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Human rights in China

Index Human rights in China

Human rights in China is a highly contested topic, especially for the fundamental human rights periodically reviewed by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, on which the government of the People's Republic of China and various foreign governments and human rights organizations have often disagreed. [1]

282 relations: A. M. Rosenthal, Academy, Administrative detention, Affirmative action, Aggravation (law), All-China Federation of Trade Unions, American Psychiatric Association, Amnesty International, Ankang (asylum), Apartheid, Arbitrary arrest and detention, Asian values, Associated Press, Authoritarianism, Autonomous regions of China, Autonomy, Ürümqi, Background check, Bamboo torture, Battle of Chamdo, BBC News, Bing (search engine), Black jails, Black market, Black site, Capital punishment, Capital punishment in the United States, Chairman of the Communist Party of China, Charter 08, Chiang Kai-shek, China, China Daily, China Ethnic Museum, China Gold International Resources, China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group, China human rights organizations, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Chinese economic reform, Chinese Human Rights Defenders, Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, Chinese philosophy, Chinese views of democracy, Chinese water torture, Chinese Water Torture Cell, Civil law (common law), Civil union, Classified information, CNN, Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong, Collective action, ..., Communist Party of China, Confucianism, Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Corruption in China, Counter-revolutionary, Criminal procedure, Criticism, Cultural genocide, Cultural relativism, Cultural Revolution, Dalai Lama, David Kilgour, David Matas, Deng Xiaoping, Der Spiegel, Detention (imprisonment), Developing country, Dharamshala, Ding Zilin, Document Number Nine, Dongzhou protests, Dui Hua Foundation, Dynasties in Chinese history, Economic, social and cultural rights, Economy of China, Embezzlement, Empowerment and Rights Institute, Ethan Gutmann, Ethnic issues in China, Ethnic minorities in China, European Parliament, Execution by firing squad, Execution van, Extraordinary rendition, Falun Gong, Five Punishments, Foreign Affairs, Forensic psychiatry, Four Cardinal Principles, Four Olds, Freedom House, Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, Freedom of movement, Freedom of religion, Freedom of speech, Freedom of the press, Friedrich Engels, Frommer's, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, German Labour Front, Golden Shield Project, Google China, Government, Government of China, Guangdong, Guantanamo Bay detention camp, Han chauvinism, Han Chinese, Harassment, He Qinglian, Heilongjiang, Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, House church (China), Hu Jia (activist), Huaihua, Hukou system, Human rights, Human Rights in China (organization), Human rights in Hong Kong, Human rights in Macau, Human rights in Taiwan, Human rights in Tibet, Human Rights Watch, Hunan, Illegal drug trade in China, Inciting subversion of state power, Independence, Inner Mongolia, Insight on the News, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Labor Rights Forum, International Labour Organization, International Olympic Committee, Internet, Internet censorship in China, Intersex, IP address, ITV News, Jacques Rogge, Jasper Becker, Jay Nordlinger, Journalist, Judicial independence, Judicial system of China, Karl Marx, Kazakhstan, Kilgour–Matas report, Kyrgyzstan, Labor rights, Laogai, Lawyer, Left communism in China, Legalism (Chinese philosophy), Lethal injection, Lhasa, Lingchi, List of nuclear weapons tests of China, List of political parties in China, Liu Xiaobo, Mainland China, Mao Zedong, Maoism, Mental health in China, Migrant worker, Migration in China, Minimum wage in China, Ministry of Justice (imperial China), Ministry of Public Security (China), Mongolia, Moussa Traoré, National Congress of the Communist Party of China, National People's Congress, National security, National Security Agency, Netizen, Non-governmental organization, NPR, NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007), One country, two systems, One-child policy, Open Constitution Initiative, Organ transplantation in China, Organisation of African Unity, Panchen Lama, Pass laws, People's Armed Police, People's democratic dictatorship, Petitioning (China), Planned economy, Police, Political abuse of psychiatry, Political repression, Project Syndicate, Psychosurgery, Publishing, Radio Free Asia, Rape of males, Re-education through labor, Recidivism, Religion, Reporters Without Borders, Reverse racism, Rider (imprint), Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949, Royal College of Psychiatrists, Sakharov Prize, Same-sex marriage, Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China, September 11 attacks, Serfdom in Tibet controversy, Sex-selective abortion, Shanty town, Shenzhen, Shi Tao (journalist), Shijiazhuang, Sichuan, Sinicization, Sinocentrism, Skype, Social & Legal Studies, Special administrative regions of China, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5, Strike action, Sun Yat-sen, Supreme People's Court, Tan Zuoren, Tangshan protest, Tax evasion, Terrorism, The China Quarterly, The Economist, The Guardian, The Heritage Foundation, The Independent, The New York Times, The Star (South Africa), The Washington Post, The Washington Times, Thought reform in China, Three-Self Patriotic Movement, Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Tibet, Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibetan Buddhism, Tibetan people, Tibetic languages, Tickle torture, TOM Online, Torture, Triad (organized crime), Turkey, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Human Rights Committee, United Nations Human Rights Council, United States Department of State, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, University of Alberta, Uyghurs, Vladimir Lenin, Voice of America, Wang Wanxing, Wei Jingsheng, Weiquan movement, White-collar crime, World Psychiatric Association, Wuhan, Xi Jinping, Xinjiang, Xu Zhiyong, Yahoo!, Yan Xiaoling – Fan Yanqiong case, Yining County, Yokohama, Zhang Zhixin, Zhao Changqing, Zhonghua minzu, 14th Dalai Lama, 2008 Summer Olympics, 2014 Kunming attack, 610 Office. Expand index (232 more) »

