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History of the graphical user interface

Index History of the graphical user interface

The history of the graphical user interface, understood as the use of graphic icons and a pointing device to control a computer, covers a five-decade span of incremental refinements, built on some constant core principles. [1]

280 relations: Access Systems Americas, Acorn Archimedes, Acorn Computers, Active Desktop, Adobe Acrobat, Agat (computer), AIGLX, Alan Kay, Ambient (desktop environment), Amiga, AmigaDOS, AmigaOS, AmigaOS 4, Amstrad, Android (operating system), AOL, Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., Apple GS/OS, Apple II, Apple IIGS, Apple Inc., Apple Lisa, Application directory, Aqua (user interface), ARM architecture, AROS Research Operating System, Ars Technica, ASCII Corporation, AT&T Hobbit, Atari ST, Atari TOS, Augmentation Research Center, Bandwidth (computing), BeOS, Bill Atkinson, Blit (computer terminal), Blitter, Browser wars, BumpTop, Cathode ray tube, CBS, Central processing unit, Charles Babbage Institute, Clarence Ellis (computer scientist), Code page 437, Color depth, Command language, Command-line interface, Commodore 64, Commodore International, ..., Common Desktop Environment, Compiz, Composite monitor, Computer, Computer font, Computer mouse, Computer multitasking, Computer network, Context-sensitive user interface, CP/M, Dan Ingalls, Dashboard (macOS), David Canfield Smith, Deluxe Paint, Desk accessory, Desktop environment, Desktop metaphor, DESQview, Digital Research, Direct manipulation interface, Direct3D, DirectFB, Directory Opus, Disk operating system, Display PostScript, DOS, DOS Shell, Douglas Engelbart, DR-DOS, Drag and drop, Enhanced Graphics Adapter, Eye–hand coordination, Features new to Windows Vista, Fedora (operating system), File manager, Finder (software), Flat memory model, Focus (computing), Free software, Free software movement, George Orwell, GEOS (8-bit operating system), Gigabyte, Gmail, GNOME, Graphical user interface, Graphics Environment Manager, Graphics processing unit, Haiku (operating system), HAL Laboratory, Hard disk drive, Hewlett-Packard, High color, History of computing hardware, Homebrew (video games), HTML, Hypertext, IBM Common User Access, IBM Monochrome Display Adapter, IBM PC compatible, IBM Personal Computer, Icon (computing), Icon bar, Immersion (virtual reality), InfoWorld, Intel 80386, Inter-process communication, Interface metaphor, Internet Explorer, Intuition (Amiga), IPad, IPhone, Ivan Sutherland, Jean-Louis Gassée, Jef Raskin, Joystick, KDE Plasma 5, Larry Tesler, Light pen, Linux, Lisp machine, Lotus 1-2-3, Mac OS 8, Mac OS X Lion, Mac OS X Panther, Mac OS X Tiger, Macintosh, MacOS, Macro (computer science), Magic User Interface, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Megabyte, Memex, Menlo Park, California, Menu (computing), Metro (design language), MEX (windowing system), Mezzo (desktop environment), Microsoft, Microsoft Windows, Minimalism (computing), Mission Control (macOS), Mobile device, Mobile phone, Monoculture (computer science), MorphOS, Motif (software), Mouse button, MP3 player, MS-DOS, MSN, MSX, Multi-touch, Netscape Navigator, New York University Press, NeWS, NeXT, NeXTSTEP, Nineteen Eighty-Four, NLS (computer system), Norton Utilities, Novell, Oberon (operating system), Object-oriented programming, Oculus Rift, Office of the future, OPEN LOOK, Open-source software, OpenDoc, OpenGL, Operating system, OS X El Capitan, OS/2, OSNews, PARC (company), PC Tools (software), PERQ, Personal Computer World, PlayStation VR, Post-WIMP, PostScript, PowerPC, Preemption (computing), Programming idiom, Project Athena, Proprietary software, QBasic, Quartz (graphics layer), Quartz Compositor, Radar, Random-access memory, Raster graphics, ReAction GUI, Read-only memory, Red Hat, Reduced instruction set computer, RISCOS Ltd, Rob Pike, Robert J. Mical, Ryerson Review of Journalism, Samsung Galaxy Note 4, Semi-Automatic Ground Environment, Shading, Silicon Graphics, Sketchpad, Skeuomorph, Spatial anti-aliasing, Spotlight (software), SRI International, Steve Jobs, Sun Microsystems, SunOS, Super Bowl XVIII, Superior Software, Symbolics, System 7, Tandy 1000, Taskbar, Text messaging, Text mode, Text-based (computing), Text-based user interface, The Icon Bar, Tiling window manager, TRS-80, TRSDOS, Unix, Unix-like, User interface design, Vannevar Bush, Video card, Video Graphics Array, Virtual desktop, Virtual reality, Visual User Environment, W Window System, Waste container, Widget (GUI), WIMP (computing), Win32s, Windowing system, Windows 1.0, Windows 2.0, Windows 3.0, Windows 3.1x, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Aero, Windows Desktop Gadgets, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows Vista, Workbench, Workbench (AmigaOS), Workplace Shell, Workstation, WYSIWYG, X Window System, Xerox, Xerox Alto, Xerox Star, Xfce, Xgl, Zooming user interface, Zune (widget toolkit), 16-bit, 32-bit, 8-bit. Expand index (230 more) »

Access Systems Americas

ACCESS Systems Americas, Inc. (formerly PalmSource) is a subsidiary of ACCESS which develops the Palm OS PDA operating system and its successor, the Access Linux Platform, as well as BeOS.

