Communication

399 relations: Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī, Abhinavagupta, Abner of Burgos, Abraham bar Hiyya, Abraham ibn Daud, Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī, Active intellect, Actus primus, Actus purus, Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio, Adam de Wodeham, Adam of Łowicz, Adam of Balsham, Adam of Bockenfield, Adam Pulchrae Mulieris, Adelard of Bath, Adi Shankara, Ahmad Sirhindi, Al-Biruni, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, Al-Jahiz, Al-Kindi, Al-Qushayri, Al-Shahrastani, Alain de Lille, Albert of Saxony (philosopher), Albertus Magnus, Alcuin, Alessandro Achillini, Alexander Bonini, Alexander Neckam, Alexander of Hales, Alfred of Sareshel, Altheides, Amalric of Bena, André of Neufchâteau, Anselm of Canterbury, Anselm of Laon, Antonio Beccadelli (poet), Athir al-Din al-Abhari, Auctoritates Aristotelis, Augustine of Hippo, Avempace, Averroes, Averroism, Avicenna, Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, ..., Étienne Tempier, Barlaam of Seminara, Bartholomew of Bologna (philosopher), Bartolommeo Spina, Basilios Bessarion, Bernard of Chartres, Bernard of Clairvaux, Bernard of Trilia, Bernardus Silvestris, Berthold of Moosburg, Boethius, Boetius of Dacia, Bonaventure, Brethren of Purity, Brunetto Latini, Byzantine philosophy, Byzantine rhetoric, Cahal Daly, Caigentan, Cardinal virtues, Carolus Sigonius, Catherine of Siena, Celestial spheres, Cesare Cremonini (philosopher), Choe Chung, Christine de Pizan, Common sense, Condemnations of 1210–1277, Constantine of Kostenets, Contra principia negantem non est disputandum, Convivio, Cosmographia (Bernardus Silvestris), Credo ut intelligam, Cristoforo Landino, Daniel of Morley, Dante Alighieri, David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas, Dōgen, De divisione naturae, De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae, Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Denis the Carthusian, Divine apathy, Doctrine of the Mean, Dominicus Gundissalinus, Duns Scotus, Dynamics of the celestial spheres, Early Islamic philosophy, Elia del Medigo, Eustratius of Nicaea, Euthymius the Athonite, Everard of Ypres, Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, Federico Cesi, Five Ways (Aquinas), Five wits, Francesco Filelfo, Francesco Robortello, Francis of Marchia, Francis of Mayrone, Francisco de Vitoria, Francisco Suárez, Franciscus Bonae Spei, Fujiwara Seika, Gabriel Biel, Galileo Galilei, Garlandus Compotista, Gasparinus de Bergamo, Gaunilo of Marmoutiers, Gemistus Pletho, Gennadius Scholarius, George of Trebizond, Gerard of Abbeville, Gerard of Bologna, Gerard of Brussels, Gerard of Cremona, Gerardus Odonis, Gersonides, Gilbert de la Porrée, Giles of Lessines, Giles of Rome, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Godfrey of Fontaines, Gonsalvus of Spain, Great chain of being, Gregor Reisch, Gregory of Rimini, Grzegorz of Stawiszyn, Guarino da Verona, Guido Terrena, Guillaume Pierre Godin, Guru Nanak, Gwon Geun, Haecceity, Haribhadra, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Hōnen, Hemachandra, Henry Aristippus, Henry Harclay, Henry of Ghent, Herman of Carinthia, Hermannus Alemannus, Hervaeus Natalis, Heymeric de Campo, Hisdosus, How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?, Hugh of Saint Victor, Hugh of Saint-Cher, Hylomorphism, Ibn al-Haytham, Ibn al-Nafis, Ibn al-Rawandi, Ibn Arabi, Ibn Hazm, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Masarra, Ibn Sab'in, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Tufail, Immanuel the Roman, Insolubilia, Intellectualism, Intelligible form, Ioane Petritsi, Ippen, Isaac Abarbanel, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Isagoge, Isotta Nogarola, Jacob ben Nissim, Jacopo Zabarella, Jakub of Gostynin, Jan Szylling, Jayatirtha, Jean Buridan, Jean Capréolus, Jedaiah ben Abraham Bedersi, Jien, Jinul, Jiva Goswami, Jocelin of Soissons, John Argyropoulos, John Blund, John de Sècheville, John Dumbleton, John Halgren of Abbeville, John Hennon, John Italus, John Major (philosopher), John of Damascus, John of Głogów, John of Jandun, John of Mirecourt, John of Paris, John of Salisbury, John of St. Thomas, John Pagus, John Peckham, John Scotus Eriugena, Joseph Albo, Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta, Judah ben Moses Romano, Judah Halevi, Julius Caesar Scaliger, Kitabatake Chikafusa, Lambert of Auxerre, Lambertus de Monte, Leo the Mathematician, Leon Battista Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, List of scholastic philosophers, List of works by Thomas Aquinas, Madhusūdana Sarasvatī, Madhvacharya, Maimonides, Manuel Chrysoloras, Marcus Musurus, Marsilio Ficino, Marsilius of Inghen, Marsilius of Padua, Matheolus Perusinus, Matthew of Aquasparta, Medieval philosophy, Meister Eckhart, Michał Falkener, Michael of Ephesus, Michael of Massa, Michael Psellos, Miskawayh, Moralium dogma philosophorum, Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi, Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, Myōe, Nachmanides, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Nasir Khusraw, Neo-medievalism, Niccolò Machiavelli, Nichiren, Nicholas of Autrecourt, Nicholas of Cusa, Nicole Oresme, Nikephoros Choumnos, Odo of Châteauroux, Omar Khayyam, Oxford Calculators, Oxford Franciscan school, Palla Strozzi, Paolo da Pergola, Passive intellect, Paul of Venice, Peripatetic axiom, Peter Abelard, Peter Ceffons, Peter Crockaert, Peter de Rivo, Peter Helias, Peter John Olivi, Peter Lombard, Peter of Auvergne, Peter of Capua, Peter of Corbeil, Peter of Poitiers, Peter of Spain, Petrarch, Petrus Aureolus, Petrus Ramus, Photios I of Constantinople, Pierre d'Ailly, Pierre de Bar, Pietro Alcionio, Pietro d'Abano, Policraticus, Porphyrian tree, Potentiality and actuality, Praepositinus, Problem of universals, Proslogion, Quiddity, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, R. De Staningtona, Rabia of Basra, Radulfus Ardens, Radulphus Brito, Ralph of Longchamp, Ralph Strode, Ramanuja, Ramism, Ramon Llull, Remigius of Auxerre, Renaissance, Renaissance humanism, Renaissance philosophy, Richard Brinkley, Richard Kilvington, Richard of Campsall, Richard of Middleton, Richard of Saint Victor, Richard Rufus of Cornwall, Richard Swineshead, Richard Wilton, Robert Alyngton, Robert Cowton, Robert Grosseteste, Robert Holcot, Robert Kilwardby, Robert of Melun, Robert Pullen, Rodolphus Agricola, Roger Bacon, Roland of Cremona, Roscellinus, Rota Fortunae, Scholasticism, School of Saint Victor, Scotism, Sentences, Seosan, Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi, Shinran, Siger of Brabant, Simon of Faversham, Simon of Tournai, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Sophismata, Sperone Speroni, Stephanus of Alexandria, Substantial form, Sum of Logic, Summa, Summa contra Gentiles, Summa Theologica, Summum bonum, Supposition theory, Synderesis, Temporal finitism, Term logic, The Consolation of Philosophy, Theodore Metochites, Thierry of Chartres, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Bradwardine, Thomas Gallus, Thomas of Sutton, Thomas of Villanova, Thomas of York (Franciscan), Thomas Wilton, Thomism, Thought of Thomas Aquinas, Timeline of Niccolò Machiavelli, Transmission of the Greek Classics, Ulrich of Strasburg, University of Constantinople, Univocity of being, Unmoved mover, Urso of Calabria, Vācaspati Miśra, Vijnanabhiksu, Vincent Ferrer, Vital du Four, Voluntarism (philosophy), Walter Burley, Walter Chatton, Walter of Bruges, Walter of Mortagne, Walter of Saint Victor, Walter of Winterburn, Wang Yangming, William Crathorn, William de la Mare, William of Alnwick, William of Auvergne (bishop), William of Auxerre, William of Champeaux, William of Conches, William of Falgar, William of Heytesbury, William of Lucca, William of Moerbeke, William of Ockham, William of Saint-Amour, William of Sherwood, William of Ware, Yi Hwang, Yohanan Alemanno, Zhang Zai, Zhu Xi. Expand index (349 more) » « Shrink index

Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī

Ali ibn Mohammed ibn Abbas (923-1023) (علي بن محمد بن عباس) also known as Abū Hayyān al-Tawhīdī (أبو حيان التوحيدي) was one of the most influential intellectuals and thinkers of the 10th century.

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Abhinavagupta

Abhinavagupta (c. 950 – 1016 AD) was a philosopher, mystic and aesthetician from Kashmir.

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Abner of Burgos

Abner of Burgos (c. 1270 – c. 1347, or a little later) was a Jewish philosopher, a convert to Christianity and polemical writer against his former religion.

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Abraham bar Hiyya

(1070 Barcelona, Catalonia – 1136 or 1145 Narbonne, France) was a Jewish mathematician, astronomer and philosopher, also known as Savasorda (from the Arabic صاحب الشرطة Ṣāḥib al-Shurṭa "Chief of the Police") or Abraham Judaeus.

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Abraham ibn Daud

Abraham ibn Daud (אברהם אבן דאוד; ابراهيم بن داود) was a Spanish-Jewish astronomer, historian, and philosopher; born at Cordoba, Spain about 1110; died in Toledo, Spain, according to common report, a martyr about 1180.

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Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri

Abu al-Hassan Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Amiri (أبو الحسن محمد ابن يوسف العامري) (died 992) was a Muslim theologian and philosopher of Persian origin, who attempted to reconcile philosophy with religion, and Sufism with conventional Islam.