A. M. Rosenthal

Abraham Michael Rosenthal (May 2, 1922 – May 10, 2006), also known as Abe Rosenthal, served as The New York Times Executive Editor (1977–1988), having served previously as the City Editor and Managing Editor, before becoming a columnist (1987–1999) and New York Daily News columnist (1999–2004).

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Academy

An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary education, higher learning, research, or honorary membership.

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Administrative detention

Administrative detention is arrest and detention of individuals by the state without trial, usually for security reasons.

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Affirmative action

Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of protecting members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination.

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Aggravation (law)

Aggravation, in law, is "any circumstance attending the commission of a crime or tort which increases its guilt or enormity or adds to its injurious consequences, but which is above and beyond the essential constituents of the crime or tort itself." Aggravated assault, for example, is usually differentiated from simple assault by the offender's intent (e.g., to murder or to rape), the extent of injury to the victim, or the use of a deadly weapon.

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All-China Federation of Trade Unions

The All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) is the nationalised organisation federation of the People's Republic of China.

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American Psychiatric Association

The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world.

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Amnesty International

Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.

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Ankang (asylum)

Ankang is a name shared by a number of psychiatric hospitals or asylums in China.

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Apartheid

Apartheid started in 1948 in theUnion of South Africa |year_start.

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Arbitrary arrest and detention

Arbitrary arrest and arbitrary detention are the arrest or detention of an individual in a case in which there is no likelihood or evidence that they committed a crime against legal statute, or in which there has been no proper due process of law.

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Asian values

Asian values was a political ideology of the 1990s, which defined elements of society, culture and history common to the nations of Southeast and East Asia.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is a U.S.-based not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Authoritarianism

Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.

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Autonomous regions of China

An autonomous region (AR) is a first-level administrative division of China.

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Autonomy

In development or moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, un-coerced decision.

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Ürümqi

Ürümqi (yengi; from Oirat "beautiful pasture") is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China.

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Background check

A background check or background investigation is the process of looking up and compiling criminal records, commercial records, and financial records of an individual or an organization.

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Bamboo torture

Bamboo torture is a possibly apocryphal form of torture where a bamboo shoot grows through the body of a victim, reported to have been used in East and South Asia but for which no reliable evidence exists.

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Battle of Chamdo

The Battle of Chamdo occurred from 6 through 19 October 1950.

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BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.

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Bing (search engine)

Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft.

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Black jails

Black jails are a network of extralegal detention centers established by Chinese security forces and private security companies across the People's Republic of China in recent years.

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Black market

A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or transaction that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by some form of noncompliant behavior with an institutional set of rules.

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Black site

In military terminology, a black site is a location at which an unacknowledged black project is conducted.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.

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Capital punishment in the United States

Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States, currently used by 31 states, the federal government, and the military.

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Chairman of the Communist Party of China

The Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was the head of the Communist Party of China (CPC).

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Charter 08

Charter 08 is a manifesto initially signed by 303 Chinese intellectuals and human rights activists.

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Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih or Jiang Jieshi and known as Chiang Chungcheng, was a political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in exile in Taiwan.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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China Daily

China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China.

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China Ethnic Museum

The China Ethnic Museum (中华民族博物馆; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínzú Bówùguǎn; also called Chinese Ethnic Culture Park, 中华民族园; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínzú Yuán) is a museum in Beijing, China, located just to the west of the Olympic Green.

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China Gold International Resources

China Gold International Resources Corp.

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China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group

China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group (CHRLCG) is a non-profit organization whose stated objective is to advocate for the protection of human rights lawyers and legal rights defenders in China.

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China human rights organizations

This is an incomplete list of organisations which campaign on human rights in China.

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Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), with historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republic of China era, is the premier and the most comprehensive academic research organization and national center in the People's Republic of China for study in the fields of philosophy and social sciences, with the obligation of advancing and innovating in the scientific researches of philosophy, social sciences and policies.

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Chinese economic reform

The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms termed "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China, led by Deng Xiaoping.

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Chinese Human Rights Defenders

China Human Rights Defenders (CHRD) is a non-government organization of domestic and overseas Chinese human rights activists and groups.

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Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association

The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, abbreviated CPA, CPCA or CCPA, is an organization established in 1957 by the People's Republic of China's Religious Affairs Bureau to supervise mainland China's Catholics.

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Chinese philosophy

Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period, during a period known as the "Hundred Schools of Thought", which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments.

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Chinese views of democracy

Chinese scholars, thinkers, and policy-makers have debated about democracy, an idea which was first imported by Western colonial powers but which some argue also has connections to classic Chinese thinking.

