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372 relations: Adenine, Adenosine deaminase deficiency, Adenoviridae, Agarose gel electrophoresis, Alagille syndrome, Alkaline lysis, Alkaline phosphatase, Allele, Amino acid, Amplicon, Antibody, Antimicrobial resistance, AP-1 Binding Site, Apoptosis, Aspergillus nuclease S1, Ataxia-telangiectasia, Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, Autoradiograph, Autosome, Avidin, Bacteria, Bacterial artificial chromosome, Bacteriophage, Base pair, Basic helix-loop-helix, Binding site, Biological organisation, Biological process, Biomolecular structure, Biotin, Birth defect, Blot (biology), Box, BP, BRCA1, BRCA2, C-terminus, CAAT box, Cancer, Candidate gene, Cap, Carcinoma, Carcinoma in situ, CDNA library, Cell (biology), Cell nucleus, Centimorgan, Centromere, Chaperone (protein), Chromosomal translocation, ..., Chromosome, Cistron, Cloning, Coding region, Coding strand, Codon usage bias, Complementarity (molecular biology), Complementary DNA, Conformational epitope, Consensus sequence, Conservative replacement, Conserved sequence, Contig, Cosmid, CpG, Craniosynostosis, Cystic fibrosis, Cytosine, Degeneracy (biology), Deletion (genetics), Denaturation (biochemistry), Deoxyribonuclease, Deoxyribonucleotide, Diabetes mellitus, Dideoxynucleotide, Direct repeat, Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, DNA bank, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, DNA replication, DNA sequencing, DNA supercoil, Dominance (genetics), Dot blot, Down syndrome, Electrophoresis, Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, Electroporation, Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, Endonuclease, Enhancer (genetics), Enzyme, Epitope, Escherichia coli, Ethidium bromide, Exon, Exonuclease, Expression vector, Familial Mediterranean fever, Fibroblast, Fluorescence in situ hybridization, Footprinting, Fragile X syndrome, Frameshift mutation, Fusion protein, Gel electrophoresis, Gene, Gene conversion, Gene duplication, Gene expression, Gene knockdown, Gene knockout, Gene mapping, Gene pool, Gene therapy, Genetic code, Genetic counseling, Genetic engineering, Genetic linkage, Genetic marker, Genetic recombination, Genetic screen, Genetic testing, Genetically modified mouse, Genome, Genomic library, Genotype, Germline, Glycoprotein, Glycosylation, Golgi apparatus, Graduate Record Examinations, Gregor Mendel, Guanine, Haemophilia, Haploinsufficiency, Hematopoietic stem cell, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Heredity, Heteroduplex, Hirschsprung's disease, Histone, HIV, Holoprosencephaly, Homologous recombination, Homology (biology), Horizontal gene transfer, Human artificial chromosome, Human Genome Project, Huntington's disease, Hybridization probe, Hybridoma technology, Hydrophilicity plot, Immunoprecipitation, Immunotherapy, In situ hybridization, Index of biochemistry articles, Inducer, Insert (molecular biology), Insertion (genetics), Insertion sequence, Intellectual property, Intergenic region, Intron, Inverted repeat, Β-lactam antibiotic, Karyotype, Kinase, Klenow fragment, Kozak consensus sequence, Lambda, Lambda phage, Laser capture microdissection, Leucine zipper, Leukemia, Library, Ligase, Linear epitope, Locus (genetics), Lymphocyte, M13 bacteriophage, Melanoma, Melting, Mendelian inheritance, Message, Messenger RNA, Metaphase, Microarray, Microsatellite, Missense mutation, Mitochondrial DNA, Model organism, Molecular biology, Molecular clock, Molecular cloning, Molecular-weight size marker, Monoclonal antibody, Monosomy, Multicistronic message, Multiple cloning site, Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, Mutation, N-terminus, Natural competence, Natural selection, Nested polymerase chain reaction, Neurofibromatosis, Nick (DNA), Nick translation, Niemann–Pick disease, Non-coding DNA, Nonsense mutation, Northern blot, Nuclear run-on, Nuclease, Nuclease protection assay, Nucleic acid double helix, Nucleic acid hybridization, Nucleic acid thermodynamics, Nucleobase, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, Oligonucleotide, Oncogene, Oncovirus, Open reading frame, Operator (biology), Operon, Origin of replication, P53, Palindromic sequence, Parkinson's disease, PBR322, Pedigree chart, Peptide, Peptide bond, Phagemid, Phenotype, Phosphodiester bond, Phosphorylation, Plasmid, Ploidy, Point mutation, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Polyadenylation, Polyclonal antibodies, Polydactyly, Polymerase, Polymerase chain reaction, Polymorphism (biology), Polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase, Post-transcriptional regulation, Post-translational modification, Post-translational regulation, Precursor mRNA, Primary immunodeficiency, Primary transcript, Primer (molecular biology), Primer extension, Primer walking, Processivity, Promoter (genetics), Pronucleus, Prostate cancer, Protease, Protein, Protein targeting, Pseudogene, Pseudoknot, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Purine, Pyrimidine, Reading frame, Recognition sequence, Recombinant DNA, Repeated sequence (DNA), Replica plating, Reporter gene, Repressor, Residue (chemistry), Response element, Restriction enzyme, Restriction fragment, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, Restriction map, Restriction site, Retrovirus, Reverse transcriptase, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Ribonuclease, Riboprobe, Ribosomal RNA, Ribosome, Ribozyme, Risk management, RNA, RNA interference, RNA polymerase, RNA