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278 relations: Adverse selection, African Americans, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Alternative medicine, Alzheimer's disease, America's Health Insurance Plans, American Academy of Actuaries, American Cancer Society, American College of Physicians, American Health Care Act of 2017, American Journal of Public Health, American Medical Association, Anxiety, Arthritis, À la carte, Background check, Bankruptcy in the United States, Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, Biomedical research in the United States, Bloomberg News, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, Board certification, Breast cancer, California, Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Cato Institute, CBS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Certificate of need, Charity care, Child, Children's Health Insurance Program, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Colorectal cancer, Commonwealth Fund, Community health centers in the United States, Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States, Congressional Budget Office, Consumer-driven healthcare, Coronary artery disease, Cost-shifting, County (United States), CT scan, Cuba, David Gratzer, Dentistry, ..., Direct-to-consumer advertising, Disability, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, Dysplasia, Economy of the United States, Emergency department, Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations, Express Scripts, Failure mode and effects analysis, Family planning, Federal government of the United States, Federal Register, Five-year survival rate, Food and Drug Administration, For-profit hospital, Forbes, Foundation for Child Development, Free clinic, Free-rider problem, Gallup (company), Government Performance and Results Act, Grand Rounds, Inc., Gross domestic product, Gynaecology, Harris Insights & Analytics, Harvard Gazette, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Health Affairs, Health care, Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, Health care in Australia, Health care in France, Health care in the United Kingdom, Health equity, Health insurance cooperative, Health insurance coverage in the United States, Health insurance in the United States, Health insurance mandate, Health insurance marketplace, Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, Health policy, Health professional, Health savings account, Health Services Research (journal), Health system, Healthcare in Canada, Healthcare in Germany, Healthcare in Switzerland, Healthcare in the Netherlands, Healthcare industry, Healthcare reform in the United States, Healthy People program, High-deductible health plan, Hill–Burton Act, Hispanic and Latino Americans, HIV/AIDS, Homicide, Hospice, Hospital, Hospital medicine, Human rights, Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Indian Health Service, Indoor tanning, Industry self-regulation, Infant mortality, Injury, International medical graduate, Investment, Ishikawa diagram, Jack Wennberg, JAMA (journal), Jimmy Carter, Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, John C. 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Adverse selection
Adverse selection is a term commonly used in economics, insurance, and risk management that describes a situation where market participation is affected by asymmetric information.
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African Americans
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.
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Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), located in Rockville, MD, a suburb of Washington, D.C., is one of 12 Agencies within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
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Alternative medicine
Alternative medicine, fringe medicine, pseudomedicine or simply questionable medicine is the use and promotion of practices which are unproven, disproven, impossible to prove, or excessively harmful in relation to their effect — in the attempt to achieve the healing effects of medicine.--> --> --> They differ from experimental medicine in that the latter employs responsible investigation, and accepts results that show it to be ineffective. The scientific consensus is that alternative therapies either do not, or cannot, work. In some cases laws of nature are violated by their basic claims; in some the treatment is so much worse that its use is unethical. Alternative practices, products, and therapies range from only ineffective to having known harmful and toxic effects.--> Alternative therapies may be credited for perceived improvement through placebo effects, decreased use or effect of medical treatment (and therefore either decreased side effects; or nocebo effects towards standard treatment),--> or the natural course of the condition or disease. Alternative treatment is not the same as experimental treatment or traditional medicine, although both can be misused in ways that are alternative. Alternative or complementary medicine is dangerous because it may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment, and may lead to a false understanding of the body and of science.-->---> Alternative medicine is used by a significant number of people, though its popularity is often overstated.--> Large amounts of funding go to testing alternative medicine, with more than US$2.5 billion spent by the United States government alone.--> Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment,--> and most studies showing any effect have been statistical flukes. Alternative medicine is a highly profitable industry, with a strong lobby. This fact is often overlooked by media or intentionally kept hidden, with alternative practice being portrayed positively when compared to "big pharma". --> The lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine.--> Alternative therapies may even be allowed to promote use when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.--> Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the weakest members of society.--! Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners.. Science Based Medicine--> For example, the United States National Institutes of Health department studying alternative medicine, currently named National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, was established as the Office of Alternative Medicine and was renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine before obtaining its current name. Therapies are often framed as "natural" or "holistic", in apparent opposition to conventional medicine which is "artificial" and "narrow in scope", statements which are intentionally misleading. --> When used together with functional medical treatment, alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) treatment.--> Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment, making it less effective, notably in cancer.--> Alternative diagnoses and treatments are not part of medicine, or of science-based curricula in medical schools, nor are they used in any practice based on scientific knowledge or experience.--> Alternative therapies are often based on religious belief, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or lies.--> Alternative medicine is based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, and poor scientific methodology. Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical.--> Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources.--> Critics state that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't",--> that the very idea of "alternative" treatments is paradoxical, as any treatment proven to work is by definition "medicine".-->.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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America's Health Insurance Plans
America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) is a national political advocacy and trade association with about 1,300 member companies that sell health insurance coverage to more than 200 million Americans.
