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176 relations: Africa, Amantadine, American Scientist, Amino acid, Animal, Anseriformes, Antibody, Antigen, Antigenic drift, Antigenic shift, Associated Press, Avian influenza, BBC, Bioterrorism, Bird, Blood, Cambodia, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chicken, China, Clade, Columbidae, Coma, Conjunctivitis, Contagious disease, Cough, Crow, Culling, Cytokine, Cytokine release syndrome, David Nabarro, Death, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Developing country, Diarrhea, Disease surveillance, Duck, Enzootic, Enzyme, Epizootic, Erasmus MC, Europe, European Commission, European Food Safety Authority, European Union, Evolution, Feces, Ferret, Fever, Finance, ..., Food and Agriculture Organization, Forbes, Fujian flu, Galactose, Genetic recombination, Genome, Genus, Georgetown University, Global spread of H5N1, Glycoprotein, Goose, Guinea pig, H5N1 clinical trials, H5N1 vaccine, Harbin, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Hemagglutinin, Hemagglutinin (influenza), Herd immunity, HIV/AIDS, Hoffmann-La Roche, Hong Kong, Host (biology), Human, Immune system, Indonesia, Inflammation, Influenza, Influenza A virus, Influenza A virus subtype H10N7, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1, Influenza A virus subtype H1N2, Influenza A virus subtype H2N2, Influenza A virus subtype H3N2, Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, Influenza A virus subtype H6N1, Influenza A virus subtype H7N2, Influenza A virus subtype H7N3, Influenza A virus subtype H7N7, Influenza A virus subtype H7N9, Influenza A virus subtype H9N2, Influenza pandemic, Influenza research, Influenza vaccine, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, IRIN, Japan, Kano, Laos, Los Angeles Times, Malaysia, Middle East, Mucus, Mutation, Myalgia, National Health Service, National Influenza Centers, National Institutes of Health, National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, Nigeria, North Korea, NPR, Orthomyxoviridae, Oseltamivir, Pandemic, Pandemic severity index, Panzootic, Pathogen, PDF, Pneumonia, Politics, Politics of the Netherlands, Positive feedback, Poultry, Poultry farming, Pulmonary alveolus, Pyongyang, Reassortment, Receptor (biochemistry), Reuters, Rimantadine, RNA, RNA virus, Robert Webster (virologist), Saliva, Science (journal), Shoveler, Sialic acid, Social, Society, Sore throat, South Korea, Southeast Asia, Spanish flu, Stockpile, Strain (biology), Strategic National Stockpile, Swan, Swine influenza, Thailand, The New York Times International Edition, The Wall Street Journal, Transmission and infection of H5N1, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, United Nations, United States, United States Agency for International Development, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Department of State, United States dollar, United States Geological Survey, University of Minnesota, Vaccine, Vietnam, Viral neuraminidase, Viral pneumonia, Virulence, World Health Organization, World Organisation for Animal Health, Zanamivir, Zoonosis, 2009 flu pandemic. Expand index (126 more) »
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Amantadine
Amantadine (trade name Symmetrel, by Endo Pharmaceuticals) is a medication that has U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use both as an antiviral and an antiparkinsonian medication.
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American Scientist
American Scientist (informally abbreviated AmSci) is an American bimonthly science and technology magazine published since 1913 by Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Animal
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that form the biological kingdom Animalia.
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Anseriformes
Anseriformes is an order of birds that comprise about 180 living species in three families: Anhimidae (the screamers), Anseranatidae (the magpie goose), and Anatidae, the largest family, which includes over 170 species of waterfowl, among them the ducks, geese, and swans.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Antigenic drift
Antigenic drift is a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.
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Antigenic shift
Antigenic shift is the process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains.
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Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
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Avian influenza
Avian influenza—known informally as avian flu or bird flu is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents.
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Bird
Birds, also known as Aves, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton.
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Blood
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
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Cambodia
Cambodia (កម្ពុជា, or Kampuchea:, Cambodge), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia (ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, prĕəh riəciənaacak kampuciə,; Royaume du Cambodge), is a sovereign state located in the southern portion of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Chicken
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a type of domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the red junglefowl.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Clade
A clade (from κλάδος, klados, "branch"), also known as monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".