splicing, Screening (medicine), SDS-PAGE, Sense (molecular biology), Sense strand, Sequence, Sequence motif, Sequence-tagged site, Severe combined immunodeficiency, Sex chromosome, Sex linkage, Shine-Dalgarno sequence, Shotgun sequencing, Shuttle vector, Sickle cell disease, Side chain, Sigma factor, Signal peptidase, Signal sequence, Silent mutation, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Site-directed mutagenesis, Site-specific recombination, Small interfering RNA, Small nuclear RNA, SnRNP, Somatic cell, Southern blot, Southwestern blot, Start codon, Stem-loop, Sticky and blunt ends, Stop codon, Streptavidin, Structural motif, Subcloning, Suicide gene, Suppressor mutation, Syndrome, T7 RNA polymerase, Taq polymerase, TATA box, Technology transfer, Tetracycline, Thymine, Trans-acting, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Transfection, Transfer RNA, Transformation (genetics), Transgene, Transition (genetics), Translation, Transmembrane protein, Transposable element, Transversion, Triplet state, Trisomy, Tumor suppressor, Upstream and downstream (DNA), Upstream and downstream (transduction), Uracil, Vector (epidemiology), Western blot, Wild type, Wobble base pair, Wolfram syndrome, Yeast artificial chromosome, Zinc finger, Zygosity, 5' flanking region. Expand index (322 more) »
Adenine
Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative).
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Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Adenosine deaminase deficiency (also called ADA deficiency or ADA-SCID) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that causes immunodeficiency.
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Adenoviridae
Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome.
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Agarose gel electrophoresis
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method of gel electrophoresis used in biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics, and clinical chemistry to separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix of agarose, one of the two main components of agar.
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Alagille syndrome
Alagille syndrome, Alagille-Watson syndrome or ALGS, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that affects the liver, heart, kidney, and other systems of the body.
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Alkaline lysis
Alkaline lysis or alkaline extraction is a method used in molecular biology to isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria.
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Alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, ALKP, ALPase, Alk Phos) or basic phosphatase is a homodimeric protein enzyme of 86 kilodaltons.
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Allele
An allele is a variant form of a given gene.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Amplicon
In molecular biology, an amplicon is a piece of DNA or RNA that is the source and/or product of amplification or replication events.
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Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.
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AP-1 Binding Site
The AP-1 binding site, also known as the AP-1 promoter site, is a DNA nucleotide sequence to which AP-1 transcription factors are able to bind.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
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Aspergillus nuclease S1
Aspergillus nuclease S1 is an endonuclease enzyme derived from Aspergillus oryzae that splits single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides.
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Ataxia-telangiectasia
Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT or A-T), also referred to as ataxia-telangiectasia syndrome or Louis–Bar syndrome, is a rare, neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disease causing severe disability.
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Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), also known as Canale-Smith syndrome,Straus SE, Jaffe ES, Puck JM et al.
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Autoradiograph
An autoradiograph is an image on an x-ray film or nuclear emulsion produced by the pattern of decay emissions (e.g., beta particles or gamma rays) from a distribution of a radioactive substance.
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Autosome
An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome (a sex chromosome).
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Avidin
Avidin is a tetrameric biotin-binding protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial artificial chromosome
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli.
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Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within Bacteria and Archaea.
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Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
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Basic helix-loop-helix
A basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) is a protein structural motif that characterizes one of the largest families of dimerizing transcription factors.
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Binding site
In biochemistry, a binding site is a region on a protein or piece of DNA or RNA to which ligands (specific molecules and/or ions) may form a chemical bond.
