotein

Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains. [1]

123 relations: ABO blood group system, Affinity chromatography, Affinity electrophoresis, Agarose, Alpha-fetoprotein, Amide, Amino acid, Amino sugar, Antibody, Antifreeze protein, Antigen, Asparagine, Berry, Blood plasma, Bone, Calcium, Calnexin, Calreticulin, Ceruloplasmin, Collagen, Column chromatography, Complementary DNA, Conformational change, Connective tissue, Covalent bond, Cysteine, Cytosol, Deoxy sugar, Dual-polarization interferometry, Egg white, Electrophoresis, Endoglycosidase, Endoplasmic reticulum, Endothelium, Envelope glycoprotein GP120, ER oxidoreductin, Erythropoietin, Exoglycosidase, Female sperm storage, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Fucose, Galactose, Glucose, Glycan, Glycation, Glycocalyx, Glycome, Glycopeptide, Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, Glycosylation, ..., Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, Glypiation, Golgi apparatus, Gp41, Hemostasis, Hexose, Histocompatibility, Hormone, Human chorionic gonadotropin, Hydrolysis, Hydroxylysine, Hydroxyproline, Immune system, Integral membrane protein, Lectin, Luteinizing hormone, Maillard reaction, Major histocompatibility complex, Mammal, Mannose, Mass spectrometry, Methylation, Miraculin, Molecular mass, Mucin, Multiangle light scattering, N-Acetylgalactosamine, N-Acetylglucosamine, N-Acetylneuraminic acid, N-linked glycosylation, Neuraminic acid, Notch signaling pathway, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, O-linked glycosylation, Oligosaccharide, Oocyte, P-glycoprotein, Patatin, Pentose, Periodic acid–Schiff stain, Phosphatase, Phospholipase, Phosphorous acid, Phosphoserine, Platelet, Post-translational modification, Protein, Protein folding, Protein isoform, Proteoglycan, Proteolysis, Radioactive decay, Receptor (biochemistry), Ribophorin, Secretory protein, Selectin, Serine, Sialic acid, Sperm, Synsepalum dulcificum, T cell, Threonine, Thrombosis, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Transferrin, Translation (biology), Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Variant surface glycoprotein, Viscosity, White blood cell, Xylose, Zona pellucida. Expand index (73 more) »

ABO blood group system

The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes.

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Affinity chromatography

Affinity chromatography is a method of separating biochemical mixtures based on a highly specific interaction between antigen and antibody, enzyme and substrate, receptor and ligand, or protein and nucleic acid.

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Affinity electrophoresis

Affinity electrophoresis is a general name for many analytical methods used in biochemistry and biotechnology.

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Agarose

Agarose is a polysaccharide, generally extracted from certain red seaweed.

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Alpha-fetoprotein

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene.

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Amide

An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).

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Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

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Amino sugar

In organic chemistry, an amino sugar (or more technically a 2-amino-2-deoxysugar) is a sugar molecule in which a hydroxyl group has been replaced with an amine group.

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

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Antifreeze protein

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in subzero environments.

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Antigen

In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.

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Asparagine

Asparagine (symbol Asn or N), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Berry

A berry is a small, pulpy, and often edible fruit.

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Blood plasma

Blood plasma is a yellowish coloured liquid component of blood that normally holds the blood cells in whole blood in suspension; this makes plasma the extracellular matrix of blood cells.

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Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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Calnexin

Calnexin (CNX) is a integral protein (that appears variously as a 90kDa, 80kDa, or 75kDa band on western blotting depending on the source of the antibody) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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Calreticulin

Calreticulin also known as calregulin, CRP55, CaBP3, calsequestrin-like protein, and endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 60 (ERp60) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALR gene.

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Ceruloplasmin

Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CP gene.

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Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.

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Column chromatography

Column chromatography in chemistry is a chromatography method used to isolate a single chemical compound from a mixture.

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Complementary DNA

In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

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Conformational change

In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.

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Connective tissue

Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

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Covalent bond

A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

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Cysteine

Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.

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Cytosol

The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.

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Deoxy sugar

Deoxy sugars are sugars that have had a hydroxyl group replaced with a hydrogen atom.

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Dual-polarization interferometry

Dual-polarization interferometry (DPI) is an analytical technique that probes molecular layers adsorbed to the surface of a waveguide using the evanescent wave of a laser beam.

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Egg white

Egg white is the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg.

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Electrophoresis

Electrophoresis (from the Greek "Ηλεκτροφόρηση" meaning "to bear electrons") is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field.

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Endoglycosidase

An Endoglycosidase is an enzyme that releases oligosaccharides from glycoproteins or glycolipids.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.

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Endothelium

Endothelium refers to cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.

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Envelope glycoprotein GP120

Envelope glycoprotein GP120 (or gp120) is a glycoprotein exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope.

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ER oxidoreductin

ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) is an oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyses the formation and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotes.

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Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO), also known as hematopoietin or hemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted by the kidney in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow.

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Exoglycosidase

A exoglycosidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme which breaks the glycosidic bonds at the terminal residue.

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Female sperm storage

Female sperm storage is a biological process and often a type of sexual selection in which sperm cells transferred to a female during mating are temporarily retained within a specific part of the reproductive tract before the oocyte, or egg, is fertilized.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone.

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Fucose

Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5.

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Galactose

Galactose (galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 30% as sweet as sucrose.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Glycan

The terms glycan and polysaccharide are defined by IUPAC as synonyms meaning "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically".