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Acorn Archimedes

The Acorn Archimedes is a family of personal computers designed by Acorn Computers Ltd in Cambridge (England) and sold in the late-1980s to mid-1990s, Acorn's first general-purpose home computer based on its own ARM architecture (initially the CPU and architecture was known as Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM; it later became one of the most widely used CPU architectures in the world, used in most smartphones among many other uses).

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Acorn Computers

Acorn Computers Ltd. was a British computer company established in Cambridge, England, in 1978.

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Active Desktop

Active Desktop was a feature of Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0's optional Windows Desktop Update that allowed users to add HTML content to the desktop, along with some other features.

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Adobe Acrobat

Adobe Acrobat is a family of application software and Web services developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format (PDF).

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Agat (computer)

The Agat (Агат) was a series of 8-bit computers produced in the Soviet Union.

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AIGLX

Accelerated Indirect GLX ("AIGLX") is an open source project founded by Red Hat and the Fedora community, led by Kristian Høgsberg, to allow accelerated indirect GLX rendering capabilities to the X.Org Server and DRI drivers.

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Alan Kay

Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940 published by the Association for Computing Machinery 2012) is an American computer scientist.

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Ambient (desktop environment)

Ambient is a MUI-based desktop environment for MorphOS.

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Amiga

The Amiga is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore in 1985.

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AmigaDOS

AmigaDOS is the disk operating system of the AmigaOS, which includes file systems, file and directory manipulation, the command-line interface, and file redirection.

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AmigaOS

AmigaOS is a family of proprietary native operating systems of the Amiga and AmigaOne personal computers.

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AmigaOS 4

AmigaOS 4 (abbreviated as OS4 or AOS4) is a line of Amiga operating systems which runs on PowerPC microprocessors.

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Amstrad

Amstrad is a British electronics company.

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Android (operating system)

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

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AOL

AOL (formerly a company known as AOL Inc., originally known as America Online, and stylized as Aol.) is a web portal and online service provider based in New York.

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Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.

Apple Computer, Inc.

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Apple GS/OS

GS/OS is an operating system developed by Apple Computer for its Apple IIGS personal computer that uses the ProDOS filing system.

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Apple II

The Apple II (stylized as Apple.

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Apple IIGS

The Apple IIGS (styled as II), the fifth and most powerful model of the Apple II family, is a 16-bit personal computer produced by Apple Computer, Inc.

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Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.

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Apple Lisa

The Apple Lisa is a desktop computer developed by Apple, released on January 19, 1983.

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Application directory

An application directory is a grouping of software code, help files and resources that together comprise a complete software package but are presented to the user as a single object.

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Aqua (user interface)

Aqua is the graphical user interface (GUI) and visual theme of Apple's macOS operating system.

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ARM architecture

ARM, previously Advanced RISC Machine, originally Acorn RISC Machine, is a family of reduced instruction set computing (RISC) architectures for computer processors, configured for various environments.

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AROS Research Operating System

AROS Research Operating System (AROS pronounced "AR-OS") is a free and open source multi media centric implementation of the AmigaOS 3.1 APIs.

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Ars Technica

Ars Technica (a Latin-derived term that the site translates as the "art of technology") is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998.

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ASCII Corporation

was a publishing company based in Tokyo, Japan.

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AT&T Hobbit

The AT&T Hobbit is a microprocessor design that AT&T Corporation developed in the early 1990s.

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Atari ST

The Atari ST is a line of home computers from Atari Corporation and the successor to the Atari 8-bit family.

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Atari TOS

TOS (The Operating System also Tramiel Operating System from Jack Tramiel, owner of Atari Corp. at the time) is the operating system of the Atari ST range of computers.

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Augmentation Research Center

SRI International's Augmentation Research Center (ARC) was founded in the 1960s by electrical engineer Douglas Engelbart to develop and experiment with new tools and techniques for collaboration and information processing.

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Bandwidth (computing)

In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path.

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BeOS

BeOS is an operating system for personal computers first developed by Be Inc. in 1991.

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Bill Atkinson

Bill Atkinson (born 1951) is an American computer engineer and photographer.

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Blit (computer terminal)

In computing, the Blit was a programmable bitmap graphics terminal designed by Rob Pike and Bart Locanthi Jr.

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Blitter

A blitter is a circuit, sometimes as a coprocessor or a logic block on a microprocessor, dedicated to the rapid movement and modification of data within a computer's memory.

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Browser wars

A browser war is competition for dominance in the usage share of web browsers.

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BumpTop

BumpTop was a skeuomorphic desktop environment app that stimulates the normal behavior and physical properties of a real-world desk and enhances it with automatic tools to organize its contents.