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Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani

Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani (ابو یعقوب سجستانی) (active 971 CE) was a Persian Ismaili missionary and Neo-Platonic philosopher, who died sometime around 971 CE (358 AH).

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Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī

Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī (أبو البركات هبة الله بن ملكا البغدادي; c. 1080 – 1164 or 1165 CE) was an Islamic philosopher and physician of Jewish descent from Baghdad, Iraq.

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Active intellect

The active intellect (Latin: intellectus agens; also translated as agent intellect, active intelligence, active reason, or productive intellect) is a concept in classical and medieval philosophy.

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Actus primus

Actus primus is a technical expression used in scholastic philosophy.

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Actus purus

In scholastic philosophy, actus purus (literally "pure act") is the absolute perfection of God.

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Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio

Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio (Vojtěch Raňkův z Ježova) (circa 1320 – August 15, 1388) was a Czech theologian and philosopher.

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Adam de Wodeham

Adam of Wodeham, OFM (1298–1358) was a philosopher and theologian.

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Adam of Łowicz

Adam of Łowicz (also "Adam of Bocheń" and "Adamus Polonus"; born in Bocheń, near Łowicz, Poland; died 7 February 1514, in Kraków, Poland) was a professor of medicine at the University of Krakow, its rector in 1510–1511, a humanist, writer and philosopher.

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Adam of Balsham

Adam of Balsham (Adam Balsamiensis or Adam Parvipontanus) (c. 1100/1102 – c. 1157/1169) was an Anglo-Norman scholastic and churchman.

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Adam of Bockenfield

Adam of Bockenfield (ca. 1220 – before 1294) was an English Franciscan philosopher, who taught at the University of Oxford in the early 1240s.

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Adam Pulchrae Mulieris

Adam Pulchrae Mulieris, also called Adam de Puteorumvilla, was a Paris master who studied under Peter of Lamballe, who flourished in the first half of the 13th century.

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Adelard of Bath

Adelard of Bath (Adelardus Bathensis; 1080 1152 AD) was a 12th-century English natural philosopher.

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Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara (pronounced) or Shankara, was an early 8th century Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.

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Ahmad Sirhindi

Ahmad al-Fārūqī al-Sirhindī (1564–1624) was an Indian Islamic scholar, a Hanafi jurist, and a prominent member of the Naqshbandī Sufi order.

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Al-Biruni

Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī (Chorasmian/ابوریحان بیرونی Abū Rayḥān Bērōnī; New Persian: Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī) (973–1050), known as Al-Biruni (البيروني) in English, was an IranianD.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236–1238.

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Al-Farabi

Al-Farabi (known in the West as Alpharabius; c. 872 – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic.

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Al-Ghazali

Al-Ghazali (full name Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي; latinized Algazelus or Algazel, – 19 December 1111) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mysticsLudwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.109.

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Al-Jahiz

al-Jāḥiẓ (الجاحظ) (full name Abū ʿUthman ʿAmr ibn Baḥr al-Kinānī al-Baṣrī أبو عثمان عمرو بن بحر الكناني البصري) (born 776, in Basra – December 868/January 869) was an Arab prose writer and author of works of literature, Mu'tazili theology, and politico-religious polemics.

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Al-Kindi

Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician.

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Al-Qushayri

'Abd al-Karīm ibn Hūzān Abū al-Qāsim al-Qushayrī al-Naysābūrī, (عبدالکریم قُشَیری, عبد الكريم بن هوازن بن عبد الملك بن طلحة أبو القاسم القشيري) (also Kushayri) was born in 986 CE (376 AH) in Nishapur which is in Khorasan Province in Iran.

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Al-Shahrastani

Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (1086–1153 CE), also known as Muhammad al-Shahrastānī, was an influential Persian historian of religions, a historiographer, Islamic scholar, philosopher and theologian.

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Alain de Lille

Alain de Lille (or Alanus ab Insulis) (11281202/03) was a French theologian and poet.

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Albert of Saxony (philosopher)

Albert of Saxony (Latin: Albertus de Saxonia; c. 1320 – 8 July 1390) was a German philosopher known for his contributions to logic and physics.

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Albertus Magnus

Albertus Magnus, O.P. (c. 1200 – November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a German Catholic Dominican friar and bishop.

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Alcuin

Alcuin of York (Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus; 735 – 19 May 804 AD)—also called Ealhwine, Alhwin or Alchoin—was an English scholar, clergyman, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria.

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Alessandro Achillini

Alessandro Achillini (Latin Alexander Achillinus; 20 or 29 October 1463 (or possibly 1461)2 August 1512) was an Italian philosopher and physician.

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Alexander Bonini

Alexander Bonini (ca. 1270 – 1314) was an Italian Franciscan philosopher, who became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor.

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Alexander Neckam

Alexander Neckam(8 September 115731 March 1217) was an English scholar, teacher, theologian and abbot of Cirencester Abbey from 1213 until his death.

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Alexander of Hales

Alexander of Hales (also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius; 21 August 1245), also called Doctor Irrefragibilis (by Pope Alexander IV in the Bull De Fontibus Paradisi) and Theologorum Monarcha, was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School.

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Alfred of Sareshel

Alfred of Sarashel, also known as Alfred the Philosopher, Alfred the Englishman or Alfredus Anglicus, was born in England some time in the 12th century and died in the 13th century.

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Altheides

Altheides (1193–1262) was a Cypriot philosopher, primarily known from sayings attributed to him in the works of others.

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Amalric of Bena

Amalric of Bena (Amaury de Bène, Amaury de Chartres; Almaricus, Amalricus, Amauricus; died 1204–1207 AD) was a French theologian and sect leader, after whom the Amalricians are named.

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André of Neufchâteau

André of Neufchâteau (died c. 1400) was a scholastic philosopher of the fourteenth century.

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Anselm of Canterbury

Anselm of Canterbury (1033/4-1109), also called (Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and (Anselme du Bec) after his monastery, was a Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.

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Anselm of Laon

Anselm of Laon (Anselmus; 1117), properly Ansel (Ansellus), was a French theologian and founder of a school of scholars who helped to pioneer biblical hermeneutics.

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Antonio Beccadelli (poet)

Antonio Beccadelli (1394–1471), called Il Panormita (poetic form meaning "The Palermitan"), was an Italian poet, canon lawyer, scholar, diplomat, and chronicler.

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Athir al-Din al-Abhari

Athīr al‐Dīn al‐Mufaḍḍal ibn ʿUmar ibn al‐Mufaḍḍal al‐Samarqandī al‐Abharī, also known as Athīr al‐Dīn al‐Munajjim (d. in 1265 or 1262 Shabestar, Iran) was a philosopher, astronomer, astrologer and mathematician.

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Auctoritates Aristotelis

The Auctoritates Aristotelis ("Authoritative Aristotle") was a popular florilegium (anthology of brief extracts) composed around the end of the thirteenth century by the Franciscan scholar Johannes de Fonte.

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Augustine of Hippo

Saint Augustine of Hippo (13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a Roman African, early Christian theologian and philosopher from Numidia whose writings influenced the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy.

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Avempace

Avempace (– 1138) is the Latinate form of Ibn Bâjja (ابن باجه), full name Abû Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Yaḥyà ibn aṣ-Ṣâ’igh at-Tûjîbî Ibn Bâjja al-Tujibi (أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصائغ), was an Arab Andalusian polymath: his writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.

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Averroes

Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد; full name; 1126 – 11 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian philosopher and thinker who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.

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Averroism

Averroism refers to a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian Islamic philosopher Averroes, a Muslim commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism.

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Avicenna

Avicenna (also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ابن سینا; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani

Ayn-al-Qużāt Hamadānī, also spelled Ain-al Quzat Hamedani or ʿAyn-al Qudat Hamadhani (1098–1131) (عین‌ القضات همدانی), full name: Abu’l-maʿālī ʿabdallāh Bin Abībakr Mohammad Mayānejī (ابوالمعالی عبدالله بن ابی‌بکر محمد میانجی), was a Persian jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician who was executed at the age of 33.

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Étienne Tempier

Étienne (Stephen) Tempier (also known as Stephanus of Orleans; died 3 September 1279) was a French bishop of Paris during the 13th century.

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Barlaam of Seminara

Barlaam of Seminara (Bernardo Massari, as a layman), c. 1290–1348, or Barlaam of Calabria (Βαρλαὰμ Καλαβρός) was a southern Italian scholar (Aristotelian scholastic) and clergyman of the 14th century, as well as a Humanist, a philologist, and a theologian.

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Bartholomew of Bologna (philosopher)

Bartholomew of Bologna (died c. 1294) was an Italian Franciscan scholastic philosopher.

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Bartolommeo Spina

Bartolomeo Spina (born at Pisa about 1475; died at Rome, 1546) was an Italian Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Basilios Bessarion

Basilios (or Basilius) Bessarion (Greek: Βασίλειος Βησσαρίων; 2 January 1403 – 18 November 1472), a Roman Catholic Cardinal Bishop and the titular Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, was one of the illustrious Greek scholars who contributed to the great revival of letters in the 15th century.

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Bernard of Chartres

Bernard of Chartres (Bernardus Carnotensis; died after 1124) was a twelfth-century French Neo-Platonist philosopher, scholar, and administrator.

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Bernard of Clairvaux

Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (Bernardus Claraevallensis; 109020 August 1153) was a French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism that caused the formation of the Cistercian order.

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Bernard of Trilia

Bernard of Trilia (Bernard de la Treille, Bernardus de Trilia) (Nîmes, c. 1240 – 1292) was a French Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Bernardus Silvestris

Bernardus Silvestris, also known as Bernard Silvestris and Bernard Silvester, was a medieval Platonist philosopher and poet of the 12th century.

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Berthold of Moosburg

Berthold of Moosburg (died after 1361) was a German Dominican theologian and neo-Platonist of the 14th century, teaching in Regensburg in 1327.

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Boethius

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius, commonly called Boethius (also Boetius; 477–524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, magister officiorum, and philosopher of the early 6th century.