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American Academy of Actuaries
The American Academy of Actuaries, also known as the “Academy” or the AAA, is the body that represents and unites United States actuaries in all practice areas.
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American Cancer Society
The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a nationwide voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer.
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American College of Physicians
The American College of Physicians (ACP) is a national organization of internal medicineAmerican Board of Medical Specialties -. Retrieved 20 October 2014 physicians (internists)Mercy Cedar Rapids -. Retrieved 20 October 2014—specialists who apply scientific knowledge and clinical expertise to the diagnosis, treatment, and compassionate care of adults across the spectrum from health to complex illness.
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American Health Care Act of 2017
The American Health Care Act of 2017 often shortened to the AHCA, or nicknamed Trumpcare, is a United States Congress bill to partially repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare.
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American Journal of Public Health
The American Journal of Public Health is a monthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by the American Public Health Association covering health policy and public health.
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American Medical Association
The American Medical Association (AMA), founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897, is the largest association of physicians—both MDs and DOs—and medical students in the United States.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Arthritis
Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints.
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À la carte
In restaurants, à la carte is the practice of ordering individual dishes from a menu in a restaurant, as opposed to table d'hôte, where a set menu is offered.
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Background check
A background check or background investigation is the process of looking up and compiling criminal records, commercial records, and financial records of an individual or an organization.
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Bankruptcy in the United States
In the United States, bankruptcy is governed by federal law.
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Barack Obama
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
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Biomedical research in the United States
The USA carries out 46% of global research and development (R&D) in life sciences, making it the world leader.
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Bloomberg News
Bloomberg News is an international news agency headquartered in New York, United States and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com and Bloomberg's mobile platforms.
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Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
Blue Cross Blue Shield Association (BCBSA) is a federation of 36 separate United States health insurance organizations and companies, providing health insurance in the United States to more than 106 million people.
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Board certification
Board certification is the process by which a physician or other professional demonstrates a mastery of basic knowledge and skills through written, practical, or simulator-based testing.
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Breast cancer
Breast cancer is cancer that develops from breast tissue.
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California
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Cato Institute
The Cato Institute is an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C. It was founded as the Charles Koch Foundation in 1974 by Ed Crane, Murray Rothbard, and Charles Koch, chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the conglomerate Koch Industries.
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CBS
CBS (an initialism of the network's former name, the Columbia Broadcasting System) is an American English language commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention timeline
The following is a timeline of events relating to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and health insurance portability standards.
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Certificate of need
A certificate of need (CON), in the United States, is a legal document required in many states and some federal jurisdictions before proposed acquisitions, expansions, or creations of facilities are allowed.
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Charity care
In the United States, charity care is health care provided for free or at reduced prices to low income patients.
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Child
Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty.
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Children's Health Insurance Program
The Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) – formerly known as the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) – is a program administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides matching funds to states for health insurance to families with children.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow.
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Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer and colon cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine).
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Commonwealth Fund
The Commonwealth Fund is a private U.S. foundation whose stated purpose is to "promote a high performing health care system that achieves better access, improved quality, and greater efficiency, particularly for society's most vulnerable and the elderly." It is active in a number of areas related to health care and health policy.
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Community health centers in the United States
The community health center (CHC) in the United States is the dominant model for providing integrated primary care and public health services for the low-income and uninsured, and represents one use of federal grant funding as part of the country's health care safety net.