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Cathode ray tube

The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains one or more electron guns and a phosphorescent screen, and is used to display images.

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CBS

CBS (an initialism of the network's former name, the Columbia Broadcasting System) is an American English language commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation.

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Central processing unit

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.

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Charles Babbage Institute

The Charles Babbage Institute is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing in the history of information technology, particularly the history of digital computing, programming/software, and computer networking since 1935.

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Clarence Ellis (computer scientist)

Clarence "Skip" Ellis was an American computer scientist, and Emeritus Professor of Computer Science and Cognitive Science at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

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Code page 437

Code page 437 is the character set of the original IBM PC (personal computer), or DOS.

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Color depth

Color depth or colour depth (see spelling differences), also known as bit depth, is either the number of bits used to indicate the color of a single pixel, in a bitmapped image or video frame buffer, or the number of bits used for each color component of a single pixel.

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Command language

A command language is a language for job control in computing.

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Command-line interface

A command-line interface or command language interpreter (CLI), also known as command-line user interface, console user interface and character user interface (CUI), is a means of interacting with a computer program where the user (or client) issues commands to the program in the form of successive lines of text (command lines).

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Commodore 64

The Commodore 64, also known as the C64 or the CBM 64, is an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International (first shown at the Consumer Electronics Show, in Las Vegas, January 7–10, 1982).

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Commodore International

Commodore International (or Commodore International Limited) was an American home computer and electronics manufacturer founded by Jack Tramiel.

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Common Desktop Environment

The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix and OpenVMS, based on the Motif widget toolkit.

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Compiz

Compiz is a compositing window manager for the X Window System, using 3D graphics hardware to create fast compositing desktop effects for window management.

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Composite monitor

A composite monitor is any analog video display that receives input in the form of an analog composite video signal to a defined specification.

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Computer

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer programming.

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Computer font

A computer font (or font) is implemented as a digital data file containing a set of graphically related glyphs, characters, or symbols such as dingbats.

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Computer mouse

A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface.

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Computer multitasking

In computing, multitasking is the concurrent execution of multiple tasks (also known as processes) over a certain period of time.

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Computer network

A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources.

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Context-sensitive user interface

A context-sensitive user interface is one which can automatically choose from a multiplicity of options based on the current or previous state(s) of the program operation.

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CP/M

CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created for Intel 8080/85-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc.

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Dan Ingalls

Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls Jr. (born 1944) is a pioneer of object-oriented computer programming and the principal architect, designer and implementer of five generations of Smalltalk environments.

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Dashboard (macOS)

Dashboard is an application for Apple Inc.'s macOS operating systems, used as a secondary desktop for hosting mini-applications known as widgets.

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David Canfield Smith

David Canfield Smith is an American computer scientist best known for inventing computer user interface icons.

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Deluxe Paint

Deluxe Paint, often referred to as DPaint, is a bitmap graphics editor series created by Dan Silva for Electronic Arts.

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Desk accessory

A desk accessory (DA) in computing is a small transient or auxiliary application that can be run concurrently in a desktop environment with any other application on the system.

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Desktop environment

In computing, a desktop environment (DE) is an implementation of the desktop metaphor made of a bundle of programs running on top of a computer operating system, which share a common graphical user interface (GUI), sometimes described as a graphical shell.

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Desktop metaphor

In computing, the desktop metaphor is an interface metaphor which is a set of unifying concepts used by graphical user interfaces to help users interact more easily with the computer.

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DESQview

DESQview (DV) was a text mode multitasking operating environment developed by Quarterdeck Office Systems which enjoyed modest popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

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Digital Research

Digital Research, Inc. (also known as DR or DRI) was a company created by Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like MP/M, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, DOS Plus, DR DOS and GEM.

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Direct manipulation interface

In computer science, direct manipulation is a human–computer interaction style which involves continuous representation of objects of interest and rapid, reversible, and incremental actions and feedback.

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Direct3D

Direct3D is a graphics application programming interface (API) for Microsoft Windows.

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DirectFB

DirectFB (Direct Frame Buffer) is a software library with a small memory footprint that provides graphics acceleration, input device handling and abstraction layer, and integrated windowing system with support for translucent windows and multiple display layers on top of the Linux framebuffer without requiring any kernel modifications.

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Directory Opus

Directory Opus (or "DOpus" as its users tend to call it) is a popular file manager program, originally written for the Amiga computer system in the early to mid-1990s.

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Disk operating system

A disk operating system (abbreviated DOS) is a computer operating system that can use a disk storage device, such as a floppy disk, hard disk drive, or optical disc.

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Display PostScript

Display PostScript (or DPS) is a 2D graphics engine system for computers which uses the PostScript (PS) imaging model and language (originally developed for computer printing) to generate on-screen graphics.

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DOS

DOS is a family of disk operating systems.

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DOS Shell

DOS Shell is a file manager, debuted in MS-DOS and IBM PC DOS version 4.0 (June 1988).

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Douglas Engelbart

Douglas Carl Engelbart (January 30, 1925 – July 2, 2013) was an American engineer and inventor, and an early computer and Internet pioneer.