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Chinese water torture

Chinese water torture is a process in which water is slowly dripped onto a person's forehead, allegedly making the restrained victim insane.

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Chinese Water Torture Cell

The Chinese Water Torture Cell is a predicament escape made famous by Hungarian-American magician Harry Houdini.

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Civil law (common law)

Civil law is a branch of the law.

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Civil union

A civil union, also referred to by a variety of other names, is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage.

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Classified information

Classified information is material that a government body deems to be sensitive information that must be protected.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong

The Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong in China (CIPFG) is an international non-governmental organization established in the United States on April 5, 2006 by the Falun Dafa Association.

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Collective action

Collective action refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective.

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Communist Party of China

The Communist Party of China (CPC), also referred to as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China.

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Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Ruism, is described as tradition, a philosophy, a religion, a humanistic or rationalistic religion, a way of governing, or simply a way of life.

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Constitution of the People's Republic of China

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is nominally the supreme law within the People's Republic of China.

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Corruption in China

Corruption in China post-1949 lies in the "organizational involution" of the ruling party, including the Communist Party of China's policies, institutions, norms, and failure to adapt to a changing environment in the post-Mao era caused by the market liberalization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping.

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Counter-revolutionary

A counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.

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Criminal procedure

Criminal procedure is the adjudication process of the criminal law.

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Criticism

Criticism is the practice of judging the merits and faults of something.

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Cultural genocide

Cultural genocide or cultural cleansing is a concept that lawyer Raphael Lemkin distinguished in 1944 as a component of genocide.

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Cultural relativism

Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

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Cultural Revolution

The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976.

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Dalai Lama

Dalai Lama (Standard Tibetan: ཏཱ་ལའི་བླ་མ་, Tā la'i bla ma) is a title given to spiritual leaders of the Tibetan people.

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David Kilgour

David William Kilgour, (born February 18, 1941) is a human rights activist, author, former lawyer and Canadian politician.

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David Matas

David Matas (born 29 August 1943) is the senior legal counsel of B'nai Brith Canada.

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Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997), courtesy name Xixian (希贤), was a Chinese politician.

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Der Spiegel

Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.

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Detention (imprisonment)

Detention is the process whereby a state or private citizen lawfully holds a person by removing his or her freedom or liberty at that time.

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Developing country

A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

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Dharamshala

Dharamshala (also spelled Dharamsala) is the second winter capital of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and a municipal corporation in Kangra district.

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Ding Zilin

Ding Zilin (born December 20, 1936 or January 1, 1939) is a retired professor of philosophy and the leader of the political pressure group Tiananmen Mothers.

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Document Number Nine

Document Number Nine (or Document No. 9), more properly the Communiqué on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere (also translated as the Briefing on the Current Situation in the Ideological Realm), is a confidential internal document widely circulated within the Communist Party of China in 2013 by the General Office of the Communist Party of China.

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Dongzhou protests

The Dongzhou protests refers to a series of protests that took place for seven months until December 2005 in Dongzhou (东洲), a village in Shanwei prefecture, Guangdong Province, China.

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Dui Hua Foundation

The Dui Hua Foundation (simplified Chinese: 中美对话基金会, traditional Chinese: 中美對話基金會, pinyin: zhōng měi duì huà jī jīn huì), or Dui Hua, is a San Francisco-based nonprofit humanitarian organization that seeks clemency and better treatment for at-risk detainees through the promotion of universally recognized human rights in a well-informed, mutually respectful dialogue with China.

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Dynasties in Chinese history

The following is a chronology of the dynasties in Chinese History.

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Economic, social and cultural rights

Economic, social and cultural rights are socio-economic human rights, such as the right to education, right to housing, right to adequate standard of living, right to health and the right to science and culture.

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Economy of China

The socialist market economy of the People's Republic of China is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), although China's National Bureau of Statistics denies the latter assessment.

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Embezzlement

Embezzlement is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) of such assets, by one or more persons to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.

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Empowerment and Rights Institute

The Empowerment and Rights Institute (ERI) (仁之泉工作室 in Simplified Chinese) was a Chinese non-governmental organization (NGO).

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Ethan Gutmann

Ethan Gutmann is a US investigative writer, human rights defender, China watcher, author, and a former adjunct fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies.

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Ethnic issues in China

Ethnic issues in China arise from Chinese history, nationalism, and other factors.

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Ethnic minorities in China

Ethnic minorities in China are the non-Han Chinese population in the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU).

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Execution by firing squad

Execution by firing squad, in the past sometimes called fusillading (from the French fusil, rifle), is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war.

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Execution van

The execution van, also called a mobile execution unit, was developed by the government of the People's Republic of China and was first used in 1997.

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Extraordinary rendition

Extraordinary rendition, also called irregular rendition or forced rendition, is the U.S. government-sponsored abduction and extrajudicial transfer of a person from one country to another that has predominantly been carried out by the United States government with the consent of other countries.

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Falun Gong

Falun Gong or Falun Dafa (Standard Mandarin Chinese:; literally, "Dharma Wheel Practice" or "Law Wheel Practice") is a modern Chinese spiritual practice that combines meditation and qigong exercises with a moral philosophy centered on the tenets of truthfulness, compassion, and forbearance.