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Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States
Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States is often made by government, public health and public policy analysts.
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Congressional Budget Office
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is a federal agency within the legislative branch of the United States government that provides budget and economic information to Congress.
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Consumer-driven healthcare
Consumer-driven healthcare (CDHC), defined narrowly, refers to third-tier health insurance plans that allow members to use health savings accounts (HSAs), Health Reimbursement Accounts (HRAs), or similar medical payment products to pay routine healthcare expenses directly, but a high-deductible health plan protects them from catastrophic medical expenses.
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Coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), refers to a group of diseases which includes stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death.
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Cost-shifting
Cost-shiftingMurphy, Dr.
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County (United States)
In the United States, an administrative or political subdivision of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority.
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CT scan
A CT scan, also known as computed tomography scan, makes use of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos.
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David Gratzer
David George Gratzer (born September 5, 1974) is a physician, columnist, author, Congressional expert witness; he was a senior fellow at both the Manhattan Institute and the Montreal Economic Institute.
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Dentistry
Dentistry is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
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Direct-to-consumer advertising
Direct-to-consumer advertising (DTC advertising) usually refers to the marketing of pharmaceutical products but also applies to the direct marketing of medical devices, consumer diagnostics and sometimes financial services.
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Disability
A disability is an impairment that may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or some combination of these.
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Doctor of Medicine
A Doctor of Medicine (MD from Latin Medicinae Doctor) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions.
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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) is a professional doctoral degree for physicians and surgeons offered by medical schools in the United States.
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Dysplasia
Dysplasia (from Ancient Greek δυσ- dys-, "bad" or "difficult" and πλάσις plasis, "formation") is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of development or an epithelial anomaly of growth and differentiation (epithelial dysplasia).
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Economy of the United States
The economy of the United States is a highly developed mixed economy.
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Emergency department
An emergency department (ED), also known as an accident & emergency department (A&E), emergency room (ER), emergency ward (EW) or casualty department, is a medical treatment facility specializing in emergency medicine, the acute care of patients who present without prior appointment; either by their own means or by that of an ambulance.
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Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act
The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) is an act of the United States Congress, passed in 1986 as part of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA).
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Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) (codified in part at) is a federal United States tax and labor law that establishes minimum standards for pension plans in private industry.
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European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations
The European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) is a Brussels-based trade association founded in 1978 representing the research-based pharmaceutical industry operating in Europe.
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Express Scripts
Express Scripts Holding Company is an American Fortune 100 company.
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Failure mode and effects analysis
Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)—also "failure modes", plural, in many publications—was one of the first highly structured, systematic techniques for failure analysis.
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Family planning
Family planning services are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved".
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Federal government of the United States
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government) is the national government of the United States, a constitutional republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D.C. (the nation's capital), and several territories.
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Federal Register
The Federal Register (FR or sometimes Fed. Reg.) is the official journal of the federal government of the United States that contains government agency rules, proposed rules, and public notices.
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Five-year survival rate
The five-year survival rate is a type of survival rate for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease, normally calculated from the point of diagnosis.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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For-profit hospital
For-profit hospitals, sometimes referred to as alternatively investor-owned hospitals, are investor-owned chains of hospitals.
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Forbes
Forbes is an American business magazine.
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Foundation for Child Development
The Foundation for Child Development is a United States-based non-profit organization which promotes good child development.
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Free clinic
A free clinic is a health care facility in the United States offering services to economically disadvantaged individuals for free or at a nominal cost.
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Free-rider problem
In economics, the free-rider problem occurs when those who benefit from resources, public goods, or services do not pay for them, which results in an underprovision of those goods or services.
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Gallup (company)
Gallup, Inc. is an American research-based, global performance-management consulting company.
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Government Performance and Results Act
The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) is a United States law enacted in 1993,Congress, U. S., and An Act.
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Grand Rounds, Inc.
Grand Rounds is a healthcare company that connects patients with local and remote specialty care.
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Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.
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Gynaecology
Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems (vagina, uterus, and ovaries) and the breasts.
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Harris Insights & Analytics
Harris Insights & Analytics, headquartered in Rochester, New York, is a market research firm, known for "The Harris Poll".
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Harvard Gazette
The Harvard Gazette is the official news Website of Harvard University.
