Communication

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Smedes, Libertarian Youth, Logic form, Logical consequence, Logical disjunction, Logicism, Lucilio Vanini, Martin Heidegger and Nazism, Mathematical logic, Mental reservation, Metaphysics, Method of Fluxions, Michigan gubernatorial election, 2006, Mind–body dualism, Modal scope fallacy, Modern Greek Enlightenment, Modus tollens, Moral absolutism, Moral nihilism, Moral objectivism, Moral relativism, Moral skepticism, Musica universalis, Naïve realism, Natural-rights libertarianism, New riddle of induction, Noble Eightfold Path, Non-rigid designator, Notation for differentiation, Novalis, Nyāya Sūtras, Observer-expectancy effect, On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians, Organism, Paul Grice, Peter Lamborn Wilson, Petrarch, Phases of clinical research, Philosophy, Philosophy encyclopedia, Philosophy of desire, Plane (esotericism), Pope Gregory I, Pope Sylvester II, Post-structuralism, Potentiality and actuality, Pragmatism, Principle of double effect, Problem of future contingents, Profiat Duran, Progressive education, Property (philosophy), Questionable cause, Quoting out of context, Reason (argument), Recursive language, Regress argument, Reification (fallacy), Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe, Rival conceptions of logic, Roger Bacon, Sacred, Secular humanism, Secundum quid, Self-reflection, Semantics of logic, Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce, Sense, Socratic method, Sorites paradox, Spencer Heath, Stanley Cavell, Stefan Molyneux, Stuart Christie, Subject (grammar), Subjective theory of value, Summum bonum, Syllogism, Systems theory, Tao, Tao Te Ching, Taoism, The Death of the Author, The Enneads, The Extended Mind, The Fourth Way (book), The Sickness Unto Death, The unanswered questions, Theodoric of Freiberg, Theology, Theorem, Theory of justification, Thing-in-itself, Think of the children, Thomas Aquinas, Thupten Jinpa, Two envelopes problem, Uncertainty principle, Underdetermination, Universal generalization, Unmoved mover, Up Against the Wall Motherfucker, Up tack, Upper ontology, Value theory, War on Terror, Weber–Fechner law, Western esotericism, Will and testament, William of Heytesbury, Wu Xing, Xun Kuang, Zeno's paradoxes. Expand index (2710 more) » « Shrink index

A History of Western Philosophy

A History of Western Philosophy is a 1945 book by philosopher Bertrand Russell.

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Abel Paz

Abel Paz (1921–2009) was a Spanish anarchist and historian who fought in the Spanish Civil War and wrote multiple volumes on anarchist history, including a biography of Buenaventura Durruti, an influential anarchist during the war.

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Absolute idealism

Absolute idealism is an ontologically monistic philosophy "chiefly associated with G. W. F. Hegel and Friedrich Schelling, both German idealist philosophers of the 19th century, Josiah Royce, an American philosopher, and others, but, in its essentials, the product of Hegel".

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Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī

Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī (أبو البركات هبة الله بن ملكا البغدادي; c. 1080 – 1164 or 1165 CE) was an Islamic philosopher and physician of Jewish descent from Baghdad, Iraq.

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Accident (fallacy)

The informal fallacy of accident (also called destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) is a deductively valid but unsound argument occurring in statistical syllogisms (an argument based on a generalization) when an exception to a rule of thumb is ignored.

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Affirming the consequent

Affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, fallacy of the converse or confusion of necessity and sufficiency, is a formal fallacy of inferring the converse from the original statement.

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Alexander of Hales

Alexander of Hales (also Halensis, Alensis, Halesius, Alesius; 21 August 1245), also called Doctor Irrefragibilis (by Pope Alexander IV in the Bull De Fontibus Paradisi) and Theologorum Monarcha, was a theologian and philosopher important in the development of Scholasticism and of the Franciscan School.

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Analogy of the divided line

The Analogy of the Divided Line (γραμμὴ δίχα τετμημένη) is presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in the Republic (509d–511e).

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Anarchism in Brazil

Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of '''Brazil''''s Old Republic.

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Anarchist symbolism

Anarchists have employed certain symbols for their cause, including most prominently the circle-A (Ⓐ) and the black flag (⚑), although anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of symbols to political movement.

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Ancient Greek philosophy

Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC and continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Ancient Greece was part of the Roman Empire.