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Boetius of Dacia

Boetius de Dacia, OP (also spelled Boethius de Dacia) was a 13th-century Danish philosopher.

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Bonaventure

Saint Bonaventure (Bonaventura; 1221 – 15 July 1274), born Giovanni di Fidanza, was an Italian medieval Franciscan, scholastic theologian and philosopher.

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Brethren of Purity

The Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā; also The Brethren of Sincerity) were a secret society of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in the 8th or 10th century CE.

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Brunetto Latini

Brunetto Latini (c. 1220–1294) (who signed his name Burnectus Latinus in Latin and Burnecto Latino in Italian) was an Italian philosopher, scholar, notary, and statesman.

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Byzantine philosophy

Byzantine philosophy refers to the distinctive philosophical ideas of the philosophers and scholars of the Byzantine Empire, especially between the 8th and 15th centuries.

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Byzantine rhetoric

Byzantine rhetoric — of the Byzantine Empire — followed largely the precepts of ancient Greek rhetoricians, especially those belonging to the Second Sophistic that extended from the time of Augustus through the fifth century CE.

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Cahal Daly

Cahal Brendan Daly (1 October 1917 – 31 December 2009) was an Irish philosopher, theologian, writer and international speaker and, in later years, a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Caigentan

The Caigentan is circa 1590 text written by the Ming Dynasty scholar and philosopher Hong Zicheng.

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Cardinal virtues

Four cardinal virtues were recognized in classical antiquity and in traditional Christian theology.

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Carolus Sigonius

Carolus Sigonius (Carlo Sigonio or Sigone) (c. 1524 – 12 August 1584) was an Italian humanist, born in Modena.

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Catherine of Siena

Saint Catherine of Siena (25 March 1347 in Siena – 29 April 1380 in Rome), was a tertiary of the Dominican Order and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian who had a great influence on the Catholic Church.

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Celestial spheres

The celestial spheres, or celestial orbs, were the fundamental entities of the cosmological models developed by Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and others.

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Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)

Cesare Cremonini, sometimes Cesare Cremonino (22 December 1550 – 19 July 1631) was an Italian professor of natural philosophy, working rationalism (against revelation) and Aristotelian materialism (against the dualist immortality of the soul) inside scholasticism.

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Choe Chung

Choe Chung (984–1068) was a Korean Confucian scholar and poet of the Haeju Choe clan during the Goryeo period.

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Christine de Pizan

Christine de Pizan (also seen as de Pisan;; 1364 – c. 1430) was an Italian late medieval author.

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Common sense

Common sense is sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people.

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Condemnations of 1210–1277

The Condemnations at the medieval University of Paris were enacted to restrict certain teachings as being heretical.

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Constantine of Kostenets

Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki; born ca. 1380, died after 1431), also known as Constantine the Philosopher (Константин Филозоф), was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and chronicler, who spent most of his life in the Serbian Despotate.

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Contra principia negantem non est disputandum

Contra principia negantem non est disputandum (Latin, alternatively Contra principia negantem disputari non potest and Contra principia negantem disputari nequit; literally, "Against one who denies the principles, there can be no debate") is a principle of logic and law: in order to debate reasonably about a disagreement, there must be agreement about the principles or facts by which to judge the arguments.

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Convivio

Convivio (The Banquet) is a work written by Dante Alighieri roughly between 1304 and 1307.

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Cosmographia (Bernardus Silvestris)

Cosmographia ("Cosmography"), also known as De mundi universitate ("On the totality of the world"), is a Latin philosophical allegory, dealing with the creation of the universe, by the twelfth-century author Bernardus Silvestris.

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Credo ut intelligam

Credo ut intelligam (alternatively spelled Credo ut intellegam) is Latin for "I believe so that I may understand" and is a maxim of Anselm of Canterbury (Proslogion, 1), which is based on a saying of Augustine of Hippo (crede, ut intelligas, "believe so that you may understand"; Tract. Ev. Jo., 29.6) to relate faith and reason.

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Cristoforo Landino

Cristoforo Landino (1424 in Pratovecchio, Casentino, Florence – 24 September 1498 in Borgo alla Collina, Casentino) was an Italian humanist and an important figure of the Florentine Renaissance.

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Daniel of Morley

Daniel of Morley (c. 1140 – c. 1210) was an English scholastic philosopher and astronomer.

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Dante Alighieri

Durante degli Alighieri, commonly known as Dante Alighieri or simply Dante (c. 1265 – 1321), was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages.

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David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas

David (abu Sulaiman) ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas al-Rakki (داود إبن مروان المقمص translit.: Dawud ibn Marwan al-Muqamis; died c. 937) was a philosopher and controversialist, the author of the earliest known Jewish philosophical work of the Middle Ages.

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Dōgen

Dōgen Zenji (道元禅師; 19 January 1200 – 22 September 1253), also known as Dōgen Kigen (道元希玄), Eihei Dōgen (永平道元), Kōso Jōyō Daishi (高祖承陽大師), or Busshō Dentō Kokushi (仏性伝東国師), was a Japanese Buddhist priest, writer, poet, philosopher, and founder of the Sōtō school of Zen in Japan.

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De divisione naturae

De divisione naturae ("The division of nature") is the title given by Thomas Gale to his edition (1681) of the work originally titled by Eriugena Periphyseon.

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De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae

De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae (in English: On the miraculous things in sacred scripture) is a Latin treatise written around 655 by an anonymous Irish writer and philosopher known as Augustinus Hibernicus or the Irish Augustine.

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Demetrios Chalkokondyles

Demetrios Chalkokondyles (Δημήτριος Χαλκοκονδύλης), Latinized as Demetrius Chalcocondyles and found variously as Demetricocondyles, Chalcocondylas or Chalcondyles (14239 January 1511) was one of the most eminent Greek scholars in the West.

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Denis the Carthusian

Denis the Carthusian (1402–1471), also known as Denys van Leeuwen, Denis Ryckel, Dionysius van Rijkel (or other combinations of these terms), was a Roman Catholic theologian and mystic.

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Divine apathy

Divine apathy is the doctrine that the divine nature is incapable of suffering, passivity or modification.

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Doctrine of the Mean

The Doctrine of the Mean or Zhongyong is both a doctrine of Confucianism and also the title of one of the Four Books of Confucian philosophy.

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Dominicus Gundissalinus

Dominicus Gundissalinus, also known as Domingo Gundisalvi or Gundisalvo (1115 – post 1190), was a philosopher and translator of Arabic to Medieval Latin active in Toledo.

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Duns Scotus

John Duns, commonly called Duns Scotus (1266 – 8 November 1308), is generally considered to be one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages (together with Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham).

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Dynamics of the celestial spheres

Ancient, medieval and Renaissance astronomers and philosophers developed many different theories about the dynamics of the celestial spheres.

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Early Islamic philosophy

Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).

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Elia del Medigo

Elia del Medigo, also called Elijah Delmedigo or Elias ben Moise del Medigo and sometimes known to his contemporaries as Helias Hebreus Cretensis or in Hebrew Elijah Mi-Qandia (c. 1458 – c. 1493).

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Eustratius of Nicaea

Eustratius of Nicaea (Εὐστράτιος; c. 1050/1060 – c. 1120)Donald J. Zeyl, Daniel Devereux, Phillip Mitsis, 1997, Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy, page 59.

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Euthymius the Athonite

Euthymius the Athonite (ექვთიმე ათონელი Ekvtime Atoneli; 955–1024) was a renowned Georgian philosopher and scholar.

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Everard of Ypres

Everard of Ypres was a scholastic philosopher of the middle of the twelfth century, a master of the University of Paris who became a Cistercian monk of the abbey of Moutier of Argonne.

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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi

Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī or Fakhruddin Razi (فخر الدين رازي) was an Iranian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher He was born in 1149 in Rey (in modern-day Iran), and died in 1209 in Herat (in modern-day Afghanistan).

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Federico Cesi

Federico Angelo Cesi (February 26, 1585 – August 1, 1630) was an Italian scientist, naturalist, and founder of the Accademia dei Lincei.

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Five Ways (Aquinas)

The Quinque viæ (Latin "Five Ways") (sometimes called "five proofs") are five logical arguments regarding the existence of God summarized by the 13th-century Catholic philosopher and theologian St. Thomas Aquinas in his book Summa Theologica.

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Five wits

In the time of William Shakespeare, there were commonly reckoned to be five wits and five senses.

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Francesco Filelfo

Francesco Filelfo (Franciscus Philelphus; July 25, 1398 – July 31, 1481) was an Italian Renaissance humanist.

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Francesco Robortello

Francesco Robortello (Franciscus Robortellus; 1516–1567) was a Renaissance humanist, nicknamed Canis grammaticus ("the grammatical dog") for his confrontational and demanding manner.

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Francis of Marchia

Francis of Marchia (c. 1290 - after 1344) was an Italian Franciscan theologian and philosopher.

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Francis of Mayrone

Francis of Mayrone (also Franciscus de Mayronis; c. 1280–1328) was a French scholastic philosopher.

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Francisco de Vitoria

Francisco de Vitoria (– 12 August 1546; also known as Francisco de Victoria) was a Roman Catholic philosopher, theologian, and jurist of Renaissance Spain.

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Francisco Suárez

Francisco Suárez (5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement, and generally regarded among the greatest scholastics after Thomas Aquinas.

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Franciscus Bonae Spei

Franciscus Bonae Spei (20 June 1617 — 5 January 1677) was a Catholic scholastic theologian and philosopher.

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Fujiwara Seika

was a Japanese neo-Confucian philosopher in the Edo period.

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Gabriel Biel

Gabriel Biel, C.R.S.A. (1420 to 1425 – 7 December 1495), was a German scholastic philosopher and member of the Canons Regular of the Congregation of Windesheim, who were the clerical counterpart to the Brethren of the Common Life.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

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Garlandus Compotista

Garlandus Compotista, also known as Garland the Computist, was an early medieval logician of the eleventh-century school of Liège.