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DR-DOS

DR-DOS (DR DOS, without hyphen up to and including version 6.0) is an operating system of the DOS family, written for IBM PC-compatible personal computers.

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Drag and drop

In computer graphical user interfaces, drag and drop is a pointing device gesture in which the user selects a virtual object by "grabbing" it and dragging it to a different location or onto another virtual object.

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Enhanced Graphics Adapter

The Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) is an IBM PC computer display standard from 1984 that superseded and exceeded the capabilities of the CGA standard introduced with the original IBM PC, and was itself superseded by the VGA standard in 1987.

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Eye–hand coordination

Eye–hand coordination (also known as hand–eye coordination) is the coordinated control of eye movement with hand movement, and the processing of visual input to guide reaching and grasping along with the use of proprioception of the hands to guide the eyes.

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Features new to Windows Vista

Compared with previous versions of Microsoft Windows, new features of Windows Vista are numerous, covering most aspects of the operating system.

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Fedora (operating system)

Fedora is a Linux distribution developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat.

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File manager

A file manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to manage files and folders.

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Finder (software)

The Finder is the default file manager and graphical user interface shell used on all Macintosh operating systems.

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Flat memory model

Flat memory model or linear memory model refers to a memory addressing paradigm in which "memory appears to the program as a single contiguous address space." The CPU can directly (and linearly) address all of the available memory locations without having to resort to any sort of memory segmentation or paging schemes.

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Focus (computing)

In computing, the focus indicates the component of the graphical user interface which is selected to receive input.

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Free software

Free software or libre software is computer software distributed under terms that allow users to run the software for any purpose as well as to study, change, and distribute it and any adapted versions.

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Free software movement

The free software movement (FSM) or free / open source software movement (FOSSM) or free / libre open source software (FLOSS) is a social movement with the goal of obtaining and guaranteeing certain freedoms for software users, namely the freedom to run the software, to study and change the software, and to redistribute copies with or without changes.

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George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic whose work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism and outspoken support of democratic socialism.

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GEOS (8-bit operating system)

GEOS (Graphic Environment Operating System) is a discontinued operating system from Berkeley Softworks (later GeoWorks).

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Gigabyte

The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.

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Gmail

Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service developed by Google.

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GNOME

GNOME is a desktop environment composed of free and open-source software that runs on Linux and most BSD derivatives.

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Graphical user interface

The graphical user interface (GUI), is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation, instead of text-based user interfaces, typed command labels or text navigation.

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Graphics Environment Manager

Graphics Environment Manager (GEM) was an operating environment created by Digital Research (DRI) for use with the DOS operating system on Intel 8088 and Motorola 68000 microprocessors.

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Graphics processing unit

A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device.

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Haiku (operating system)

Haiku is a free and open-source operating system compatible with the now discontinued BeOS.

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HAL Laboratory

HAL Laboratory, Inc. is a Japanese video game developer founded on 21 February 1980.

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Hard disk drive

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is an electromechanical data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material.

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Hewlett-Packard

The Hewlett-Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California.

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High color

High color graphics (variously spelled Highcolor, Hicolor, Hi-color, Hicolour, and Highcolour, and known as Thousands of colors on a Macintosh) is a method of storing image information in a computer's memory such that each pixel is represented by two bytes.

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History of computing hardware

The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers.

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Homebrew (video games)

Homebrew is a term frequently applied to video games or other software produced by consumers to target proprietary hardware platforms (usually with hardware restrictions) not typically user-programmable or that use proprietary storage methods.

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HTML

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications.

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Hypertext

Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text that the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText).

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IBM Common User Access

Common User Access (CUA) is a standard for user interfaces to operating systems and computer programs.

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IBM Monochrome Display Adapter

The Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA, also MDA card, Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter, MDPA) is IBM's standard video display card and computer display standard for the PC introduced in 1981.

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IBM PC compatible

IBM PC compatible computers are computers similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT, able to use the same software and expansion cards.

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IBM Personal Computer

The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform.

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Icon (computing)

In computing, an icon is a pictogram or ideogram displayed on a computer screen in order to help the user navigate a computer system or mobile device.

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Icon bar

In computing, the icon bar is the name of the dock in Acorn's RISC OS operating system, and is fundamental to the OS.

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Immersion (virtual reality)

Immersion into virtual reality is a perception of being physically present in a non-physical world.

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InfoWorld

InfoWorld (formerly The Intelligent Machines Journal) is an information technology media business.

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Intel 80386

The Intel 80386, also known as i386 or just 386, is a 32-bit microprocessor introduced in 1985.

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Inter-process communication

In computer science, inter-process communication or interprocess communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow the processes to manage shared data.

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Interface metaphor

In user interface design, an interface metaphor is a set of user interface visuals, actions and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains.

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Internet Explorer

Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included in the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995.

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Intuition (Amiga)

Intuition is the native windowing system and user interface (UI) engine of AmigaOS.

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IPad

iPad is a line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc., which run the iOS mobile operating system.

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IPhone

iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPhone line of products use Apple's iOS mobile operating system software.