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Angst

Angst means fear or anxiety (anguish is its Latinate equivalent, and anxious, anxiety are of similar origin).

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Anomalous experiences

Anomalous experiences, such as so-called benign hallucinations, may occur in a person in a state of good mental and physical health, even in the apparent absence of a transient trigger factor such as fatigue, intoxication or sensory deprivation.

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Anthropocentrism

Anthropocentrism (from Greek ἄνθρωπος, ánthrōpos, "human being"; and κέντρον, kéntron, "center") is the belief that human beings are the most significant entity of the universe.

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Apollonian and Dionysian

The Apollonian and Dionysian is a philosophical and literary concept, or dichotomy, loosely based on Apollo and Dionysus in Greek mythology.

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Argument from analogy

Argument from analogy is a special type of inductive argument, whereby perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that has yet to be observed.

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Autological word

An autological word (also called homological word or autonym) is a word that expresses a property that it also possesses (e.g. the word "short" is short, "noun" is a noun, "English" is English, "pentasyllabic" has five syllables, "word" is a word).

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Axiom of regularity

In mathematics, the axiom of regularity (also known as the axiom of foundation) is an axiom of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory that states that every non-empty set A contains an element that is disjoint from A. In first-order logic, the axiom reads: The axiom implies that no set is an element of itself, and that there is no infinite sequence (an) such that ai+1 is an element of ai for all i. With the axiom of dependent choice (which is a weakened form of the axiom of choice), this result can be reversed: if there are no such infinite sequences, then the axiom of regularity is true.

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Écriture féminine

Écriture féminine translates from the French as "women's writing".

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Édouard Hugon

Édouard Hugon (25 August 1867 – 7 February 1929), Roman Catholic Priest, French Dominican, Thomistic philosopher and theologian trusted and held in high esteem by the Holy See, from 1909 to 1929 was a professor at the Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'', as well as a well-known author of philosophical and theological manuals within the school of traditional Thomism.

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Édouard Le Roy

Édouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy (June 18, 1870 in Paris – November 10, 1954 in Paris) was a French philosopher and mathematician.

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Édouard Schuré

Eduard (Édouard) Schuré (January 21, 1841 in Strasbourg – April 7, 1929 in Paris) was a French philosopher, poet, playwright, novelist, music critic, and publicist of esoteric literature.

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Élan vital

Élan vital is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in his 1907 book Creative Evolution, in which he addresses the question of self-organisation and spontaneous morphogenesis of things in an increasingly complex manner.

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Éliane Amado Levy-Valensi

Éliane Amado Levy-Valensi (אליענה אמדו לוי-ולנסי; May 11, 1919 – May 10, 2006) was a French-Israeli psychologist, psychoanalyst and philosopher.

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Élie Halévy

Élie Halévy (6 September 1870 – 21 August 1937) was a French philosopher and historian who wrote studies of the British utilitarians, the book of essays Era of Tyrannies, and a history of Britain from 1815 to 1914 that influenced British historiography.

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Éliette Abécassis

Éliette Abécassis (born January 27, 1969) is a French writer of Moroccan-Jewish descent.

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Élisabeth Badinter

Élisabeth Badinter (née Bleustein-Blanchet; 5 March 1944, Boulogne-Billancourt) is a French philosopher, author and historian.

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Élisée Reclus

Jacques Élisée Reclus (15 March 1830 – 4 July 1905) was a renowned French geographer, writer and anarchist.

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Émile Boutroux

Étienne Émile Marie Boutroux (July 28, 1845 – November 22, 1921) was an eminent 19th century French philosopher of science and religion, and an historian of philosophy.

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Émile Bréhier

Émile Bréhier (12 April 1876, Bar-le-Duc – 3 February 1952, Paris) was a French philosopher.

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Émile Chartier

Émile-Auguste Chartier (3 March 1868 – 2 June 1951), commonly known as Alain, was a French philosopher, journalist, and pacifist.

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Émile Durkheim

David Émile Durkheim (or; April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist.

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Émile Littré

Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (1 February 1801 – 2 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his Dictionnaire de la langue française, commonly called "The Littré".

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Émile Meyerson

Émile Meyerson (12 February 1859 – 2 December 1933) was a Polish-born French epistemologist, chemist, and philosopher of science.