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Biological organisation
Biological organization is the hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life using a reductionistic approach.
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Biological process
Biological processes are the processes vital for a living organism to live.
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Biomolecular structure
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.
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Biotin
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin, also called vitamin B7 and formerly known as vitamin H or coenzyme R. Biotin is composed of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.
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Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.
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Blot (biology)
A blot, in molecular biology and genetics, is a method of transferring proteins, DNA or RNA, onto a carrier (for example, a nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or nylon membrane).
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Box
Box (plural: boxes) describes a variety of containers and receptacles for permanent use as storage, or for temporary use, often for transporting contents.
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BP
BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.
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BRCA1
BRCA1 and BRCA1 are a human gene and its protein product, respectively.
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BRCA2
BRCA2 and BRCA2 are a human gene and its protein product, respectively.
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C-terminus
The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
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CAAT box
In molecular biology, a CCAAT box (also sometimes abbreviated a CAAT box or CAT box) is a distinct pattern of nucleotides with GGCCAATCT consensus sequence that occur upstream by 60–100 bases to the initial transcription site.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Candidate gene
The candidate gene approach to conducting genetic association studies focuses on associations between genetic variation within pre-specified genes of interest and phenotypes or disease states.
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Cap
A cap is a form of headgear.
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Carcinoma
Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells.
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Carcinoma in situ
Carcinoma in situ (CIS), also known as in situ neoplasm, is a group of abnormal cells.
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CDNA library
A cDNA library is a combination of cloned cDNA (complementary DNA) fragments inserted into a collection of host cells, which together constitute some portion of the transcriptome of the organism and are stored as a "library".
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin nucleus or nuculeus, meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
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Centimorgan
In genetics, a centimorgan (abbreviated cM) or map unit (m.u.) is a unit for measuring genetic linkage.
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Centromere
The centromere is the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad).
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Chaperone (protein)
In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures.
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Chromosomal translocation
In genetics, a chromosome translocation is a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Cistron
A cistron is an alternative term to a gene.
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Cloning
Cloning is the process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.
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Coding region
The coding region of a gene, also known as the CDS (from CoDing Sequence), is that portion of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for protein.
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Coding strand
When referring to DNA transcription, the coding strand is the DNA strand whose base sequence corresponds to the base sequence of the RNA transcript produced (although with thymine replaced by uracil).
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Codon usage bias
Codon usage bias refers to differences in the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons in coding DNA.
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Complementarity (molecular biology)
In molecular biology, complementarity describes a relationship between two structures each following the lock-and-key principle.
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Complementary DNA
In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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Conformational epitope
A conformational epitope is a sequence of sub-units (usually amino acids) composing an antigen that come in direct contact with a receptor of the immune system.
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Consensus sequence
In molecular biology and bioinformatics, the consensus sequence (or canonical sequence) is the calculated order of most frequent residues, either nucleotide or amino acid, found at each position in a sequence alignment.
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Conservative replacement
A conservative replacement (also called a conservative mutation or a conservative substitution) is an amino acid replacement that changes a given amino acid to a different amino acid with similar biochemical properties (e.g. charge, hydrophobicity and size).
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Conserved sequence
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are similar or identical sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences) or within a genome (paralogous sequences).
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Contig
A contig (from contiguous) is a set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA.
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Cosmid
A cosmid is a type of hybrid plasmid that contains a Lambda phage cos sequence.
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CpG
CpG can be.
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Craniosynostosis
Craniosynostosis (from cranio, cranium; + syn, together; + ostosis relating to bone) is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant (very young) skull prematurely fuses by turning into bone (ossification), thereby changing the growth pattern of the skull.
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.
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Cytosine
Cytosine (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
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Degeneracy (biology)
Within biological systems, degeneracy occurs when structurally dissimilar components/modules/pathways can perform similar functions (i.e. are effectively interchangeable) under certain conditions, but perform distinct functions in other conditions.
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Deletion (genetics)
In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication.
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Denaturation (biochemistry)
Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure, and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), radiation or heat.
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Deoxyribonuclease
A deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, thus degrading DNA.
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Deoxyribonucleotide
A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Dideoxynucleotide
Dideoxynucleotides are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing.
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Direct repeat
Direct repeats are a type of genetic sequence that consists of two or more repeats of a specific sequence.
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Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA bank
DNA banking is the secure, long term storage of an individual’s genetic material.
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DNA ligase
DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
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DNA polymerase
DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
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DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
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DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule.