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Five Punishments

The Five Punishments was the collective name for a series of physical penalties meted out by the legal system of pre-modern Dynastic China.

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Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Forensic psychiatry

Forensic psychiatry is a sub-speciality of psychiatry and is related to criminology.

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Four Cardinal Principles

The Four Cardinal Principles were stated by Deng Xiaoping in 1979 and are the four issues for which debate was not allowed within the People's Republic of China.

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Four Olds

The Four Olds or the Four Old Things was a term used during the Cultural Revolution of 1966–76 in the People's Republic of China to refer to elements of Chinese culture and thinking that proponents of the Cultural Revolution felt needed to be eradicated in order for China to progress.

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Freedom House

Freedom House is a U.S.-based 501(c)(3) U.S. government-funded non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights.

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Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention

The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1948) is an International Labour Organization Convention, and one of eight conventions that form the core of international labour law, as interpreted by the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.

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Freedom of movement

Freedom of movement, mobility rights, or the right to travel is a human rights concept encompassing the right of individuals to travel from place to place within the territory of a country,Jérémiee Gilbert, Nomadic Peoples and Human Rights (2014), p. 73: "Freedom of movement within a country encompasses both the right to travel freely within the territory of the State and the right to relocate oneself and to choose one's place of residence".

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Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Freedom of the press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.

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Frommer's

Frommer's is a travel guidebook series created by Arthur Frommer.

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General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is head of the Communist Party of China and the highest-ranking official within the People's Republic of China.

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German Labour Front

The German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront,; DAF) was the National Socialist labour organisation which replaced the various independent trade unions in Germany after Adolf Hitler's rise to power.

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Golden Shield Project

The Golden Shield Project, also named National Public Security Work Informational Project, is the Chinese nationwide network-security fundamental constructional project by the e-government of the People's Republic of China.

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Google China

Google China is a subsidiary of Google.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.

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Government of China

The central government of the People's Republic of China is divided among several state organs.

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Guangdong

Guangdong is a province in South China, located on the South China Sea coast.

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Guantanamo Bay detention camp

The Guantanamo Bay detention camp is a United States military prison located within Guantanamo Bay Naval Base,, The Independent, 29 April 2006 also referred to as Guantánamo or GTMO, which is on the coast of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba.

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Han chauvinism

Han chauvinism is a term coined by Mao Zedong on March 16, 1953, to criticize ethnocentrism among the majority Han people of China.

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Han Chinese

The Han Chinese,.

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Harassment

Harassment covers a wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature.

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He Qinglian

He Qinglian is a Chinese author and economist, most prominently known for her critical view of Chinese society and media controls in China.

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Heilongjiang

Heilongjiang (Wade-Giles: Heilungkiang) is a province of the People's Republic of China.

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Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China

The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China (abbr. 支聯會) is a pro-Chinese democratic organization that was established on 21 May 1989 in the then British colony of Hong Kong during the demonstration for the students protest in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

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House church (China)

In China, house churches or family churches are Christian assemblies in the People's Republic of China that operate independently from the state-sanctioned Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC), and came into existence due to the change in religious policy after the end of the Cultural Revolution in the early-1980s.

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Hu Jia (activist)

Hu Jia (born July 25, 1973, in Beijing) is a Chinese civil rights activist and noted critic of Communist Party of China.

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Huaihua

Huaihua is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Hunan province, China.

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Hukou system

Hukou is a system of household registration in mainland China and Taiwan, although the system itself is more properly called "huji", and has origins in ancient China.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

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Human Rights in China (organization)

Human Rights in China is a New York-based international, Chinese, non-governmental organization with intentions to promote international human rights and facilitate the institutional protection of these rights in the People's Republic of China.

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Human rights in Hong Kong

Human rights protection is enshrined in the Basic Law and its Bill of Rights Ordinance (Cap.383).

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Human rights in Macau

Human rights in Macau refers to the basic rights of citizens of Macau, a former Portuguese colony that reverted to Chinese administration in 1999.

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Human rights in Taiwan

The human rights record in Taiwan is generally held to have experienced significant transformation since the 1990s.

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Human rights in Tibet

Human rights in Tibet is a contentious issue.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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Hunan

Hunan is the 7th most populous province of China and the 10th most extensive by area.

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Illegal drug trade in China

The illegal drug trade in China is influenced by factors such as history, location, size, population, and current economic conditions.

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Inciting subversion of state power

Inciting subversion of state power is a crime under the law of the People's Republic of China.

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Independence

Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory.

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Inner Mongolia

Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region or Nei Mongol Autonomous Region (Ѳвѳр Монголын Ѳѳртѳѳ Засах Орон in Mongolian Cyrillic), is one of the autonomous regions of China, located in the north of the country.

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Insight on the News

Insight on the News (also called Insight) was an American conservative print and online news magazine.

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly with resolution 2200A (XXI) on 16 December 1966, and in force from 23 March 1976 in accordance with Article 49 of the covenant.

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 16 December 1966, and came in force from 3 January 1976.

