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Gothic architecture

Index Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. [1]

556 relations: Abbey, Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen, Abbey of Saint-Remi, Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen, Abingdon-on-Thames, Abrams Books, Académie royale d'architecture, Al-Andalus, Al-Aqsa Mosque, Al-Ukhaidir Fortress, Albert Memorial, Alcázar of Seville, Alfauir, Alicante, Allegory in the Middle Ages, Allen & Unwin, Ambulatory, Amiens, Amiens Cathedral, Amsterdam, Ancient Roman architecture, Angers, Angevin Empire, Anglicanism, Anglo-Catholicism, Anglo-Saxon architecture, Ani, Antwerp, Apse, Aragon, Archbishop of Canterbury, Architectural style, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, Archivolt, Arcisse de Caumont, Arléa, Armenia, Armenian architecture, Armenians, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Art History (journal), August Schmarsow, Auguste Choisy, Augustus Pugin, Australia, Austria, Autun Cathedral, Île-de-France, Bad Wimpfen, Balearic Islands, ..., Banister Fletcher (junior), Barcelona, Baroque architecture, Basilica, Basilica of Santa Maria, Alicante, Basilica of St Denis, Batalha Monastery, Bath Abbey, Bayeux Cathedral, Beauvais Cathedral, Belfry of Bruges, Belgium, Berkeley, California, Bernay, Eure, Bible, Bishop, Bohemia, Bologna, Bourgeoisie, Bourges, Bourges Cathedral, Brick Gothic, Bruges, Brussels Town Hall, Burgos Cathedral, Burgundy, Buttress, Ca' d'Oro, Caen, California, Cambridge, Camille Enlart, Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral, Capetian dynasty, Capetian House of Anjou, Carcassonne, Carlisle Cathedral, Carolingian architecture, Carolingian art, Carpenter Gothic, Carthusians, Casale Monferrato, Cass Gilbert, Cast iron, Castelló Cathedral, Castle, Catalan Gothic, Catenary arch, Cathedral, Cathedral of Ani, Cathedral of La Plata, Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Zamora, Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, Catholic Church, Córdoba, Spain, Cefalù Cathedral, Cengage, Central Europe, Central, Hong Kong, Charles Barry, Charles University, Chartres Cathedral, Château, Château d'Étampes, Chilion Jones, Choir (architecture), Christ Church, Oxford, Christ in Majesty, Christian cross variants, Christopher Wren, Church of Our Lady before Týn, Church of St. Ouen, Rouen, Cistercians, City-state, Clerestory, Cluniac Reforms, Cluny, Collegiate Gothic, Collegio di Spagna, Collegium Maius, Cologne, Cologne Cathedral, Column, Conciergerie, Connecticut, Croatia, Crown of Aragon, Crows Nest, New South Wales, Crusades, Cyprus, Czech Gothic architecture, Czech lands, Czech Republic, Denis, Denmark, Dionysius the Areopagite, Doge's Palace, Dominican Order, Down Cathedral, Duchy of Normandy, Duclair, Duke, Durham Cathedral, Early Middle Ages, Early modern France, East Anglia, East Prussia, Ecclesiology, Edmund Blacket, El Fadrí, Elsevier, Ely Cathedral, England, English Civil War, English Gothic architecture, Equilateral triangle, Erwin Panofsky, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Europe, Exeter Cathedral, Famagusta, Far East, Feltham, Feudalism, Filarete, Filippo Brunelleschi, Flamboyant, Flanders, Florence, Florence Cathedral, Flying buttress, Fortification, Four-centred arch, François Rabelais, France, Francis of Assisi, Franciscans, Franks, Franz Mertens, Freiburg im Breisgau, Freiburg Minster, French Gothic architecture, French language, French people, Fresco, Gable, Gandia, Gare do Oriente, Gargoyle, Gatehouse, Gaul, Gdańsk, Genevieve, Georg Dehio, George Gilbert Scott, Georgia (country), Germany, Giannozzo Manetti, Giorgio Vasari, Girona, Glasgow Cathedral, Gloucester, Gloucester Cathedral, Gothic, Gothic architecture, Gothic architecture in modern Poland, Gothic Revival architecture, Gothic secular and domestic architecture, Gothicmed, Goths, Great hall, Great Mosque of Kairouan, Great Mosque of Samarra, Guild, Hall church, Hamlyn (publishers), Hammerbeam roof, Hans Sedlmayr, Hanseatic League, Henri Focillon, Henri Sanglier, Henry VII Chapel, Hierarchy of angels, High Middle Ages, High Victorian Gothic, History of architecture, History of Islam in southern Italy, Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Empire, Horace Walpole, Hospital, House of Lusignan, House of Plantagenet, Hugh Casson, Hungary, Huns, Iberian Peninsula, Iglesia de San Pablo, Valladolid, Internet Archive, Ireland, Islamic architecture, Italian Gothic architecture, Italy, J. M. Dent, Jacques Cœur, Jagiellonian University, Jean Bony, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johannes Vetter, John the Apostle, Jules Quicherat, Jumièges Abbey, Kairouan, Karamagara Bridge, Karolinum, Keble College, Oxford, King, King's College Chapel, Cambridge, King's College, Cambridge, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Cyprus, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Navarre, Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385), Kingdom of Portugal, Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Sicily, Kingdom of Valencia, Knights Templar, Kraków, L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise, La Chaise-Dieu, Labours of the Months, Lambeth Palace, Lancet window, Laon Cathedral, Last Judgment, Late Middle Ages, León Cathedral, Lessay, Lessay Abbey, Liechtenstein, Limestone, Limoges Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, List of Gothic architecture, Liverpool Cathedral, Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, Llotja de la Seda, Lodi Vecchio, Lombardy, London, Longman, Louis Grodecki, Low Countries, Luxembourg, Malbork Castle, Mallorca, Manresa, Mantua, Marcel Aubert, Market (economics), Mary Magdalene, Mary, mother of Jesus, Max Dvořák, Medieval architecture, Medievalism, Mediterranean Sea, Mexico, Middle Ages, Milan Cathedral, Modena Cathedral, Molière, Monastery, Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba, Monastery of Santa María de la Valldigna, Monreale, Mont Saint-Michel, Mosque of Cristo de la Luz, Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba, Mullion, Mural, Muslim conquest of the Levant, Muslim world, Narthex, Navarre, Nave, Near East, Neoclassical architecture, Netherlands, New Jerusalem, New South Wales, New Testament, New York (state), New York City, Nicosia, Nikortsminda Cathedral, Norman architecture, Norman conquest of southern Italy, Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture, Normandy, Northern Germany, Northern Hemisphere, Norway, Notes and Queries, Notre Dame de Morienval, Notre-Dame de Paris, Nova (TV series), Noyon Cathedral, Oakland, California, Ogive, Old New Synagogue, Old Testament, Old Town Hall (Prague), Order of Saint Benedict, Orientation of churches, Orihuela Cathedral, Orvieto Cathedral, Ottawa, Ottonian architecture, Oudenaarde Town Hall, Oxford, Oxford Movement, Oxford University Press, Palace, Palace of the Borgias, Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite, Palace of Westminster, Palais des Papes, Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Palazzo Pubblico, Palazzo Vecchio, Palma de Mallorca, Papal States, Paradise, Paris, Parish church, Parliament Hill, Paul Frankl, Pavilion Books, PBS, Pejorative, Pelican Books, Pennsylvania, Perpignan, Peter Bondanella, Peterborough, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Picardy, Pier (architecture), Pinnacle, Pira Delal, Poland, Pomerania, Poor Man's Bible, Portuguese Gothic architecture, Postmodern architecture, Prague, Premonstratensians, Project Gutenberg, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, Purbeck Marble, Radius, Raqqa, Raymond Hood, Rayonnant, Regensburg, Reims, Reims Cathedral, Renaissance, Renaissance architecture, Renaissance of the 12th century, Republic of Venice, Rhineland, Rib vault, Ripon Cathedral, Robert Branner, Robert Willis (engineer), Rochester Cathedral, Rococo, Roger II of Sicily, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris, Roman Syria, Romanesque architecture, Rome, Rose window, Rouen, Rouen Cathedral, Roussillon, Routledge, Sacred Heart, Saint Dominic, Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges, Saint-Germer-de-Fly Abbey, Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, Sainte-Chapelle, Sainte-Clotilde, Paris, Salisbury Cathedral, San Nazzaro Sesia, Sandstone, Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona, Santa Maria del Pi, Barcelona, Santa Maria, Manresa, Sasanian architecture, Sasanian Empire, São Paulo Cathedral, Scandinavia, Seat of local government, Segorbe Cathedral, Selby Abbey, Sens Cathedral, Sexpartite vault, Sicily, Siena, Sirarpie Der Nersessian, Slovakia, Sondergotik, Southern Italy, Spain, Spanish Gothic architecture, Spire, St Columb's Cathedral, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, St John the Baptist Cathedral, Sligo, St Mary Redcliffe, St. John's Cathedral (Hong Kong), St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków, St. Mary's Church, Lübeck, St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna, Stained glass, Stamford, Connecticut, Statue, Stralsund, Strasbourg, Strawberry Hill House, Suger, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tented roof, Teruel Cathedral, Teutonic Order, Thames & Hudson, Thomas Fuller (architect), Thomas Urquhart, Thomas Werner Laurie, Tom Tower, Torres de Serranos, Toulouse, Tours Cathedral, Tower, Tracery, Transept, Trdat the Architect, Tribune Tower, Trumeau (architecture), Tuscany, Twickenham, Tympanum (architecture), Ulm, Ulm Minster, UNESCO, United Kingdom, United States, University, University of Bologna, University of California, University of California Press, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford, University of Salamanca, University of Sydney, Utopia, Valencia, Valencia Cathedral, Valencian Community, Valencian Gothic, Vandals, Vault (architecture), Vézelay Abbey, Venetian Gothic architecture, Venice, Vexin, Victoria, Hong Kong, Vienna, Villa, Villa of the sette bassi, Volute, Western Europe, Westminster Abbey, Westwork, White Mosque, Ramla, Wilhelm Worringer, William Butterfield, Winchester, Woolworth Building, World Heritage site, Wrocław, York Minster, Znojmo Town Hall Tower, Zodiac. Expand index (506 more) »

Abbey

An abbey is a complex of buildings used by members of a religious order under the governance of an abbot or abbess.