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Ivan Sutherland

Ivan Edward Sutherland (born May 16, 1938) is an American computer scientist and Internet pioneer, widely regarded as the "father of computer graphics." His early work in computer graphics as well as his teaching with David C. Evans in that subject at the University of Utah in the 1970s was pioneering in the field.

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Jean-Louis Gassée

Jean-Louis Gassée (born March 1944 in Paris, France) is a business executive.

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Jef Raskin

Jef Raskin (March 9, 1943 – February 26, 2005) was an American human–computer interface expert best known for conceiving and starting the Macintosh project at Apple in the late 1970s.

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Joystick

A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling.

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KDE Plasma 5

KDE Plasma 5 is the fifth and current generation of the desktop environment created by KDE primarily for Linux systems.

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Larry Tesler

Lawrence Gordon Tesler (born April 24, 1945) is a computer scientist who works in the field of human–computer interaction.

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Light pen

A light pen is a computer input device in the form of a light-sensitive wand used in conjunction with a computer's CRT display.

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Linux

Linux is a family of free and open-source software operating systems built around the Linux kernel.

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Lisp machine

Lisp machines are general-purpose computers designed to efficiently run Lisp as their main software and programming language, usually via hardware support.

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Lotus 1-2-3

Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (later part of IBM).

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Mac OS 8

Mac OS 8 is an operating system that was released by Apple Computer, Inc. on July 26, 1997.

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Mac OS X Lion

Mac OS X Lion (version 10.7) is the eighth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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Mac OS X Panther

Mac OS X Panther (version 10.3) is the fourth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple’s desktop and server operating system.

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Mac OS X Tiger

Mac OS X Tiger (version 10.4) is the fifth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Mac computers.

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Macintosh

The Macintosh (pronounced as; branded as Mac since 1998) is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. since January 1984.

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MacOS

macOS (previously and later) is a series of graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001.

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Macro (computer science)

A macro (short for "macroinstruction", from Greek μακρός 'long') in computer science is a rule or pattern that specifies how a certain input sequence (often a sequence of characters) should be mapped to a replacement output sequence (also often a sequence of characters) according to a defined procedure.

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Magic User Interface

The Magic User Interface (MUI in short) is an object-oriented system by Stefan Stuntz to generate and maintain graphical user interfaces.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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Megabyte

The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.

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Memex

The memex (originally coined "at random", though sometimes said to be a portmanteau of "memory" and "index") is the name of the hypothetical proto-hypertext system that Vannevar Bush described in his 1945 The Atlantic Monthly article "As We May Think".

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Menlo Park, California

Menlo Park is a city at the eastern edge of San Mateo County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, in the United States.

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Menu (computing)

In computing and telecommunications, a menu is a list of options or commands presented to the user of a computer or communications system.

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Metro (design language)

Metro (officially known as Microsoft design language or MDL) is a design language created by Microsoft.

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MEX (windowing system)

MEX (Multiple EXposure) was "Silicon Graphics' original high-performance windowing system", used on 68k-based IRIS systems and early IRIS 4D systems.

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Mezzo (desktop environment)

Mezzo is the desktop environment created by Ryan Quinn.

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Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation (abbreviated as MS) is an American multinational technology company with headquarters in Redmond, Washington.

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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft.

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Minimalism (computing)

In computing, minimalism refers to the application of minimalist philosophies and principles in the design and use of hardware and software.

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Mission Control (macOS)

Mission Control, formerly Dashboard, Exposé, and Spaces is a feature of the Mac OS X operating system.

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Mobile device

A mobile device (or handheld computer) is a computing device small enough to hold and operate in the hand.

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Mobile phone

A mobile phone, known as a cell phone in North America, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.

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Monoculture (computer science)

In computer science, a monoculture is a community of computers that all run identical software.

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MorphOS

MorphOS is an AmigaOS-like computer operating system.

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Motif (software)

In computing, Motif refers to both a graphical user interface (GUI) specification and the widget toolkit for building applications that follow that specification under the X Window System on Unix and Unix-like operating systems.

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Mouse button

A mouse button is a microswitch on a computer mouse which can be pressed (“clicked”) to select or interact with an element of a graphical user interface.

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MP3 player

An MP3 player or Digital Audio Player is an electronic device that can play digital audio files.

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MS-DOS

MS-DOS (acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft.

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MSN

MSN (stylized as msn) is a web portal and related collection of Internet services and apps for Windows and mobile devices, provided by Microsoft and launched on August 24, 1995, the same release date as Windows 95.

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MSX

MSX is a standardized home computer architecture, first announced by Microsoft on June 16, 1983, and marketed by Kazuhiko Nishi, then Vice-president at Microsoft Japan and Director at ASCII Corporation.

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Multi-touch

In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface (a trackpad or touchscreen) to recognize the presence of more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface.

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Netscape Navigator

Netscape Navigator was a proprietary web browser, and the original browser of the Netscape line, from versions 1 to 4.08, and 9.x. It was the flagship product of the Netscape Communications Corp and was the dominant web browser in terms of usage share in the 1990s, but by 2002 its use had almost disappeared.