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International Labor Rights Forum

The International Labor Rights Forum (ILRF) is a nonprofit advocacy organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., U.S., that describes itself as "an advocate for and with the working poor around the world." ILRF, formerly the "International Labor Rights Education & Research Fund," was founded in 1986, and the organization's mission statement reads: "ILRF believes that all workers have the right to a safe working environment where they are treated with dignity and respect, and where they can organize freely to defend and promote their rights and interests.

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International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.

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International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité International Olympique, CIO) is a Swiss private non-governmental organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, which is the authority responsible for the modern Olympic Games.

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Internet

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.

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Internet censorship in China

Internet censorship in China is among the most extensive in the world due to a wide variety of laws and administrative regulations.

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Intersex

Intersex people are born with any of several variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies".

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IP address

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.

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ITV News

ITV News is the branding of news programmes on the British television network ITV.

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Jacques Rogge

Jacques Jean Marie Rogge, Count Rogge (born 2 May 1942) is a Belgian sports administrator and physician who served as the eighth President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 2001 to 2013.

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Jasper Becker

Jasper Becker (born 1956) is a British author, commentator and journalist who has spent two decades as a foreign correspondent mostly in China.

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Jay Nordlinger

Jay Nordlinger is an American journalist.

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Journalist

A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information to the public.

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Judicial independence

Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary needs to be kept away from the other branches of government.

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Judicial system of China

The judicial branch is one of three branches of the government, not the state structure, in the People's Republic of China, along with the executive and legislative branches.

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Karl Marx

Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.

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Kilgour–Matas report

The Kilgour–Matas report is a 2006/2007 investigative report into allegations of live organ harvesting in China conducted by Canadian MP David Kilgour and human rights lawyer David Matas.

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Kyrgyzstan

The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Respublikasy; r; Қирғиз Республикаси.), or simply Kyrgyzstan, and also known as Kirghizia (Kyrgyzstan; r), is a sovereign state in Central Asia.

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Labor rights

Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law.

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Laogai

Laogai (勞改/劳改), the abbreviation for Láodòng Gǎizào (勞動改造/劳动改造), which means "reform through labor", is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Lawyer

A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.

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Left communism in China

In the People's Republic of China since 1967, the terms "Ultra-Left" and "left communist" refers to political theory and practice self-defined as further "left" than that of the central Maoist leaders at the height of the GPCR ("Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution").

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Legalism (Chinese philosophy)

Fajia or Legalism is one of Sima Tan's six classical schools of thought in Chinese philosophy.

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Lethal injection

Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person (typically a barbiturate, paralytic, and potassium solution) for the express purpose of causing immediate death.

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Lhasa

Lhasa is a city and administrative capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.

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Lingchi

Lingchi, translated variously as the slow process, the lingering death, or slow slicing, and also known as death by a thousand cuts, was a form of torture and execution used in China from roughly 900 CE until it was banned in 1905.

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List of nuclear weapons tests of China

The List of nuclear weapons tests is a listing of the Chinese nuclear tests conducted from 1964 through 1996.

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List of political parties in China

China, officially the People's Republic of China, is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in a United Front similar to the popular fronts of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the National Front of Democratic Germany.

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Liu Xiaobo

Liu Xiaobo (刘晓波, 28 December 1955 – 13 July 2017) was a Chinese writer, literary critic, human rights activist, philosopher and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who called for political reforms and was involved in campaigns to end communist one-party rule in China.

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Mainland China

Mainland China, also known as the Chinese mainland, is the geopolitical as well as geographical area under the direct jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (December 26, 1893September 9, 1976), commonly known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who became the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976.

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Maoism

Maoism, known in China as Mao Zedong Thought, is a political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong, whose followers are known as Maoists.

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Mental health in China

The concept of mental health in China is influenced by Confucian philosophy as well as an emphasis on family.

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Migrant worker

A "migrant worker" is a person who either migrates within their home country or outside it to pursue work such as seasonal work.

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Migration in China

Internal migration in the People's Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according to the International Labour Organization.

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Minimum wage in China

As different parts of China have very different standards of living, China does not set one minimum wage for the entire nation.

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Ministry of Justice (imperial China)

The Ministry or was one of the Six Ministries under the Department of State Affairs in imperial China.

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Ministry of Public Security (China)

The Ministry of Public Security (MPS) is the principal police and security authority of the People's Republic of China and the government ministry that exercises oversight over and is ultimately responsible for day-to-day law enforcement.

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Mongolia

Mongolia (Monggol Ulus in Mongolian; in Mongolian Cyrillic) is a landlocked unitary sovereign state in East Asia.

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Moussa Traoré

Moussa Traoré (born 25 September 1936) is a Malian soldier and politician who was President of Mali from 1968 to 1991.

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National Congress of the Communist Party of China

The National Congress of the Communist Party of China (NCCPC;; literally: Chinese Communist Party National Representatives Congress) is a party congress that is held every five years.