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Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen

The Abbey of Saint-Étienne, also known as Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey") by contrast with the Abbaye aux Dames ("Ladies' Abbey"), is a former Benedictine monastery in the French city of Caen, Normandy, dedicated to Saint Stephen.

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Abbey of Saint-Remi

The Abbey of Saint-Remi is an abbey in Reims, France, founded in the sixth century.

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Abbey of Sainte-Trinité, Caen

The Abbey of Sainte-Trinité (the Holy Trinity), also known as Abbaye aux Dames, is a former monastery of women in Caen, Normandy, now home to the Regional Council of Lower Normandy.

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Abingdon-on-Thames

Abingdon-on-Thames, also known as Abingdon on Thames or just Abingdon, is a historic market town and civil parish in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire, England.

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Abrams Books

Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (HNA), is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, children's books, and stationery.

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Académie royale d'architecture

The Académie Royale d'Architecture (Royal Academy of Architecture), founded in 1671, was a French learned society, which had a leading role in influencing architectural theory and education, not only in France, but throughout Europe and the Americas from the late 17th century to the mid-20th.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus (الأنْدَلُس, trans.; al-Ándalus; al-Ândalus; al-Àndalus; Berber: Andalus), also known as Muslim Spain, Muslim Iberia, or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal.

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Al-Aqsa Mosque

Al-Aqsa Mosque (Al-Masjid al-Aqṣā,, "the Farthest Mosque"), located in the Old City of Jerusalem, is the third holiest site in Islam.

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Al-Ukhaidir Fortress

The Fortress of Al-Ukhaidir or Abbasid palace of Ukhaider is located roughly 50 km south of Karbala, Iraq.

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Albert Memorial

The Albert Memorial is situated in Kensington Gardens, London, directly to the north of the Royal Albert Hall.

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Alcázar of Seville

The Alcázar of Seville (Reales Alcázares de Sevilla or "Royal Alcazars of Seville") is a royal palace in Seville, Spain, built for the Christian king Peter of Castile.

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Alfauir

Alfauir (Alfahuir) is a municipality in the ''comarca'' of Safor in the Valencian Community, Spain.

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Alicante

Alicante, or Alacant, both the Spanish and Valencian being official names, is a city and port in Spain on the Costa Blanca, the capital of the province of Alicante and of the comarca of Alacantí, in the south of the Valencian Community.

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Allegory in the Middle Ages

Allegory in the Middle Ages was a vital element in the synthesis of biblical and classical traditions into what would become recognizable as medieval culture.

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Allen & Unwin

Allen & Unwin is an Australian independent publishing company, established in Australia in 1976 as a subsidiary of the British firm George Allen & Unwin Ltd., which was founded by Sir Stanley Unwin in August 1914 and went on to become one of the leading publishers of the twentieth century.

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Ambulatory

The ambulatory (ambulatorium, "walking place") is the covered passage around a cloister or the processional way around the east end of a cathedral or large church and behind the high altar.

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Amiens

Amiens is a city and commune in northern France, north of Paris and south-west of Lille.

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Amiens Cathedral

The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens (Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame d'Amiens), or simply Amiens Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands.

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Ancient Roman architecture

Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but differed from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style.

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Angers

Angers is a city in western France, about southwest of Paris.

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Angevin Empire

The Angevin Empire (L'Empire Plantagenêt) is a collective exonym referring to the possessions of the Angevin kings of England, who also held lands in France, during the 12th and 13th centuries.

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Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition that evolved out of the practices, liturgy and identity of the Church of England following the Protestant Reformation.

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Anglo-Catholicism

The terms Anglo-Catholicism, Anglican Catholicism, and Catholic Anglicanism refer to people, beliefs and practices within Anglicanism that emphasise the Catholic heritage and identity of the various Anglican churches.

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Anglo-Saxon architecture

Anglo-Saxon architecture was a period in the history of architecture in England, and parts of Wales, from the mid-5th century until the Norman Conquest of 1066.

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Ani

Ani (Անի; Ἄνιον, Ánion; Abnicum; ანი, Ani, or ანისი, Anisi; Ani) is a ruined medieval Armenian city now situated in Turkey's province of Kars, next to the closed border with Armenia.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen, Anvers) is a city in Belgium, and is the capital of Antwerp province in Flanders.

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Apse

In architecture, an apse (plural apses; from Latin absis: "arch, vault" from Greek ἀψίς apsis "arch"; sometimes written apsis, plural apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an Exedra.

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Aragon

Aragon (or, Spanish and Aragón, Aragó or) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.

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Archbishop of Canterbury

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury.

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Architectural style

An architectural style is characterized by the features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable.

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Architecture of cathedrals and great churches

The architecture of cathedrals, basilicas and abbey churches is characterised by the buildings' large scale and follows one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that all ultimately derive from the Early Christian architectural traditions established in the Constantinian period.

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Archivolt

An archivolt (or voussure) is an ornamental molding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch.

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Arcisse de Caumont

Arcisse de Caumont (20 August 1801, Bayeux – 16 April 1873) was a French historian and archaeologist.

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Arléa

Arléa is a French publishing house created in 1986.

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Armenia

Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Armenian architecture

Armenian architecture comprises architectural works with an aesthetic or historical connection to the Armenian people.

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Armenians

Armenians (հայեր, hayer) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands.

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Arnoldo Mondadori Editore

Arnoldo Mondadori Editore is the biggest publishing company in Italy.

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Art History (journal)

Art History, journal of the Association for Art History, is an international forum for peer-reviewed scholarship and innovative research.

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August Schmarsow

August Schmarsow (26 May 1853, Schildfeld – 19 January 1936, Baden-Baden) was a German art historian.

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Auguste Choisy

Auguste Choisy (7 February 1841 – 18 September 1909) was a French architectural historian and author of Histoire de l'Architecture.

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Augustus Pugin

Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1 March 181214 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist, and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture.

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Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.

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Austria

Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.

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Autun Cathedral

The Cathedral of Saint Lazarus of Autun (Cathédrale Saint-Lazare d'Autun), commonly known as Autun Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Autun and a national monument of France.

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Île-de-France

Île-de-France ("Island of France"), also known as the région parisienne ("Parisian Region"), is one of the 18 regions of France and includes the city of Paris.

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Bad Wimpfen

is a historic spa town in the district of Heilbronn in the Baden-Württemberg region of southern Germany.

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Balearic Islands

The Balearic Islands (Illes Balears,; Islas Baleares) are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Banister Fletcher (junior)

Sir Banister Flight Fletcher (15 February 1866, London – 17 August 1953, London) was an English architect and architectural historian, as was his father, also named Banister Fletcher.

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Barcelona

Barcelona is a city in Spain.

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Baroque architecture

Baroque architecture is the building style of the Baroque era, begun in late 16th-century Italy, that took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion, often to express the triumph of the Catholic Church.

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Basilica

A basilica is a type of building, usually a church, that is typically rectangular with a central nave and aisles, usually with a slightly raised platform and an apse at one or both ends.

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Basilica of Santa Maria, Alicante

The Basilica of Santa Maria is the oldest active church in Alicante, Spain.

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Basilica of St Denis

The Basilica of Saint Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris.

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Batalha Monastery

The Monastery of Batalha (Mosteiro da Batalha), literally the Monastery of the Battle, is a Dominican convent in the municipality of Batalha, in the district of Leiria, in the Centro Region of Portugal.

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Bath Abbey

The Abbey Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Bath, commonly known as Bath Abbey, is an Anglican parish church and a former Benedictine monastery and a proto (former) Co-cathedral in Bath, Somerset, England.

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Bayeux Cathedral

Bayeux Cathedral, also known as Cathedral of Our Lady of Bayeux (French: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Bayeux), is a Roman Catholic church located in the town of Bayeux in Normandy, France.

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Beauvais Cathedral

The Cathedral of Saint Peter of Beauvais (Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais) is a Roman Catholic church in the northern town of Beauvais, France.

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Belfry of Bruges

The Belfry of Bruges (Belfort van Brugge) is a medieval bell tower in the centre of Bruges, Belgium.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.

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Berkeley, California

Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California.

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Bernay, Eure

Bernay is a commune in the west of the Eure department about 50km from Évreux in northern France.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, "the books") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans.

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Bishop

A bishop (English derivation from the New Testament of the Christian Bible Greek επίσκοπος, epískopos, "overseer", "guardian") is an ordained, consecrated, or appointed member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.

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Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

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Bourges

Bourges is a city in central France on the Yèvre river.

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Bourges Cathedral

Bourges Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Bourges) is a Roman Catholic church located in Bourges, France.

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Brick Gothic

Brick Gothic (Backsteingotik, Gotyk ceglany, Baksteengotiek) is a specific style of Gothic architecture common in Northwest and Central Europe especially in the regions in and around the Baltic Sea, which do not have resources of standing rock, but in many places a lot of glacial boulders.

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Bruges

Bruges (Brugge; Bruges; Brügge) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.