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Émile Pouget

Émile Pouget (12 October 1860 in Pont-de-Salars, Aveyron, now Lozère – 21 July 1931 Palaiseau, Essonne) was a French anarcho-communist, who adopted tactics close to those of anarcho-syndicalism.

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Émile Saisset

Émile Edmond Saisset (September 16, 1814; December 27, 1863) was a French philosopher.

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Émilie du Châtelet

Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise Du Châtelet (17 December 1706 – 10 September 1749) was a French natural philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and author during the early 1730s until her untimely death due to childbirth in 1749.

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Étienne Balibar

Étienne Balibar (born 23 April 1942) is a French philosopher.

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Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (30 September 1714 – 3 August 1780) was a French philosopher and epistemologist, who studied in such areas as psychology and the philosophy of the mind.

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Étienne Borne

Étienne Vincent Borne (January 22, 1907 – June 14, 1993) was born in Manduel (Gard).

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Étienne de La Boétie

Étienne or Estienne de La Boétie (or in local occitan Périgord dialect; 1 November 1530 – 18 August 1563) was a French judge, writer and "a founder of modern political philosophy in France".

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Étienne Gilson

Étienne Gilson (13 June 1884 – 19 September 1978) was a French philosopher and historian of philosophy.

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Étienne Souriau

Étienne Souriau (April 26, 1892 – November 19, 1979) was a French philosopher, best known for his work in aesthetics.

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Étienne Tempier

Étienne (Stephen) Tempier (also known as Stephanus of Orleans; died 3 September 1279) was a French bishop of Paris during the 13th century.

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Étienne Vacherot

Étienne Vacherot (July 29, 1809July 28, 1897) was a French philosophical writer.

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Basic norm

Basic norm (Grundnorm) is a concept in the Pure Theory of Law created by Hans Kelsen, a jurist and legal philosopher.

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Basic research

Basic research, also called pure research or fundamental research, has the scientific research aim to improve scientific theories for improved understanding or prediction of natural or other phenomena.

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Bayesian probability

Bayesian probability is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief.

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Being and Nothingness

Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology (L'Être et le néant: Essai d'ontologie phénoménologique), sometimes published with the subtitle A Phenomenological Essay on Ontology, is a 1943 book by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, in which the author asserts the individual's existence as prior to the individual's essence ("existence precedes essence") and seeks to demonstrate that free will exists.

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Being in itself

Being-in-itself is the self-contained and fully realized Being of objects.

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Belief

Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty.

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Bernhard Riemann

Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (17 September 1826 – 20 July 1866) was a German mathematician who made contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.

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Bohr–Einstein debates

The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.

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British philosophy

British philosophy refers to the philosophical tradition of the British people.

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Categorical proposition

In logic, a categorical proposition, or categorical statement, is a proposition that asserts or denies that all or some of the members of one category (the subject term) are included in another (the predicate term).

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Children in clinical research

In health care, a clinical trial is a comparison test of a medication or other medical treatment (such as a medical device), versus a placebo (inactive look-alike), other medications or devices, or the standard medical treatment for a patient's condition.

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Chirality (mathematics)

In geometry, a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality) if it is not identical to its mirror image, or, more precisely, if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone.

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Christianity and Hellenistic philosophy

Christianity and Hellenistic philosophies experienced complex interactions during the first to the fourth centuries.

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Classical element

Classical elements typically refer to the concepts in ancient Greece of earth, water, air, fire, and aether, which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.

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Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)

In a thought experiment proposed by the Italian probabilist Bruno de Finetti in order to justify Bayesian probability, an array of wagers is coherent precisely if it does not expose the wagerer to certain loss regardless of the outcomes of events on which they are wagering, even if their opponent makes the most judicious choices.

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Complex question

A complex question, trick question, multiple question or plurium interrogationum (Latin, "of many questions") is a question that has a presupposition that is complex.

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Confounding

In statistics, a confounder (also confounding variable, confounding factor or lurking variable) is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable causing a spurious association.

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Constance Jones

Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones (19 February 1848 – 9 April 1922) known as Constance Jones or E.E. Constance Jones, was an English philosopher and educator.

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Construct (philosophy)

A construct in the philosophy of science is an ideal object, where the existence of the thing may be said to depend upon a subject's mind.