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National People's Congress

The National People's Congress (usually abbreviated NPC) is the national legislature of the People's Republic of China. With 2,980 members in 2018, it is the largest parliamentary body in the world. Under China's Constitution, the NPC is structured as a unicameral legislature, with the power to legislate, the power to oversee the operations of the government, and the power to elect the major officers of state. However, the NPC has been described as a "rubber stamp," having "never rejected a government proposal" in its history. The NPC is elected for a term of five years. It holds annual sessions every spring, usually lasting from 10 to 14 days, in the Great Hall of the People on the west side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. The NPC's sessions are usually timed to occur with the meetings of the National Committee of the People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a consultative body whose members represent various social groups. As the NPC and the CPPCC are the main deliberative bodies of China, they are often referred to as the Lianghui (Two Assemblies). According to the NPC, its annual meetings provide an opportunity for the officers of state to review past policies and present future plans to the nation.

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National security

National security refers to the security of a nation state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, and is regarded as a duty of government.

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National Security Agency

The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence.

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Netizen

The term netizen is a portmanteau of the words Internet and citizen as in "citizen of the net".

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Non-governmental organization

Non-governmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, or nongovernment organizations, commonly referred to as NGOs, are usually non-profit and sometimes international organizations independent of governments and international governmental organizations (though often funded by governments) that are active in humanitarian, educational, health care, public policy, social, human rights, environmental, and other areas to effect changes according to their objectives.

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NPR

National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.

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NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)

NSA warrantless surveillance (also commonly referred to as "warrantless-wiretapping" or "-wiretaps") refers to the surveillance of persons within the United States, including United States citizens, during the collection of notionally foreign intelligence by the National Security Agency (NSA) as part of the Terrorist Surveillance Program.

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One country, two systems

"One country, two systems" is a constitutional principle formulated by Deng Xiaoping, the Paramount Leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC), for the reunification of China during the early 1980s.

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One-child policy

The one-child policy, a part of the family planning policy, was a population planning policy of China.

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Open Constitution Initiative

The Open Constitution Initiative (OCI), sometimes referred to in English as Gongmeng is an organization consisting of lawyers and academics in the People's Republic of China that advocates the rule of law and greater constitutional protections.

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Organ transplantation in China

Organ transplantation in China has taken place since the 1960s, and is one of the largest organ transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year in 2004.

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Organisation of African Unity

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA)) was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with 32 signatory governments.

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Panchen Lama

The Panchen Lama is a tulku of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism.

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Pass laws

In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanisation, and allocate migrant labour.

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People's Armed Police

The Chinese People's Armed Police Force (abbreviated: PAP) is a Chinese paramilitary police (Gendarmerie) force primarily responsible for internal security, law enforcement and maritime rights protection in China, as well as providing support to the PLA Ground Force during wartime.

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People's democratic dictatorship

People's democratic dictatorship is a phrase incorporated into the Constitution of the People's Republic of China by Mao Zedong, the then leader of the Communist Party of China (CPC).

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Petitioning (China)

Petitioning (also known as letters and calls, correspondence and reception, xinfang or shangfang) is the administrative system for hearing complaints and grievances from individuals in the People's Republic of China.

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Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment and the allocation of capital goods take place according to economy-wide economic and production plans.

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Police

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by a state to enforce the law, to protect people and property, and to prevent crime and civil disorder.

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Political abuse of psychiatry

Political abuse of psychiatry is the misuse of psychiatry, including diagnosis, detention, and treatment, for the purposes of obstructing the human rights of individuals and/or groups in a society.

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Political repression

Political repression is the persecution of an individual or group within society for political reasons, particularly for the purpose of restricting or preventing their ability to take part in the political life of a society thereby reducing their standing among their fellow citizens.

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Project Syndicate

Project Syndicate is an international media organization that publishes and syndicates commentary and analysis on a variety of important global topics.

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Psychosurgery

Psychosurgery, also called neurosurgery for mental disorder (NMD), is the neurosurgical treatment of mental disorder.

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Publishing

Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public.

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Radio Free Asia

Radio Free Asia (RFA) is a private, nonprofit international broadcasting corporation that broadcasts and publishes online news, information, and commentary to listeners in East Asia while "advancing the goals of U.S. foreign policy." Founded in the 1950s as an anti-communist propaganda operation, RFA is currently funded by the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), an independent agency of the United States government responsible for all non-military, international broadcasting sponsored by the U.S. government (such as Radio Free Europe), which appoints the board of RFA.

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Rape of males

A significant proportion of victims of rape or other sexual violence incidents are male.

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Re-education through labor

Re-education through labor (RTL), abbreviated laojiao was a system of administrative detention in the People's Republic of China.

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Recidivism

Recidivism (from recidive and ism, from Latin recidīvus "recurring", from re- "back" and cadō "I fall") is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have either experienced negative consequences of that behavior, or have been trained to extinguish that behavior.

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Religion

Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.

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Reporters Without Borders

Reporters Without Borders (RWB), or Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF), is an international non-profit, non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press.

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Reverse racism

Reverse racism or reverse discrimination is a concept that portrays affirmative action in the United States and similar color-conscious programs as a form of anti-white racism on the part of black people and government agencies; it is commonly associated with conservative opposition to such programs.

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Rider (imprint)

Rider is a publishing imprint of Ebury Publishing, a Penguin Random House division.

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Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949

The Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949) is an International Labour Organization Convention.

