Faster access than browser!
186 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, Abu Muslim, Achaemenid Empire, Afghanistan, Ahmad Sanjar, Akmyrat Rejepow, Al-Ma'mun, Al-Mahdi, Alans, Aleksey Kuropatkin, Alexander the Great, Alp Arslan, Altai Mountains, Amu Darya, Arab Muslims, Aral Sea, Arsaces, Ashgabat, Authoritarianism, Avars (Caucasus), Öwezgeldi Ataýew, Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, Baghdad, Balkan Region, Balkh, Basmachi movement, Battle of Geok Tepe, Bolsheviks, Bronze Age, Buddhism, Bukhara, Caliphate, Caspian Sea, Chagatai Khanate, Constitution of Turkmenistan, Cubic foot, Cult of personality, Dahae, Dauletabad gas field, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Division of the Mongol Empire, Elam, Emirate of Bukhara, Eurasian nomads, Fergana, Gansu, Göktürks, Genghis Khan, Geok Tepe, ..., Ghaznavids, Gonur Tepe, Greater Khorasan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, Hadith, Hanif, Hephthalite Empire, History of Asia, History of Central Asia, History of Iran, History of the Soviet Union, Human rights in Turkmenistan, Huns, Ilkhanate, Independence Day (Turkmenistan), Indo-Aryan migration, Indus Valley Civilisation, Iran, Iranian peoples, Iron Age, Jean Chrétien, Jeitun, Kalmyks, Karakum Canal, Karluks, Kashgar, Khanate of Khiva, Khiva, Khwarazmian dynasty, Khwarezm, Khwarezmian language, Konye-Urgench, Kopet Dag, Koroglu, Lake Baikal, Leninism, Library of Congress Country Studies, Magtymguly Pyragy, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Margiana, Mary, Turkmenistan, Massagetae, Merv, Mesopotamia, Middle Ages, Mikhail Skobelev, Mongol Empire, Mongols, Murghab River, Nader Shah, National anthem of Turkmenistan, Natural gas field, Neanderthal, Neutrality Monument, Nisa, Turkmenistan, Nishapur, Nomad, October Revolution, Oghuz Turks, Panjdeh incident, Parni, Parthia, People's Council of Turkmenistan, Politics of Turkmenistan, President of Turkmenistan, Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Qutayba ibn Muslim, Recorded history, Republics of the Soviet Union, Ruhnama, Russian Empire, Russian Revolution, Sabir people, Saffarid dynasty, Saka, Samanid Empire, Samarkand, Saparmurat Niyazov, Sarmatians, Sasanian Empire, Satrap, Scythia, Scythians, Seleucid Empire, Seljuk (warlord), Seljuk Empire, Seljuq dynasty, Serhetabat, Sericulture, Silk Road, Sogdia, Soviet Central Asia, Soviet Union, Syr Darya, Tahirid dynasty, Tang dynasty, Tashkent, Tashkent Soviet, Türkmenabat, Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan, Teke (Turkmen tribe), Timur, Timurid Empire, Totalitarianism, Transcaspian Government, Transcaspian Oblast, Transoxiana, Tughril, Turco-Mongol tradition, Turkestan, Turkey, Turkic languages, Turkic migration, Turkic tribal confederations, Turkmen language, Turkmen parliamentary election, 2008–09, Turkmen presidential election, 2007, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmenistan, Turkmens, Tuul River, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Ural Mountains, Uthman, Uzbekistan, Uzbeks, Volga River, Watan Order, Wilfrid Malleson, Yaqut al-Hamawi, Yomut, Yuezhi, Zoroastrianism, 1948 Ashgabat earthquake, 26 Baku Commissars. Expand index (136 more) »
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate (or ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّة) was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Abbasid Caliphate · See more »
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur (Abulgʻozi Bahodirxon Abulgazi, Ebulgazi, Abu-l-Ghazi, August 24, 1603 – 1663) was a khan of the Khanate of Khiva from 1643 to 1663.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur · See more »
Abu Muslim
Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khorasani or al-Khurasani (أبو مسلم عبد الرحمن بن مسلم الخراساني born 718-19 or 723-27, died in 755), born Behzādān Pūr-i Vandād Hormoz (بهزادان پور ونداد هرمزد), was a Persian general in service of the Abbasid dynasty, who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Abu Muslim · See more »
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire, also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Achaemenid Empire · See more »
Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari:, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan · See more »
Ahmad Sanjar
Ahmad Sanjar (Persian: احمد سنجر; full name: Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah) (b. 1085 – d. 8 May 1157) was the Seljuq ruler of Khorasan from 1097 until in 1118 Encyclopædia Iranica when he became the Sultan of the Seljuq Empire, which he ruled as until his death in 1157.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Ahmad Sanjar · See more »
Akmyrat Rejepow
Akmyrat Rejepow is a Turkmen general and governmental hierarch, having served as Saparmurat Niyazov's Chief of Security.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Akmyrat Rejepow · See more »
Al-Ma'mun
Abu al-Abbas al-Maʾmūn ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (أبو العباس المأمون; September 786 – 9 August 833) was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Al-Ma'mun · See more »
Al-Mahdi
Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur (أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdi (المهدي, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Al-Mahdi · See more »
Alans
The Alans (or Alani) were an Iranian nomadic pastoral people of antiquity.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Alans · See more »
Aleksey Kuropatkin
Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (Алексе́й Никола́евич Куропа́ткин; March 29, 1848January 16, 1925) was the Russian Imperial Minister of War from 1898 to 1904, and often held responsible for major Russian defeats in the Russo-Japanese War, most notably at the Battle of Mukden and the Battle of Liaoyang.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Aleksey Kuropatkin · See more »
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Alexander the Great · See more »
Alp Arslan
Alp Arslan (honorific in Turkish meaning "Heroic Lion"; in آلپ ارسلان; full name: Diya ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abu Shuja Muhammad Alp Arslan ibn Dawud ابو شجاع محمد آلپ ارسلان ابن داود; 20 January 1029 – 15 December 1072), real name Muhammad bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Alp Arslan · See more »
Altai Mountains
The Altai Mountains (also spelled Altay Mountains; Altai: Алтай туулар, Altay tuular; Mongolian:, Altai-yin niruɣu (Chakhar) / Алтайн нуруу, Altain nuruu (Khalkha); Kazakh: Алтай таулары, Altai’ tay’lary, التاي تاۋلارى Алтайские горы, Altajskije gory; Chinese; 阿尔泰山脉, Ā'ěrtài Shānmài, Xiao'erjing: اَعَرتَىْ شًامَىْ; Dungan: Артэ Шанмэ) are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan come together, and are where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Altai Mountains · See more »