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Columbidae
Pigeons and doves constitute the animal family Columbidae and the order Columbiformes, which includes about 42 genera and 310 species.
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Coma
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awaken; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.
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Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.
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Contagious disease
A contagious disease is a subset category of transmissible diseases, which are transmitted to other persons, either by physical contact with the person suffering the disease, or by casual contact with their secretions or objects touched by them or airborne route among other routes.
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Cough
A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring, protective reflex, which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes.
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Crow
A Crow is a bird of the genus Corvus, or more broadly is a synonym for all of Corvus.
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Culling
In biology, culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Cytokine release syndrome
Cytokine release syndrome is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome that arises as a complication of some diseases or infections, and is also an adverse effect of some monoclonal antibody drugs, as well as adoptive T-cell therapies.
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David Nabarro
David Nabarro (born 26 August 1949) is a medical doctor, international civil servant and diplomat, who served as Special Adviser to the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Climate Change.
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Death
Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.
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Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the government department responsible for environmental protection, food production and standards, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Developing country
A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Disease surveillance
Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression.
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Duck
Duck is the common name for a large number of species in the waterfowl family Anatidae, which also includes swans and geese.
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Enzootic
Enzootic is the non-human equivalent of endemic and means, in a broad sense, "belonging to" or "native to", "characteristic of", or "prevalent in" a particular geography, race, field, area, or environment; native to an area or scope.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epizootic
In epizoology, an epizootic (from Greek: epi- upon + zoon animal) is a disease event in a nonhuman animal population, analogous to an epidemic in humans.
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Erasmus MC
The Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC) based in Rotterdam, Netherlands, affiliated with Erasmus University and home to its faculty of medicine, is the "largest and one of the most authoritative scientific University Medical Centers in Europe." With 1320 beds it is the second largest hospital of the Netherlands, only 19 beds behind UMC Groningen.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
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European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
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European Food Safety Authority
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Feces
Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested in the small intestine.
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Ferret
The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is the domesticated form of the European polecat, a mammal belonging to the same genus as the weasel, Mustela of the family Mustelidae.
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Fever
Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.
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Finance
Finance is a field that is concerned with the allocation (investment) of assets and liabilities (known as elements of the balance statement) over space and time, often under conditions of risk or uncertainty.
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Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger.
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Forbes
Forbes is an American business magazine.
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Fujian flu
Fujian flu refers to flu caused by either a Fujian human flu strain of the H3N2 subtype of the Influenza A virus or a Fujian bird flu strain of the H5N1 subtype of the Influenza A virus.
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Galactose
Galactose (galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 30% as sweet as sucrose.
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Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination (aka genetic reshuffling) is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genus
A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.
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Georgetown University
Georgetown University is a private research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States.
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Global spread of H5N1
The global spread of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza in birds is considered a significant pandemic threat.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
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Goose
Geese are waterfowl of the family Anatidae.
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Guinea pig
The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as cavy or domestic cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia.
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H5N1 clinical trials
H5N1 clinical trials are clinical trials concerning H5N1 vaccines, which are intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1.
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H5N1 vaccine
A H5N1 vaccine is an influenza vaccine intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1.
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Harbin
Harbin is the capital of Heilongjiang province, and largest city in the northeastern region of the People's Republic of China.
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Harbin Veterinary Research Institute
Harbin Veterinary Research Institute (HVRI) is a Chinese biological research institute located in Harbin, China.
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Hemagglutinin
Hemagglutinin or haemagglutinin (British English)p refers to a substance that causes red blood cells (RBCs) to agglutinate.
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Hemagglutinin (influenza)
Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutininp (British English) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses.
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Herd immunity
Herd immunity (also called herd effect, community immunity, population immunity, or social immunity) is a form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, thereby providing a measure of protection for individuals who are not immune.
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Hoffmann-La Roche
F.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory of China on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in East Asia.
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Host (biology)
In biology and medicine, a host is an organism that harbours a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont), the guest typically being provided with nourishment and shelter.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.
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Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenza virus A genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses.
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Influenza A virus subtype H10N7
H10N7 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is the subtype of influenza A virus that was the most common cause of human influenza (flu) in 2009, and is associated with the 1918 outbreak known as the Spanish Flu.