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Gasparinus de Bergamo

Gasparinus de Bergamo (in Italian, Gasparino (da) Barizizza or Gasparino (da) Barzizza; in French, Gasparin de Bergame; in Latin, Gasparinus Barzizius Bergamensis) (c. 1360 – c. 1431) was an Italian grammarian and teacher noted for introducing a new style of epistolary Latin inspired by the works of Cicero.

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Gaunilo of Marmoutiers

Gaunilo or Gaunillon (century) was a Benedictine monk of Marmoutier Abbey in Tours, France.

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Gemistus Pletho

Georgius Gemistus (Γεώργιος Γεμιστός; /1360 – 1452/1454), later called Plethon (Πλήθων), was one of the most renowned philosophers of the late Byzantine era.

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Gennadius Scholarius

Gennadius II (Greek Γεννάδιος Βʹ; lay name Γεώργιος Κουρτέσιος Σχολάριος, Georgios Kourtesios Scholarios; c. 1400 – c. 1473) was a Byzantine philosopher and theologian, and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1464.

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George of Trebizond

George of Trebizond (Γεώργιος Τραπεζούντιος; 1395–1486) was a Greek philosopher, scholar and humanist.

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Gerard of Abbeville

Gerard of Abbeville (1220-1272) was a theologian from the University of Paris.

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Gerard of Bologna

Gerard of Bologna (died 1317) was an Italian Carmelite theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Gerard of Brussels

Gerard of Brussels (Gérard de Bruxelles, Gerardus Bruxellensis) was an early thirteenth-century geometer and philosopher known primarily for his Latin book Liber de motu (On Motion), which was a pioneering study in kinematics, probably written between 1187 and 1260.

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Gerard of Cremona

Gerard of Cremona (Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis; c. 1114 – 1187) was an Italian translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin.

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Gerardus Odonis

Geraldus Odonis, Guiral Ot in Occitan, (born in Camboulit, department of Lot, France, 1285; died at Catania, Sicily in 1349) was a French theologian and Minister General of the Franciscan Order.

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Gersonides

Levi ben Gershon (1288–1344), better known by his Graecized name as Gersonides or by his Latinized name Magister Leo Hebraeus the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG, was a medieval French Jewish philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, physician and astronomer/astrologer.

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Gilbert de la Porrée

Gilbert de la Porrée (after 1085 – 4 September 1154), also known as Gilbert of Poitiers, Gilbertus Porretanus or Pictaviensis, was a scholastic logician and theologian.

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Giles of Lessines

Giles of Lessines OP (died c. 1304) was a thirteenth-century Dominican scholastic philosopher, a pupil of Thomas Aquinas.

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Giles of Rome

Giles of Rome (Latin: Aegidius Romanus; Italian: Egidio Colonna; c. 1243 – 22 December 1316), was an archbishop of Bourges who was famed for his logician commentary on the Organon by Aristotle.

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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher.

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Godfrey of Fontaines

Godfrey of Fontaines (born sometime before 1250, died October 29 in 1306 or 1309).

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Gonsalvus of Spain

Gonsalvus Hispanus (1255 – 1313) was a Spanish Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, who became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor.

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Great chain of being

The Great Chain of Being is a strict hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought in medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God.

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Gregor Reisch

Gregor Reisch (born at Balingen in Württemberg, about 1467; died at Freiburg, Baden, 9 May 1525) was a German Carthusian humanist writer.

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Gregory of Rimini

Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – November 1358), also called Gregorius de Arimino or Ariminensis, was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages.

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Grzegorz of Stawiszyn

Grzegorz of Stawiszyn (Grzegorz ze Stawiszyna; 1481–1540), was a Polish philosopher and theologian of the mid 16th century, Rector of the University of Krakow in the years 1538-1540.

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Guarino da Verona

Guarino Veronese or Guarino da Verona (1374 – December 14, 1460) was an early figure in the Italian Renaissance.

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Guido Terrena

Guido Terrena (c.1270 in Perpignan – 1342), also known as Guido Terreni and Guy de Perpignan, was a Catalan Carmelite canon lawyer and scholastic philosopher.

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Guillaume Pierre Godin

Guillaume Pierre Godin (Guilhem de Peyre Godin) (c. 1260 – 1336) was a French Dominican theologian, and Cardinal.

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Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak (IAST: Gurū Nānak) (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539) was the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.

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Gwon Geun

Gwon Geun (1352–1409) was a Korean Neo-Confucian scholar at the dawn of the Joseon Dynasty, and a student of Yi Saek.

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Haecceity

"Haecceity" (from the Latin haecceitas, which translates as "thisness") is a term from medieval scholastic philosophy, first coined by followers of Duns Scotus to denote a concept that he seems to have originated: the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing that make it a particular thing.

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Haribhadra

Haribhadra Suri was a Svetambara mendicant Jain leader and author.

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Hayy ibn Yaqdhan

Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (ar. حي بن يقظان Alive, son of Awake) is an Arabic philosophical novel and an allegorical tale written by Ibn Tufail in the early 12th century.

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Hōnen

was the religious reformer and founder of the first independent branch of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism called.

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Hemachandra

Acharya Hemachandra was a Jain scholar, poet, and polymath who wrote on grammar, philosophy, prosody, and contemporary history.

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Henry Aristippus

Henry Aristippus of Calabria (born in Santa Severina in 1105–10; died in Palermo in 1162), sometimes known as Enericus or Henricus Aristippus, was a religious scholar and the archdeacon of Catania (from c. 1155) and later chief familiaris (or chancellor) of the triumvirate of familiares who replaced the admiral Maio of Bari as chief functionaries of the kingdom of Sicily in 1161.

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Henry Harclay

Henry (of) Harclay (Henricus Harcleius, also Harcla or Harcley; c. 1270 – 25 June 1317) was an English medieval philosopher and university chancellor.

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Henry of Ghent

Henry of Ghent (c. 1217 – 29 June 1293) was a scholastic philosopher, known as Doctor Solemnis (the "Solemn Doctor"), and also as Henricus de Gandavo and Henricus Gandavensis.

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Herman of Carinthia

Herman of Carinthia (c. 1100 – c. 1160), also nicknamed Hermannus Dalmata ("the Dalmatian"), Sclavus ("the Slav") or Secundus ("the Second"), was an Istrian philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, translator and author.

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Hermannus Alemannus

Hermannus Alemannus (Latin for Herman the German) translated Arabic philosophical works into Latin.

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Hervaeus Natalis

Hervaeus Natalis (c. 1260, Nédellec, diocese of Tréguier, Brittany-1323) was a Dominican theologian, the 14th Master of the Dominicans, and the author of a number of works on philosophy and theology.

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Heymeric de Campo

Heymeric de Campo (1395–1460) was a Dutch theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Hisdosus

Hisdosus (fl. c. 1100), also known as Hisdosus Scholasticus, was a writer and scholar who lived in the early 12th century.

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How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?

The question "How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?" (alternatively "How many angels can stand on the point of a pin?") is a reductio ad absurdum of medieval scholasticism in general, and its angelology in particular, as represented by figures such as Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas.

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Hugh of Saint Victor

Hugh of Saint Victor, C.R.S.A. (c. 1096 – 11 February 1141), was a Saxon canon regular and a leading theologian and writer on mystical theology.

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Hugh of Saint-Cher

Hugh of Saint-Cher, O.P., (c. 1200 – 19 March 1263) was a French Dominican friar who became a cardinal and noted biblical commentator.

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Hylomorphism

Hylomorphism (or hylemorphism) is a philosophical theory developed by Aristotle, which conceives being (ousia) as a compound of matter and form.

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Ibn al-Haytham

Hasan Ibn al-Haytham (Latinized Alhazen; full name أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) was an Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age.

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Ibn al-Nafis

Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي), known as Ibn al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab physician mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood.

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Ibn al-Rawandi

Abu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Ishaq al-Rawandi (أبو الحسن أحمد بن يحيى بن إسحاق الراوندي), commonly known as Ibn al-Rawandi (ابن الراوندي;‎ 827–911 CE), was an early skeptic of Islam and a critic of religion in general.

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Ibn Arabi

Ibn ʿArabi (full name Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad ibnʿArabī al-Ḥātimī aṭ-Ṭāʾī أبو عبد الله محمد بن علي بن محمد بن عربي الحاتمي الطائي ‎ 26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240), was an Arab Andalusian Sufi scholar of Islam, mystic, poet, and philosopher.

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Ibn Hazm

Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Saʿīd ibn Ḥazm (أبو محمد علي بن احمد بن سعيد بن حزم; also sometimes known as al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; November 7, 994 – August 15, 1064Ibn Hazm.. Trans. A. J. Arberry. Luzac Oriental, 1997 Joseph A. Kechichian,. Gulf News: 21:30 December 20, 2012. (456 AH) was an Andalusian poet, polymath, historian, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in Córdoba, present-day Spain. He was a leading proponent and codifier of the Zahiri school of Islamic thought, and produced a reported 400 works of which only 40 still survive. The Encyclopaedia of Islam refers to him as having been one of the leading thinkers of the Muslim world, and he is widely acknowledged as the father of comparative religious studies.

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Ibn Khaldun

Ibn Khaldun (أبو زيد عبد الرحمن بن محمد بن خلدون الحضرمي.,; 27 May 1332 – 17 March 1406) was a fourteenth-century Arab historiographer and historian.

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Ibn Masarra

Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b. Masarra b. Najih al-Jabali (883–931), was an Andalusi Muslim ascetic and scholar.

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Ibn Sab'in

Abu Mohammed Abd el-Hakh Ibn Sab'in (محمدبن عبدالحق بن سبعين) was an Arab Sufi philosopher, the last philosopher of the Andalus in the west land of Islamic world.

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Ibn Taymiyyah

Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Arabic: تقي الدين أحمد ابن تيمية, January 22, 1263 - September 26, 1328), known as Ibn Taymiyyah for short, was a controversial medieval Sunni Muslim theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and reformer.