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, also called the Amu or Amo River, and historically known by its Latin name Oxus, is a major river in Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Amu Darya · See more »
Arab Muslims
Arab Muslims are adherents of Islam who identify linguistically, culturally, and genealogically as Arabs.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Arab Muslims · See more »
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake (one with no outflow) lying between Kazakhstan (Aktobe and Kyzylorda Regions) in the north and Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan autonomous region) in the south.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Aral Sea · See more »
Arsaces
Arsaces (Persian: اشکانیان) is the eponymous Greek form of the dynastic name of the Parthian Empire of Persia adopted by all epigraphically attested rulers of the 'phil-hellenenic' Arsacid dynasties.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Arsaces · See more »
Ashgabat
Ashgabat (Aşgabat,; ɐʂxɐˈbat) — named Poltoratsk (p) between 1919 and 1927, is the capital and the largest city of Turkmenistan in Central Asia, situated between the Karakum Desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Ashgabat · See more »
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Authoritarianism · See more »
Avars (Caucasus)
The Avars (аварал / магIарулал, awaral / maⱨarulal; "mountaineers" constitute a Caucasus native ethnic group, the most predominant of several ethnic groups living in the Russian republic of Dagestan. The Avars reside in a region known as the North Caucasus between the Black and Caspian Seas. Alongside other ethnic groups in the North Caucasus region, the Caucasian Avars live in ancient villages located approximately 2,000 m above sea level. The Avar language spoken by the Caucasian Avars belongs to the family of Northeast Caucasian languages and is also known as Nakh–Dagestanian. Sunni Islam has been the prevailing religion of the Avars since the 13th century.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Avars (Caucasus) · See more »
Öwezgeldi Ataýew
Öwezgeldi Ataýew (Russian: Овезгелды Атаев, Ovezgeldy Atayev, born 1951) was Chairman of the Assembly of Turkmenistan from 2002 to 2006.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Öwezgeldi Ataýew · See more »
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (short BMAC), also known as the Oxus civilisation, is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age civilisation of Central Asia, dated to c. 2300–1700 BC, located in present-day northern Afghanistan, eastern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan, centred on the upper Amu Darya (Oxus River).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex · See more »
Baghdad
Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Baghdad · See more »
Balkan Region
Balkan Region (Balkan welaýaty, Балкан велаяты, بلقان ولايتى) is one of the regions of Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Balkan Region · See more »
Balkh
Balkh (Pashto and بلخ; Ancient Greek and Βάχλο Bakhlo) is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya river and the Uzbekistan border.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Balkh · See more »
Basmachi movement
The Basmachi movement (Басмачество, Basmachestvo) or Basmachi Revolt was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by the Muslim peoples of Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Basmachi movement · See more »
Battle of Geok Tepe
For Lomakin's defeat at the same place in 1879 see Battle of Geok Tepe (1879) The Battle of Geok Tepe in 1881 was the main event in the 1880/81 Russian campaign to conquer the Tekke Turkomans.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Battle of Geok Tepe · See more »
Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Bolsheviks · See more »
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historical period characterized by the use of bronze, and in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of urban civilization.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Bronze Age · See more »
Buddhism
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Buddhism · See more »
Bukhara
Bukhara (Uzbek Latin: Buxoro; Uzbek Cyrillic: Бухоро) is a city in Uzbekistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Bukhara · See more »
Caliphate
A caliphate (خِلافة) is a state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (خَليفة), a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah (community).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Caliphate · See more »
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Caspian Sea · See more »
Chagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate (Mongolian: Tsagadaina Khaanat Ulus/Цагаадайн Хаант Улс) was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Chagatai Khanate · See more »
Constitution of Turkmenistan
The Constitution of Turkmenistan adopted on 18 May 1992 is the supreme law of Turkmenistan (Article 5).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Constitution of Turkmenistan · See more »
Cubic foot
The cubic foot (symbol ft3) is an imperial and US customary (non-metric) unit of volume, used in the United States, and partially in Canada, and the United Kingdom.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Cubic foot · See more »
Cult of personality
A cult of personality arises when a country's regime – or, more rarely, an individual politician – uses the techniques of mass media, propaganda, the big lie, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies to create an idealized, heroic, and worshipful image of a leader, often through unquestioning flattery and praise.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Cult of personality · See more »
Dahae
The Dahae, also known as the Daae, Dahas or Dahaeans --> (Dahae; Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι, Δάσαι Dáoi, Dáai, Dai, Dasai; Sanskrit: Dasa; Chinese Dayi 大益)(p. 19. were a people of ancient Central Asia. A confederation of three tribes – the Parni, Xanthii and Pissuri – the Dahae lived in an area now comprising much of modern Turkmenistan. The area has consequently been known as Dahestan, Dahistan and Dihistan. Relatively little is known about their way of life. For example, according to the Iranologist A. D. H. Bivar, the capital of "the ancient Dahae (if indeed they possessed one) is quite unknown.". The Dahae dissolved, apparently, some time before the beginning of the 1st millennium. One of the three tribes of the Dahae confederation, the Parni, emigrated to Parthia (present-day north-eastern Iran), where they founded the Arsacid dynasty.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Dahae · See more »
Dauletabad gas field
The Dauletabad Gas Field (also Döwletabat, Dauletabad-Donmez, and until 1991 known as Sovietabad) is a large natural gas field located in Mary, Mary province, Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Dauletabad gas field · See more »