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Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the graduate medical school of Harvard University.
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Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (formerly Harvard School of Public Health) is the public health graduate school of Harvard University, located in the Longwood Medical Area of Boston, Massachusetts adjacent Harvard Medical School.
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Health Affairs
Health Affairs is a peer-reviewed healthcare journal established in 1981 by John K. Iglehart; since 2014, the editor-in-chief is Alan Weil.
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Health care
Health care or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in human beings.
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Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010
The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 is a law that was enacted by the 111th United States Congress, by means of the reconciliation process, in order to amend the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.
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Health care in Australia
Health care in Australia is delivered as a mixed system: universal health care (public) and private providers (insurance).
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Health care in France
The French health care system is one of universal health care largely financed by government national health insurance.
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Health care in the United Kingdom
Health care in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter, with England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each having their own systems of publicly funded healthcare, funded by and accountable to separate governments and parliaments, together with smaller private sector and voluntary provision.
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Health equity
Health equity refers to the study and causes of differences in the quality of health and healthcare across different populations.
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Health insurance cooperative
A health insurance cooperative is a cooperative entity that has the goal of providing health insurance and is also owned by the people that the organization insures.
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Health insurance coverage in the United States
Health insurance coverage in the United States is provided by several public and private sources.
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Health insurance in the United States
Health insurance in the United States is any program that helps pay for medical expenses, whether through privately purchased insurance, social insurance, or a social welfare program funded by the government.
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Health insurance mandate
A health insurance mandate is either an employer or individual mandate to obtain private health insurance instead of (or in addition to) a national health insurance plan.
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Health insurance marketplace
In the United States, health insurance marketplaces, also called health exchanges, are organizations in each state through which people can purchase health insurance.
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Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 (Pub. L. 93-222 codified as 42 U.S.C. §300e) is a United States statute enacted on December 29, 1973.
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Health policy
Health policy can be defined as the "decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society".
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Health professional
A health professional, health practitioner or healthcare provider (sometimes simply "provider") is an individual who provides preventive, curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services in a systematic way to people, families or communities.
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Health savings account
A health savings account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged medical savings account available to taxpayers in the United States who are enrolled in a high-deductible health plan (HDHP).
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Health Services Research (journal)
Health Services Research is a peer-reviewed healthcare journal published bimonthly by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Health Research and Educational Trust.
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Health system
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or as healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
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Healthcare in Canada
Healthcare in Canada is delivered through thirteen provincial and territorial systems of publicly funded health care, informally called Medicare.
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Healthcare in Germany
Germany has a universal multi-payer health care system paid for by a combination of statutory health insurance (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung) officially called "sickness funds" (Krankenkassen) and private health insurance (Private Krankenversicherung), colloquially also called "(private) sickness funds".
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Healthcare in Switzerland
Healthcare in Switzerland is universal and is regulated by the Swiss Federal Law on Health Insurance.
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Healthcare in the Netherlands
Healthcare in the Netherlands can be divided in several ways: firstly in three different echelons; secondly in somatic versus mental healthcare; and thirdly in "cure" (short term) versus "care" (long term).
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Healthcare industry
The healthcare industry (also called the medical industry or health economy) is the range of companies and non-profit organizations that provide medical services, manufacture medical equipment, and develop pharmaceuticals.
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Healthcare reform in the United States
Healthcare reform in the United States has a long history.
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Healthy People program
Healthy People is a program of a nationwide health-promotion and disease-prevention goals set by the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
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High-deductible health plan
In the United States, a high-deductible health plan (HDHP) is a health insurance plan with lower premiums and higher deductibles than a traditional health plan.
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Hill–Burton Act
The Hospital Survey and Construction Act (or the Hill–Burton Act) is a U.S. federal law passed in 1946, during the 79th United States Congress.
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Hispanic and Latino Americans
Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans (Estadounidenses hispanos) are people in the United States who are descendants of people from countries of Latin America and Spain.
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HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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Homicide
Homicide is the act of one human killing another.
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Hospice
Hospice care is a type of care and philosophy of care that focuses on the palliation of a chronically ill, terminally ill or seriously ill patient's pain and symptoms, and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs.
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Hospital
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment.