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DNA supercoil
DNA supercoiling refers to the over- or under-winding of a DNA strand, and is an expression of the strain on that strand.
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Dominance (genetics)
Dominance in genetics is a relationship between alleles of one gene, in which the effect on phenotype of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same locus.
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Dot blot
A dot blot (or slot blot) is a technique in molecular biology used to detect proteins.
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Down syndrome
Down syndrome (DS or DNS), also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21.
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Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis (from the Greek "Ηλεκτροφόρηση" meaning "to bear electrons") is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field.
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Electrophoretic mobility shift assay
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions.
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Electroporation
Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs, or DNA to be introduced into the cell.
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Ellis–van Creveld syndrome
Ellis–van Creveld syndrome (also called chondroectodermal dysplasia or mesoectodermal dysplasia but see 'Nomenclature' section below) is a rare genetic disorder of the skeletal dysplasia type.
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Endonuclease
Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain.
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Enhancer (genetics)
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Epitope
An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Ethidium bromide
Ethidium bromide is an intercalating agent commonly used as a fluorescent tag (nucleic acid stain) in molecular biology laboratories for techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis.
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Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
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Exonuclease
Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain.
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Expression vector
An expression vector, otherwise known as an expression construct, is usually a plasmid or virus designed for gene expression in cells.
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Familial Mediterranean fever
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a hereditary inflammatory disorder.
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Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.
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Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only those parts of the chromosome with a high degree of sequence complementarity.
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Footprinting
Footprinting (also known as reconnaissance) is the technique used for gathering information about computer systems and the entities they belong to.
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Fragile X syndrome
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder.
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Frameshift mutation
A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
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Fusion protein
Fusion proteins or chimeric (\kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins.
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Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gene conversion
Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion event.
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Gene duplication
Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution.
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Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product.
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Gene knockdown
Gene knockdown is an experimental technique by which the expression of one or more of an organism's genes are reduced.
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Gene knockout
A gene knockout (abbreviation: KO) is a genetic technique in which one of an organism's genes is made inoperative ("knocked out" of the organism).
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Gene mapping
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.
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Gene pool
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.
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Gene therapy
In the medicine field, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Genetic counseling
Genetic counseling is the process by which the patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder (or may be carrying a child at risk) are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning.
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
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Genetic linkage
Genetic linkage is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
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Genetic marker
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.
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Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination (aka genetic reshuffling) is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
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Genetic screen
A genetic screen or mutagenesis screen is an experimental technique used to identify and select for individuals who possess a phenotype of interest in a mutagenized population.
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Genetic testing
Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the determination of bloodlines and the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases.
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Genetically modified mouse
A genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) is a mouse that has had its genome altered through the use of genetic engineering techniques.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genomic library
A genomic library is a collection of the total genomic DNA from a single organism.
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Genotype
The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).
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Germline
In biology and genetics, the germline in a multicellular organism is the population of its bodily cells that are so differentiated or segregated that in the usual processes of reproduction they may pass on their genetic material to the progeny.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
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Glycosylation
Glycosylation (see also chemical glycosylation) is the reaction in which a carbohydrate, i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor).
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Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
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Graduate Record Examinations
The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most graduate schools in the United States.
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia.
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Guanine
Guanine (or G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
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Haemophilia
Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
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Haploinsufficiency
Haploinsufficiency is a mechanism of action to explain a phenotype when a diploid organism has lost one copy of a gene and is left with a single functional copy of that gene.
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Hematopoietic stem cell
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells.
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Heteroduplex
A heteroduplex is a double-stranded (duplex) molecule of nucleic acid originated through the genetic recombination of single complementary strands derived from different sources, such as from different homologous chromosomes or even from different organisms.
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Hirschsprung's disease
Hirschsprung's disease (HD or HSCR) is a birth defect in which nerves are missing from parts of the intestine.
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Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Holoprosencephaly
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a cephalic disorder in which the prosencephalon (the forebrain of the embryo) fails to develop into two hemispheres.
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Homologous recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA.
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.
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Human artificial chromosome
A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells.
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Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.
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Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.
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Hybridization probe
In molecular biology, a hybridization probe is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length (usually 100–1000 bases long) which can be radioactively labeled.
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Hybridoma technology
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies).
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Hydrophilicity plot
A hydrophilicity plot is a quantitative analysis of the degree of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acids of a protein.
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Immunoprecipitation
Immunoprecipitation (IP) is the technique of precipitating a protein antigen out of solution using an antibody that specifically binds to that particular protein.