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Ibn Tufail

Ibn Tufail (c. 1105 – 1185) (full Arabic name: أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الملك بن محمد بن طفيل القيسي الأندلسي Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi; Latinized form: Abubacer Aben Tofail; Anglicized form: Abubekar or Abu Jaafar Ebn Tophail) was an Arab Andalusian Muslim polymath: a writer, novelist, Islamic philosopher, Islamic theologian, physician, astronomer, vizier, and court official.

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Immanuel the Roman

Immanuel ben Solomon ben Jekuthiel of Rome (Immanuel of Rome, Immanuel Romano, Manoello Giudeo) (1261 in Rome – 1328 in Fermo, Italy) was an Italian-Jewish scholar and satirical poet.

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Insolubilia

In the Middle Ages, variations on the liar paradox were studied under the name of insolubilia ("insolubles").

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Intellectualism

Intellectualism denotes the use, development, and exercise of the intellect; the practice of being an intellectual; and the Life of the Mind.

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Intelligible form

An intelligible form in philosophy refers to a form that can be apprehended by the intellect.

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Ioane Petritsi

Ioane Petritsi (იოანე პეტრიწი) also referred as John Petritsi was a Georgian Neoplatonist philosopher of the 11th-12th century, active in the Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Georgia, best known for his translations of Proclus, along with an extensive commentary.

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Ippen

was a Japanese Buddhist itinerant preacher (hijiri) who founded the branch of Pure Land Buddhism.

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Isaac Abarbanel

Isaac ben Judah Abarbanel (Hebrew: יצחק בן יהודה אברבנאל;‎ 1437–1508), commonly referred to as Abarbanel (אַבַּרבְּנְאֵל), also spelled Abravanel, Avravanel or Abrabanel, was a Portuguese Jewish statesman, philosopher, Bible commentator, and financier.

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Isaac Israeli ben Solomon

Isaac Israeli ben Solomon (Hebrew: Yitzhak ben Shlomo ha-Yisraeli; Arabic: Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Suleiman al-Isra'ili) (c. 832 – c. 932), also known as Isaac Israeli the Elder and Isaac Judaeus, was one of the foremost Arab Jewish physicians and philosophers of his time.

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Isagoge

The Isagoge (Εἰσαγωγή, Eisagōgḗ) or "Introduction" to Aristotle's "Categories", written by Porphyry in Greek and translated into Latin by Boethius, was the standard textbook on logic for at least a millennium after his death.

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Isotta Nogarola

Isotta Nogarola (1418–1466) was an Italian writer and intellectual.

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Jacob ben Nissim

Jacob ben Nissim ibn Shahin was a Jewish philosopher who lived at Kairouan, Tunisia in the 10th century; he was a younger contemporary of Saadia.

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Jacopo Zabarella

Giacomo (or Jacopo) Zabarella (5 September 1533 – 15 October 1589) was an Italian Aristotelian philosopher and logician.

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Jakub of Gostynin

Jakub of Gostynin (Jakub z Gostynina; ca. 1454 – 16 February 1506, Kraków) was a Polish philosopher and theologian of the late 15th century, and Rector of the University of Krakow in 1503–4.

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Jan Szylling

Jan Szylling (fl. c. 1500) was a Polish Scholastic philosopher.

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Jayatirtha

Sri Jayatirtha or Jayateertharu (also known as Teekācharya) (c. 1365 – c. 1388) was a Hindu philosopher, dialectician, polemicist and the sixth pontiff of Madhvacharya Peetha.

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Jean Buridan

Jean Buridan (Latin: Johannes Buridanus; –) was an influential 14th century French philosopher.

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Jean Capréolus

Jean Capréolus (also Joannes or John Capreolus) (born c. 1380 in the diocese of Rodez, France; died in that city 6 April 1444) was a French Dominican theologian and Thomist.

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Jedaiah ben Abraham Bedersi

Jedaiah ben Abraham Bedersi (c. 1270 – c. 1340) (ידעיה הבדרשי) was a Jewish poet, physician, and philosopher; born at Béziers (hence his surname Bedersi).

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Jien

was a Japanese poet, historian, and Buddhist monk.

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Jinul

Bojo Jinul (1158–1210), often called Jinul or Chinul for short, was a Korean monk of the Goryeo period, who is considered to be the most influential figure in the formation of Korean Seon (Zen) Buddhism.

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Jiva Goswami

Jiva Goswami (जीव गोस्वामी, Jīva Gosvāmī; c. 1513 – 1598) is one of the most prolific and important philosopher and saint from the Gaudiya Vaishnava school of Vedanta tradition, producing a great number of philosophical works on the theology and practice of Bhakti yoga, Vaishnava Vedanta and associated disciplines.

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Jocelin of Soissons

Jocelin of Soissons (died 24 October 1152) was a French theologian, a philosophical opponent of Abelard.

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John Argyropoulos

John Argyropoulos (Ἰωάννης Ἀργυρόπουλος Ioannis Argyropoulos; Giovanni Argiropulo; surname also spelt Argyropulus, or Argyropulos, or Argyropulo; c. 1415 – 26 June 1487) was a lecturer, philosopher and humanist, one of the émigré Greek scholars who pioneered the revival of Classical learning in 15th-century Italy.

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John Blund

John Blund (circa 1175–1248) was an English scholastic philosopher, known for his work on the nature of the soul, the Tractatus de anima, one of the first works of western philosophy to make use of the recently translated De Anima by Aristotle and especially the Persian philosopher Avicenna's work on the soul, also called De Anima.

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John de Sècheville

John de Sècheville (or John de Sicca Villa) (died 1302) was a philosopher in the thirteenth century; his most famous work was his "De Principiis Naturae".

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John Dumbleton

John of Dumbleton (Latin Ioannes De Dumbleton; c. 1310 – c. 1349) was a member of the Dumbleton village community in Gloucestershire, a southwestern county in England.

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John Halgren of Abbeville

John Halgren of Abbeville (died 1237) was a French scholastic philosopher and writer of sermons, papal legate and Cardinal.

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John Hennon

John (Johannes) Hennon (died after 1484) was a Dutch medieval philosopher in the late Scholastic tradition.

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John Italus

John Italus or Italos (Ἰωάννης ὁ Ἰταλός, Iōannēs o Italós; Johannes Italus) was a Neoplatonic Byzantine philosopher of the eleventh century.

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John Major (philosopher)

John Major (or Mair) (also known in Latin as Joannes Majoris and Haddingtonus Scotus) (1467–1550) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, and historian who was much admired in his day and was an acknowledged influence on all the great thinkers of the time.

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John of Damascus

Saint John of Damascus (Medieval Greek Ἰωάννης ὁ Δαμασκηνός, Ioánnis o Damaskinós, Byzantine; Ioannes Damascenus, يوحنا الدمشقي, ALA-LC: Yūḥannā ad-Dimashqī); also known as John Damascene and as Χρυσορρόας / Chrysorrhoas (literally "streaming with gold"—i.e., "the golden speaker"; c. 675 or 676 – 4 December 749) was a Syrian monk and priest.

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John of Głogów

John of Głogów (Jan z Głogowa, Jan Głogowczyk; Johann von Schelling von Glogau) (c. 1445 – 11 February 1507) was a notable polyhistor at the turn of the Middle Ages and Renaissance—a philosopher, geographer and astronomer at the University of Krakow.

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John of Jandun

John of Jandun (French Jean de Jandun, Johannes von Jandun, or Johannes de Janduno, circa 1285–1328) was a French philosopher, theologian, and political writer.

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John of Mirecourt

John of Mirecourt, also known as Monachus Albus, was a Cistercian scholastic philosopher of the fourteenth century, from Mirecourt, Lorraine.

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John of Paris

John of Paris OP (in French Jean de Paris), also called Jean Quidort and Johannes de Soardis (c. 1255 – September 22, 1306) was a French philosopher, theologian, and Dominican friar.

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John of Salisbury

John of Salisbury (c. 1120 – 25 October 1180), who described himself as Johannes Parvus ("John the Little"), was an English author, philosopher, educationalist, diplomat and bishop of Chartres, and was born at Salisbury.

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John of St. Thomas

John of St.

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John Pagus

John Pagus (fl. first half of the 13th century) was a scholastic philosopher at the University of Paris, generally considered the first logician writing at the Arts faculty at Paris.

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John Peckham

John Peckham (c. 1230 – 8 December 1292) was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279–1292.

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John Scotus Eriugena

John Scotus Eriugena or Johannes Scotus Erigena (c. 815 – c. 877) was an Irish theologian, neoplatonist philosopher, and poet.

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Joseph Albo

Joseph Albo (יוסף אלבו; c. 1380–1444) was a Jewish philosopher and rabbi who lived in Spain during the fifteenth century, known chiefly as the author of Sefer ha-Ikkarim ("Book of Principles"), the classic work on the fundamentals of Judaism.

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Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta

Joseph ben Judah (יוסף בן יהודה Yosef ben Yehuda) of Ceuta (1160–1226) was a Jewish physician and poet, and disciple of Moses Maimonides.

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Judah ben Moses Romano

Judah ben Moses Romano (c. 1293 – after 1330) was an Italian Jewish philosopher and translator of the thirteen and fourteenth centuries.

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Judah Halevi

Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi; يهوذا اللاوي; 1075 – 1141) was a Spanish Jewish physician, poet and philosopher.

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Julius Caesar Scaliger

Julius Caesar Scaliger (April 23, 1484 – October 21, 1558), or Giulio Cesare della Scala, was an Italian scholar and physician, who spent a major part of his career in France.

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Kitabatake Chikafusa

was a Japanese court noble and writer of the 14th century who supported the Southern Court in the Nanboku-cho period, serving as advisor to five Emperors.

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Lambert of Auxerre

Lambert of Auxerre was a medieval 13th century logician best known for writing the book "Summa Lamberti" or simply "Logica" in the mid 1250s which became an authoritative textbook on logic in the Western tradition.

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Lambertus de Monte

Lambertus de Monte, also Lambertus de Monte Domini or Lambert of Cologne (Lambertus van 's-Heerenbergh; c. 1430/5–1499), was a medieval scholastic and Thomist.