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New York University Press

New York University Press (or NYU Press) is a university press that is part of New York University.

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NeWS

NeWS (Network extensible Window System) is a discontinued windowing system developed by Sun Microsystems in the mid-1980s.

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NeXT

NeXT (later NeXT Computer and NeXT Software) was an American computer and software company founded in 1985 by Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs.

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NeXTSTEP

NeXTSTEP is a discontinued object-oriented, multitasking operating system based on UNIX.

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Nineteen Eighty-Four

Nineteen Eighty-Four, often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell.

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NLS (computer system)

NLS, or the "oN-Line System", was a revolutionary computer collaboration system from the 1960s.

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Norton Utilities

Norton Utilities is a utility software suite designed to help analyze, configure, optimize and maintain a computer.

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Novell

Novell, Inc. was a software and services company headquartered in Provo, Utah.

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Oberon (operating system)

The Oberon SystemNiklaus Wirth & Jürg Gutknecht: (1988) The Oberon System.

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Object-oriented programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A feature of objects is that an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of "this" or "self").

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Oculus Rift

The Oculus Rift is a virtual reality headset developed and manufactured by Oculus VR, a division of Facebook Inc., released on March 28, 2016.

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Office of the future

The office of the future is a concept dating from the 1940s.

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OPEN LOOK

OPEN LOOK (sometimes referred to as Open Look) is a graphical user interface (GUI) specification for UNIX workstations.

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Open-source software

Open-source software (OSS) is a type of computer software whose source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.

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OpenDoc

OpenDoc is a multi-platform software componentry framework standard created by Apple for compound documents, intended as an alternative to Microsoft's Object Linking and Embedding (OLE).

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OpenGL

Open Graphics Library (OpenGL) is a cross-language, cross-platform application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D and 3D vector graphics.

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Operating system

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.

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OS X El Capitan

OS X El Capitan (version 10.11) is the twelfth major release of OS X (now named macOS), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers.

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OS/2

OS/2 is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci.

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OSNews

OSNews is a computing news website that originally focused on operating systems and their related technologies that launched in 1997, but is now aggregating consumer electronics news.

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PARC (company)

PARC (Palo Alto Research Center; formerly Xerox PARC) is a research and development company in Palo Alto, California, with a distinguished reputation for its contributions to information technology and hardware systems.

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PC Tools (software)

PC Tools was a collection of software utilities for MS-DOS developed by Central Point Software.

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PERQ

The PERQ, also referred to as the Three Rivers PERQ or ICL PERQ, was a pioneering workstation computer produced in the late 1970s through the early 1980s.

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Personal Computer World

Personal Computer World (usually referred to as PCW) (February 1978 - June 2009) was the first British computer magazine.

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PlayStation VR

The PlayStation VR, known by the codename Project Morpheus during development, is a virtual reality headset developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment, which was released in October 2016.

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Post-WIMP

In computing, post-WIMP ("windows, icons, menus, pointer") comprises work on user interfaces, mostly graphical user interfaces, which attempt to go beyond the paradigm of windows, icons, menus and a pointing device, i.e. WIMP interfaces.

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PostScript

PostScript (PS) is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business.

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PowerPC

PowerPC (with the backronym Performance Optimization With Enhanced RISC – Performance Computing, sometimes abbreviated as PPC) is a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) instruction set architecture (ISA) created by the 1991 Apple–IBM–Motorola alliance, known as AIM.

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Preemption (computing)

In computing, preemption is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time.

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Programming idiom

A programming idiom or code idiom is expressing a special feature of a recurring construct in one or more programming languages.

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Project Athena

Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM to produce a campus-wide distributed computing environment for educational use.

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Proprietary software

Proprietary software is non-free computer software for which the software's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights—usually copyright of the source code, but sometimes patent rights.

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QBasic

QBasic, a short form of Quick Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, is an integrated development environment and interpreter for a variety of BASIC programming languages which are based on QuickBASIC.

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Quartz (graphics layer)

In Apple computer's macOS operating system, Quartz is the Quartz 2D and Quartz Compositor part of the Core Graphics framework.

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Quartz Compositor

Quartz Compositor is the display server (and at the same time the compositing window manager) in macOS.

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Radar

Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.

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Random-access memory

Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage that stores data and machine code currently being used.

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Raster graphics

In computer graphics, a raster graphics or bitmap image is a dot matrix data structure that represents a generally rectangular grid of pixels (points of color), viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display medium.

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ReAction GUI

ReAction GUI is the widget toolkit engine that is used in AmigaOS 3.5-4.1.

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Read-only memory

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.

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Red Hat

Red Hat, Inc. is an American multinational software company providing open-source software products to the enterprise community.

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Reduced instruction set computer

A reduced instruction set computer, or RISC (pronounced 'risk'), is one whose instruction set architecture (ISA) allows it to have fewer cycles per instruction (CPI) than a complex instruction set computer (CISC).

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RISCOS Ltd

RISCOS Ltd. (also referred to as ROL) was a limited company engaged in computer software and IT consulting.