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Hospital medicine
Hospital medicine in the United States is the medical specialty concerned with the care of acutely ill hospitalized patients.
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Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.
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Hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar (also spelled hyperglycaemia or hyperglycæmia) is a condition in which an excessive amount of glucose circulates in the blood plasma.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Indian Health Service
The Indian Health Service (IHS) is an operating division (OPDIV) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
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Indoor tanning
Indoor tanning involves using a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to produce a cosmetic tan.
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Industry self-regulation
Industry self-regulation is the process whereby an organization monitors its own adherence to legal, ethical, or safety standards, rather than have an outside, independent agency such as a third party entity monitor and enforce those standards.
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Infant mortality
Infant mortality refers to deaths of young children, typically those less than one year of age.
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Injury
Injury, also known as physical trauma, is damage to the body caused by external force.
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International medical graduate
An international medical graduate (IMG), earlier known as a foreign medical graduate (FMG), is a physician who has graduated from a medical school outside of the country where he or she intends to practice.
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Investment
In general, to invest is to allocate money (or sometimes another resource, such as time) in the expectation of some benefit in the future – for example, investment in durable goods, in real estate by the service industry, in factories for manufacturing, in product development, and in research and development.
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Ishikawa diagram
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa that show the causes of a specific event.
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Jack Wennberg
John E. "Jack" Wennberg (born June 2, 1934) is the pioneer and leading researcher of unwarranted variation in the healthcare industry.
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JAMA (journal)
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981.
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Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003
The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 ("JGTRRA"), was passed by the United States Congress on May 23, 2003 and signed into law by President George W. Bush on May 28, 2003.
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John C. Goodman
John C. Goodman is a libertarian economist.
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Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University is an American private research university in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Joint Commission
The Joint Commission is a United States-based nonprofit tax-exempt 501(c) organization that accredits more than 21,000 US health care organizations and programs.
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Kaiser Family Foundation
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, or just Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), is an American non-profit organization, headquartered in San Francisco, California.
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Karen Davis (economist)
Karen Davis (born 1942) is president of The Commonwealth Fund, a national philanthropy engaged in independent research on health and social policy issues.
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Kathleen Sebelius
Kathleen Sebelius (née Gilligan; born May 15, 1948) is an American businesswoman and politician who served as the 21st United States Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2009 until 2014.
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Licensure
Licensure means a restricted practice or a restriction on the use of an occupational title, requiring a license.
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Life expectancy
Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.
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List of countries by life expectancy
This is a collection of lists of countries by average life expectancy at birth.
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List of countries by total health expenditure per capita
This article includes 3 lists of countries of the world and their total expenditure on health per capita.
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List of healthcare accreditation organizations in the United States
The following organizations survey and accredit hospitals and healthcare organizations in the USA.
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List of pharmaceutical compound number prefixes
This list of pharmaceutical compound number prefixes details a pharmaceutical drug labeling standard.
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List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities
Veterans' health care in the U.S. is separated geographically into 21 regions (numbered 1-12 and 15-23) In January 2002, the Veterans Health Administration announced the merger of VISNs 13 and 14 to create a new, combined network, VISN 23.
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Local government in the United States
Local government in the United States refers to governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state.
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Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.
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Lung cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.
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Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.
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Maine
Maine is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Max Baucus
Max Sieben Baucus (born Enke; December 11, 1941) is a retired American politician and diplomat who served as a United States Senator from Montana from 1978 to 2014.
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McCarran–Ferguson Act
The McCarran–Ferguson Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1011-1015, is a United States federal law that exempts the business of insurance from most federal regulation, including federal antitrust laws to a limited extent.
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Measure of America
Measure of America is a non-partisan, non-profit initiative of the Social Science Research Council in Brooklyn, New York.
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Medicaid
Medicaid in the United States is a joint federal and state program that helps with medical costs for some people with limited income and resources.
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Medical centers in the United States
Medical centers in the United States are conglomerations of health care facilities including hospitals and research facilities that also either include or are closely affiliated with a medical school.
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Medical debt
Medical debt refers to debt incurred by individuals due to health care costs and related expenses.
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Medical degree
A medical degree is a vocational or technical degree awarded for studies in fields associated with medicine and/or surgery.