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Continuum hypothesis

In mathematics, the continuum hypothesis (abbreviated CH) is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets.

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Cooperative principle

In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how effective communication in conversation is achieved in common social situations, that is, how listeners and speakers must act cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way.

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Cosmological argument

In natural theology and philosophy, a cosmological argument is an argument in which the existence of a unique being, generally seen as some kind of god, is deduced or inferred from facts or alleged facts concerning causation, change, motion, contingency, or finitude in respect of the universe as a whole or processes within it.

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Countable set

In mathematics, a countable set is a set with the same cardinality (number of elements) as some subset of the set of natural numbers.

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Creator in Buddhism

Buddhist thought consistently rejects the notion of a creator deity.

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CrimethInc.

CrimethInc., also known as CWC, which stands for either "CrimethInc.

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D. F. M. Strauss

D.

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D. T. Suzuki

Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki (鈴木 大拙 貞太郎 Suzuki Daisetsu Teitarō; he rendered his name "Daisetz" in 1894; 18 October 1870 – 12 July 1966) was a Japanese author of books and essays on Buddhism, Zen (Chan) and Shin that were instrumental in spreading interest in both Zen and Shin (and Far Eastern philosophy in general) to the West.

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D. V. Gundappa

Devanahalli Venkataramanaiah Gundappa, popularly known as DVG, was a Kannada writer and philosopher.

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Dada

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.

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Daemon (classical mythology)

Daemon is the Latin word for the Ancient Greek daimon (δαίμων: "god", "godlike", "power", "fate"), which originally referred to a lesser deity or guiding spirit; the daemons of ancient Greek religion and mythology and of later Hellenistic religion and philosophy.

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Dag Prawitz

Dag Prawitz (born 1936, Stockholm) is a Swedish philosopher and logician.

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Dagfinn Føllesdal

Dagfinn Føllesdal (born 22 June 1932) is a Norwegian-American philosopher.

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Dagobert D. Runes

Dagobert David Runes (January 6, 1902 – September 24, 1982) was a philosopher and author.

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Dagpo Tashi Namgyal

Dakpo Tashi Namgyal (Dakpo Paṇchen Tashi Namgyel, Wylie: dwags po paN chen bkra shis rnam rgyal) (1511, 1512, or 1513–1587) was a lineage holder of the Dagpo Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism.

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Dai Zhen

Dai Zhen (January 19, 1724 – July 1, 1777) was a prominent Chinese scholar of the Qing dynasty from Xiuning, Anhui.

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Daimonic

The idea of the daimonic typically means quite a few things: from befitting a demon and fiendish, to be motivated by a spiritual force or genius and inspired.

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Dale Beyerstein

Dale Beyerstein is a philosopher who has taught at Malaspina College, Douglas College, Kwantlen College, the University of British Columbia, and Langara College.

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Dale Pendell

Dale Pendell (April 14, 1947 - 13 January 2018) was an American poet, ethnobotanist, and novelist.

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Dallas Willard

Dallas Albert Willard (September 4, 1935 – May 8, 2013) was an American philosopher also known for his writings on Christian spiritual formation.

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Damaris Cudworth Masham

Damaris Cudworth, Lady Masham (18 January 1659 – 20 April 1708) was an English theological writer and advocate for women's education who is characterized as a proto-feminist.

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Damascius

Damascius (Δαμάσκιος, 458 – after 538), known as "the last of the Neoplatonists," was the last scholarch of the School of Athens.

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Damasio's theory of consciousness

Developed in his (1999) book, 'The Feeling of What Happens', Antonio Damasio's three layered theory of consciousness is based on a hierarchy of stages, with each stage building upon the last.

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Damião de Góis

Damião de Góis (February 2, 1502January 30, 1574), born in Alenquer, Portugal, was an important Portuguese humanist philosopher.

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Damien Keown

Damien Keown (born 1951) is a prominent bioethicist and authority on Buddhist bioethics.

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Damis

Damis (Δάμις) was a student and lifelong companion of Apollonius of Tyana, the famous Neopythagorean philosopher and teacher who lived in the early 1st up to the early 2nd century AD.

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Damo (philosopher)

Damo (Δαμώ; fl. c. 500 BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher said by many to have been the daughter of Pythagoras and Theano.

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Damon Young

Damon Young (born 1975 in Melbourne, Victoria) is an Australian philosopher, writer and commentator, and author of the books Distraction, Philosophy in the Garden and How to Think About Exercise.