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Glycation

Glycation (sometimes called non-enzymatic glycosylation) is the result of the covalent bonding of a sugar molecule, such as glucose or fructose, to a protein or lipid molecule, without the controlling action of an enzyme.

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Glycocalyx

The glycocalyx, also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia, and other cells.

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Glycome

The glycome is the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules, of an organism.

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Glycopeptide

Glycopeptides are peptides that contain carbohydrate moieties (glycans) covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.

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Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

In medicine, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa, also known as integrin αIIbβ3) is an integrin complex found on platelets.

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Glycosylation

Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor).

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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or glycophosphatidylinositol, or GPI in short, is a glycolipid that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification.

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Glypiation

Glypiation is the covalent bond of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and is a common post-translational modification that localizes proteins to cell membranes.

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Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

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Gp41

Gp41 also known as glycoprotein 41 is a subunit of the envelope protein complex of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Hemostasis

Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage).

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Hexose

In bio-organic chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, having the chemical formula C6H12O6.

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Histocompatibility

Histocompatibility, or tissue compatibility, is the property of having the same, or sufficiently similar, alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).

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Hormone

A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.

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Human chorionic gonadotropin

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta after implantation.

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Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.

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Hydroxylysine

Hydroxylysine (Hyl) is an amino acid with the molecular formula C6H14N2O3.

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Hydroxyproline

(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is a common non-proteinogenic amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp, e.g., in Protein Data Bank.

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Immune system

The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.

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Integral membrane protein

An integral membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.

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Lectin

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins, macromolecules that are highly specific for sugar moieties of other molecules.

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Luteinizing hormone

Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

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Maillard reaction

The Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its distinctive flavor.

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Major histocompatibility complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility.

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Mammal

Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.

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Mannose

Mannose, packaged as the nutritional supplement "d-mannose", is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates.

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Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.

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Methylation

In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.

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Miraculin

Miraculin is a taste modifier, a glycoprotein extracted from the fruit of Synsepalum dulcificum.

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Molecular mass

Relative Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule.

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Mucin

Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily glycosylated proteins (glycoconjugates) produced by epithelial tissues in most animals.

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Multiangle light scattering

Multiangle light scattering (MALS) describes a technique for measuring the light scattered by a sample into a plurality of angles.

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N-Acetylgalactosamine

N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), is an amino sugar derivative of galactose.

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N-Acetylglucosamine

N-Acetylglucosamine (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide and a derivative of glucose.

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N-Acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac or NANA) is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells.

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N-linked glycosylation

N-linked glycosylation, is the attachment of the sugar molecule oligosaccharide known as glycan to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N-glycosylation, studied in biochemistry.

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Neuraminic acid

Neuraminic acid (5-amino-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid) is a 9-carbon monosaccharide (a nonose), a derivative of a ketononose.

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Notch signaling pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms.

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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.

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O-linked glycosylation

In the field of biochemistry, O-linked glycosylation is the attachment of a sugar molecule to an oxygen atom in an amino acid residue in a protein.

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Oligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide (from the Greek ὀλίγος olígos, "a few", and σάκχαρ sácchar, "sugar") is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars).

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Oocyte

An oocyte, oöcyte, ovocyte, or rarely ocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction.

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P-glycoprotein

P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells.

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Patatin

Patatin is a glycoprotein found in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum).

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Pentose

A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.

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Periodic acid–Schiff stain

Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) is a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen, and mucosubstances such as glycoproteins, glycolipids and mucins in tissues.

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Phosphatase

A phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol.

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Phospholipase

A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances.

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Phosphorous acid

Phosphorous acid is the compound described by the formula H3PO3.

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Phosphoserine

Phosphoserine (abbreviated as SEP or J) is an ester of serine and phosphoric acid.

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Platelet

Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.

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Post-translational modification

Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis.

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Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

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Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.

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Protein isoform

A protein isoform, or "protein variant" is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences.

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Proteoglycan

Proteoglycans are proteins that are heavily glycosylated.

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Proteolysis

Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.

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Radioactive decay

Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.

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Receptor (biochemistry)

In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.

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Ribophorin

Ribophorins are transmembrane glycoproteins which are located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but are absent in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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Secretory protein

A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell.

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Selectin

The selectins (cluster of differentiation 62 or CD62) are a family of cell adhesion molecules (or CAMs).

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Serine

Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Sialic acid

Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone.

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Sperm

Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) sperma (meaning "seed").

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Synsepalum dulcificum

Synsepalum dulcificum is a plant known for its berry that, when eaten, causes sour foods (such as lemons and limes) subsequently consumed to taste sweet.

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T cell

A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

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Threonine

Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Thrombosis

Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting”) is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as thyrotropin, thyrotropic hormone, TSH, or hTSH for human TSH) is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.

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Transferrin

Transferrins are iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron (Fe) in biological fluids.

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Translation (biology)

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.

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Tryptophan

Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Tyrosine

Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.

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Variant surface glycoprotein

Variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) is a ~60kDa protein which densely packs the cell surface of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma.

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Viscosity

The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.

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White blood cell

White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

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Xylose

Xylose (cf. ξύλον, xylon, "wood") is a sugar first isolated from wood, and named for it.

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Zona pellucida

The zona pellucida (plural zonae pellucidae, also egg coat or pellucid zone) is a glycoprotein layer surrounding the plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes.

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Carrier plasma glycoprotein, Glyco-protein, Glycoproteins, Glycoprotien, Membrane glycoprotein, Salivary glycoprotein.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein

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