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Rob Pike

Robert "Rob" C. Pike (born 1956) is a Canadian programmer and author.

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Robert J. Mical

Robert J. "RJ" Mical (born January 26, 1956) is a pioneer and an influential figure in the video game industry.

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Ryerson Review of Journalism

The Ryerson Review of Journalism is a Canadian magazine, published twice annually by final year journalism students at Ryerson University.

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Samsung Galaxy Note 4

The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 is an Android phablet smartphone developed and produced by Samsung Electronics.

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Semi-Automatic Ground Environment

The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE, a name selected to mean "wise") was a system of large computers and associated networking equipment that coordinated data from many radar sites and processed it to produce a single unified image of the airspace over a wide area.

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Shading

Shading refers to depicting depth perception in 3D models or illustrations by varying levels of darkness.

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Silicon Graphics

Silicon Graphics, Inc. (later rebranded SGI, historically known as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) was an American high-performance computing manufacturer, producing computer hardware and software.

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Sketchpad

Sketchpad (a.k.a. Robot Draftsman) was a revolutionary computer program written by Ivan Sutherland in 1963 in the course of his PhD thesis, for which he received the Turing Award in 1988, and the Kyoto Prize in 2012.

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Skeuomorph

A skeuomorph is a derivative object that retains ornamental design cues (attributes) from structures that are inherent to the original.

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Spatial anti-aliasing

In digital signal processing, spatial anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts known as aliasing when representing a high-resolution image at a lower resolution.

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Spotlight (software)

Spotlight is a system-wide desktop search feature of Apple's macOS and iOS operating systems.

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SRI International

SRI International (SRI) is an American nonprofit research institute headquartered in Menlo Park, California.

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Steve Jobs

Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American entrepreneur and business magnate.

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Sun Microsystems

Sun Microsystems, Inc. was an American company that sold computers, computer components, software, and information technology services and created the Java programming language, the Solaris operating system, ZFS, the Network File System (NFS), and SPARC.

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SunOS

SunOS is a Unix-branded operating system developed by Sun Microsystems for their workstation and server computer systems.

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Super Bowl XVIII

Super Bowl XVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Los Angeles Raiders to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1983 season.

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Superior Software

Superior Software Ltd (also known as Superior Interactive) is a video game publisher.

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Symbolics

Symbolics refers to two companies: now-defunct computer manufacturer Symbolics, Inc., and a privately held company that acquired the assets of the former company and continues to sell and maintain the Open Genera Lisp system and the Macsyma computer algebra system.

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System 7

System 7 (codenamed "Big Bang" and sometimes retrospectively called Mac OS 7) is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and is part of the classic Mac OS series of operating systems.

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Tandy 1000

The Tandy 1000 was the first in a line of more-or-less IBM PC compatible home computer systems produced by the Tandy Corporation for sale in its RadioShack chain of stores.

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Taskbar

A taskbar is an element of a graphical user interface which has various purposes.

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Text messaging

Text messaging, or texting, is the act of composing and sending electronic messages, typically consisting of alphabetic and numeric characters, between two or more users of mobile phones, tablets, desktops/laptops, or other devices.

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Text mode

Text mode is a computer display mode in which content is internally represented on a computer screen in terms of characters rather than individual pixels.

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Text-based (computing)

Usually used in reference to a computer application, a text-based application is one whose primary input and output are based on text rather than graphics or sound.

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Text-based user interface

Text-based user interface (TUI), also called textual user interface or terminal user interface, is a retronym coined sometime after the invention of graphical user interfaces.

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The Icon Bar

The Icon Bar (also referred to as TIB) is a computing and technology website with a focus on the RISC OS computer operating system.

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Tiling window manager

In computing, a tiling window manager is a window manager with an organization of the screen into mutually non-overlapping frames, as opposed to the more popular approach of coordinate-based stacking of overlapping objects (windows) that tries to fully emulate the desktop metaphor.

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TRS-80

The TRS-80 Micro Computer System (TRS-80, later renamed the Model I to distinguish it from successors) is a desktop microcomputer launched in 1977 and sold by Tandy Corporation through their Radio Shack stores.

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TRSDOS

TRSDOS (which stood for the Tandy Radio Shack Disk Operating System) was the operating system for the Tandy TRS-80 line of 8-bit Zilog Z80 microcomputers that were sold through Radio Shack through the late 1970s and early 1980s.

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Unix

Unix (trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, development starting in the 1970s at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.

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Unix-like

A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification.

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User interface design

User interface design (UI) or user interface engineering is the design of user interfaces for machines and software, such as computers, home appliances, mobile devices, and other electronic devices, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience.

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Vannevar Bush

Vannevar Bush (March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer, inventor and science administrator, who during World War II headed the U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), through which almost all wartime military R&D was carried out, including initiation and early administration of the Manhattan Project.

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Video card

A video card (also called a display card, graphics card, display adapter or graphics adapter) is an expansion card which generates a feed of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor).

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Video Graphics Array

Video Graphics Array (VGA) is the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987, following CGA and EGA introduced in earlier IBM personal computers.