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Influenza A virus subtype H1N2
H1N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H2N2
H2N2 is a subtype of the influenza A virus.
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Influenza A virus subtype H3N2
Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu).
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Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as A(H5N1) or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species.
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Influenza A virus subtype H6N1
Influenza A virus subtype H6N1, also known as H6N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus.
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N2
H7N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus.
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N3
H7N3 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (sometimes called bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N7
H7N7 is a subtype of Influenza A virus, a genus of Orthomyxovirus, the viruses responsible for influenza.
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Influenza A virus subtype H7N9
H7N9 is a bird flu strain of the species Influenza virus A (avian influenza virus or bird flu virus).
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Influenza A virus subtype H9N2
H9N2 is a subtype of the species Influenza A virus (bird flu virus).
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Influenza pandemic
An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads on a worldwide scale and infects a large proportion of the world population.
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Influenza research
Influenza research involves investigating molecular virology, pathogenesis, host immune responses, genomics, and epidemiology regarding influenza.
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Influenza vaccine
Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots or flu jabs, are vaccines that protect against infection by Influenza viruses.
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Influenzavirus B
Influenzavirus B is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae.
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Influenzavirus C
Influenza virus C is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes the viruses that cause influenza.
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International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and the nomenclatures for viruses.
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International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases
The ICEID or International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases is a conference for public health professionals on the subject of emerging infectious diseases.
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IRIN
IRIN (formerly Integrated Regional Information Networks) is a news agency focusing on humanitarian stories in regions that are often forgotten, under-reported, misunderstood or ignored.
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Japan
Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.
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Kano
Kano is the state capital of Kano State in North West, Nigeria.
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Laos
Laos (ລາວ,, Lāo; Laos), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao; République démocratique populaire lao), commonly referred to by its colloquial name of Muang Lao (Lao: ເມືອງລາວ, Muang Lao), is a landlocked country in the heart of the Indochinese peninsula of Mainland Southeast Asia, bordered by Myanmar (Burma) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southwest and Thailand to the west and southwest.
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Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
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Middle East
The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).
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Mucus
Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Myalgia
Myalgia, or muscle pain, is a symptom of many diseases and disorders.
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National Health Service
The National Health Service (NHS) is the name used for each of the public health services in the United Kingdom – the National Health Service in England, NHS Scotland, NHS Wales, and Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland – as well as a term to describe them collectively.
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National Influenza Centers
National Influenza Centers (also called National Influenza Centres) are institutions which are formally recognized as such by the World Health Organization (WHO).
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National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.
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National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity
The National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity is a panel of experts that report to the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
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Nigeria
Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north.
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North Korea
North Korea (Chosŏn'gŭl:조선; Hanja:朝鮮; Chosŏn), officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (abbreviated as DPRK, PRK, DPR Korea, or Korea DPR), is a country in East Asia constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.
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NPR
National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.
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Orthomyxoviridae
The Orthomyxoviruses (ὀρθός, orthós, Greek for "straight"; μύξα, mýxa, Greek for "mucus") are a family of RNA viruses that includes seven genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus C, Influenza virus D, Isavirus, Thogotovirus and Quaranjavirus.
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Oseltamivir
Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B (flu).
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Pandemic
A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide.
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Pandemic severity index
The pandemic severity index (PSI) is a proposed classification scale for reporting the severity of influenza pandemics in the United States.
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Panzootic
A panzootic (from Greek παν pan all + ζόιον zoion animal) is an epizootic (an outbreak of an infectious disease of animals) that spreads across a large region (for example a continent), or even worldwide.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος pathos "suffering, passion" and -γενής -genēs "producer of") or a '''germ''' in the oldest and broadest sense is anything that can produce disease; the term came into use in the 1880s.
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The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.
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Politics
Politics (from Politiká, meaning "affairs of the cities") is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group.
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Politics of the Netherlands
The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, a constitutional monarchy and a decentralised unitary state.
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Positive feedback
Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.
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Poultry
Poultry are domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers.
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Poultry farming
Poultry farming is the process of raising domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food.
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Pulmonary alveolus
A pulmonary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity") is a hollow cavity found in the lung parenchyma, and is the basic unit of ventilation.