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Brussels Town Hall

The Town Hall (Hôtel de Ville, Dutch) of the City of Brussels is a Gothic building from the Middle Ages.

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Burgos Cathedral

The Cathedral of Saint Mary of Burgos (Catedral de Santa María de Burgos) is a Catholic church dedicated to the Virgin Mary located in the Spanish city of Burgos.

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Burgundy

Burgundy (Bourgogne) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France.

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Buttress

A buttress is an architectural structure built against or projecting from a wall which serves to support or reinforce the wall.

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Ca' d'Oro

The Palazzo Santa Sofia is a palace on the Grand Canal in Venice, northern Italy.

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Caen

Caen (Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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Cambridge

Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam approximately north of London.

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Camille Enlart

Camille Enlart (22 November 1862 at Boulogne-sur-Mer - 14 February 1927 at Paris) was a French archaeologist and art historian.

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Canterbury

Canterbury is a historic English cathedral city and UNESCO World Heritage Site, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, England.

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Canterbury Cathedral

Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, Kent, is one of the oldest and most famous Christian structures in England.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty, also known as the House of France, is a dynasty of Frankish origin, founded by Hugh Capet.

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Capetian House of Anjou

The Capetian House of Anjou was a royal house and cadet branch of the direct French House of Capet, part of the Capetian dynasty.

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Carcassonne

Carcassonne (Carcaso) is a French fortified city in the department of Aude, in the region of Occitanie.

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Carlisle Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, otherwise called Carlisle Cathedral, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Carlisle.

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Carolingian architecture

Carolingian architecture is the style of north European Pre-Romanesque architecture belonging to the period of the Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8th and 9th centuries, when the Carolingian dynasty dominated west European politics.

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Carolingian art

Carolingian art comes from the Frankish Empire in the period of roughly 120 years from about 780 to 900—during the reign of Charlemagne and his immediate heirs—popularly known as the Carolingian Renaissance.

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Carpenter Gothic

Carpenter Gothic, also sometimes called Carpenter's Gothic, and Rural Gothic, is a North American architectural style-designation for an application of Gothic Revival architectural detailing and picturesque massing applied to wooden structures built by house-carpenters.

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Carthusians

The Carthusian Order (Ordo Cartusiensis), also called the Order of Saint Bruno, is a Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics.

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Casale Monferrato

Casale Monferrato is a town in the Piedmont region in Italy, in the province of Alessandria.

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Cass Gilbert

Cass Gilbert (November 24, 1859 – May 17, 1934) was a prominent American architect.

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Cast iron

Cast iron is a group of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2%.

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Castelló Cathedral

The Co-cathedral of Saint Mary (Cocatedral de Santa Maria, Concatedral de Santa María) is the cathedral of Castelló de la Plana, located in the ''comarca'' of Plana Alta, in the Valencian Community, Spain.

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Castle

A castle (from castellum) is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages by predominantly the nobility or royalty and by military orders.

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Catalan Gothic

Catalan Gothic is an artistic style, with particular characteristics in the field of architecture.

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Catenary arch

A catenary arch is a type of architectural pointed arch that follows an inverted catenary curve.

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Cathedral

A cathedral is a Christian church which contains the seat of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate.

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Cathedral of Ani

Cathedral of Ani (Անիի մայր տաճար, Anii mayr tačar; Ani Katedrali) is the largest standing building in Ani, capital of medieval Bagratid Armenia, located in present-day eastern Turkey, on the border with modern Armenia.

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Cathedral of La Plata

The Cathedral of La Plata in La Plata, Argentina, dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, is the 58th tallest church in the world.

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Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe, Zamora

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Guadalupe is a gothic revival Catholic cathedral located in Zamora, Michoacán, Mexico.

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Cathedral of Saint John the Divine

The Cathedral of Saint John the Divine is the cathedral of the Episcopal Diocese of New York.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Córdoba, Spain

Córdoba, also called Cordoba or Cordova in English, is a city in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

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Cefalù Cathedral

The Cathedral of Cefalù (Duomo di Cefalù) is a Roman Catholic basilica in Cefalù, Sicily.

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Cengage

Cengage is an educational content, technology, and services company for the higher education, K-12, professional, and library markets worldwide.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is the region comprising the central part of Europe.

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Central, Hong Kong

Central (also Central District) is the central business district of Hong Kong.

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Charles Barry

Sir Charles Barry (23 May 1795 – 12 May 1860) was an English architect, best known for his role in the rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster (also known as the Houses of Parliament) in London during the mid-19th century, but also responsible for numerous other buildings and gardens.

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Charles University

Charles University, known also as Charles University in Prague (Univerzita Karlova; Universitas Carolina; Karls-Universität) or historically as the University of Prague (Universitas Pragensis), is the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic. Founded in 1348, it was the first university in Central Europe. It is one of the oldest universities in Europe in continuous operation and ranks in the upper 1.5 percent of the world’s best universities. Its seal shows its protector Emperor Charles IV, with his coats of arms as King of the Romans and King of Bohemia, kneeling in front of St. Wenceslas, the patron saint of Bohemia. It is surrounded by the inscription, Sigillum Universitatis Scolarium Studii Pragensis (Seal of the Prague academia).

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Chartres Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres), is a Roman Catholic church of the Latin Church located in Chartres, France, about southwest of Paris.

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Château

A château (plural châteaux; in both cases) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally—and still most frequently—in French-speaking regions.

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Château d'Étampes

The Château d'Étampes was a castle in the town of Étampes in the départment of Essonne, France.

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Chilion Jones

Chilion Jones (October 10, 1835– April 1, 1912) was the business partner of architect Thomas Fuller in nineteenth-century Canada.

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Choir (architecture)

A choir, also sometimes called quire, is the area of a church or cathedral that provides seating for the clergy and church choir.

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Christ Church, Oxford

Christ Church (Ædes Christi, the temple or house, ædēs, of Christ, and thus sometimes known as "The House") is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England.

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Christ in Majesty

Christ in Majesty or Christ in Glory (Maiestas Domini) is the Christian image of Christ seated on a throne as ruler of the world, always seen frontally in the centre of the composition, and often flanked by other sacred figures, whose membership changes over time and according to the context.

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Christian cross variants

This is a list of Christian cross variants.

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Christopher Wren

Sir Christopher Wren PRS FRS (–) was an English anatomist, astronomer, geometer, and mathematician-physicist, as well as one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history.

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Church of Our Lady before Týn

The Church of Mother of God before Týn (in Czech Kostel Matky Boží před Týnem, also Týnský chrám (Týn Church) or just Týn), often translated as Church of Our Lady before Týn, is a gothic church and a dominant feature of the Old Town of Prague, Czech Republic.

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Church of St. Ouen, Rouen

Saint-Ouen Abbey Church, also referred in English as Saint-Owen Abbey Church (Abbatiale Saint-Ouen), is a large Gothic Roman Catholic church in Rouen, Normandy, France.

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Cistercians

A Cistercian is a member of the Cistercian Order (abbreviated as OCist, SOCist ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis), or ‘’’OCSO’’’ (Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae), which are religious orders of monks and nuns. They are also known as “Trappists”; as Bernardines, after the highly influential St. Bernard of Clairvaux (though that term is also used of the Franciscan Order in Poland and Lithuania); or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of the "cuccula" or white choir robe worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cuccula worn by Benedictine monks. The original emphasis of Cistercian life was on manual labour and self-sufficiency, and many abbeys have traditionally supported themselves through activities such as agriculture and brewing ales. Over the centuries, however, education and academic pursuits came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking to restore the simpler lifestyle of the original Cistercians began in 17th-century France at La Trappe Abbey, leading eventually to the Holy See’s reorganization in 1892 of reformed houses into a single order Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (OCSO), commonly called the Trappists. Cistercians who did not observe these reforms became known as the Cistercians of the Original Observance. The term Cistercian (French Cistercien), derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the village of Cîteaux, near Dijon in eastern France. It was in this village that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of Molesme founded Cîteaux Abbey in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were Robert of Molesme, Alberic of Cîteaux and the English monk Stephen Harding, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions and helped the rapid proliferation of the order. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout France and into England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Eastern Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Rule of St Benedict. Rejecting the developments the Benedictines had undergone, the monks tried to replicate monastic life exactly as it had been in Saint Benedict's time; indeed in various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature in the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. Cistercian architecture is considered one of the most beautiful styles of medieval architecture. Additionally, in relation to fields such as agriculture, hydraulic engineering and metallurgy, the Cistercians became the main force of technological diffusion in medieval Europe. The Cistercians were adversely affected in England by the Protestant Reformation, the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII, the French Revolution in continental Europe, and the revolutions of the 18th century, but some survived and the order recovered in the 19th century.

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City-state

A city-state is a sovereign state, also described as a type of small independent country, that usually consists of a single city and its dependent territories.

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Clerestory

In architecture, a clerestory (lit. clear storey, also clearstory, clearstorey, or overstorey) is a high section of wall that contains windows above eye level.

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Cluniac Reforms

The Cluniac Reforms (also called the Benedictine Reform) were a series of changes within medieval monasticism of the Western Church focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor.

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Cluny

Cluny is a commune in the eastern French department of Saône-et-Loire, in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

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Collegiate Gothic

Collegiate Gothic is an architectural style subgenre of Gothic Revival architecture, popular in the late-19th and early-20th centuries for college and high school buildings in the United States and Canada, and to a certain extent Europe.

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Collegio di Spagna

The Collegio di Spagna (Royal Spanish College or Royal College of Spain in Bologna) (officially Real Colegio Mayor de San Clemente de los Españoles) is a college for Spanish students at the University of Bologna, Italy, which has been functioning since the 14th century.