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Medical device
A medical device is any apparatus, appliance, software, material, or other article—whether used alone or in combination, including the software intended by its manufacturer to be used specifically for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes and necessary for its proper application—intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of.
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Medical education in the United States
Medical education in the United States includes educational activities involved in the education and training of physicians in the United States, from entry-level training through to continuing education of qualified specialists.
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Medical license
A medical license is an occupational license that permits a person to legally practice medicine.
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Medical malpractice
Medical malpractice is a legal cause of action that occurs when a medical or health care professional deviates from standards in his or her profession, thereby causing injury to a patient.
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Medical research
Biomedical research (or experimental medicine) encompasses a wide array of research, extending from "basic research" (also called bench science or bench research), – involving fundamental scientific principles that may apply to a ''preclinical'' understanding – to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials.
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Medical underwriting
Medical underwriting is a health insurance term referring to the use of medical or health information in the evaluation of an applicant for coverage, typically for life or health insurance.
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Medicare (United States)
In the United States, Medicare is a national health insurance program, now administered by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services of the U.S. federal government but begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration.
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Medicare Advantage
Medicare Advantage is a type of health insurance that provides coverage within Part C of Medicare in the United States.
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Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act
The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, also called the Medicare Modernization Act or MMA, is a federal law of the United States, enacted in 2003.
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Medicare Rights Center
The Medicare Rights Center (Medicare Rights) is a national, 501(c)(3) nonprofit consumer service organization with offices in New York City and Washington, DC.
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Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate
The Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) was a method used by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in the United States to control spending by Medicare on physician services.
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Medication
A medication (also referred to as medicine, pharmaceutical drug, or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
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Mental Health Parity Act
The Mental Health Parity Act (MHPA) is legislation signed into United States law on September 26, 1996 that requires annual or lifetime dollar limits on mental health benefits to be no lower than any such dollar limits for medical and surgical benefits offered by a group health plan or health insurance issuer offering coverage in connection with a group health plan.
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Military Health System
The Military Health System is the enterprise within the United States Department of Defense that provides health care to active duty and retired U.S. Military personnel and their dependents.
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Moral hazard
In economics, moral hazard occurs when someone increases their exposure to risk when insured.
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Municipality
A municipality is usually a single urban or administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws to which it is subordinate.
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Musculoskeletal disorder
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, ligaments, muscles, nerves, tendons, and structures that support limbs, neck and back.
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (also known as "NASEM" or "the National Academies") is the collective scientific national academy of the United States.
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National Academy of Medicine
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM), formerly called the Institute of Medicine (IoM), is an American nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
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National Center for Health Statistics
The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System which provides statistical information to guide actions and policies to improve the health of the American people.
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National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.
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Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, Indigenous Americans and other terms, are the indigenous peoples of the United States.
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NBC News
NBC News is the news division of the American broadcast television network NBC, formerly known as the National Broadcasting Company when it was founded on radio.
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Neil R. Powe
Neil R. Powe is a physician and a leader in science and public health.
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New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States.
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New York (state)
New York is a state in the northeastern United States.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
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Non-profit hospital
The hospital industry in the United States includes a mix of ownership forms.
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Norway
Norway (Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk); Norga), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a unitary sovereign state whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula plus the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard.
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Nursing home care
Nursing homes are a type of residential care that provide around-the-clock nursing care for elderly people.
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Obstetrics
Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.
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OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
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Office of the United States Trade Representative
The Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) is the United States government agency responsible for developing and recommending United States trade policy to the President of the United States, conducting trade negotiations at bilateral and multilateral levels, and coordinating trade policy within the government through the interagency Trade Policy Staff Committee (TPSC) and Trade Policy Review Group (TPRG).
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Outpatient surgery
Outpatient surgery, also known as ambulatory surgery, day surgery, day case surgery, or same-day surgery, is surgery that does not require an overnight hospital stay.
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Patient
A patient is any recipient of health care services.
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Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often shortened to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or nicknamed Obamacare, is a United States federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010.
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Paul Starr
Paul Starr (born May 12, 1949) is a professor of sociology and public affairs at Princeton University.
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Physician
A physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor, or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.