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Pyongyang
Pyongyang, or P'yŏngyang, is the capital and largest city of North Korea.
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Reassortment
Reassortment is the mixing of the genetic material of a species into new combinations in different individuals.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Reuters
Reuters is an international news agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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Rimantadine
Rimantadine (INN, sold under the trade name Flumadine) is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA virus
An RNA virus is a virus that has RNA (ribonucleic acid) as its genetic material.
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Robert Webster (virologist)
Robert Gordon (Rob) Webster (born 5 July 1932 in Balclutha, New Zealand) is an avian influenza authority who correctly posited that pandemic strains of flu arise from genes in flu virus strains in nonhumans; for example, via a reassortment of genetic segments (antigenic shift) between viruses in humans and nonhumans (especially birds) rather than by mutations (antigenic drift) in annual human flu strains.
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Saliva
Saliva is a watery substance formed in the mouths of animals, secreted by the salivary glands.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Shoveler
The shovelers (American English), or shovellers (British English), are four species of dabbling ducks with long, broad spatula-shaped beaks.
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Sialic acid
Sialic acid is a generic term for the N- or O-substituted derivatives of neuraminic acid, a monosaccharide with a nine-carbon backbone.
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Social
Living organisms including humans are social when they live collectively in interacting populations, whether they are aware of it, and whether the interaction is voluntary or involuntary.
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Society
A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
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Sore throat
Sore throat, also known as throat pain, is pain or irritation of the throat.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk,; lit. "The Great Country of the Han People"), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and lying east to the Asian mainland.
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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.
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Spanish flu
The Spanish flu (January 1918 – December 1920), also known as the 1918 flu pandemic, was an unusually deadly influenza pandemic, the first of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus.
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Stockpile
A stockpile is a pile or storage location for bulk materials, forming part of the bulk material handling process.
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Strain (biology)
In biology, a strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used at the intraspecific level (within a species).
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Strategic National Stockpile
The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) is the United States' national repository of antibiotics, vaccines, chemical antidotes, antitoxins, and other critical medical equipment and supplies.
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Swan
Swans are birds of the family Anatidae within the genus Cygnus.
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Swine influenza
Swine influenza is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses.
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Thailand
Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam, is a unitary state at the center of the Southeast Asian Indochinese peninsula composed of 76 provinces.
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The New York Times International Edition
The New York Times International Edition is an English-language newspaper printed at 38 sites throughout the world and sold in more than 160 countries and territories.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.
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Transmission and infection of H5N1
Transmission and infection of H5N1 from infected avian sources to humans has been a concern since the first documented case of human infection in 1997, due to the global spread of H5N1 that constitutes a pandemic threat.
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Agency for International Development
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that is primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid and development assistance.
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United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), also known as the Agriculture Department, is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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United States Department of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), often referred to as the State Department, is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
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University of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities (often referred to as the University of Minnesota, Minnesota, the U of M, UMN, or simply the U) is a public research university in Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota.
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Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
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Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Viral neuraminidase
Viral neuraminidase is a type of neuraminidase found on the surface of influenza viruses that enables the virus to be released from the host cell.
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Viral pneumonia
Viral pneumonia is a pneumonia caused by a virus.
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Virulence
Virulence is a pathogen's or microbe's ability to infect or damage a host.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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World Organisation for Animal Health
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is an intergovernmental organization coordinating, supporting and promoting animal disease control.
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Zanamivir
Zanamivir is a medication used to treat and prevent influenza caused by influenza A and B viruses.
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Zoonosis
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans.
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2009 flu pandemic
The 2009 flu pandemic or swine flu was an influenza pandemic, and the second of the two pandemics involving H1N1 influenza virus (the first of them being the 1918 flu pandemic), albeit in a new version.
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Redirects here:
A(H5N1), Asian bird flu, Avian influenza subtype H5N1, Bird flu virus, Genotype Z, H1N5, H5N1, H5N1 (virus), H5N1 Diagrams, H5N1 avian influenza, H5N1 virus, H5Nl, H5n1, H5n1 virus, HN51, HPAI H5N1, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 virus, Influenza a virus, h5n1 subtype, Vogelgrippe.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H5N1