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Leo the Mathematician

Leo the Mathematician or the Philosopher (Λέων ὁ Μαθηματικός or ὁ Φιλόσοφος, Léōn ho Mathēmatikós or ho Philósophos; c. 790 – after 869) was a Byzantine philosopher and logician associated with the Macedonian Renaissance and the end of Iconoclasm.

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Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti (February 14, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and cryptographer; he epitomised the Renaissance Man.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.

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List of scholastic philosophers

This is a list of philosophers and scholars working in the Christian tradition in Western Europe during the medieval period, including the early Middle Ages (sometimes still referred to as the Dark Ages).

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List of works by Thomas Aquinas

The collected works of Thomas Aquinas are being edited in the Editio Leonina (established 1879).

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Madhusūdana Sarasvatī

Madhusūdana Sarasvatī (c.1540–1640) was an Indian philosopher in the Advaita Vedānta tradition.

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Madhvacharya

Madhvācārya (ಮಧ್ವಾಚಾರ್ಯ;; CE 1238–1317), sometimes anglicised as Madhva Acharya, and also known as Purna Prajña and Ananda Teertha, was a Hindu philosopher and the chief proponent of the Dvaita (dualism) school of Vedanta.

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Maimonides

Moses ben Maimon (Mōšeh bēn-Maymūn; موسى بن ميمون Mūsā bin Maymūn), commonly known as Maimonides (Μαϊμωνίδης Maïmōnídēs; Moses Maimonides), and also referred to by the acronym Rambam (for Rabbeinu Mōšeh bēn Maimun, "Our Rabbi Moses son of Maimon"), was a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.

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Manuel Chrysoloras

Manuel (or Emmanuel) Chrysoloras (Μανουὴλ Χρυσολωρᾶς; c. 1355 – 15 April 1415) was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages.

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Marcus Musurus

Marcus Musurus (Μάρκος Μουσοῦρος Markos Mousouros; Marco Musuro; c. 1470–1517) was a Greek scholar and philosopher born in Retimo, Castello, Venetian Crete (modern Rethymno, Crete).

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Marsilio Ficino

Marsilio Ficino (Latin name: Marsilius Ficinus; 19 October 1433 – 1 October 1499) was an Italian scholar and Catholic priest who was one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance.

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Marsilius of Inghen

Marsilius of Inghen (c. 1340 – August 20, 1396) was a medieval Dutch Scholastic philosopher who studied with Albert of Saxony and Nicole Oresme under Jean Buridan.

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Marsilius of Padua

Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio or Marsiglio da Padova; born Marsilio dei Mainardini or Marsilio Mainardini; c. 1275 – c. 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained in medicine, who practiced a variety of professions.

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Matheolus Perusinus

Matheolus Perusinus (Mattheolus de Perusio, Mattiolo Mattioli, Matthiolus de Matthiolis, Matthiolus de Matthiolis) (died 1480) was a professor of philosophy and medicine.

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Matthew of Aquasparta

Matthew of Aquasparta (Matteo di Aquasparta, 1240 – 29 October 1302) was an Italian Friar Minor and scholastic philosopher.

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Medieval philosophy

Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era now known as medieval or the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D. to the Renaissance in the 16th century.

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Meister Eckhart

Eckhart von Hochheim (–), commonly known as Meister Eckhart or Eckehart, was a German theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near Gotha, in the Landgraviate of Thuringia (now central Germany) in the Holy Roman Empire.

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Michał Falkener

Michael Falkener, Michał z Wrocławia, Michał Wrocławczyk, Michael de Wratislava, Michael Vratislaviensis (ca. 1450 or 1460 in Wrocław – 1534) was a Polish Scholastic philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, theologian, philologist, and professor of the Kraków Academy.

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Michael of Ephesus

Michael of Ephesus or Michael Ephesius (Μιχαήλ Ἐφέσιος; fl. early or mid-12th century AD) wrote important commentaries on Aristotle, including the first full commentary on the Sophistical Refutations, which established the regular study of that text.

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Michael of Massa

Michael of Massa (Michaelus Massensis; Michael Beccucci de Massa) (died 1337) was an Italian Augustinian Hermit and theologian.

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Michael Psellos

Michael Psellos or Psellus (translit; Michaël Psellus) was a Byzantine Greek monk, savant, writer, philosopher, politician and historian.

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Miskawayh

Ibn Miskawayh (مُسکویه, 932–1030), full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Miskawayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran.

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Moralium dogma philosophorum

Moralium dogma philosophorum ("Teaching of the philosophers on moral questions") is a Latin work of the 12th century.

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Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi

Al-Mu'ayyad fid-din Abu Nasr Hibat Allah b. Abi 'Imran Musa b. Da'ud ash-Shirazi (1000 CE/390 AH - 1078 CE/470 AH) was an 11th-century Isma'ilism scholar, philosopher-poet, preacher and theologian of Persian origin.

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Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad Tabrizi was a thirteenth-century Persian Muslim writer, known for his Arabic commentary on the twenty five propositions at the beginning of Book II of the Jewish philosopher Maimonides's Guide for the Perplexed, on which Maimonides then based his proof of the existence, unity and incorporeality of God.

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Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariyyā-ye Rāzī, also known by his Latinized name Rhazes or Rasis) (854–925 CE), was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, and important figure in the history of medicine.

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Myōe

Myōe (明恵) (1173–1232) was a Japanese Buddhist monk active during the Kamakura period who also went by the name Kōben (高弁), and contemporary of Jōkei and Honen.

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Nachmanides

Moses ben Nahman (מֹשֶׁה בֶּן־נָחְמָן Mōšeh ben-Nāḥmān, "Moses son of Nahman"; 1194–1270), commonly known as Nachmanides (Ναχμανίδης Nakhmanídēs), and also referred to by the acronym Ramban and by the contemporary nickname Bonastruc ça Porta (literally "Mazel Tov near the Gate", see wikt:ca:astruc), was a leading medieval Jewish scholar, Sephardic rabbi, philosopher, physician, kabbalist, and biblical commentator.

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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī (محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی‎ 18 February 1201 – 26 June 1274), better known as Nasir al-Din Tusi (نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.

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Nasir Khusraw

Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī Balkhi (1004 – 1088 CE) (ناصر خسرو قبادیانی) was a Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar, traveler and one of the greatest writers in Persian literature.

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Neo-medievalism

Neo-medievalism (or neomedievalism, new medievalism) is a term with a long history that has acquired specific technical senses in two branches of scholarship.

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Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period.

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Nichiren

Nichiren (日蓮; 16 February 1222 – 13 October 1282), born as, was a Japanese Buddhist priest who lived during the Kamakura period (1185–1333).

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Nicholas of Autrecourt

Nicholas of Autrecourt (French: Nicholas d'Autrécourt; Latin: Nicolaus de Autricuria or Nicolaus de Ultricuria; c. 1299, Autrecourt – 16 or 17 July 1369, Metz) was a French medieval philosopher and Scholastic theologian.

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Nicholas of Cusa

Nicholas of Cusa (1401 – 11 August 1464), also referred to as Nicholas of Kues and Nicolaus Cusanus, was a German philosopher, theologian, jurist, and astronomer.

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Nicole Oresme

Nicole Oresme (c. 1320–1325 – July 11, 1382), also known as Nicolas Oresme, Nicholas Oresme, or Nicolas d'Oresme, was a significant philosopher of the later Middle Ages.

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Nikephoros Choumnos

Nikephoros Choumnos (Νικηφόρος Χοῦμνος, 1250/55 – 1327) was a Byzantine scholar and official of the early Palaiologan period, one of the most important figures in the flowering of arts and letters of the so-called "Palaiologan Renaissance".

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Odo of Châteauroux

Odo or Eudes of Châteauroux (–25 January 1273), also known as and by many other names, was a French theologian and scholastic philosopher, papal legate and Cardinal.

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Omar Khayyam

Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام; 18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet.

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Oxford Calculators

The Oxford Calculators were a group of 14th-century thinkers, almost all associated with Merton College, Oxford; for this reason they were dubbed "The Merton School".

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Oxford Franciscan school

The Oxford Franciscan school was the name given to a group of scholastic philosophers that, in the context of the Renaissance of the 12th century, gave special contribution to the development of science and scientific methodology during the High Middle Ages.

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Palla Strozzi

Palla di Onofrio Strozzi (1372 – 8 May 1462) was an Italian banker, politician, writer, philosopher and philologist.

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Paolo da Pergola

Paolo da Pergola (died 1455, in Venice) was an Italian humanist philosopher, mathematician and Occamist logician.

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Passive intellect

The passive intellect (Latin: intellectus possibilis; also translated as potential intellect or material intellect), is a term used in philosophy alongside the notion of the active intellect in order to give an account of the operation of the intellect (nous), in accordance with the theory of hylomorphism, as most famously put forward by Aristotle.

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Paul of Venice

Paul of Venice (or Paulus Venetus; 1369–1429) was a Roman Catholic scholastic philosopher, theologian, and realist logician and metaphysician of the Hermits of the Order of Saint Augustine.

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Peripatetic axiom

The Peripatetic axiom is: "Nothing is in the intellect that was not first in the senses" (Latin: "Nihil est in intellectu quod non sit prius in sensu").

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Peter Abelard

Peter Abelard (Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; Pierre Abélard,; 1079 – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, and preeminent logician.

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Peter Ceffons

Peter Ceffons (French: Pierre Ceffons, Latin: Petrus de Ceffons Clarevallensis; fl.1340s) was a French Cistercian theologian and scholastic philosopher, who became Abbot of Clairvaux.

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Peter Crockaert

Peter Crockaert (c. 1465–1514), known as Peter of Brussels, was a Flemish scholastic philosopher.

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Peter de Rivo

Peter de Rivo (Petrus) (Aalst ca. 1420 - Leuven 1499) was a Flemish scholastic philosopher, teaching at the Catholic University of Leuven.

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Peter Helias

Peter Helias (Petrus Helias or Helyas; – after 1166) was a medieval priest and philosopher.