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Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is the "treatment of disease by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response".
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In situ hybridization
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA, RNA or modified nucleic acids strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ), or, if the tissue is small enough (e.g., plant seeds, Drosophila embryos), in the entire tissue (whole mount ISH), in cells, and in circulating tumor cells (CTCs).
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Index of biochemistry articles
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.
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Inducer
In molecular biology, an inducer is a molecule that regulates gene expression.
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Insert (molecular biology)
In Molecular biology, an insert is a piece of DNA that is inserted into a larger DNA vector by a recombinant DNA technique, such as ligation or recombination.
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Insertion (genetics)
In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.
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Insertion sequence
Insertion element (also known as an IS, an insertion sequence element, or an IS element) is a short DNA sequence that acts as a simple transposable element.
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Intellectual property
Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect, and primarily encompasses copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
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Intergenic region
An Intergenic region (IGR) is a stretch of DNA sequences located between genes.
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Inverted repeat
An inverted repeat (or IR) is a single stranded sequence of nucleotides followed downstream by its reverse complement.
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Β-lactam antibiotic
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures.
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Karyotype
A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
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Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
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Klenow fragment
The Klenow fragment is a large protein fragment produced when DNA polymerase I from E. coli is enzymatically cleaved by the protease subtilisin.
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Kozak consensus sequence
The Kozak consensus sequence, Kozak consensus or Kozak sequence is a sequence which occurs on eukaryotic mRNA and has the consensus (gcc)gccRccAUGG.
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Lambda
Lambda, Λ, λ (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; λάμ(β)δα lám(b)da) is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet.
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Lambda phage
Enterobacteria phage λ (lambda phage, coliphage λ) is a bacterial virus, or bacteriophage, that infects the bacterial species Escherichia coli (E. coli).
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Laser capture microdissection
Laser capture microdissection (LCM), also called microdissection, laser microdissection (LMD), or laser-assisted microdissection (LMD or LAM), is a method for isolating specific cells of interest from microscopic regions of tissue/cells/organisms (dissection on a microscopic scale with the help of a laser).
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Leucine zipper
A leucine zipper (or leucine scissors) is a common three-dimensional structural motif in proteins.
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Leukemia
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
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Library
A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing.
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Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds, e.g., enzymes that catalyze joining of C-O, C-S, C-N, etc.
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Linear epitope
A linear or a sequential epitope is an epitope that is recognized by antibodies by its linear sequence of amino acids, or primary structure.
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Locus (genetics)
A locus (plural loci) in genetics is a fixed position on a chromosome, like the position of a gene or a marker (genetic marker).
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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M13 bacteriophage
M13 is a virus that infects the bacterium Escherichia coli.
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Melanoma
Melanoma, also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.
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Melting
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid.
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Mendelian inheritance
Mendelian inheritance is a type of biological inheritance that follows the laws originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900.
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Message
A message is a discrete unit of communication intended by the source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metaphase
Metaphase (from the Greek μετά, "adjacent" and φάσις, "stage") is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase).
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Microarray
A microarray is a multiplex lab-on-a-chip.
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Microsatellite
A microsatellite is a tract of repetitive DNA in which certain DNA motifs (ranging in length from 1–6 or more base pairs) are repeated, typically 5–50 times.
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Missense mutation
In genetics, a missense mutation is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
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Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in mitochondria, cellular organelles within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Molecular clock
The molecular clock is a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.
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Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
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Molecular-weight size marker
A molecular-weight size marker, also referred to as a protein ladder, DNA ladder, or RNA ladder, is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel during electrophoresis, using the principle that molecular weight is inversely proportional to migration rate through a gel matrix.
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Monoclonal antibody
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell.
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Monosomy
Monosomy is a form of aneuploidy with the presence of only one chromosome from a pair.
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Multicistronic message
Multicistronic message is an archaic term for Polycistronic.
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Multiple cloning site
A multiple cloning site (MCS), also called a polylinker, is a short segment of DNA which contains many (up to ~20) restriction sites - a standard feature of engineered plasmids.
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) or Wermer's syndrome is part of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in pituitary, parathyroid gland and pancreas.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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N-terminus
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.
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Natural competence
In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Nested polymerase chain reaction
Nested polymerase chain reaction (Nested PCR) is a modification of polymerase chain reaction intended to reduce non-specific binding in products due to the amplification of unexpected primer binding sites.
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Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a group of three conditions in which tumors grow in the nervous system.
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Nick (DNA)
A nick is a discontinuity in a double stranded DNA molecule where there is no phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides of one strand typically through damage or enzyme action.