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Collegium Maius

The Collegium Maius (Latin for "Great College") located in Kraków Old Town, Poland, is the Jagiellonian University's oldest building, dating back to the 14th century.

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Cologne

Cologne (Köln,, Kölle) is the largest city in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth most populated city in Germany (after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich).

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Cologne Cathedral

Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus, English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Northrhine-Westfalia, Germany.

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Column

A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.

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Conciergerie

The Conciergerie is a building in Paris, France, located on the west of the Île de la Cité (literally "Island of the City"), formerly a prison but presently used mostly for law courts.

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Connecticut

Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.

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Crown of Aragon

The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.

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Crows Nest, New South Wales

Crows Nest is a suburb on the lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

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Crusades

The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

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Cyprus

Cyprus (Κύπρος; Kıbrıs), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.

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Czech Gothic architecture

Czech Gothic architecture refers to the architectural period primarily of the Late Middle Ages in the area of the present-day Czech Republic (former Crown of Bohemia, primarily consisting of the Kingdom of Bohemia and Margraviate of Moravia).

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Czech lands

The Czech lands or the Bohemian lands (České země) are the three historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia.

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Czech Republic

The Czech Republic (Česká republika), also known by its short-form name Czechia (Česko), is a landlocked country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast.

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Denis

Saint Denis was a legendary 3rd-century Christian martyr and saint.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark), officially the Kingdom of Denmark,Kongeriget Danmark,.

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Dionysius the Areopagite

Saint Dionysius the Areopagite (Greek Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης) was a judge at the court Areopagus in Athens who lived in the first century AD.

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Doge's Palace

The Doge's Palace (Palazzo Ducale; Pałaso Dogal) is a palace built in Venetian Gothic style, and one of the main landmarks of the city of Venice in northern Italy.

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Dominican Order

The Order of Preachers (Ordo Praedicatorum, postnominal abbreviation OP), also known as the Dominican Order, is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic of Caleruega in France, approved by Pope Honorius III via the Papal bull Religiosam vitam on 22 December 1216.

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Down Cathedral

Down Cathedral, the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, is a Church of Ireland cathedral located in the town of Downpatrick in Northern Ireland.

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Duchy of Normandy

The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Rollo, leader of the Vikings.

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Duclair

Duclair is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

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Duke

A duke (male) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of royalty or nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch.

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Durham Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly known as Durham Cathedral and home of the Shrine of St Cuthbert, is a cathedral in the city of Durham, United Kingdom, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham.

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.

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Early modern France

The Kingdom of France in the early modern period, from the Renaissance (circa 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch).

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East Anglia

East Anglia is a geographical area in the East of England.

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East Prussia

East Prussia (Ostpreußen,; Prusy Wschodnie; Rytų Prūsija; Borussia orientalis; Восточная Пруссия) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.

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Ecclesiology

In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of the Christian Church, the origins of Christianity, its relationship to Jesus, its role in salvation, its polity, its discipline, its destiny, and its leadership.

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Edmund Blacket

Edmund Thomas Blacket (25 August 1817 – 9 February 1883) was an Australian architect, best known for his designs for the University of Sydney, St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney and St. Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn.

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El Fadrí

El Fadrí, also known as the Fadri Tower, is a standing alone bell-tower of the Gothic procathedral Castelló Cathedral of Castellón de la Plana, Spain.

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Elsevier

Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.

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Ely Cathedral

Ely Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in the city of Ely, Cambridgeshire, England.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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English Civil War

The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") over, principally, the manner of England's governance.

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English Gothic architecture

English Gothic is an architectural style originating in France, before then flourishing in England from about 1180 until about 1520.

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Equilateral triangle

In geometry, an equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal.

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Erwin Panofsky

Erwin Panofsky (March 30, 1892 in Hannover – March 14, 1968 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a German-Jewish art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the Nazi regime.

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Eugène Viollet-le-Duc

Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (27 January 1814 – 17 September 1879) was a French architect and author who restored many prominent medieval landmarks in France, including those which had been damaged or abandoned during the French Revolution.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Exeter Cathedral

Exeter Cathedral, properly known as the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter in Exeter, is an Anglican cathedral, and the seat of the Bishop of Exeter, in the city of Exeter, Devon, in South West England.

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Famagusta

Famagusta (Αμμόχωστος; Mağusa, or Gazimağusa) is a city on the east coast of Cyprus.

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Far East

The Far East is a geographical term in English that usually refers to East Asia (including Northeast Asia), the Russian Far East (part of North Asia), and Southeast Asia.

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Feltham

Feltham is a large town in the London Borough of Hounslow, west London, England, west of Twickenham, south-west of Hounslow and north of Walton-on-Thames.

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Feudalism

Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries.

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Filarete

Antonio di Pietro Averlino (c. 1400 – c. 1469), also "Averulino", known as Filarete (from φιλάρετος, meaning "lover of excellence"), was a Florentine Renaissance architect, sculptor, medallist, and architectural theorist.

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Filippo Brunelleschi

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – April 15, 1446) was an Italian designer and a key figure in architecture, recognised to be the first modern engineer, planner and sole construction supervisor.

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Flamboyant

Flamboyant (from French flamboyant, "flaming") is the name given to a florid style of late Gothic architecture in vogue in France from about 1350, until it was superseded by Renaissance architecture during the early 16th century.

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Flanders

Flanders (Vlaanderen, Flandre, Flandern) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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Florence Cathedral

Florence Cathedral, formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore (in English "Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Flower") is the cathedral of Florence, Italy, or Il Duomo di Firenze, in Italian.

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Flying buttress

The flying buttress (arc-boutant, arch buttress) is a specific form of buttress composed of an arched structure that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from vaulted ceilings of stone and from wind-loading on roofs.

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Fortification

A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare; and is also used to solidify rule in a region during peacetime.

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Four-centred arch

A four-centred arch, also known as a depressed arch or Tudor arch, is a low, wide type of arch with a pointed apex.

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François Rabelais

François Rabelais (between 1483 and 1494 – 9 April 1553) was a French Renaissance writer, physician, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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Francis of Assisi

Saint Francis of Assisi (San Francesco d'Assisi), born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, informally named as Francesco (1181/11823 October 1226), was an Italian Catholic friar, deacon and preacher.

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Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders within the Catholic Church, founded in 1209 by Saint Francis of Assisi.

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Franks

The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum) were a collection of Germanic peoples, whose name was first mentioned in 3rd century Roman sources, associated with tribes on the Lower and Middle Rhine in the 3rd century AD, on the edge of the Roman Empire.

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Franz Mertens

Franz Mertens (20 March 1840 – 5 March 1927) (also Franciszek Mertens) was a Polish mathematician.

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Freiburg im Breisgau

Freiburg im Breisgau (Alemannic: Friburg im Brisgau; Fribourg-en-Brisgau) is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, with a population of about 220,000.

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Freiburg Minster

Freiburg Minster (Freiburger Münster or Münster Unserer Lieben Frau) is the cathedral of Freiburg im Breisgau, southwest Germany.

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French Gothic architecture

French Gothic architecture is a style of architecture prevalent in France from 1140 until about 1500.

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French language

French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French people

The French (Français) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France.

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Fresco

Fresco (plural frescos or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, or wet lime plaster.

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Gable

A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches.

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Gandia

Gandia (Gandía) is a city and municipality in the Valencian Community, Eastern Spain on the Mediterranean.

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Gare do Oriente

Gare do Oriente, or alternately, the Lisbon Oriente Station is one of the main Portuguese intermodal transport hubs, and is situated in the civil parish of Parque das Nações, municipality of Lisbon.

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Gargoyle

In architecture, a gargoyle is a carved or formed grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between.

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Gatehouse

A gatehouse is a building enclosing or accompanying a gateway for a town, religious house, castle, manor house, or other buildings of importance.

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Gaul

Gaul (Latin: Gallia) was a region of Western Europe during the Iron Age that was inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine.

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Gdańsk

Gdańsk (Danzig) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast.

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Genevieve

Saint Genevieve (Sainte Geneviève; Sancta Genovefa, Genoveva; from Gaullish geno "race, lineage" and uida "sage") (Nanterre, 419/422 AD – Paris 502/512 AD), is the patron saint of Paris in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions.

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Georg Dehio

Georg Gottfried Julius Dehio (November 22, 1850 in Reval (now Tallinn), Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire – March 21, 1932 in Tübingen), was a Baltic German art historian.

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George Gilbert Scott

Sir George Gilbert Scott (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), styled Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia (tr) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia.

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Germany

Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.

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Giannozzo Manetti

Giannozzo Manetti (1396 – 1459) was an Italian politician and diplomat from Florence, who was also a humanist scholar of the early Italian Renaissance.

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Giorgio Vasari

Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.

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Girona

Girona (Gerona; Gérone) is a city in Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the rivers Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell and has an official population of 99,013 as of January 2017.

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Glasgow Cathedral

Glasgow Cathedral, also called the High Kirk of Glasgow or St Kentigern's or St Mungo's Cathedral, is today a gathering of the Church of Scotland in Glasgow.

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Gloucester

Gloucester is a city and district in Gloucestershire, England, of which it is the county town.

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Gloucester Cathedral

Gloucester Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of St Peter and the Holy and Indivisible Trinity, in Gloucester, England, stands in the north of the city near the River Severn.

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Gothic

Gothic may refer to.

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Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

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Gothic architecture in modern Poland

The Gothic style arrived in Poland in the first half of the 13th century with the arrival of members of the Dominican and Franciscan orders.

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Gothic Revival architecture

Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England.

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Gothic secular and domestic architecture

Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period.

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Gothicmed

Gothicmed is a European Union project carried out within the Culture 2000 programme and headed by the Ministry of Culture of the regional government of Valencia (Valencian Community), Spain.