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Physicians for a National Health Program
Physicians for a National Health Program (PNHP) is an advocacy organization of more than 20,000 American physicians, medical students, and health professionals that supports a universal, comprehensive single-payer national health insurance program.
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Political party
A political party is an organised group of people, often with common views, who come together to contest elections and hold power in government.
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Political spectrum
A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions.
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Poverty in the United States
Poverty is a state of deprivation, lacking the usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions.
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Poverty threshold
The poverty threshold, poverty limit or poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country.
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Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication or prescription medicine) is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.
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President of the United States
The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.
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Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare (alternately preventive medicine, preventative healthcare/medicine, or prophylaxis) consists of measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment.
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Primary care physician
A primary care physician is a physician who provides both the first contact for a person with an undiagnosed health concern as well as continuing care of varied medical conditions, not limited by cause, organ system, or diagnosis.
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Private sector
The private sector is the part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by the State.
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Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
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Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) is divided into 10 titles and contains provisions that became effective immediately, 90 days after enactment, and six months after enactment, as well as provisions phased in through to 2020.
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Public Citizen
Public Citizen is a non-profit, liberal / progressive consumer rights advocacy group and think tank based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a branch in Austin, Texas.
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Public health insurance option
The public health insurance option, also known as the public insurance option or the public option, is a proposal to create a government-run health insurance agency that would compete with other private health insurance companies within the United States.
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Public hospital
A public hospital or government hospital is a hospital which is owned by a government and receives government funding.
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Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act
The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREPA), passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President of the United States George W. Bush in December, 2005, is a controversial tort liability shield intended to protect vaccine manufacturers from financial risk in the event of a declared public health emergency.
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Public sector
The public sector (also called the state sector) is the part of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises.
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Respiratory disease
Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.
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Richard Kronick
Richard Gray Kronick is an American health policy researcher and professor of family and preventive medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where he is also an adjunct professor of political science.
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Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.
Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc.,, is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the pre-emption clause of the Medical Device Amendment bars state common-law claims that challenge the effectiveness or safety of a medical device marketed in a form that received premarket approval from the Food and Drug Administration.
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Rights
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.
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Risk factor
In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.
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Robert Reich
Robert Bernard Reich (born June 24, 1946) is an American political commentator, professor, and author.
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School health and nutrition services
School health and nutrition services are services provided through the school system to improve the health and well-being of children and in some cases whole families and the broader community.
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Scientific racism
Scientific racism (sometimes referred to as race biology, racial biology, or race realism) is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.
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Self-funded health care
Self-funded health care, also known as Administrative Services Only (ASO), is a self insurance arrangement whereby an employer provides health or disability benefits to employees using the company's own funds.
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Sexually transmitted infection
Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.
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Single-payer healthcare
Single-payer healthcare is a healthcare system financed by taxes that covers the costs of essential healthcare for all residents, with costs covered by a single public system (hence 'single-payer').
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Social safety net
The social safety net is a collection of services provided by the state or other institutions such as friendly societies.
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Socialized medicine
Socialized medicine is a term used in the United States to describe and discuss systems of universal health care: medical and hospital care for all at a nominal cost by means of government regulation of health care and subsidies derived from taxation.
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State governments of the United States
State governments of the United States are institutional units in the United States exercising some of the functions of government at a level below that of the federal government.
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State health agency
A state health agency (SHA), or state department of health, is a department or agency of the state governments of the United States focused on public health.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Substance-related disorder
Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others.
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Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.
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Surgeon General of the United States
The Surgeon General of the United States is the operational head of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC) and thus the leading spokesperson on matters of public health in the federal government of the United States.
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Sweden
Sweden (Sverige), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
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Systemic bias
Systemic bias, also called institutional bias, is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes.
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Tax bracket
Tax brackets are the divisions at which tax rates change in a progressive tax system (or an explicitly regressive tax system, although this is much rarer).
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Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
The Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018,, is a congressional revenue act originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.
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Teenage pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in females under the age of 20.
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Teenage pregnancy in the United States
Teenage pregnancy in the United States relates to girls under the age of 20 who become pregnant.
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Teladoc
Teladoc, Inc. (formerly Teladoc Medical Services) is a telehealth company that uses telephone and videoconferencing technology to provide on-demand remote medical care via mobile devices, the internet, video and phone.