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Dissolution of the Soviet Union · See more »
Division of the Mongol Empire
The division of the Mongol Empire began when Möngke Khan died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu castle with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to the Toluid Civil War.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Division of the Mongol Empire · See more »
Elam
Elam (Elamite: haltamti, Sumerian: NIM.MAki) was an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Elam · See more »
Emirate of Bukhara
The Emirate of Bukhara (امارت بخارا; Buxoro amirligi) was a Central Asian state that existed from 1785 to 1920, which is now modern-day Uzbekistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Emirate of Bukhara · See more »
Eurasian nomads
The Eurasian nomads were a large group of nomadic peoples from the Eurasian Steppe, who often appear in history as invaders of Europe, the Middle East and China.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Eurasian nomads · See more »
Fergana
Fergana (Fargʻona/Фарғона, فەرغانە; Фарғона, Farğona/Farƣona; فرغانه Farġāna/Farqâna; Фергана́), or Ferghana, is the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Fergana · See more »
Gansu
Gansu (Tibetan: ཀན་སུའུ་ Kan su'u) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the northwest of the country.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Gansu · See more »
Göktürks
The Göktürks, Celestial Turks, Blue Turks or Kok Turks (Old Turkic: 𐰜𐰇𐰛:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰, Kök Türük;, Middle Chinese: *duət̚-kʉɐt̚, Тўҗүә; Khotanese Saka: Ttūrka, Ttrūka; Old Tibetan: Drugu), were a nomadic confederation of Turkic peoples in medieval Inner Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Göktürks · See more »
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan or Temüjin Borjigin (Чингис хаан, Çingis hán) (also transliterated as Chinggis Khaan; born Temüjin, c. 1162 August 18, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Genghis Khan · See more »
Geok Tepe
Geok Tepe, Gökdepe or Gokdepe is a former fortress of the Turkmens, in Turkmenistan, in the oasis of Ahal, on the Transcaspian railway, 28 miles north-west of Ashgabat.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Geok Tepe · See more »
Ghaznavids
The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان ġaznaviyān) was a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, at their greatest extent ruling large parts of Iran, Afghanistan, much of Transoxiana and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Ghaznavids · See more »
Gonur Tepe
Gonur Tepe is an archaeological site located about 60 km north of Mary (ancient Merv), Turkmenistan consisting of a large early Bronze Age settlement.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Gonur Tepe · See more »
Greater Khorasan
Khorasan (Middle Persian: Xwarāsān; خراسان Xorāsān), sometimes called Greater Khorasan, is a historical region lying in northeast of Greater Persia, including part of Central Asia and Afghanistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Greater Khorasan · See more »
Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (born June 29, 1957) IPA:, is a Turkmen politician who has served as the President of Turkmenistan since February 2007.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow · See more »
Hadith
Ḥadīth (or; حديث, pl. Aḥādīth, أحاديث,, also "Traditions") in Islam refers to the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval, of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Hadith · See more »
Hanif
Ḥanīf (حنيف,; plural: حنفاء) meaning "revert" refers to one who, according to Islamic belief, maintained the pure monotheism of the patriarch Abraham.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Hanif · See more »
Hephthalite Empire
The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites) were a people of Central Asia who were militarily important circa 450–560.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Hephthalite Empire · See more »
History of Asia
The history of Asia can be seen as the collective history of several distinct peripheral coastal regions such as, East Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East linked by the interior mass of the Eurasian steppe.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and History of Asia · See more »
History of Central Asia
The history of Central Asia concerns the history of the various peoples that have inhabited Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and History of Central Asia · See more »
History of Iran
The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt in the west to the borders of Ancient India and the Syr Darya in the east, and from the Caucasus and the Eurasian Steppe in the north to the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and History of Iran · See more »
History of the Soviet Union
The "History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union" reflects a period of change for both Russia and the world.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and History of the Soviet Union · See more »
Human rights in Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan's human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Human rights in Turkmenistan · See more »
Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, between the 4th and 6th century AD.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Huns · See more »
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate (ایلخانان, Ilxānān; Хүлэгийн улс, Hu’legīn Uls), was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Ilkhanate · See more »
Independence Day (Turkmenistan)
Independence Day of Turkmenistan (Garaşsyzlyk baýramy, Гарашсызлык бaйрaмы.) is the main state holiday in Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Independence Day (Turkmenistan) · See more »
Indo-Aryan migration
Indo-Aryan migration models discuss scenarios around the theory of an origin from outside South Asia of Indo-Aryan peoples, an ascribed ethnolinguistic group that spoke Indo-Aryan languages, the predominant languages of North India.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Indo-Aryan migration · See more »
Indus Valley Civilisation
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), or Harappan Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation (5500–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mainly in the northwestern regions of South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Indus Valley Civilisation · See more »
Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Iran · See more »
Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Iranian peoples · See more »
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Iron Age · See more »
Jean Chrétien
Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien (born January 11, 1934), known commonly as Jean Chrétien, is a Canadian politician who served as the 20th Prime Minister of Canada from November 4, 1993, to December 12, 2003.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Jean Chrétien · See more »
Jeitun
Jeitun (Djeitun) is an archaeological site of the Neolithic period in southern Turkmenistan, about 30 kilometers northwest of Ashgabat in the Kopet-Dag mountain range.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Jeitun · See more »
Kalmyks
The Kalmyks (Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, Xaľmgud, Mongolian: Халимаг, Halimag) are the Oirats in Russia, whose ancestors migrated from Dzungaria in 1607.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Kalmyks · See more »
Karakum Canal
The Karakum Canal (Qaraqum Canal, Kara Kum Canal, Garagum Canal; Каракумский канал, Karakumsky Kanal, Turkmen: Garagum kanaly, گَرَگوُم كَنَلیٛ, Гарагум каналы) in Turkmenistan is one of the largest irrigation and water supply canals in the world.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Karakum Canal · See more »
Karluks
The Karluks (also Qarluqs, Qarluks, Karluqs, Old Turkic:, Qarluq, Persian: خَلُّخ (Khallokh), Arabic قارلوق "Qarluq") were a prominent nomadic Turkic tribal confederacy residing in the regions of Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) and the Tarbagatai Mountains west of the Altay Mountains in Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Karluks · See more »
Kashgar
Kashgar is an oasis city in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Kashgar · See more »
Khanate of Khiva
The Khanate of Khiva (Xiva xonligi, خانات خیوه) was a Central Asian Turkic state that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nadir Shah between 1740 and 1746.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Khanate of Khiva · See more »
Khiva
Khiva (Xiva/Хива, خىۋا; خیوه,; alternative or historical names include Khorasam, Khoresm, Khwarezm, Khwarizm, Khwarazm, Chorezm, and خوارزم) is a city of approximately 50,000 people located in Xorazm Region, Uzbekistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Khiva · See more »
Khwarazmian dynasty
The Khwarazmian dynasty (also known as the Khwarezmid dynasty, the Anushtegin dynasty, the dynasty of Khwarazm Shahs, and other spelling variants; from ("Kings of Khwarezmia") was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian." Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin. The dynasty ruled large parts of Central Asia and Iran during the High Middle Ages, in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231, first as vassals of the Seljuqs and Qara-Khitan, and later as independent rulers, up until the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia in the 13th century. The dynasty was founded by commander Anush Tigin Gharchai, a former Turkish slave of the Seljuq sultans, who was appointed as governor of Khwarezm. His son, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, became the first hereditary Shah of Khwarezm.Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty",.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Khwarazmian dynasty · See more »
Khwarezm
Khwarezm, or Chorasmia (خوارزم, Xvârazm) is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum desert, on the south by the Karakum desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Khwarezm · See more »
Khwarezmian language
Khwarezmian (Khwarazmian, Khorezmian, Chorasmian) is an extinct East Iranian language closely related to Sogdian.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Khwarezmian language · See more »
Konye-Urgench
Konye-Urgench (Köneürgenç; Куня Ургенч, Kunya Urgench – from Persian: Kuhna Gurgānj کهنه گرگانج) – Old Gurgānj also known as Kunya-Urgench, Old Urgench or Urganj, is a municipality of about 30,000 inhabitants in north Turkmenistan, just south from its border with Uzbekistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Konye-Urgench · See more »
Kopet Dag
The Kopet Dag, Kopet Dagh, or Koppeh Dagh (کپهداغ; Köpetdag), also known as the Turkmen-Khorasan Mountain Range is a mountain range on the frontier between Turkmenistan and Iran that extends about along the border southeast of the Caspian Sea, stretching northwest-southeast from near the Caspian Sea in the northwest to the Harirud River in the southeast.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Kopet Dag · See more »
Koroglu
Koroglu is a dance tune in a five-beat rhythm (2+3) that was well-known to the farming populations of Asia Minor and the Aydın area in particular.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Koroglu · See more »
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (p; Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur; Байгал нуур, Baigal nuur, etymologically meaning, in Mongolian, "the Nature Lake") is a rift lake in Russia, located in southern Siberia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Lake Baikal · See more »
Leninism
Leninism is the political theory for the organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of a dictatorship of the proletariat as political prelude to the establishment of socialism.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Leninism · See more »
Library of Congress Country Studies
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Library of Congress Country Studies · See more »
Magtymguly Pyragy
Magtymguly Pyragy (Persian: مختومقلی فراغی Makhtumqoli Faraghi; Magtymguly Pyragy; 1724 – 1807) was a Turkmen spiritual leader and philosophical poet who made great efforts to secure independence and autonomy for his people in the 18th century.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Magtymguly Pyragy · See more »
Mahmud al-Kashgari
Mahmud ibn Hussayn ibn Muhammed al-Kashgari (محمود بن الحسين بن محمد الكاشغري - Maḥmūd ibnu 'l-Ḥussayn ibn Muḥammad al-Kāšġarī; Mahmûd bin Hüseyin bin Muhammed El Kaşgari, Kaşgarlı Mahmûd; مەھمۇد قەشقىرى, Mehmud Qeshqiri, Мәһмуд Қәшқири) was an 11th-century Kara-Khanid scholar and lexicographer of the Turkic languages from Kashgar.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Mahmud al-Kashgari · See more »
Margiana
Margiana (Μαργιανή Margianḗ, Old Persian: Marguš, Middle Persian: Marv) is a historical region centred on the oasis of Merv and was a minor satrapy within the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, and a province within its successors, the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian empires.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Margiana · See more »
Mary, Turkmenistan
Mary, formerly named Merv, Meru and Margiana, is a city on an oasis in the Karakum Desert, located on the Murghab river.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Mary, Turkmenistan · See more »
Massagetae
The Massagetae, or Massageteans, were an ancient Eastern Iranian nomadic confederation,Karasulas, Antony.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Massagetae · See more »