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Nick translation
Nick translation (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or blotting techniques.
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Niemann–Pick disease
Niemann–Pick disease is a group of inherited, severe metabolic disorders in which sphingomyelin accumulates in lysosomes in cells.
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Non-coding DNA
In genomics and related disciplines, noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
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Nonsense mutation
In genetics, a point-nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a point-nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product.
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Northern blot
The northern blot, or RNA blot,Gilbert, S. F. (2000) Developmental Biology, 6th Ed.
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Nuclear run-on
A nuclear run-on assay is conducted to identify the genes that are being transcribed at a certain time point.
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Nuclease
A nuclease (also archaically known as nucleodepolymerase or polynucleotidase) is an enzyme capable of cleaving the phosphodiester bonds between monomers of nucleic acids.
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Nuclease protection assay
Nuclease protection assay is a laboratory technique used in biochemistry and genetics to identify individual RNA molecules in a heterogeneous RNA sample extracted from cells.
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Nucleic acid double helix
In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.
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Nucleic acid hybridization
In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA.
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Nucleic acid thermodynamics
Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA).
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Nucleobase
Nucleobases, also known as nitrogenous bases or often simply bases, are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which in turn are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.
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Nucleoside
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Oligonucleotide
Oligonucleotides are short DNA or RNA molecules, oligomers, that have a wide range of applications in genetic testing, research, and forensics.
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
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Oncovirus
An oncovirus is a virus that can cause cancer.
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Open reading frame
In molecular genetics, an open reading frame (ORF) is the part of a reading frame that has the ability to be translated.
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Operator (biology)
In genetics, an operator is a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it.
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Operon
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.
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Origin of replication
The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is initiated.
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P53
Tumor protein p53, also known as p53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), phosphoprotein p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53), is any isoform of a protein encoded by homologous genes in various organisms, such as TP53 (humans) and Trp53 (mice).
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Palindromic sequence
A palindromic sequence is a nucleic acid sequence on double-stranded DNA or RNA wherein reading 5' (five-prime) to 3' (three prime) forward on one strand matches the sequence reading 5' to 3' on the complementary strand with which it forms a double helix.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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PBR322
pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used E. coli cloning vectors.
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Pedigree chart
A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors from one generation to the next, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Peptide bond
A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain.
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Phagemid
A phagemid or phasmid is a DNA-based cloning vector, which has both bacteriophage and plasmid properties.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Phosphodiester bond
A phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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Ploidy
Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.
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Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) is a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensic chemistry, genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology to separate biological macromolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, according to their electrophoretic mobility.
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Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to a messenger RNA.
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Polyclonal antibodies
Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage).
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Polydactyly
Polydactyly or polydactylism, also known as hyperdactyly, is a congenital physical anomaly in humans and animals resulting in supernumerary fingers and/or toes.
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Polymerase
A polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids.
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Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
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Polymorphism (biology)
Polymorphism in biology and zoology is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species.
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Polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase
In enzymology, a polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 5'-dephospho-DNA, whereas its two products are ADP and 5'-phospho-DNA.
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Post-transcriptional regulation
Italic textÀ Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level, therefore between the transcription and the translation of the gene.
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Post-translational modification
Post-translational modification (PTM) refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins following protein biosynthesis.
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Post-translational regulation
Post-translational regulation refers to the control of the levels of active protein.
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Precursor mRNA
Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA).
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Primary immunodeficiency
Primary immunodeficiencies are disorders in which part of the body's immune system is missing or does not function normally.
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Primary transcript
A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs.
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Primer (molecular biology)
A primer is a short strand of RNA or DNA (generally about 18-22 bases) that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.
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Primer extension
Primer extension is a technique whereby the 5' ends of RNA can be mapped.
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Primer walking
Primer walking is a sequencing method of choice for sequencing DNA fragments between 1.3 and 7 kilobases.
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Processivity
In molecular biology and biochemistry, processivity is an enzyme's ability to catalyze "consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate".
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Pronucleus
A pronucleus (plural: pronuclei) is the nucleus of a sperm or an egg cell during the process of fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum, but before the genetic material of the sperm and egg fuse.
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Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
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Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein targeting
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to the appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it.
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Pseudogene
Pseudogenes are segments of DNA that are related to real genes.
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Pseudoknot
A pseudoknot is a nucleic acid secondary structure containing at least two stem-loop structures in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem.
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Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of large deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying to a gel matrix an electric field that periodically changes direction.