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Telemedicine
Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication and information technology to provide clinical health care from a distance.
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The Boston Globe
The Boston Globe (sometimes abbreviated as The Globe) is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts, since its creation by Charles H. Taylor in 1872.
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The Christian Science Monitor
The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles in electronic format as well as a weekly print edition.
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The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice
The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice (TDI) is an organization within Dartmouth College "dedicated to improving health care through education, research, policy reform, leadership improvement, and communication with patients and the public." It was founded in 1988 by John Wennberg as the Center for the Evaluative Clinical Sciences (CECS); a reorganization in 2007 led to TDI's current structure.
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The Lancet
The Lancet is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal.
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The New England Journal of Medicine
The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Social Transformation of American Medicine
The Social Transformation of American Medicine is a book written by Paul Starr and published by Basic Books in 1982.
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The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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U.S. state
A state is a constituent political entity of the United States.
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Underinsured
Underinsured refers to various degrees of being insured for some real risks and uninsured for others, at the same time.
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Unintended consequences
In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences) are outcomes that are not the ones foreseen and intended by a purposeful action.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States Census Bureau
The United States Census Bureau (USCB; officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.
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United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.
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United States Department of Defense
The Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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United States National Health Care Act
The United States National Health Care Act, or the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act, is a bill introduced in the United States House of Representatives by former Representative John Conyers (D-MI).
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United States Public Health Service
The Public Health Service Act of 1944 structured the United States Public Health Service (PHS), founded in 1798, as the primary division of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW; which was established in 1953), which later became the United States Department of Health and Human Services in 1979–1980 (when the Education agencies were separated into their own U.S. Department of Education).
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United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, concerned with health matters.
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United States Secretary of Labor
The United States Secretary of Labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the U.S. Department of Labor, exercises control over the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.
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Universal health care
Universal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, universal care, or socialized health care) is a health care system that provides health care and financial protection to all citizens of a particular country.
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Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut
Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut is an independent, nonprofit organization with offices in Meriden, Connecticut.
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Unnecessary health care
Unnecessary health care (overutilization, overuse, or overtreatment) is healthcare provided with a higher volume or cost than is appropriate.
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Urban Institute
The Urban Institute is a Washington D.C.-based think tank that carries out economic and social policy research to "open minds, shape decisions, and offer solutions".
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Urgent care
Urgent care is a category of walk-in clinic focused on the delivery of ambulatory care in a dedicated medical facility outside of a traditional emergency department (emergency room).
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Value stream mapping
Value-stream mapping is a lean-management method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from its beginning through to the customer with reduced lean wastes as compared to current map.
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Vermont
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.
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Veterans Health Administration
The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is the component of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) led by the Under Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Health that implements the healthcare program of the VA through the administration and operation of numerous VA Medical Centers (VAMC), Outpatient Clinics (OPC), Community Based Outpatient Clinics (CBOC), and VA Community Living Centers (VA Nursing Home) Programs.
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Visitor health insurance
Visitor health insurance, also known as visitor medical insurance, is a form of short-term travel medical insurance policy that visitors to any country purchase to obtain coverage protection for accidental injury or sickness or illness that occurs during their stay in the host country.
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WebMD
WebMD is an American corporation known primarily as an online publisher of news and information pertaining to human health and well-being.
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White Americans
White Americans are Americans who are descendants from any of the white racial groups of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, or in census statistics, those who self-report as white based on having majority-white ancestry.
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WHO regions
The World Health Organization (WHO) divides the world into six WHO regions, for the purposes of reporting, analysis and administration.
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World Bank high-income economy
A high-income economy is defined by the World Bank as a country with a gross national income per capita US$12,236 or more in 2016, calculated using the Atlas method.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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Wyeth v. Levine
Wyeth v. Levine, 555 U.S. 555 (2009), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that Federal regulatory clearance of a medication does not shield the manufacturer from liability under state law.
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Years of potential life lost
Years of potential life lost (YPLL) or potential years of life lost (PYLL), is an estimate of the average years a person would have lived if he or she had not died prematurely.
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YouTube
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California.
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2009 flu pandemic vaccine
The 2009 flu pandemic vaccines are the set of influenza vaccines that have been developed to protect against the pandemic H1N1/09 virus.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States