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Virtual desktop

In computing, a virtual desktop is a term used with respect to user interfaces, usually within the WIMP paradigm, to describe ways in which the virtual space of a computer's desktop environment is expanded beyond the physical limits of the screen's display area through the use of software.

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Virtual reality

Virtual reality (VR) is an interactive computer-generated experience taking place within a simulated environment, that incorporates mainly auditory and visual, but also other types of sensory feedback like haptic.

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Visual User Environment

Visual User Environment (VUE or HP-VUE) was Hewlett-Packard's Desktop environment for the X Window System, intended for use on Unix workstations.

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W Window System

The W window system is a discontinued windowing system and precursor in name and concept to the modern X window system.

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Waste container

A waste container is a container for temporarily storing waste, and is usually made out of metal or plastic.

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Widget (GUI)

A control element (sometimes called a control or widget) in a graphical user interface is an element of interaction, such as a button or a scroll bar.

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WIMP (computing)

In human–computer interaction, WIMP stands for "windows, icons, menus, pointer", denoting a style of interaction using these elements of the user interface.

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Win32s

Win32s is a 32-bit application runtime environment for the Microsoft Windows 3.1 and 3.11 operating systems.

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Windowing system

In computing, a windowing system (or window system) is software that manages separately different parts of display screens.

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Windows 1.0

Windows 1.0 is a graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft.

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Windows 2.0

Windows 2.0 is a 16-bit Microsoft Windows GUI-based operating environment that was released on December 9, 1987, and is the successor to Windows 1.0.

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Windows 3.0

Windows 3.0, a graphical environment, is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and was released on May 22, 1990.

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Windows 3.1x

Windows 3.1x (codenamed Janus) is a series of 16-bit operating environments produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers.

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Windows 7

Windows 7 (codenamed Vienna, formerly Blackcomb) is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft.

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Windows 8

Windows 8 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems.

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Windows 95

Windows 95 (codenamed Chicago) is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft.

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Windows 98

Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis while in development) is a graphical operating system by Microsoft.

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Windows Aero

Windows Aero (a backronym for Authentic, Energetic, Reflective, and Open), also known as Aero Peek, is a design language introduced in the Windows Vista operating system.

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Windows Desktop Gadgets

Windows Desktop Gadgets (called Windows Sidebar in Windows Vista) is a discontinued widget engine for Microsoft Gadgets.

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Windows ME

Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows ME (marketed with the pronunciation of the pronoun "me", commonly pronounced as an initialism, "M-E (Codenamed Millennium)", is a graphical operating system from Microsoft released to manufacturing in June 2000, and launched in September 2000.

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Windows NT

Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993.

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Windows Vista

Windows Vista (codenamed Longhorn) is an operating system by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs.

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Workbench

A workbench is study table at which manual work is done.

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Workbench (AmigaOS)

Workbench is the graphical file manager of AmigaOS developed by Commodore International for their Amiga line of computers.

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Workplace Shell

The Workplace Shell (WPS) is an object-oriented desktop shell (also called Desktop Environment) produced by IBM's Boca Raton development lab for OS/2 2.0.

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Workstation

A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications.

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WYSIWYG

WYSIWYG is an acronym for "what you see is what you get".

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X Window System

The X Window System (X11, or shortened to simply X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on UNIX-like computer operating systems.

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Xerox

Xerox Corporation (also known as Xerox, stylized as xerox since 2008, and previously as XEROX or XeroX from 1960 to 2008) is an American global corporation that sells print and digital document solutions, and document technology products in more than 160 countries.

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Xerox Alto

The Xerox Alto is the first computer designed from its inception to support an operating system based on a graphical user interface (GUI), later using the desktop metaphor.

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Xerox Star

The Star workstation, officially named Xerox 8010 Information System, was the first commercial system to incorporate various technologies that have since become standard in personal computers, including a bitmapped display, a window-based graphical user interface, icons, folders, mouse (two-button), Ethernet networking, file servers, print servers, and e-mail.

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Xfce

Xfce (pronounced as four individual letters) is a free and open-source desktop environment for Unix and Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux, Solaris, and BSD.

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Xgl

Xgl is an obsolete display server implementation supporting the X Window System protocol designed to take advantage of modern graphics cards via their OpenGL drivers, layered on top of OpenGL.

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Zooming user interface

In computing, a zooming user interface or zoomable user interface (ZUI, pronounced zoo-ee) is a graphical environment where users can change the scale of the viewed area in order to see more detail or less, and browse through different documents.

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Zune (widget toolkit)

Zune is an object-oriented GUI toolkit which is part of the AROS (AROS Research Operating System) project and nearly a clone, at both an API and look and feel level, of Magic User Interface (MUI), a well-known Amiga shareware product by Stefan Stuntz.

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16-bit

16-bit microcomputers are computers in which 16-bit microprocessors were the norm.

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32-bit

32-bit microcomputers are computers in which 32-bit microprocessors are the norm.

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8-bit

8-bit is also a generation of microcomputers in which 8-bit microprocessors were the norm.

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Redirects here:

GUI/History, History of GUI, History of the GUI, History of the Graphical User Interface.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface

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