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Goths

The Goths (Gut-þiuda; Gothi) were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire through the long series of Gothic Wars and in the emergence of Medieval Europe.

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Great hall

A great hall is the main room of a royal palace, nobleman's castle or a large manor house or hall house in the Middle Ages, and continued to be built in the country houses of the 16th and early 17th centuries, although by then the family used the great chamber for eating and relaxing.

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Great Mosque of Kairouan

The Great Mosque of Kairouan (جامع القيروان الأكبر), also known as the Mosque of Uqba (جامع عقبة بن نافع), is a mosque in Tunisia, situated in the UNESCO World Heritage town of Kairouan.

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Great Mosque of Samarra

The Great Mosque of Samarra is a ninth-century mosque located in Samarra, Iraq.

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Guild

A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area.

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Hall church

A hall church is a church with nave and side aisles of approximately equal height, often united under a single immense roof.

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Hamlyn (publishers)

Hamlyn is a UK publishing company founded by Paul Hamlyn in 1950 with an initial investment of £350.

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Hammerbeam roof

A hammerbeam roof is a decorative, open timber roof truss typical of English Gothic architecture and has been called "...the most spectacular endeavour of the English Medieval carpenter." They are traditionally timber framed, using short beams projecting from the wall on which the rafters land, essentially a tie beam which has the middle cut out.

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Hans Sedlmayr

Hans Sedlmayr (18 January 1896, in Szarvkő, Kingdom of Hungary – 9 July 1984, in Salzburg) was an Austrian art historian.

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Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League (Middle Low German: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; Standard German: Deutsche Hanse; Latin: Hansa Teutonica) was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe.

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Henri Focillon

Henri Focillon (7 September 1881 – 3 March 1943) was a French art historian.

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Henri Sanglier

Henri Sanglier (1085–1142 or 1144) was a French Roman Catholic bishop.

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Henry VII Chapel

The Henry VII Lady Chapel, now more often known just as the Henry VII Chapel, is a large Lady chapel at the far eastern end of Westminster Abbey, paid for by the will of Henry VII.

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Hierarchy of angels

A hierarchy of angels is a belief or tradition found in the angelology of different religions, which holds that there are different levels or ranks of angels.

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High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that commenced around 1000 AD and lasted until around 1250 AD.

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High Victorian Gothic

High Victorian Gothic was an eclectic architectural style and movement during the mid-late 19th century.

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History of architecture

The history of architecture traces the changes in architecture through various traditions, regions, overarching stylistic trends, and dates.

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History of Islam in southern Italy

The history of Islam in Sicily and Southern Italy began with the first Muslim settlement in Sicily, at Mazara, which was captured in 827.

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Hohenstaufen

The Staufer, also known as the House of Staufen, or of Hohenstaufen, were a dynasty of German kings (1138–1254) during the Middle Ages.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

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Horace Walpole

Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (24 September 1717 – 2 March 1797), also known as Horace Walpole, was an English art historian, man of letters, antiquarian and Whig politician.

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Hospital

A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.

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House of Lusignan

The House of Lusignan was a royal house of French origin, which at various times ruled several principalities in Europe and the Levant, including the kingdoms of Jerusalem, Cyprus, and Armenia, from the 12th through the 15th centuries during the Middle Ages.

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House of Plantagenet

The House of Plantagenet was a royal house which originated from the lands of Anjou in France.

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Hugh Casson

Sir Hugh Maxwell Casson (23 May 1910, Hampstead, London – 15 August 1999, Chelsea, London) was an English architect, interior designer, artist, and writer and broadcaster on 20th-century design.

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Hungary

Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.

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Huns

The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, between the 4th and 6th century AD.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.

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Iglesia de San Pablo, Valladolid

The Iglesia conventual de San Pablo or San Pablo de Valladolid is a church and former convent, of Isabelline style, in the city of Valladolid, in Castile and León, Spain.

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Internet Archive

The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and nearly three million public-domain books.

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic.

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Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day.

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Italian Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture appeared in Italy in the 12th century.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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J. M. Dent

Joseph Malaby Dent (30 August 1849 – 9 May 1926) was a British book publisher who produced the Everyman's Library series.

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Jacques Cœur

Jacques Cœur (in Bourges – 25 November 1456 in Chios), was a French merchant, one of the founders of the trade between France and the Levant.

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Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.

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Jean Bony

Jean Victor Edmond Paul Marie Bony (1908-1995) was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cambridge and fellow of St John's College, 1958–61, and professor of art at the University of California at Berkeley, 1962-1980.

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German writer and statesman.

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Johannes Vetter

Johannes Vetter (born 26 March 1993) is a German track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw.

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John the Apostle

John the Apostle (ܝܘܚܢܢ ܫܠܝܚܐ; יוחנן בן זבדי; Koine Greek: Ιωάννης; ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ or ⲓⲱ̅ⲁ; Latin: Ioannes) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament, which refers to him as Ἰωάννης.

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Jules Quicherat

Jules Étienne Joseph Quicherat (13 October 1814 – 8 April 1882) was a French historian and archaeologist.

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Jumièges Abbey

Jumièges Abbey was a Benedictine monastery, situated in the commune of Jumièges in the Seine-Maritime département, in Normandy, France.

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Kairouan

Kairouan (القيروان, also known as al-Qayrawan), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia.

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Karamagara Bridge

The Karamagara Bridge (Karamağara Köprüsü, "Bridge of the Black Cave") is a Byzantine or late Roman bridge in the ancient region of Cappadocia in eastern Turkey, and possibly the earliest known pointed arch bridge.

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Karolinum

Karolinum (formerly Latin: Collegium Carolinum, in Czech Karlova kolej) is a complex of buildings located in the Old Town of the City of Prague.

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Keble College, Oxford

Keble College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England.

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King

King, or King Regnant is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.

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King's College Chapel, Cambridge

King's College Chapel is the chapel at King's College in the University of Cambridge.

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King's College, Cambridge

King's College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England.

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Kingdom of Castile

The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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Kingdom of Cyprus

The Kingdom of Cyprus was a Crusader state that existed between 1192 and 1489.

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England (French: Royaume d'Angleterre; Danish: Kongeriget England; German: Königreich England) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from the 10th century—when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms—until 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.

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Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920).

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Kingdom of Navarre

The Kingdom of Navarre (Nafarroako Erresuma, Reino de Navarra, Royaume de Navarre, Regnum Navarrae), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona (Iruñeko Erresuma), was a Basque-based kingdom that occupied lands on either side of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean between present-day Spain and France.

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Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)

The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) was the Polish state from the coronation of the first King Bolesław I the Brave in 1025 to the union with Lithuania and the rule of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1385.

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Kingdom of Portugal

The Kingdom of Portugal (Regnum Portugalliae, Reino de Portugal) was a monarchy on the Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of modern Portugal.

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Kingdom of Scotland

The Kingdom of Scotland (Rìoghachd na h-Alba; Kinrick o Scotland) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843.

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Kingdom of Sicily

The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae, Regno di Sicilia, Regnu di Sicilia, Regne de Sicília, Reino de Sicilia) was a state that existed in the south of the Italian peninsula and for a time Africa from its founding by Roger II in 1130 until 1816.

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Kingdom of Valencia

The Kingdom of Valencia (Regne de València,; Reino de Valencia; Regnum Valentiae), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon.

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Knights Templar

The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar or simply as Templars, were a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See.

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise

L'Hôpital-Saint-Blaise is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in south-western France.

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La Chaise-Dieu

La Chaise-Dieu (Auvergnat: La Chasa Dieu) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.

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Labours of the Months

The term Labours of the Months refers to cycles in Medieval and early Renaissance art depicting in twelve scenes the rural activities that commonly took place in the months of the year.

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Lambeth Palace

Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury in England, in north Lambeth, on the south bank of the River Thames, 400 yards south-east of the Palace of Westminster, which houses the Houses of Parliament, on the opposite bank.

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Lancet window

A lancet window is a tall, narrow window with a pointed arch at its top.

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Laon Cathedral

Laon Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Laon) is a Roman Catholic church located in Laon, Picardy, France.

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Last Judgment

The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or The Day of the Lord (Hebrew Yom Ha Din) (יום הדין) or in Arabic Yawm al-Qiyāmah (یوم القيامة) or Yawm ad-Din (یوم الدین) is part of the eschatological world view of the Abrahamic religions and in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.

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Late Middle Ages

The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD.

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León Cathedral

Santa María de León Cathedral, also called The House of Light or the Pulchra Leonina is situated in the city of León in north-western Spain.

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Lessay

Lessay is a commune in the Manche department in north-western France.

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Lessay Abbey

The Abbey of the Holy Trinity (Abbaye de la Sainte-Trinité) is an 11th century Romanesque Benedictine Abbey church located in Lessay, Manche, France, then in Normandy.

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Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in Central Europe.

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Limestone

Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.

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Limoges Cathedral

Limoges Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Limoges) is a Roman Catholic church located in Limoges, France.

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Lincoln Cathedral

Lincoln Cathedral or the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Lincoln, and sometimes St.

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List of Gothic architecture

This is a list of buildings which are representatives of Gothic architecture.

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Liverpool Cathedral

Liverpool Cathedral is the Church of England Cathedral of the Diocese of Liverpool, built on St James's Mount in Liverpool and is the seat of the Bishop of Liverpool.

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Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects

The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Le Vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori, e architettori), also known as The Lives (Le Vite), is a series of artist biographies written by 16th-century Italian painter and architect Giorgio Vasari, which is considered "perhaps the most famous, and even today the most-read work of the older literature of art", "some of the Italian Renaissance's most influential writing on art", and "the first important book on art history".