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Royal College of Psychiatrists

The Royal College of Psychiatrists is the main professional organisation of psychiatrists in the United Kingdom, and is responsible for representing psychiatrists, for psychiatric research and for providing public information about mental health problems.

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Sakharov Prize

The Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, commonly known as the Sakharov Prize, honours individuals and groups of people who have dedicated their lives to the defense of human rights and freedom of thought.

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Same-sex marriage

Same-sex marriage (also known as gay marriage) is the marriage of a same-sex couple, entered into in a civil or religious ceremony.

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Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China

Scarlet Memorial: Tales of Cannibalism in Modern China is a book of reportage literature (baogao wenxue) by the Chinese novelist Zheng Yi (郑义; born 1947).

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September 11 attacks

The September 11, 2001 attacks (also referred to as 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

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Serfdom in Tibet controversy

The serfdom in Tibet controversy rests on Chinese claims of moral authority for governing Tibet, portraying Tibet as a "feudal serfdom" and a "hell on earth" prior to its invasion in 1950.

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Sex-selective abortion

Sex-selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based upon the predicted sex of the infant.

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Shanty town

A shanty town or squatter area is a settlement of improvised housing which is known as shanties or shacks, made of plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, and cardboard boxes.

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Shenzhen

Shenzhen is a major city in Guangdong Province, China.

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Shi Tao (journalist)

Shi Tao (born July 25, 1968) is a mainland Chinese journalist, writer and poet, who in 2005 was sentenced to imprisonment for 10 years for releasing a document of the Communist Party to an overseas Chinese democracy site.

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Shijiazhuang

Shijiazhuang is the capital and largest city of North China's Hebei Province.

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Sichuan

Sichuan, formerly romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan, is a province in southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south.

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Sinicization

Sinicization, sinicisation, sinofication, or sinification is a process whereby non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture, particularly Han Chinese culture and societal norms.

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Sinocentrism

Sinocentrism refers to the ideology that China is the cultural center of the world.

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Skype

Skype is a telecommunications application software product that specializes in providing video chat and voice calls between computers, tablets, mobile devices, the Xbox One console, and smartwatches via the Internet and to regular telephones.

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Social & Legal Studies

Social & Legal Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers feminist, post-colonial, and socialist economic perspectives to the study of law and criminology.

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Special administrative regions of China

The special administrative regions (SAR) are one type of provincial-level administrative divisions of China directly under Central People's Government, which enjoys the highest degree of autonomy, and no or less interference by either Central Government or the Communist Party of China.

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Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) is a committee of about 150 members of the National People's Congress (NPC) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), which is convened between plenary sessions of the NPC.

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State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5

State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No.

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Strike action

Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.

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Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)Singtao daily.

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Supreme People's Court

The Supreme People's Court is the highest level of court in the mainland area of the People's Republic of China.

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Tan Zuoren

Tan Zuoren (born on 15 May 1954), from Chengdu, Sichuan province, People's Republic of China, is an environmentalist, writer and former editor of Literati magazine (文化人).

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Tangshan protest

The Tangshan protest occurred in 2004 after more than 11,000 farmers in Hebei Province, China signed a petition calling for the removal of Communist Party officials who were allegedly involved in corruption.

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Tax evasion

Tax evasion is the illegal evasion of taxes by individuals, corporations, and trusts.

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Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.

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The China Quarterly

The China Quarterly (CQ) is a British double-blind peer-reviewed (the highest international standard) academic journal which was established in 1960 and focuses on all aspects of contemporary China and Taiwan.

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Heritage Foundation

The Heritage Foundation (abbreviated to Heritage) is an American conservative public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C. The foundation took a leading role in the conservative movement during the presidency of Ronald Reagan, whose policies were taken from Heritage's policy study Mandate for Leadership.

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The Independent

The Independent is a British online newspaper.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Star (South Africa)

The Star is a daily newspaper based in Gauteng, South Africa.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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The Washington Times

The Washington Times is an American daily newspaper that covers general interest topics with a particular emphasis on American politics.

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Thought reform in China

Thought reform in China (also known as ideological remolding or ideological reformLifton, Robert J. "Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China," Victor Gollancz Ltd, London, 1962) was a campaign of the Communist Party of China to reform the thinking of Chinese citizens into accepting Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought (Maoism) from 1951–1952.

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Three-Self Patriotic Movement

The Three-Self Patriotic Movement (TSPM) is a Protestant church in the People's Republic of China, and one of the largest Protestant bodies in the world.

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Tiananmen Square protests of 1989

The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, commonly known in mainland China as the June Fourth Incident (六四事件), were student-led demonstrations in Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, in 1989.

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Tibet

Tibet is a historical region covering much of the Tibetan Plateau in Central Asia.

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Tibet Autonomous Region

The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) or Xizang Autonomous Region, called Tibet or Xizang for short, is a province-level autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism is the form of Buddhist doctrine and institutions named after the lands of Tibet, but also found in the regions surrounding the Himalayas and much of Central Asia.

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Tibetan people

The Tibetan people are an ethnic group native to Tibet.

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Tibetic languages

The Tibetic languages are a cluster of Sino-Tibetan languages descended from Old Tibetan, spoken across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering the Indian subcontinent, including the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas in Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan.