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Peter John Olivi

Peter John Olivi, also Pierre de Jean Olivi or Petrus Joannis Olivi (1248 – March 14, 1298), was a Franciscan theologian who, although he died professing the faith of the Roman Catholic Church, became a controversial figure in the arguments surrounding poverty at the beginning of the 14th century.

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Peter Lombard

Peter Lombard (also Peter the Lombard, Pierre Lombard or Petrus Lombardus; 1096, Novara – 21/22 July 1160, Paris), was a scholastic theologian, Bishop of Paris, and author of Four Books of Sentences, which became the standard textbook of theology, for which he earned the accolade Magister Sententiarum.

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Peter of Auvergne

Peter of Auvergne (died 1304) was a French philosopher and theologian.

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Peter of Capua

Peter of Capua (died August 1242) was an Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher, and a Cardinal and papal legate.

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Peter of Corbeil

Peter of Corbeil (died June 3, 1222), born at Corbeil, was a preacher and canon of Nôtre Dame de Paris, a scholastic philosopher and master of theology at the University of Paris, ca 1189.

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Peter of Poitiers

Peter of Poitiers (Latin: Petrus Pictaviensis) was a French scholastic theologian, born at Poitiers or in its neighbourhood about 1130.

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Peter of Spain

Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus; Portuguese and Pedro Hispano; century) was the author of the Tractatus, later known as the Summulae Logicales, an important medieval university textbook on Aristotelian logic.

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Petrarch

Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 – July 18/19, 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was a scholar and poet of Renaissance Italy who was one of the earliest humanists.

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Petrus Aureolus

Petrus Aureolus (– January 10, 1322) was a scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Petrus Ramus

Petrus Ramus (Pierre de la Ramée; Anglicized to Peter Ramus; 1515 – 26 August 1572) was an influential French humanist, logician, and educational reformer.

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Photios I of Constantinople

Photios I (Φώτιος Phōtios), (c. 810/820 – 6 February 893), also spelled PhotiusFr.

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Pierre d'Ailly

Pierre d'Ailly (Latin Petrus Aliacensis, Petrus de Alliaco; 13519 August 1420) was a French theologian, astrologer, and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Pierre de Bar

Pierre de Bar (died 11 January 1253, Perugia) was a French Cardinal.

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Pietro Alcionio

Pietro Alcionio (or Petrus Alcyonius) (c. 1487 – 1527) was a Venetian humanist and classical scholar under the patronage of Pope Clement VII.

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Pietro d'Abano

Pietro d'Abano, also known as Petrus de Apono, Petrus Aponensis or Peter of Abano (Premuda, Loris. "Abano, Pietro D'." in Dictionary of Scientific Biography. (1970). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Vol. 1: p.4-5.1316), was an Italian philosopher, astrologer, and professor of medicine in Padua.

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Policraticus

Policraticus was the first book of political science to be produced during the Middle Ages.

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Porphyrian tree

The Porphyrian tree, Tree of Porphyry or Arbor Porphyriana is a classic device for illustrating what is also called a "scale of being".

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Potentiality and actuality

In philosophy, potentiality and actuality are principles of a dichotomy which Aristotle used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima, which is about the human psyche.

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Praepositinus

Praepositinus (Gilbert Prevostin of Cremona, Prevostinus Cremonensis) (1135 – 1210) was an Italian scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Problem of universals

In metaphysics, the problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are.

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Proslogion

The Proslogion (Latin Proslogium; English translation, Discourse on the Existence of God), written in 1077–1078, was written as a prayer, or meditation, by the medieval cleric Anselm which serves to reflect on the attributes of God and endeavours to explain how God can have qualities which often seem contradictory.

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Quiddity

In scholastic philosophy, "quiddity" (Latin: quidditas) was another term for the essence of an object, literally its "whatness" or "what it is".

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Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

Qotb al-Din Mahmoud b. Zia al-Din Mas'ud b. Mosleh Shirazi (1236—1311) (قطب‌الدین محمود بن ضیاالدین مسعود بن مصلح شیرازی) was a 13th-century Iranian polymath and poet who made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.

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R. De Staningtona

R.

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Rabia of Basra

Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya (رابعة العدوية القيسية) (714/717/718 — 801 CE) was a Muslim saint and Sufi mystic.

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Radulfus Ardens

Radulfus Ardens (Raoul Ardens) (died c. 1200) was a French theologian and early scholastic philosopher of the 12th century.

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Radulphus Brito

Radulphus Brito (c. 1270 - 1320) was an influential grammarian, based in Paris.

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Ralph of Longchamp

Ralph of Longchamp (c. 1155 – c. 1215) was a scholastic philosopher of the 13th century, known also as a physician and natural philosopher.

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Ralph Strode

Ralph Strode (fl. 1350 – 1400), English schoolman, was probably a native of the West Midlands.

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Ramanuja

Ramanuja (traditionally, 1017–1137 CE) was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism.

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Ramism

Ramism was a collection of theories on rhetoric, logic, and pedagogy based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus, a French academic, philosopher, and Huguenot convert, who was murdered during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572.

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Ramon Llull

Ramon Llull, T.O.S.F. (c. 1232 – c. 1315; Anglicised Raymond Lully, Raymond Lull; in Latin Raimundus or Raymundus Lullus or Lullius) was a philosopher, logician, Franciscan tertiary and Spanish writer.

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Remigius of Auxerre

Remigius (Remi) of Auxerre (Remigius Autissiodorensis; c. 841 – 908) was a Benedictine monk during the Carolingian period, a teacher of Latin grammar, and a prolific author of commentaries on classical Greek and Latin texts.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Renaissance humanism

Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

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Renaissance philosophy

The designation Renaissance philosophy is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1355 and 1650 (the dates shift forward for central and northern Europe and for areas such as Spanish America, India, Japan, and China under European influence).

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Richard Brinkley

Richard Brinkley (died c.1379) was an English Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Richard Kilvington

Richard Kilvington (c. 1302-1361) was an English scholastic philosopher at the University of Oxford.

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Richard of Campsall

Richard of Campsall (Ricardus de Campsalle) (c.1280-c.1350) was an English theologian and scholastic philosopher, at the University of Oxford.

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Richard of Middleton

Richard of Middleton (Medieval Latin: Richardus de Mediavilla) (c.1249–c.1308) was a member of the Franciscan Order, a theologian, and scholastic philosopher.

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Richard of Saint Victor

Richard of Saint Victor, C.R.S.A. (died 1173) was a Medieval Scottish philosopher and theologian and one of the most influential religious thinkers of his time.

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Richard Rufus of Cornwall

Richard Rufus (Ricardus Rufus, "Richard the Red") was a Cornish Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Richard Swineshead

Richard Swineshead (also Suisset, Suiseth, etc.; fl. c. 1340 – 1354) was an English mathematician, logician, and natural philosopher.

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Richard Wilton

Richard Wilton (died December 21, 1239) was an English scholastic philosopher.

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Robert Alyngton

Robert Alyngton (a.k.a. Arlyngton; died September 1398), was an English philosopher who developed new logical, semantic, metaphysical, and ontological theories in 14th century thought.

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Robert Cowton

Robert Cowton was a Franciscan theologian active at the University of Oxford early in the fourteenth century.

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Robert Grosseteste

Robert Grosseteste (Robertus Grosseteste; – 9 October 1253) was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln.

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Robert Holcot

Robert Holcot, OP, (c.1290-1349) was an English Dominican scholastic philosopher, theologian and influential Biblical scholar.

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Robert Kilwardby

Robert Kilwardby (c. 1215 – 11 September 1279) was an Archbishop of Canterbury in England and a cardinal.

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Robert of Melun

Robert of Melun (c. 1100 – 27 February 1167) was an English scholastic Christian theologian who taught in France, and later became Bishop of Hereford in England.

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Robert Pullen

Robert Pullen (surname also rendered as Polenius, Pullan, Pullein, Pullenus, Pullus, Pully, and La Poule) (c. 1080 – c. 1146) was an English theologian and official of the Roman Catholic Church, often considered to be one of the founders of Oxford University.

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Rodolphus Agricola

Rodolphus Agricola (Rudolphus Agricola Phrisius; August 28, 1443 or February 17, 1444 – October 27, 1485) was a pre-Erasmian humanist of the northern Low Countries, famous for his supple Latin and one of the first north of the Alps to know Greek well.

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Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon (Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Rogerus), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor, was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism.

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Roland of Cremona

Roland of Cremona (1178–1259) was a Dominican theologian and an early scholastic philosopher.

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Roscellinus

Roscelin of Compiègne, better known by his Latinized name Roscellinus Compendiensis or Rucelinus, was a French philosopher and theologian, often regarded as the founder of nominalism.

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Rota Fortunae

In medieval and ancient philosophy the Wheel of Fortune, or Rota Fortunae, is a symbol of the capricious nature of Fate.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.

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School of Saint Victor

The school of St Victor was the medieval monastic school at the Augustinian abbey of St Victor.

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Scotism

Scotism is the name given to the philosophical and theological system or school named after Blessed John Duns Scotus.

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Sentences

The Four Books of Sentences (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the 12th century.

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Seosan

Seosan is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea, with a population of roughly 175, 000 according to the 2017 census.

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Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi

"Shahāb ad-Dīn" Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardī (شهاب‌الدین سهروردی, also known as Sohrevardi) (1154-1191) was a PersianC.

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Shinran

Popular Buddhism In Japan: Shin Buddhist Religion & Culture by Esben Andreasen, pp.

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Siger of Brabant

Siger of Brabant (Sigerus, Sighier, Sigieri or Sygerius de Brabantia; c. 1240 – before 10 November 1284) was a 13th-century philosopher from the southern Low Countries who was an important proponent of Averroism.

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Simon of Faversham

Simon of Faversham (also Simon Favershamensis, Simon de Faverisham, Simon von Faversham, or Simon Anglicus; c.1260–1306) was an English medieval scholastic philosopher and later a university chancellor.

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Simon of Tournai

Simon of Tournai (c. 1130–1201) was a professor at the University of Paris in the late twelfth century.