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Purine
A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
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Pyrimidine
Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine.
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Reading frame
In molecular biology, a reading frame is a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) molecule into a set of consecutive, non-overlapping triplets.
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Recognition sequence
The recognition sequence, sometimes also referred to as recognition site, of any DNA-binding protein motif that exhibits binding specificity, refers to the DNA sequence (or subset thereof), to which the domain is specific.
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Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
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Repeated sequence (DNA)
Repeated sequences (also known as repetitive elements, or repeats) are patterns of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that occur in multiple copies throughout the genome.
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Replica plating
Replica plating is a microbiological technique in which one or more secondary Petri plates containing different solid (agar-based) selective growth media (lacking nutrients or containing chemical growth inhibitors such as antibiotics) are inoculated with the same colonies of microorganisms from a primary plate (or master dish), reproducing the original spatial pattern of colonies.
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Reporter gene
In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants.
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Repressor
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
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Residue (chemistry)
In chemistry residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events.
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Response element
Response elements are short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes.
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Restriction enzyme
A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites.
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Restriction fragment
A restriction fragment is a DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme (restriction endonucleases), a process called restriction.
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism
In molecular biology, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences.
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Restriction map
A restriction map is a map of known restriction sites within a sequence of DNA.
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Restriction site
Restriction sites, or restriction recognition sites, are locations on a DNA molecule containing specific (4-8 base pairs in length) sequences of nucleotides, which are recognized by restriction enzymes.
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Retrovirus
A retrovirus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a DNA intermediate and, as an obligate parasite, targets a host cell.
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Reverse transcriptase
A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription.
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Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a variant of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression.
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Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.
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Riboprobe
A Riboprobe, abbreviation of RNA probe, is a segment of labelled RNA that can be used to detect a target mRNA or DNA during in situ hybridization.
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Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that are capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
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Risk management
Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives) followed by coordinator and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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RNA splicing
In molecular biology, splicing is the editing of the nascent precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA).
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Screening (medicine)
Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used in a population to identify the possible presence of an as-yet-undiagnosed disease in individuals without signs or symptoms.
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SDS-PAGE
SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) is a variant of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, an analytical method in biochemistry for the separation of charged molecules in mixtures by their molecular masses in an electric field.
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Sense (molecular biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of nucleic acid molecules (often DNA or RNA) is the nature of their roles and their complementary molecules' nucleic acid units' roles in specifying amino acids.
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Sense strand
In genetics, a sense strand, or coding strand, is the segment within double-stranded DNA that runs from 5' to 3', and which is complementary to the antisense strand of DNA, or template strand, which runs from 3' to 5'.
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Sequence
In mathematics, a sequence is an enumerated collection of objects in which repetitions are allowed.
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Sequence motif
In genetics, a sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern that is widespread and has, or is conjectured to have, a biological significance.
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Sequence-tagged site
A sequence-tagged site (or STS) is a short (200 to 500 base pair) DNA sequence that has a single occurrence in the genome and whose location and base sequence are known.
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Severe combined immunodeficiency
Severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID, also known as alymphocytosis, Glanzmann–Riniker syndrome, severe mixed immunodeficiency syndrome, and thymic alymphoplasia, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations that result in heterogeneous clinical presentations.
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Sex chromosome
An allosome (also referred to as a sex chromosome, heterotypical chromosome, heterochromosome, or idiochromosome) is a chromosome that differs from an ordinary autosome in form, size, and behavior.
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Sex linkage
Sex linkage is the phenotypic expression of an allele related to the allosome (sex chromosome) of the individual.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) Sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG.
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Shotgun sequencing
In genetics, shotgun sequencing is a method used for sequencing long DNA strands.
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Shuttle vector
A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species.
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Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person's parents.
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Side chain
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone.
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Sigma factor
A sigma factor (σ factor) is a protein needed only for initiation of transcription.
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Signal peptidase
Signal peptidases are enzymes that convert secretory and some membrane proteins to their mature forms by cleaving their signal peptides from their N-terminals.
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Signal sequence
Signal sequence can refer to.
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Silent mutation
Silent mutations are mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype.
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Single-nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism, often abbreviated to SNP (plural), is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. > 1%).
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Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.
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Site-specific recombination
Site-specific recombination, also known as conservative site-specific recombination, is a type of genetic recombination in which DNA strand exchange takes place between segments possessing at least a certain degree of sequence homology.
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Small interfering RNA
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway.