Merv
Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; مرو, Marv), formerly Achaemenid Persian Satrapy of Margiana, and later Alexandria (Margiana) (Ἀλεξάνδρεια) and Antiochia in Margiana (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Μαργιανῆς), was a major oasis-city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, located near today's Mary in Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Merv · See more »
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Mesopotamia · See more »
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Middle Ages · See more »
Mikhail Skobelev
Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev (29 September 1843 – 7 July 1882) was a Russian general famous for his conquest of Central Asia and heroism during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Mikhail Skobelev · See more »
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire (Mongolian: Mongolyn Ezent Güren; Mongolian Cyrillic: Монголын эзэнт гүрэн;; also Орда ("Horde") in Russian chronicles) existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest contiguous land empire in history.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Mongol Empire · See more »
Mongols
The Mongols (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Mongols · See more »
Murghab River
The Murghāb River (Persian/Pashto: مرغاب, Morqâb), also called Margos, Margu and Margiana River (Ancient Greek: Μαργιανή, Margianḗ, مارغيانہ), and also transliterated as Murgab (from Russian Мургаб) and Murgap (from Turkmen), is an long river in Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Murghab River · See more »
Nader Shah
Nader Shah Afshar (نادر شاه افشار; also known as Nader Qoli Beyg نادر قلی بیگ or Tahmāsp Qoli Khan تهماسپ قلی خان) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in the history of the nation, ruling as Shah of Persia (Iran) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Nader Shah · See more »
National anthem of Turkmenistan
The national anthem of Turkmenistan is called the National Anthem of Independent Neutral TurkmenistanTurkmenistan to the Heights of the Golden Age, Ashgabat, 2005.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and National anthem of Turkmenistan · See more »
Natural gas field
Natural gas originates by the same geological thermal cracking process that converts kerogen to petroleum.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Natural gas field · See more »
Neanderthal
Neanderthals (also; also Neanderthal Man, taxonomically Homo neanderthalensis or Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived in Eurasia during at least 430,000 to 38,000 years ago.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Neanderthal · See more »
Neutrality Monument
Monument of Neutrality (Bitaraplyk arkasy) was a monument located in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Neutrality Monument · See more »
Nisa, Turkmenistan
Nisa (also Parthaunisa) was an ancient settlement of the Iranic peoples, located near (modern-day) Bagir village, 18 km southwest of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Nisa, Turkmenistan · See more »
Nishapur
Nishapur or Nishabur (نیشابور, also Romanized as Nīshāpūr, Nišâpur, Nişapur, Nīshābūr, Neyshābūr, and Neeshapoor, from Middle Persian: New-Shabuhr, meaning "New City of Shapur", "Fair Shapur", or "Perfect built of Shapur") is a city in Razavi Khorasan Province, capital of the Nishapur County and former capital of Province Khorasan, in northeastern Iran, situated in a fertile plain at the foot of the Binalud Mountains.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Nishapur · See more »
Nomad
A nomad (νομάς, nomas, plural tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another in search of grasslands for their animals.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Nomad · See more »
October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and October Revolution · See more »
Oghuz Turks
The Oghuz, Oguz or Ghuzz Turks were a western Turkic people who spoke the Oghuz languages from the Common branch of Turkic language family.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Oghuz Turks · See more »
Panjdeh incident
The Panjdeh incident of 1885 was a diplomatic crisis between Britain and Russia caused by the Russian Empire's expansion southeast toward Afghanistan and India.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Panjdeh incident · See more »
Parni
The Parni (Πάρνοι, Parnoi) or Aparni (Ἄπαρνοι, Aparnoi) were an east Iranian people.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Parni · See more »
Parthia
Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in north-eastern Iran.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Parthia · See more »
People's Council of Turkmenistan
The Halk Maslahaty (Халк Маслахаты xɑlq mɑθlɑxɑt̪ɯ; "People's Council") was the highest representative body in Turkmenistan (Article 45 of the 1992 Constitution).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and People's Council of Turkmenistan · See more »
Politics of Turkmenistan
The politics of Turkmenistan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Politics of Turkmenistan · See more »
President of Turkmenistan
President of Turkmenistan (Turkmen:Türkmenistanyň prezidenti) is the head of state and of the executive power, is the highest official of Turkmenistan, and has the constitutional charter to act as a guarantor of national independence, territorial integrity, and adherence to the Constitution and international agreements.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and President of Turkmenistan · See more »
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Proto-Indo-European language · See more »
Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans were the prehistoric people of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Proto-Indo-Europeans · See more »
Qutayba ibn Muslim
Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلم بن عمرو الباهلي; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Qutayba ibn Muslim · See more »
Recorded history
Recorded history or written history is a historical narrative based on a written record or other documented communication.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Recorded history · See more »
Republics of the Soviet Union
The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics (r) of the Soviet Union were ethnically based proto-states that were subordinated directly to the Government of the Soviet Union.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Republics of the Soviet Union · See more »
Ruhnama
The Ruhnama (The Book of the Soul) is a book written by Saparmurat Niyazov, the President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006, combining spiritual/moral guidance, autobiography and revisionist history; much of it is of dubious or disputed factuality and accuracy.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Ruhnama · See more »