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Llotja de la Seda

The Llotja de la Seda (Lonja de la Seda, English "Silk Exchange") is a late Valencian Gothic-style civil building in Valencia, Spain.

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Lodi Vecchio

Lodi Vecchio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy, which is located about southeast of Milan and about west of Lodi.

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Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lumbardia, pronounced: (Western Lombard), (Eastern Lombard)) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of.

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London

London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.

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Longman

Longman, commonly known as Pearson Longman, is a publishing company founded in London, England, in 1724 and is owned by Pearson PLC.

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Louis Grodecki

Louis Grodecki (18 July 1910, Warsaw – 28 March 1982, Paris) was a French art historian.

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Low Countries

The Low Countries or, in the geographic sense of the term, the Netherlands (de Lage Landen or de Nederlanden, les Pays Bas) is a coastal region in northwestern Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level.

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Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxembourg, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe.

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Malbork Castle

The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (zamek w Malborku; Ordensburg Marienburg) was built in the 13th century in Prussia and is currently located near the town of Malbork, Poland.

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Mallorca

Mallorca, or Majorca, is the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean.

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Manresa

Manresa is the capital of the Comarca of Bages, located in the geographic centre of Catalonia, Spain, and crossed by the river Cardener.

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Mantua

Mantua (Mantova; Emilian and Latin: Mantua) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name.

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Marcel Aubert

Marcel Aubert (April 9, 1884 – December 28, 1962) was a French art historian.

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Market (economics)

A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.

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Mary Magdalene

Saint Mary Magdalene, sometimes called simply the Magdalene, was a Jewish woman who, according to the four canonical gospels, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers and was a witness to his crucifixion, burial, and resurrection.

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Mary, mother of Jesus

Mary was a 1st-century BC Galilean Jewish woman of Nazareth, and the mother of Jesus, according to the New Testament and the Quran.

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Max Dvořák

Max Dvořák (4 June 1874, Roudnice nad Labem, Bohemia – 8 February 1921, Hrušovany nad Jevišovkou, Czechoslovakia) was a Czech-born Austrian art historian.

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Medieval architecture

Medieval architecture is architecture common in the Middle Ages.

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Medievalism

Medievalism is the system of belief and practice characteristic of the Middle Ages, or devotion to elements of that period, which has been expressed in areas such as architecture, literature, music, art, philosophy, scholarship, and various vehicles of popular culture.

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Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.

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Mexico

Mexico (México; Mēxihco), officially called the United Mexican States (Estados Unidos Mexicanos) is a federal republic in the southern portion of North America.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Milan Cathedral

Milan Cathedral (Duomo di Milano; Lombard: Domm de Milan) is the cathedral church of Milan, Lombardy, Italy.

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Modena Cathedral

Modena Cathedral (Cattedrale Metropolitana di Santa Maria Assunta e San Geminiano but colloquially known as simply Duomo di Modena) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Modena, Italy, dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and Saint Geminianus.

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Molière

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, known by his stage name Molière (15 January 162217 February 1673), was a French playwright, actor and poet, widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the French language and universal literature.

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Monastery

A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits).

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Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba

The Monastery of Sant Jeroni de Cotalba (San Jerónimo de Cotalba, "Saint Jerome of Cotalba") is a monastic building of Valencian Gothic, Mudéjar, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical styles constructed between the 14th and 18th centuries, located in the municipal area of Alfauir, (Valencia), Spain, about 8 km.

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Monastery of Santa María de la Valldigna

The Monastery of Santa Maria de Valldigna is located in Simat de la Valldigna (Valencia).

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Monreale

Monreale (Sicilian: Murriali) is a town and comune in the province of Palermo, in Sicily, Italy.

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Mont Saint-Michel

Mont-Saint-Michel (Norman: Mont Saint Miché) is an island commune in Normandy, France.

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Mosque of Cristo de la Luz

The Mosque of Cristo de la Luz is a former mosque in Toledo, Spain.

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Mosque of Ibn Tulun

The Mosque of Ibn Tulun (Masjid Ibn Ṭūlūn) is located in Cairo, Egypt.

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Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba), also known as the Great Mosque of Córdoba (Mezquita de Córdoba) and the Mezquita, whose ecclesiastical name is the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia.

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Mullion

A mullion is a vertical element that forms a division between units of a window, door, or screen, or is used decoratively.

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Mural

A mural is any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surface.

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Muslim conquest of the Levant

The Muslim conquest of the Levant (اَلْـفَـتْـحُ الْإٍسْـلَامِيُّ لِـلـشَّـامِ, Al-Faṫṫḥul-Islāmiyyuash-Shām) or Arab conquest of the Levant (اَلْـفَـتْـحُ الْـعَـرَبِيُّ لِـلـشَّـامِ, Al-Faṫṫḥul-ʿArabiyyu Lish-Shām) occurred in the first half of the 7th century,"Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the unified Islamic community (Ummah), consisting of all those who adhere to the religion of Islam, or to societies where Islam is practiced.

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Narthex

The narthex is an architectural element typical of early Christian and Byzantine basilicas and churches consisting of the entrance or lobby area, located at the west end of the nave, opposite the church's main altar.

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Navarre

Navarre (Navarra, Nafarroa; Navarra), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea), is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.

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Nave

The nave is the central aisle of a basilica church, or the main body of a church (whether aisled or not) between its rear wall and the far end of its intersection with the transept at the chancel.

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Near East

The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia.

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Neoclassical architecture

Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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New Jerusalem

In the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible, New Jerusalem (Jehovah-shammah, or " YHWH there") is Ezekiel's prophetic vision of a city centered on the rebuilt Holy Temple, the Third Temple, to be established in Jerusalem, which would be the capital of the Messianic Kingdom, the meeting place of the twelve tribes of Israel, during the Messianic era.

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New South Wales

New South Wales (abbreviated as NSW) is a state on the east coast of:Australia.

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New Testament

The New Testament (Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, trans. Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē; Novum Testamentum) is the second part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible.

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New York (state)

New York is a state in the northeastern United States.

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New York City

The City of New York, often called New York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Nicosia

Nicosia (Λευκωσία; Lefkoşa) is the largest city on the island of Cyprus.

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Nikortsminda Cathedral

Nikortsminda Cathedral (ნიკორწმინდის ტაძარი) is a Georgian Orthodox Church, located in Nikortsminda, Racha region of Georgia.

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Norman architecture

The term Norman architecture is used to categorise styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries.

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Norman conquest of southern Italy

The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1139, involving many battles and independent conquerors.

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Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture

The term Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture, Norman-Sicilian culture or, less inclusive, Norman-Arab culture, (sometimes referred to as the "Arab-Norman civilization") refers to the interaction of the Norman, Latin, Arab and Byzantine Greek cultures following the Norman conquest of Sicily and of Norman Africa from 1061 to around 1250.

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Normandy

Normandy (Normandie,, Norman: Normaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is one of the 18 regions of France, roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy.

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Northern Germany

Northern Germany (Norddeutschland) is the region in the north of Germany whose exact area is not precisely or consistently defined.

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Northern Hemisphere

The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.

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Norway

Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.

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Notes and Queries

Notes and Queries is a long-running quarterly scholarly journal that publishes short articles related to "English language and literature, lexicography, history, and scholarly antiquarianism".

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Notre Dame de Morienval

The Abbey of Notre Dame de Morienval (Our Lady of Morienval) or the Church of St.

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Notre-Dame de Paris

Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.

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Nova (TV series)

Nova (stylized NOVΛ) is an American popular science television series produced by WGBH Boston.

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Noyon Cathedral

Noyon Cathedral (Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Noyon) is a Roman Catholic church and former cathedral, located in Noyon, France.

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Oakland, California

Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States.

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Ogive

An ogive is the roundly tapered end of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional object.

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Old New Synagogue

The Old New Synagogue or Altneuschul (Staronová synagoga; Altneu-Synagoge) situated in Josefov, Prague, is Europe's oldest active synagogue.

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Old Testament

The Old Testament (abbreviated OT) is the first part of Christian Bibles, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible (or Tanakh), a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites believed by most Christians and religious Jews to be the sacred Word of God.

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Old Town Hall (Prague)

The Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, is one of the city's most visited monuments.

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Order of Saint Benedict

The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known as the Black Monksin reference to the colour of its members' habitsis a Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict.

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Orientation of churches

Within church architecture, orientation is an arrangement by which the point of main interest in the interior is towards the east (oriens).

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Orihuela Cathedral

Orihuela Cathedral (Catedral de Orihuela) is the main Roman Catholic church of Orihuela, Valencian Community, southern Spain.

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Orvieto Cathedral

Orvieto Cathedral (Duomo di Orvieto; Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta) is a large 14th-century Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary and situated in the town of Orvieto in Umbria, central Italy.

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Ottawa

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada.

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Ottonian architecture

Ottonian Architecture is an architectural style which evolved during the reign of Emperor Otto the Great.

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Oudenaarde Town Hall

The Town Hall (Dutch) of Oudenaarde, Belgium was built by architect Hendrik van Pede in 1526–1537 to replace the medieval Schepenhuis (Aldermen's House) that occupied the same site.

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Oxford

Oxford is a city in the South East region of England and the county town of Oxfordshire.

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Oxford Movement

The Oxford Movement was a movement of High Church members of the Church of England which eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.

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Palace

A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop.

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Palace of the Borgias

The Palace of the Borgias (officially and in Valencian, Palau de les Corts Valencianes, Palau de Benicarló or Palau dels Borja) is an aristocratic palace of Valencian Gothic and Renaissance styles located in the city of Valencia, Spain.