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Small nuclear RNA
Small nuclear ribonucleic acid (snRNA), also commonly referred to as U-RNA, is a class of small RNA molecules that are found within the splicing speckles and Cajal bodies of the cell nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
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SnRNP
snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs.
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Somatic cell
A somatic cell (from the Greek σῶμα sôma, meaning "body") or vegetal cell is any biological cell forming the body of an organism; that is, in a multicellular organism, any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte or undifferentiated stem cell.
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Southern blot
A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples.
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Southwestern blot
Southwestern blotting, based along the lines of Southern blotting (which was created by Edwin Southern) and first described by B. Bowen, J. Steinberg and colleagues in 1980, is a lab technique which involves identifying and characterizing DNA-binding proteins (proteins that bind to DNA) by their ability to bind to specific oligonucleotide probes.
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Start codon
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.
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Stem-loop
Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA.
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Sticky and blunt ends
DNA ends refer to the properties of the end of DNA molecules, which may be sticky ends (cohesive ends), blunt ends or in other forms.
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Stop codon
In the genetic code, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA that signals a termination of translation into proteins.
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Streptavidin
Streptavidin is a 52.8 kDa protein purified from the bacterium Streptomyces avidinii.
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Structural motif
In a chain-like biological molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, a structural motif is a supersecondary structure, which also appears in a variety of other molecules.
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Subcloning
In molecular biology, subcloning is a technique used to move a particular DNA sequence from a parent vector to a destination vector.
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Suicide gene
A suicide gene, in genetics, will cause a cell to kill itself through apoptosis.
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Suppressor mutation
A suppressor mutation is a second mutation that alleviates or reverts the phenotypic effects of an already existing mutation in a process defined synthetic rescue.
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Syndrome
A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms that are correlated with each other and, often, with a particular disease or disorder.
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T7 RNA polymerase
T7 RNA Polymerase is an RNA polymerase from the T7 bacteriophage that catalyzes the formation of RNA from DNA in the 5'→ 3' direction.
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Taq polymerase
Taq polymerase is a thermostable DNA polymerase named after the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus from which it was originally isolated by Chien et al.
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TATA box
In molecular biology, the TATA box (also called the Goldberg-Hogness box) is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes.
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Technology transfer
Technology transfer, also called transfer of technology (TOT), is the process of transferring (disseminating) technology from the places and ingroups of its origination to wider distribution among more people and places.
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Tetracycline
Tetracycline, sold under the brand name Sumycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of infections.
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Thymine
---> Thymine (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T.
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Trans-acting
In the field of molecular biology, trans-acting (trans-regulatory, trans-regulation), in general, means "acting from a different molecule" (i.e., intermolecular).
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Transfection
Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.
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Transfer RNA
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Transformation (genetics)
In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
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Transgene
A transgene is a gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
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Transition (genetics)
In genetics, a transition is a point mutation that changes a purine nucleotide to another purine (A ↔ G) or a pyrimidine nucleotide to another pyrimidine (C ↔ T).
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Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.
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Transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein (TP) is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane to which it is permanently attached.
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Transposable element
A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size.
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Transversion
Transversion, in molecular biology, refers to the substitution of a (two ring) purine for a (one ring) pyrimidine or vice versa, in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
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Triplet state
In quantum mechanics, a triplet is a quantum state of a system with a spin of quantum number s.
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Trisomy
A trisomy is a type of polysomy in which there are three instances of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two.
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Tumor suppressor
A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.
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Upstream and downstream (DNA)
In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA.
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Upstream and downstream (transduction)
In molecular biology, the terms upstream and downstream can refer to the temporal and mechanistic order of cellular and molecular events.
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Uracil
Uracil (U) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
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Vector (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, a disease vector is any agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another living organism; most agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as intermediate parasites or microbes, but it could be an inanimate medium of infection such as dust particles.
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Western blot
The western blot (sometimes called the protein immunoblot) is a widely used analytical technique used in molecular biology, immunogenetics and other molecular biology disciplines to detect specific proteins in a sample of tissue homogenate or extract.
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Wild type
Wild type (WT) refers to the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.
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Wobble base pair
A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules.
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Wolfram syndrome
Wolfram syndrome, also called DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness), is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder that causes childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness as well as various other possible disorders.
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Yeast artificial chromosome
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid.
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Zinc finger
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) in order to stabilize the fold.
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Zygosity
Zygosity is the degree of similarity of the alleles for a trait in an organism.
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5' flanking region
The 5' flanking region is a region of DNA that is adjacent to the 5' end of the gene.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_molecular_biology_articles