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Russian Empire · See more »
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Russian Revolution · See more »
Sabir people
The Sabirs (Savirs, Suars, Sawar, Sawirk among others; Σάβιροι) were nomadic people who lived in the north of the Caucasus beginning in the late-5th century, on the eastern shores of the Black Sea, in the Kuban area, and possibly came from Western Siberia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Sabir people · See more »
Saffarid dynasty
The Saffarid dynasty (سلسله صفاریان) was a Muslim Persianate dynasty from Sistan that ruled over parts of eastern Iran, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in southwestern Afghanistan).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Saffarid dynasty · See more »
Saka
Saka, Śaka, Shaka or Saca mod. ساکا; Śaka; Σάκαι, Sákai; Sacae;, old *Sək, mod. Sāi) is the name used in Middle Persian and Sanskrit sources for the Scythians, a large group of Eurasian nomads on the Eurasian Steppe speaking Eastern Iranian languages.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Saka · See more »
Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire (سامانیان, Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid Emirate, or simply Samanids, was a Sunni Iranian empire, ruling from 819 to 999.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Samanid Empire · See more »
Samarkand
Samarkand (Uzbek language Uzbek alphabet: Samarqand; سمرقند; Самарканд; Σαμαρκάνδη), alternatively Samarqand, is a city in modern-day Uzbekistan and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Samarkand · See more »
Saparmurat Niyazov
Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov (Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow); 19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006) was a Turkmen politician who served as the leader of Turkmenistan from 1985 until his death in 2006. He was First Secretary of the Turkmen Communist Party from 1985 until 1991 and continued to lead Turkmenistan for 15 years after independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Turkmen media referred to him using the title "His Excellency Saparmurat Türkmenbaşy, President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers". His self-given title Türkmenbaşy, meaning Head of the Turkmen, referred to his position as the founder and president of the Association of Turkmens of the World. Foreign media criticised him as one of the world's most totalitarian and repressive dictators, highlighting his reputation of imposing his personal eccentricities upon the country, which extended to renaming months for details of his own biography among other things. Global Witness, a London-based human rights organisation, reported that money under Niyazov's control and held overseas may be in excess of US$3 billion, of which between $1.8–$2.6 billion was allegedly situated in the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund at Deutsche Bank in Germany.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Saparmurat Niyazov · See more »
Sarmatians
The Sarmatians (Sarmatae, Sauromatae; Greek: Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were a large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Sarmatians · See more »
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire, also known as the Sassanian, Sasanid, Sassanid or Neo-Persian Empire (known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr in Middle Persian), was the last period of the Persian Empire (Iran) before the rise of Islam, named after the House of Sasan, which ruled from 224 to 651 AD. The Sasanian Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognised as one of the leading world powers alongside its neighbouring arch-rival the Roman-Byzantine Empire, for a period of more than 400 years.Norman A. Stillman The Jews of Arab Lands pp 22 Jewish Publication Society, 1979 International Congress of Byzantine Studies Proceedings of the 21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies, London, 21–26 August 2006, Volumes 1-3 pp 29. Ashgate Pub Co, 30 sep. 2006 The Sasanian Empire was founded by Ardashir I, after the fall of the Parthian Empire and the defeat of the last Arsacid king, Artabanus V. At its greatest extent, the Sasanian Empire encompassed all of today's Iran, Iraq, Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatif, Qatar, UAE), the Levant (Syria, Palestine, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan), the Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan), Egypt, large parts of Turkey, much of Central Asia (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan), Yemen and Pakistan. According to a legend, the vexilloid of the Sasanian Empire was the Derafsh Kaviani.Khaleghi-Motlagh, The Sasanian Empire during Late Antiquity is considered to have been one of Iran's most important and influential historical periods and constituted the last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest and the adoption of Islam. In many ways, the Sasanian period witnessed the peak of ancient Iranian civilisation. The Sasanians' cultural influence extended far beyond the empire's territorial borders, reaching as far as Western Europe, Africa, China and India. It played a prominent role in the formation of both European and Asian medieval art. Much of what later became known as Islamic culture in art, architecture, music and other subject matter was transferred from the Sasanians throughout the Muslim world.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Sasanian Empire · See more »
Satrap
Satraps were the governors of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Satrap · See more »
Scythia
Scythia (Ancient Greek: Σκυθική, Skythikē) was a region of Central Eurasia in classical antiquity, occupied by the Eastern Iranian Scythians, encompassing Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe east of the Vistula River, with the eastern edges of the region vaguely defined by the Greeks.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Scythia · See more »
Scythians
or Scyths (from Greek Σκύθαι, in Indo-Persian context also Saka), were a group of Iranian people, known as the Eurasian nomads, who inhabited the western and central Eurasian steppes from about the 9th century BC until about the 1st century BC.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Scythians · See more »
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, Basileía tōn Seleukidōn) was a Hellenistic state ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, which existed from 312 BC to 63 BC; Seleucus I Nicator founded it following the division of the Macedonian empire vastly expanded by Alexander the Great.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Seleucid Empire · See more »
Seljuk (warlord)