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Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite

The Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite or Royal Palace of Olite is a castle-palace in the town of Olite, in Navarre, Spain.

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Palace of Westminster

The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Palais des Papes

The Palais des Papes (English: Papal palace, lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan) is a historical palace located in Avignon, southern France.

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Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya

The Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya is a historic palace in Barcelona, Catalonia.

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Palazzo Pubblico

The Palazzo Pubblico (town hall) is a palace in Siena, Tuscany, central Italy.

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Palazzo Vecchio

The Palazzo Vecchio ("Old Palace") is the town hall of Florence, Italy.

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Palma de Mallorca

Palma de Mallorca, frequently used name for the city of Palma, is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands in Spain.

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Papal States

The Papal States, officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa,; Status Ecclesiasticus; also Dicio Pontificia), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope, from the 8th century until 1870.

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Paradise

Paradise is the term for a place of timeless harmony.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Parish church

A parish church (or parochial church) in Christianity is the church which acts as the religious centre of a parish.

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Parliament Hill

Parliament Hill (Colline du Parlement), colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

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Paul Frankl

Paul Frankl at his desk in the Marquand Art Library, Princeton, NJ.

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Pavilion Books

Pavilion Books Holdings Ltd is an English publishing company based in London.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor.

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Pejorative

A pejorative (also called a derogatory term, a slur, a term of abuse, or a term of disparagement) is a word or grammatical form expressing a negative connotation or a low opinion of someone or something, showing a lack of respect for someone or something.

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Pelican Books

Pelican Books is a non-fiction imprint of Penguin Books.

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Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: Pennsylvaani or Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Perpignan

Perpignan (Perpinyà) is a city, a commune, and the capital of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in southern France.

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Peter Bondanella

Peter Bondanella (1943-2017) was Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Italian, Comparative Literature, and Film Studies at Indiana University, United States.

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Peterborough

Peterborough is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 183,631 in 2011.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.

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Philadelphia Museum of Art

The Philadelphia Museum of Art is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.

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Picardy

Picardy (Picardie) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France.

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Pier (architecture)

A pier, in architecture, is an upright support for a structure or superstructure such as an arch or bridge.

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Pinnacle

A pinnacle is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap or crown of a buttress or small turret, but afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations.

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Pira Delal

Delal, Zakho Bridge, Pira Delal or Pirdí Delal ("The Bridge Delal" in Kurdish), informally known also as Pira Berî (stone bridge), is an ancient bridge over the Khabur river in the town of Zakho, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; German, Low German and North Germanic languages: Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland.

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Poor Man's Bible

The term Poor Man's Bible has come into use in modern times to describe works of art within churches and cathedrals which either individually or collectively have been created to illustrate the teachings of the Bible for a largely illiterate population.

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Portuguese Gothic architecture

Portuguese Gothic architecture is the architectural style prevalent in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages.

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Postmodern architecture

Postmodern architecture is a style or movement which emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

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Prague

Prague (Praha, Prag) is the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, the 14th largest city in the European Union and also the historical capital of Bohemia.

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Premonstratensians

The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré, also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), are a religious order of Canons regular of the Catholic Church founded in Prémontré near Laon in 1120 by Norbert of Xanten, who later became Archbishop of Magdeburg.

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Project Gutenberg

Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to "encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks".

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Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης), also known as Pseudo-Denys, was a Christian theologian and philosopher of the late 5th to early 6th century, who wrote a set of works known as the Corpus Areopagiticum or Corpus Dionysiacum.

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Purbeck Marble

Purbeck Marble is a fossiliferous limestone found in the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula in south-east Dorset, England.

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Radius

In classical geometry, a radius of a circle or sphere is any of the line segments from its center to its perimeter, and in more modern usage, it is also their length.

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Raqqa

Raqqa (الرقة; Kurdish: Reqa) also called Raqa, Rakka and Al-Raqqah is a city in Syria located on the northeast bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.

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Raymond Hood

Raymond Mathewson Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style.

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Rayonnant

In French Gothic architecture, Rayonnant was the period between c. 1240 and 1350, characterized by a shift in focus away from the High Gothic mode of utilizing great scale and spatial rationalism (such as with buildings like Chartres Cathedral or the nave of Amiens Cathedral) towards a greater concern for two dimensional surfaces and the repetition of decorative motifs at different scales.

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Regensburg

Regensburg (Castra-Regina;; Řezno; Ratisbonne; older English: Ratisbon; Bavarian: Rengschburg or Rengschburch) is a city in south-east Germany, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab and Regen rivers.

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Reims

Reims (also spelled Rheims), a city in the Grand Est region of France, lies east-northeast of Paris.

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Reims Cathedral

Reims Cathedral (Our Lady of Reims, Notre-Dame de Reims) is a Roman Catholic church in Reims, France, built in the High Gothic style.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Renaissance architecture

Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.

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Renaissance of the 12th century

The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes at the outset of the high Middle Ages.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice (Repubblica di Venezia, later: Repubblica Veneta; Repùblica de Venèsia, later: Repùblica Vèneta), traditionally known as La Serenissima (Most Serene Republic of Venice) (Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia; Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta), was a sovereign state and maritime republic in northeastern Italy, which existed for a millennium between the 8th century and the 18th century.

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Rhineland

The Rhineland (Rheinland, Rhénanie) is the name used for a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.

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Rib vault

The intersection of two to three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed vault when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved in decorative patterns; compare groin vault, an older form of vault construction.

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Ripon Cathedral

The Cathedral Church of St Peter and St Wilfrid, commonly known as Ripon Cathedral, is a cathedral in the North Yorkshire city of Ripon.

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Robert Branner

Robert Branner (1927–1973) was an art historian specializing in Gothic architecture and manuscript illumination.

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Robert Willis (engineer)

The Reverend Robert Willis (27 February 1800 – 28 February 1875) was an English academic.

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Rochester Cathedral

Rochester Cathedral, formally the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary, is an English church of Norman architecture in Rochester, Kent.

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Rococo

Rococo, less commonly roccoco, or "Late Baroque", was an exuberantly decorative 18th-century European style which was the final expression of the baroque movement.

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Roger II of Sicily

Roger II (22 December 1095Houben, p. 30. – 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris (Latin: Archidioecesis Parisiensis; French: Archidiocèse de Paris) is one of twenty-three archdioceses of the Roman Catholic Church in France.

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Roman Syria

Syria was an early Roman province, annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War, following the defeat of Armenian King Tigranes the Great.

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Romanesque architecture

Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches.

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Rome

Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).

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Rose window

A rose window or Catherine window is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in churches of the Gothic architectural style and being divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.

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Rouen

Rouen (Frankish: Rodomo; Rotomagus, Rothomagus) is a city on the River Seine in the north of France.

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Rouen Cathedral

Rouen Cathedral (primatiale Notre-Dame de l'Assomption de Rouen) is a Roman Catholic church in Rouen, Normandy, France.

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Roussillon

Roussillon (or;; Rosselló, Occitan: Rosselhon) is one of the historical counties of the former Principality of Catalonia, corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French département of Pyrénées-Orientales (Eastern Pyrenees).

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Sacred Heart

The devotion to the Sacred Heart (also known as the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, Sacratissimum Cor Iesu in Latin) is one of the most widely practiced and well-known Roman Catholic devotions, taking Jesus Christ′s physical heart as the representation of his divine love for humanity.

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Saint Dominic

Saint Dominic (Santo Domingo), also known as Dominic of Osma and Dominic of Caleruega, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo Félix de Guzmán (8 August 1170 – 6 August 1221), was a Castilian priest and founder of the Dominican Order.

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Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges

Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges is a commune (municipality) and former episcopal see in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

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Saint-Germer-de-Fly Abbey

Saint-Germer-de-Fly Abbey is a former Benedictine abbey located in the village of Saint-Germer-de-Fly, in Picardy in the Oise département of France.

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Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume

Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (Sant Maissemin la Santo Baumo) is a commune in the Var department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

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Sainte-Chapelle

The Sainte-Chapelle (Holy Chapel) is a royal chapel in the Gothic style, within the medieval Palais de la Cité, the residence of the Kings of France until the 14th century, on the Île de la Cité in the River Seine in Paris, France.

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Sainte-Clotilde, Paris

The Basilica of Saint Clotilde (Basilique Ste-Clotilde) is a basilica church in Paris, located on the Rue Las Cases, in the area of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.

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Salisbury Cathedral

Salisbury Cathedral, formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, is an Anglican cathedral in Salisbury, England, and one of the leading examples of Early English architecture.

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San Nazzaro Sesia

San Nazzaro Sesia is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about west of Novara.

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Sandstone

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.

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Santa Maria del Mar, Barcelona

Santa Maria del Mar ("Saint Mary of the Sea") is an imposing church in the Ribera district of Barcelona, Spain, built between 1329 and 1383 at the height of Aragon kingdom's maritime and mercantile preeminence.

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Santa Maria del Pi, Barcelona

Santa Maria del Pi (meaning "St. Mary of the Pine") is a 15th-century Gothic church in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

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Santa Maria, Manresa

The Collegiate Basilica of Santa Maria (Catalan: Santa Maria de Manresa; Spanish: Santa María de Manresa), also known as La Seu, is a Romanesque-Gothic church in Manresa, Catalonia, north of Spain.

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Sasanian architecture

Sasanian architecture refers to the Persian architectural style that reached a peak in its development during the Sasanian era.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.

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São Paulo Cathedral

The São Paulo See Metropolitan Cathedral --"See" and "cathedral" mean "seat" and therefore the ecclesiastical authority of a bishop or archbishop (Catedral Metropolitana, or Catedral da Sé de São Paulo) is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Paulo, Brazil.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a region in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural and linguistic ties.