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Solomon ibn Gabirol

Solomon ibn Gabirol (also Solomon ben Judah; שלמה בן יהודה אבן גבירול Shlomo Ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol,; أبو أيوب سليمان بن يحيى بن جبيرول Abu Ayyub Sulayman bin Yahya bin Jabirul) was an 11th-century Andalusian poet and Jewish philosopher with a Neo-Platonic bent.

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Sophismata

Sophismata (from the Greek word σόφισμα, 'sophisma', which also gave rise to the related term "sophism") in medieval philosophy are difficult or puzzling sentences presenting difficulties of logical analysis that must be solved.

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Sperone Speroni

Sperone Speroni degli Alvarotti (1500–1588) was an Italian Renaissance humanist, scholar and dramatist.

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Stephanus of Alexandria

Stephanus of Alexandria (Stephanus Alexandrinus, Stephanos of Alexandria) was a 7th-century Byzantine philosopher, astronomer and teacher.

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Substantial form

A theory of substantial forms asserts that forms (or ideas) organize matter and make it intelligible.

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Sum of Logic

The Summa Logicae ("Sum of Logic") is a textbook on logic by William of Ockham.

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Summa

Summa and its diminutive summula (plural summae and summulae, respectively) was a generic category of text popularized in the thirteenth century Europe.

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Summa contra Gentiles

The Summa contra Gentiles (also known as Liber de veritate catholicae fidei contra errores infidelium, "Book on the truth of the Catholic faith against the errors of the unbelievers") is one of the best-known books by St Thomas Aquinas, written during c. 1259–1265.

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Summa Theologica

The Summa Theologiae (written 1265–1274 and also known as the Summa Theologica or simply the Summa) is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274).

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Summum bonum

Summum bonum is a Latin expression meaning "the highest good", which was introduced by the Roman philosopher Cicero, to correspond to the Idea of the Good in ancient Greek philosophy.

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Supposition theory

Supposition theory was a branch of medieval logic that was probably aimed at giving accounts of issues similar to modern accounts of reference, plurality, tense, and modality, within an Aristotelian context.

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Synderesis

Synderesis or synteresis, in scholastic moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition (habitus) of the practical reason to apprehend intuitively the universal first principles of human action.

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Temporal finitism

Temporal finitism is the doctrine that time is finite in the past.

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Term logic

In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to logic that began with Aristotle and that was dominant until the advent of modern predicate logic in the late nineteenth century.

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The Consolation of Philosophy

The Consolation of Philosophy (De consolatione philosophiae) is a philosophical work by Boethius, written around the year 524.

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Theodore Metochites

Theodore Metochites (Θεόδωρος Μετοχίτης; 1270–1332) was a Byzantine statesman, author, gentleman philosopher, and patron of the arts.

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Thierry of Chartres

Thierry of Chartres (Theodoricus Chartrensis) or Theodoric the Breton (Theodericus Brito) (died before 1155, probably 1150) was a twelfth-century philosopher working at Chartres and Paris, France.

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Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thomas Bradwardine

Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury.

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Thomas Gallus

Thomas Gallus of Vercelli (ca. 1200-1246), sometimes in early twentieth century texts called Thomas of St Victor, Thomas of Vercelli or Thomas Vercellensis, was a French theologian, a member of the School of St Victor.

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Thomas of Sutton

Thomas of Sutton (died after 1315) was an English Dominican theologian, an early Thomist.

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Thomas of Villanova

St.

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Thomas of York (Franciscan)

Thomas of York (b. c. 1220; d. before 1269) was an English Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher of the thirteenth century.

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Thomas Wilton

Thomas Wilton (active from 1288 to 1322) was an English theologian and scholastic philosopher, a pupil of Duns Scotus,Harjeet Singh Gill, Signification in language and culture, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2002, p. 109.

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Thomism

Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thought of Thomas Aquinas

This article contains a selection of thoughts of Thomas Aquinas on various topics.

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Timeline of Niccolò Machiavelli

This timeline lists important events relevant to the life of the Italian diplomat, writer and political philosopher Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (1469–1527).

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Transmission of the Greek Classics

The transmission of the Greek Classics to ''Latin'' Western Europe during the Middle Ages was a key factor in the development of intellectual life in Western Europe.

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Ulrich of Strasburg

Ulrich of Strasburg (c. 1225–1277) was a German Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher from Strasbourg, Alsace.

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University of Constantinople

The Imperial University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura (Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας), can trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor Theodosius II founded the Pandidakterion (Πανδιδακτήριον).

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Univocity of being

Univocity of being is the idea that words describing the properties of God mean the same thing as when they apply to people or things, even if God is vastly different in kind.

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Unmoved mover

The unmoved mover (that which moves without being moved) or prime mover (primum movens) is a concept advanced by Aristotle as a primary cause or "mover" of all the motion in the universe.

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Urso of Calabria

Urso of Calabria also Urso of Salerno, Ursus Salernitanus, Urso di Calabria.

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Vācaspati Miśra

Vachaspati Mishra was a 9th- or 10th-century CE Indian philosopher.

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Vijnanabhiksu

Vijñānabhikṣu (also spelled Vijnanabhikshu) was a Hindu philosopher from Bihar, variously dated to the 15th or 16th century, known for his commentary on various schools of Hindu philosophy, particularly the Yoga text of Patanjali.

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Vincent Ferrer

Dominican mystics Vincent Ferrer, O.P. (Sant Vicent Ferrer; 23 January 1350 – 5 April 1419) was a Valencian Dominican friar, who gained acclaim as a missionary and a logician.

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Vital du Four

Vital du Four (Bazas, 1260-Avignon, 1327) was a French Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Voluntarism (philosophy)

Voluntarism is "any metaphysical or psychological system that assigns to the will (Latin: voluntas) a more predominant role than that attributed to the intellect", or, equivalently, "the doctrine that will is the basic factor, both in the universe and in human conduct".

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Walter Burley

Walter Burley (or Burleigh) (c. 1275–1344/5) was a medieval English scholastic philosopher and logician with at least 50 works attributed to him.

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Walter Chatton

Walter Chatton (c. 1290–1343) was an English Scholastic theologian and philosopher who regularly sparred philosophically with William of Ockham, who is well known for Ockham's razor.

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Walter of Bruges

Walter of Bruges (Gualterus Brugensis OFM, Gualterus de Brugge, Gauthier de Bruges OM, Gualterus de Brugis, Gualterus de Brüge, Walter von Brügge) was a Franciscan theologian, who flourished at the University of Paris 1267-9.

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Walter of Mortagne

Walter of Mortagne (b. Mortagne, Flanders, c. 1100; d. Laon, 1174) was a Scholastic philosopher, and theologian.

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Walter of Saint Victor

Walter of St Victor (d. c. 1180) was a mystic philosopher and theologian, and an Augustinian canon of Paris.

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Walter of Winterburn

Walter of Winterburn (13th century – August 26, 1305) was an English Dominican, cardinal, orator, poet, philosopher, and theologian.

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Wang Yangming

Wang Yangming (26 October 1472 – 9 January 1529), courtesy name Bo'an, was a Chinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general during the Ming dynasty.

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William Crathorn

William Crathorn (fl. c. 1330) was an English Dominican philosopher, from Oxford.

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William de la Mare

William de La Mare (fl. 1272–1279) was an English Franciscan theologian.

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William of Alnwick

William of Alnwick (lat. Guillelmus Alaunovicanus, c. 1275 – March 1333) was a Franciscan friar and theologian, and bishop of Giovinazzo, who took his name from Alnwick in Northumberland.

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William of Auvergne (bishop)

William of Auvergne (1180/90-1249) was a French priest who served as Bishop of Paris from 1228 until his death in 1249.

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William of Auxerre

William of Auxerre (died 1231) was a French scholastic theologian and official in the Roman Catholic Church.

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William of Champeaux

Guillaume de Champeaux (c. 1070 – 18 January 1121 in Châlons-en-Champagne), known in English as William of Champeaux and Latinised to Gulielmus de Campellis, was a French philosopher and theologian.

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William of Conches

William of Conches (c. 1090 – after 1154) was a French scholastic philosopher who sought to expand the bounds of Christian humanism by studying secular works of the classics and fostering empirical science.

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William of Falgar

William of Falgar (died 1297 or 1298) was a Franciscan theologian from south-west France, a follower of Bonaventure.

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William of Heytesbury

William of Heytesbury, or William Heytesbury, called in Latin Guglielmus Hentisberus or Tisberus (c. 1313 – 1372/1373), was an English philosopher and logician, best known as one of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, Oxford, where he was a fellow.

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William of Lucca

William of Lucca (Guglielmo da Lucca) (died 1178 AD) was an Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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William of Moerbeke

William of Moerbeke, O.P. (Willem van Moerbeke; Gulielmus de Moerbecum; 1215-35 – 1286), was a prolific medieval translator of philosophical, medical, and scientific texts from Greek language into Latin, enabled by the period of Latin rule of the Byzantine Empire.

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William of Ockham

William of Ockham (also Occam, from Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.

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William of Saint-Amour

William of Saint-Amour was a minor figure in thirteenth-century scholasticism, chiefly notable for his withering attacks on the friars.

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William of Sherwood

William of Sherwood or William Sherwood, with numerous variant spellings, was a medieval English scholastic philosopher, logician, and teacher.

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William of Ware

William of Ware (called the Doctor Fundatus; flourished 1290–1305) was a Franciscan friar and theologian, born at Ware in Hertfordshire.

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Yi Hwang

Yi Hwang (1501–1570) is one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his younger contemporary Yi I (Yulgok).

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Yohanan Alemanno

Yohanan Alemanno (born in Constantinople or in Mantua, c. 1435 – died after 1504) was an Italian Jewish humanist philosopher and exegete, and teacher of the Hebrew language to Italian humanists including Pico della Mirandola.

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Zhang Zai

Zhang Zai (1020–1077) was a Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist.

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Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi (October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), also known by his courtesy name Yuanhui (or Zhonghui), and self-titled Hui'an, was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer of the Song dynasty.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_medieval_philosophy_articles

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