Seljuk (Saljūq; also romanized Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq; modern Turkish: Selçuk; died 1038) was an Oghuz Turkic warlord, eponymous founder of the Seljuk dynasty.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Seljuk (warlord) · See more »
Seljuk Empire
The Seljuk Empire (also spelled Seljuq) (آل سلجوق) was a medieval Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire, originating from the Qiniq branch of Oghuz Turks.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Seljuk Empire · See more »
Seljuq dynasty
The Seljuq dynasty, or Seljuqs (آل سلجوق Al-e Saljuq), was an Oghuz Turk Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became a Persianate society and contributed to the Turco-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Seljuq dynasty · See more »
Serhetabat
Serhetabat (formerly Guşgy in Turkmen, Kushka or Kuschka in Russian) is a small town in the Mary Province in Turkmenistan, located in the valley of the Kushka River.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Serhetabat · See more »
Sericulture
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Sericulture · See more »
Silk Road
The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East and West.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Silk Road · See more »
Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization that at different times included territory located in present-day Tajikistan and Uzbekistan such as: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Panjikent and Shahrisabz.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Sogdia · See more »
Soviet Central Asia
Soviet Central Asia refers to the section of Central Asia formerly controlled by the Soviet Union, as well as the time period of Soviet administration (1918–1991).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Soviet Central Asia · See more »
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Soviet Union · See more »
Syr Darya
The Syr Darya is a river in Central Asia. The Syr Darya originates in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan and flows for west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to the northern remnants of the Aral Sea. It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorrheic basin of the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya. In the Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing, during the post-Soviet era, the virtual disappearance of the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Syr Darya · See more »
Tahirid dynasty
The Tahirid dynasty (طاهریان, Tâhiriyân) was a dynasty, of PersianThe Tahirids and Saffarids, C.E. Bosworth, The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Tahirid dynasty · See more »
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Tang dynasty · See more »
Tashkent
Tashkent (Toshkent, Тошкент, تاشكېنت,; Ташкент) is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan, as well as the most populated city in Central Asia with a population in 2012 of 2,309,300.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Tashkent · See more »
Tashkent Soviet
The Tashkent Soviet was a public organisation set up in Tashkent during the Russian Revolution.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Tashkent Soviet · See more »
Türkmenabat
Türkmenabat (Cyrillic Түркменабат), formerly and since medieval times, Chardzhou (Чарджоу, Čardžou; Çärjew, Чәрҗев) (Persian: چهارجوی 'Chharjvy', meaning 'four canals') and in ancient times Āmul, is the second-largest city in Turkmenistan and the capital of Lebap Province.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Türkmenabat · See more »
Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan
Türkmenbaşy (Turkmen Cyrillic: Түркменбашы, Turkmen Arabic; ترکمنباشی, also spelled Turkmenbashi, Түркменбаши), formerly known as Krasnovodsk (Красноводск) and Kyzyl-Su, is a city in Balkan Province in Turkmenistan, on the Krasnovodsk Gulf of the Caspian Sea.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan · See more »
Teke (Turkmen tribe)
Teke is a major and politically influential tribe of Turkmens in Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Teke (Turkmen tribe) · See more »
Timur
Timur (تیمور Temūr, Chagatai: Temür; 9 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Amir Timur and Tamerlane (تيمور لنگ Temūr(-i) Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Timur · See more »
Timurid Empire
The Timurid Empire (تیموریان, Timuriyān), self-designated as Gurkani (گورکانیان, Gurkāniyān), was a PersianateB.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006 Turco-Mongol empire comprising modern-day Iran, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary India, Pakistan, Syria and Turkey. The empire was founded by Timur (also known as Tamerlane), a warlord of Turco-Mongol lineage, who established the empire between 1370 and his death in 1405. He envisioned himself as the great restorer of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan and, while not descended from Genghis, regarded himself as Genghis's heir and associated much with the Borjigin. The ruling Timurid dynasty, or Timurids, lost most of Persia to the Aq Qoyunlu confederation in 1467, but members of the dynasty continued to rule smaller states, sometimes known as Timurid emirates, in Central Asia and parts of India. In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid prince from Ferghana (modern Uzbekistan), invaded Kabulistan (modern Afghanistan) and established a small kingdom there, and from there 20 years later he invaded India to establish the Mughal Empire.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Timurid Empire · See more »
Totalitarianism
Benito Mussolini Totalitarianism is a political concept where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Totalitarianism · See more »
Transcaspian Government
The Transcaspian Government (1918 - July 1919) was a "Menshevik-Socialist Revolutionary" coalition set up by the Railway workers of the Trans-Caspian Railway in 1918.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Transcaspian Government · See more »
Transcaspian Oblast
The Transcaspian Oblast (Закаспійская область), or just simply Transcaspia (Закаспія), was the section of Russian Empire and early Soviet Russia to the east of the Caspian Sea during the second half of the 19th century until 1924.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Transcaspian Oblast · See more »
Transoxiana
Transoxiana (also spelled Transoxania), known in Arabic sources as (– 'what beyond the river') and in Persian as (فرارود, —'beyond the river'), is the ancient name used for the portion of Central Asia corresponding approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and southwest Kazakhstan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Transoxiana · See more »
Tughril