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Seat of local government

In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre, (in the UK or Australia) a guildhall, a Rathaus (German), or (more rarely) a municipal building, is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality.

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Segorbe Cathedral

The Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady of Segorbe (Catedral de la Asunción de la Virgen) is a Roman Catholic church in Segorbe, province of Castellón, Spain.

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Selby Abbey

Selby Abbey is an Anglican parish church in the town of Selby, North Yorkshire, England.

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Sens Cathedral

Sens Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Sens) is a Catholic cathedral in Sens in Burgundy, eastern France.

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Sexpartite vault

Sexpartite vault, in architecture, is a rib vault divided into six bays by two diagonal ribs and three transverse ribs.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia; Sicìlia) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Siena

Siena (in English sometimes spelled Sienna; Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy.

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Sirarpie Der Nersessian

Sirarpie Der Nersessian (5 September 18965 July 1989) was an Armenian art historian, who specialized in Armenian and Byzantine studies.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Sondergotik

Sondergotik (Special Gothic) is the style of Late Gothic architecture prevalent in Austria, Bavaria, Saxony and Bohemia between 1350 and 1550.

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Southern Italy

Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno (literally "midday") is a macroregion of Italy traditionally encompassing the territories of the former Kingdom of the two Sicilies (all the southern section of the Italian Peninsula and Sicily), with the frequent addition of the island of Sardinia.

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Spain

Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.

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Spanish Gothic architecture

Spanish Gothic architecture is the style of architecture prevalent in Spain in the Late Medieval period.

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Spire

A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, often a skyscraper or a church tower, similar to a steep tented roof.

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St Columb's Cathedral

St Columb's Cathedral in the walled city of Derry, Northern Ireland is the mother church of the Church of Ireland Diocese of Derry and Raphoe and the parish church of Templemore.

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St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle

St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle in England, is a chapel designed in the high-medieval Gothic style.

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St John the Baptist Cathedral, Sligo

This article refers to the Church of Ireland cathedral.

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St Mary Redcliffe

St.

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St. John's Cathedral (Hong Kong)

The Cathedral Church of Saint John the Evangelist is the oldest Anglican church in the Far East.

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St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków

Church of Our Lady Assumed into Heaven (also known as Saint Mary's Church; Kościół Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny, Kościół Mariacki) is a Brick Gothic church adjacent to the Main Market Square in Kraków, Poland.

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St. Mary's Church, Lübeck

St.

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St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna

St.

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Stained glass

The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it.

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Stamford, Connecticut

Stamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States.

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Statue

A statue is a sculpture, representing one or more people or animals (including abstract concepts allegorically represented as people or animals), free-standing (as opposed to a relief) and normally full-length (as opposed to a bust) and at least close to life-size, or larger.

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Stralsund

Stralsund, (Swedish: Strålsund) is a Hanseatic town in the Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

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Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Alsatian: Strossburi; Straßburg) is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament.

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Strawberry Hill House

Strawberry Hill House—often called simply Strawberry Hill—is the Gothic Revival villa that was built in Twickenham, London by Horace Walpole (1717–1797) from 1749 onward.

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Suger

Suger (Sugerius; 1081 – 13 January 1151) was a French abbot, statesman, and historian.

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Sweden

Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Syria

Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.

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Tented roof

A tented roof is a type of polygonal hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak.

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Teruel Cathedral

The Teruel Cathedral or Catedral de Santa María de Mediavilla de Teruel is a Roman Catholic church in Teruel (Province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain).

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Teutonic Order

The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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Thames & Hudson

Thames & Hudson (also Thames and Hudson and sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books on art, architecture, design, and visual culture.

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Thomas Fuller (architect)

Thomas Fuller (March 8, 1823 – September 28, 1898) was a Canadian architect.

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Thomas Urquhart

Sir Thomas Urquhart (* 1611; † 1660) was a Scottish aristocrat, writer, and translator.

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Thomas Werner Laurie

Thomas Werner Laurie (1866–1944) was a London publisher of books that were avant-garde in some cases, racy in others.

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Tom Tower

Tom Tower is a bell tower in Oxford, England, named for its bell, Great Tom.

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Torres de Serranos

The Serrans Gate or Serranos Gate (Porta dels Serrans,; Puerta de Serranos), also known as Serrans Towers or Serranos Towers (Torres dels Serrans,; Torres de Serranos) is one of the twelve gates that formed part of the ancient city wall, the Christian Wall (Muralla cristiana), of the city of Valencia, Spain.

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Toulouse

Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.

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Tours Cathedral

Tours Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Gatien de Tours) is a Roman Catholic church located in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, France, and dedicated to Saint Gatianus.

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Tower

A tower is a tall structure, taller than it is wide, often by a significant margin.

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Tracery

In architecture, tracery is the stonework elements that support the glass in a Gothic window.

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Transept

A transept (with two semitransepts) is a transverse part of any building, which lies across the main body of the edifice.

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Trdat the Architect

Trdat the Architect (Տրդատ ճարտարապետ, circa 940s – 1020; Tiridates) was the chief architect of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and most notable for his design of the cathedral at Ani and his reconstruction of the dome of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

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Tribune Tower

The Tribune Tower is a neo-Gothic skyscraper located at 435 North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States.

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Trumeau (architecture)

Trumeau, in architecture, is the central pillar or mullion supporting the tympanum of a large doorway, commonly found in medieval buildings.

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Tuscany

Tuscany (Toscana) is a region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants (2013).

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Twickenham

Twickenham is a suburban area and town in Greater London, lying on the River Thames 10.2 miles west-southwest of the centre of London.

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Tympanum (architecture)

In architecture, a tympanum (plural, tympana) is the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, door or window, which is bounded by a lintel and arch.

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Ulm

Ulm is a city in the federal German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the River Danube.

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Ulm Minster

Ulm Minster (Ulmer Münster) is a Lutheran church located in Ulm, State of Baden-Württemberg (Germany).

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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University

A university (universitas, "a whole") is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in various academic disciplines.

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University of Bologna

The University of Bologna (Università di Bologna, UNIBO), founded in 1088, is the oldest university in continuous operation, as well as one of the leading academic institutions in Italy and Europe.

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University of California

The University of California (UC) is a public university system in the US state of California.

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University of California Press

University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

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University of Salamanca

The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca) is a Spanish higher education institution, located in the city of Salamanca, west of Madrid, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

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University of Sydney

The University of Sydney (informally, USyd or USYD) is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia.

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Utopia

A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.

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Valencia

Valencia, officially València, on the east coast of Spain, is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third-largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre.

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Valencia Cathedral

The Metropolitan Cathedral–Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady of Valencia (Iglesia Catedral-Basílica Metropolitana de la Asunción de Nuestra Señora de Valencia, Església Catedral-Basílica Metropolitana de l'Assumpció de la Mare de Déu de València), alternatively known as Saint Mary's Cathedral or Valencia Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic parish church in Valencia, Spain.

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Valencian Community

The Valencian Community, or the Valencian Country, is an autonomous community of Spain.

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Valencian Gothic

Valencian Gothic is an architectural style.

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Vandals

The Vandals were a large East Germanic tribe or group of tribes that first appear in history inhabiting present-day southern Poland.

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Vault (architecture)

Vault (French voûte, from Italian volta) is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.

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Vézelay Abbey

Vézelay Abbey (Abbaye Sainte-Marie-Madeleine de Vézelay) was a Benedictine and Cluniac monastery in Vézelay in the Yonne department in northern Burgundy, France.

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Venetian Gothic architecture

Venetian Gothic is an architectural style combining use of the Gothic lancet arch with Byzantine and Moorish influences.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia,; Venesia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Vexin

Vexin is a historical county of northwestern France.

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Victoria, Hong Kong

The City of Victoria, often called Victoria City or simply Victoria, was the de facto capital of Hong Kong during the British colonial period.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.

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Villa

A villa was originally an ancient Roman upper-class country house.

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Villa of the sette bassi

The Villa dei Sette Bassi (also Villa Via Tuscolana) is an archaeological site located in Rome, Italy.

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Volute

A volute is a spiral, scroll-like ornament that forms the basis of the Ionic order, found in the capital of the Ionic column.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.

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Westminster Abbey

Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster.

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Westwork

A westwork (Westwerk) is the monumental, west-facing entrance section of a Carolingian, Ottonian, or Romanesque church.

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White Mosque, Ramla

The White Mosque (המסגד הלבן haMisgad haLavan, المسجد الأبيض a-Masjid al-Abyad) is an ancient Ummayad mosque in the city of Ramla, Israel.

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Wilhelm Worringer

Wilhelm Robert Worringer (13 January 1881 in Aachen – 29 March 1965 in Munich) was a German art historian known for his theories about abstract art and its relation to avant-garde movements such as German Expressionism.

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William Butterfield

William Butterfield (7 September 1814 – 23 February 1900) was a Gothic Revival architect and associated with the Oxford Movement (or Tractarian Movement).

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Winchester

Winchester is a city and the county town of Hampshire, England.

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Woolworth Building

The Woolworth Building, at 233 Broadway, Manhattan, New York City, designed by architect Cass Gilbert and constructed between 1910 and 1912, is an early US skyscraper.

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World Heritage site

A World Heritage site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.

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Wrocław

Wrocław (Breslau; Vratislav; Vratislavia) is the largest city in western Poland.

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York Minster

The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, commonly known as York Minster, is the cathedral of York, England, and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe.

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Znojmo Town Hall Tower

The Znojmo town hall tower (Znojemská radniční věž) is a Gothic tower situated in the city of Znojmo, a historic city in Moravia, Czech Republic.

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Zodiac

The zodiac is an area of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture

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