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Tickle torture

Tickle torture is a term used to mean the use of tickling to abuse, dominate, harass, humiliate, or interrogate an individual.

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TOM Online

TOM Online is a mobile Internet company in China, operating the popular Chinese-language Internet portal (www.tom.com) and offering a variety of online and mobile services, including wireless internet and online advertising.

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Torture

Torture (from the Latin tortus, "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim.

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Triad (organized crime)

A triad is one of many branches of Chinese transnational organized crime syndicates based in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan and in countries with significant Chinese populations, such as the United States, Canada, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Spain, South Africa, Australia, Brazil and New Zealand.

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Turkey

Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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United Nations Development Programme

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network.

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United Nations Human Rights Committee

The United Nations Human Rights Committee is a United Nations body of 18 experts that meets three times a year for four-week sessions (spring session at UN headquarters in New York, summer and fall sessions at the UN Office in Geneva) to consider the five-yearly reports submitted by 169 UN member states on their compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR, and any individual petitions concerning 116 States parties to the Optional Protocol.

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United Nations Human Rights Council

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), often referred to as the State Department, is the United States federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France.

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University of Alberta

The University of Alberta (also known as U of A and UAlberta) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

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Uyghurs

The Uyghurs or Uygurs (as the standard romanisation in Chinese GB 3304-1991) are a Turkic ethnic group who live in East and Central Asia.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Voice of America

Voice of America (VOA) is a U.S. government-funded international radio broadcast source that serves as the United States federal government's official institution for non-military, external broadcasting.

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Wang Wanxing

Wang Wanxing (born October 10, 1949) is a prominent Chinese pro-democracy activist who was a prisoner of conscience for 13 years in Chinese detention centres and psychiatric institutions called Ankang.

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Wei Jingsheng

Wei Jingsheng (born 20 May 1950, Beijing) is a Chinese human rights activist known for his involvement in the Chinese democracy movement.

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Weiquan movement

The Weiquan movement is a non-centralized group of lawyers, legal experts, and intellectuals in China who seek to protect and defend the civil rights of the citizenry through litigation and legal activism.

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White-collar crime

White-collar crime refers to financially motivated, nonviolent crime committed by business and government professionals.

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World Psychiatric Association

The World Psychiatric Association is an international umbrella organisation of psychiatric societies.

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Wuhan

Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China.

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Xi Jinping

Xi Jinping (born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician currently serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President of the People's Republic of China, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

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Xinjiang

Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (شىنجاڭ ئۇيغۇر ئاپتونوم رايونى; SASM/GNC: Xinjang Uyĝur Aptonom Rayoni; p) is a provincial-level autonomous region of China in the northwest of the country.

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Xu Zhiyong

Xu Zhiyong (born 1973) is a Chinese civil rights activist and formerly a lecturer at the Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications.

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Yahoo!

Yahoo! is a web services provider headquartered in Sunnyvale, California and wholly owned by Verizon Communications through Oath Inc..

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Yan Xiaoling – Fan Yanqiong case

The Yan Xiaoling – Fan Yanqiong case, a.k.a. Fujian Netizen Case, occurred from June 2009 through April 2010 in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China.

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Yining County

Yining County or Gulja County is a county within the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.

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Yokohama

, literally "Port to the side" or "Beside the port", is the second largest city in Japan by population, after Tokyo, and the most populous municipality of Japan.

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Zhang Zhixin

Zhang Zhixin (December 5, 1930 – April 4, 1975) was a dissident during the Cultural Revolution who became famous for criticizing the idolization of Mao Zedong and the ultra-left.

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Zhao Changqing

Zhao Changqing (born April 1969) is a history teacher and political activist in the People’s Republic of China.

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Zhonghua minzu

Zhonghua minzu, translated as "Chinese nation" or "Chinese races", is a key political term that is entwined with modern Chinese history of nation-building and race.

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14th Dalai Lama

The 14th Dalai Lama (religious name: Tenzin Gyatso, shortened from Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso; born Lhamo Thondup, 6 July 1935) is the current Dalai Lama.

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2008 Summer Olympics

The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and commonly known as Beijing 2008, was an international multi-sport event that was held from 8 to 24 August 2008 in Beijing, China.

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2014 Kunming attack

In the evening of 1 March 2014, a terrorist attack occurred inside the Kunming Railway Station in Kunming, Yunnan, China.

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610 Office

The 610 Office is a security agency in the People's Republic of China.

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Redirects here:

Chinese human rights, Chinese human rights abuse, Chinese torture, Chinese treatment of Tibetans, Civil liberties in China, Civil liberties in the People's Republic of China, Freedom of movement in China, Freedom of the press in China, Freedom of the press in the People's Republic of China, Human Rights in China, Human Rights in the People's Republic of China, Human rights in People's Republic of China, Human rights in china, Human rights in mainland China, Human rights in the PRC, Human rights in the People's Republic of China, Human rights of ethnic minorities in China, Human rights violations in China, Picking quarrels and provoking trouble, Political freedom in China, Political prisoners in China, Political repression in the People's Republic of China, Rights in China, Torture in China, Wrongful executions in China.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_China

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