Tughril Beg (full name: Rukn al-Dunya wa al-Din Abu Talib Muhammad Toghrul-Beg ibn Mikail) also spelled Toghrul I, Tugril, Toghril, Tugrul or Toghrïl Beg; (Tuğrul) (990 – September 4, 1063) was the Turkic founder of the Seljuk Empire, ruling from 1037 to 1063.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Tughril · See more »
Turco-Mongol tradition
Turco-Mongol or the Turko-Mongol tradition was a cultural or ethnocultural synthesis that arose during the early 14th century, among the ruling elites of Mongol Empire successor states such as the Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turco-Mongol tradition · See more »
Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelt Turkistan (literally "Land of the Turks" in Persian), refers to an area in Central Asia between Siberia to the north and Tibet, India and Afghanistan to the south, the Caspian Sea to the west and the Gobi Desert to the east.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkestan · See more »
Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkey · See more »
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of at least thirty-five documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and West Asia all the way to North Asia (particularly in Siberia) and East Asia (including the Far East).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkic languages · See more »
Turkic migration
Turkic migration refers to the expansion and colonization of the Turkic tribes and Turkic languages into Central Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East, mainly between the 6th and 11th centuries.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkic migration · See more »
Turkic tribal confederations
The Turkic term oğuz or oğur (in z- and r-Turkic, respectively) is a historical term for "military division, clan, or tribe" among the Turkic peoples.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkic tribal confederations · See more »
Turkmen language
Turkmen (Türkmençe, türkmen dili; Түркменче, түркмен дили; تۆرکمن دﻴﻠی,تۆرکمنچه) is an official language of Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkmen language · See more »
Turkmen parliamentary election, 2008–09
Parliamentary elections to the Mejlis (Assembly) were held in Turkmenistan on 14 December 2008, with a second round held in one constituency on 28 December 2008 and a revote in one constituency on 8 February 2009.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkmen parliamentary election, 2008–09 · See more »
Turkmen presidential election, 2007
Presidential elections were held in Turkmenistan on February 11, 2007, following the death of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov on 21 December 2006.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkmen presidential election, 2007 · See more »
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы, Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy; Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also commonly known as Turkmenistan or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic · See more »
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan (or; Türkmenistan), (formerly known as Turkmenia) is a sovereign state in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkmenistan · See more »
Turkmens
The Turkmens (Türkmenler, Түркменлер, IPA) are a nation and Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, primarily the Turkmen nation state of Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Turkmens · See more »
Tuul River
The Tuul River or Tula River (Туул гол, Tūl gol; in older sources also Tola) is a river in central and northern Mongolia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Tuul River · See more »
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland · See more »
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Ural Mountains · See more »
Uthman
Uthman ibn Affan (ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān), also known in English by the Turkish and Persian rendering, Osman (579 – 17 June 656), was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the third of the Rashidun, or "Rightly Guided Caliphs".
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Uthman · See more »
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially also the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi), is a doubly landlocked Central Asian Sovereign state.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan · See more »
Uzbeks
The Uzbeks (Oʻzbek/Ўзбек, pl. Oʻzbeklar/Ўзбеклар) are a Turkic ethnic group; the largest Turkic ethnic group in Central Asia.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Uzbeks · See more »
Volga River
The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Volga River · See more »
Watan Order
The Watan Order (Turkmen for Motherland Order) is the highest national order of Turkmenistan.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Watan Order · See more »
Wilfrid Malleson
Major General Sir Wilfrid Malleson, KCIE CB (1866–1946) was a major-general in the British Indian Army who led a mission to Turkestan during the Russian Civil War.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Wilfrid Malleson · See more »
Yaqut al-Hamawi
Yāqūt ibn-'Abdullah al-Rūmī al-Hamawī (1179–1229) (ياقوت الحموي الرومي) was an Arab biographer and geographer of Greek origin, renowned for his encyclopedic writings on the Muslim world.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Yaqut al-Hamawi · See more »
Yomut
Yomut or Yomud is a Turkmen tribe that lives from Gorgan to Turkmenbashi and eastern Caspian shores and Khiva and Dashoguz.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Yomut · See more »
Yuezhi
The Yuezhi or Rouzhi were an ancient people first reported in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Yuezhi · See more »
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and Zoroastrianism · See more »
1948 Ashgabat earthquake
The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake (1948 Ашгабат ыер титремеси; 1948 Aşgabat yer titremesi; Ашхабадское землетрясение 1948 года; Ashkhabadskoye zemletryasenie 1948 goda) occurred on 6 October with a surface wave magnitude of 7.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme).
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and 1948 Ashgabat earthquake · See more »
26 Baku Commissars
The 26 Baku Commissars were Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary (SR) members of the Baku Soviet Commune.
New!!: History of Turkmenistan and 26 Baku Commissars · See more »
Redirects here:
Early history of Turkmenistan, First presidential term of Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow in Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow's First Term as President of Turkmenistan, Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow's first term as President of Turkmenistan, History of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, History of turkmenistan, Turkmenistan/History.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan