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Dan W. Brock

Dan W. Brock is an American philosopher, bioethicist, and professor emeritus.

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Dan Wikler

Daniel I. Wikler (born 1946) is an American public health educator, philosopher, and medical ethicist.

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Dan Zahavi

Dan Zahavi (born 6 November 1967) is a Danish philosopher.

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Dana Scott

Dana Stewart Scott (born October 11, 1932) is the emeritus Hillman University Professor of Computer Science, Philosophy, and Mathematical Logic at Carnegie Mellon University; he is now retired and lives in Berkeley, California.

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Dana Ward

Dana Ward is a professor emeritus of Political Studies at Pitzer College, where he founded and maintains the Anarchy Archives and where he taught from 1982 through 2012.

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Daniel Bensaïd

Daniel Bensaïd (25 March 1946 – 12 January 2010) was a philosopher and a leader of the Trotskyist movement in France.

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Daniel Callahan

Daniel Callahan (born July 19, 1930) is an American philosopher who played a leading role in developing the field of biomedical ethics as co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute.

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Daniel Dennett

Daniel Clement Dennett III (born March 28, 1942) is an American philosopher, writer, and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science.

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Daniel Dombrowski

Daniel A. Dombrowski (born 1953) is Professor of Philosophy at Seattle University.

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Daniel Guérin

Daniel Guérin (19 May 1904 in Paris – 14 April 1988 in Suresnes) was a French anarcho-communist author, best known for his work Anarchism: From Theory to Practice, as well as his collection No Gods No Masters: An Anthology of Anarchism in which he collected writings on the idea and movement it inspired, from the first writings of Max Stirner in the mid-19th century through the first half of the 20th century.

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Daniel Innerarity

Daniel Innerarity Grau (born 1959 in Bilbao) is a Spanish philosopher and essayist.

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Daniel Kolak

Daniel Kolak (born 1955 in Zagreb, Croatia) is a Croatian-American philosopher who works primarily in philosophy of mind, personal identity, cognitive science, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of logic, philosophy of religion, and aesthetics.

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Daniel N. Robinson

Daniel N. Robinson (born March 9, 1937) is a philosopher who is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Georgetown University and a Fellow of the Faculty of Philosophy, Oxford University.

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Daniel of Morley

Daniel of Morley (c. 1140 – c. 1210) was an English scholastic philosopher and astronomer.

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Daniel Raymond

Daniel Raymond (1786–1849) was the first important political economist to appear in the United States.

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Daniel Ross (philosopher)

Daniel Ross (born 1970) is an Australian philosopher and filmmaker, best known as the author of Violent Democracy (2004) and the co-director of the film The Ister (2004).

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Daniel Rynhold

Daniel Rynhold is Professor of Jewish Philosophy at the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies at Yeshiva University in New York City where he has worked since August 2007.

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Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (25 June 1884 – 11 January 1979) was a German-born art historian, art collector, and one of the most notable French art dealers of the 20th century.

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Danilo Pejović

Danilo Pejović (6 March 1928, Ludbreg, Croatia – 4 October 2007) was a Croatian philosopher.

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Danish philosophy

Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy.

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Danko Grlić

Danko Grlić (18 September 1923 – 1 March 1984) was a Marxist humanist, and a member of the Praxis school of SFR Yugoslavia.

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Dante Alighieri

Durante degli Alighieri, commonly known as Dante Alighieri or simply Dante (c. 1265 – 1321), was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages.

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Danube school

The Danube School or Donau School (German: Donauschule or Donaustil) was a circle of painters of the first third of the 16th century in Bavaria and Austria (mainly along the Danube valley).

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Dardanus of Athens

Dardanus (Δάρδανος, Dardanos) was a Stoic philosopher, lived c. 160-c. 85 BC.

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Dariush Ashoori

Daryoush Ashouri (داریوش آشوری, born August 2, 1938 in Tehran) is a prominent Iranian thinker, author, translator, researcher, and public intellectual.

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Dariush Shayegan

Dariush Shayegan (داریوش شایگان; 2 February 1935 – 22 March 2018) was an Iranian philosopher and cultural theorist.

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Dark City (1998 film)

Dark City is a 1998 American-Australian neo-noir science fiction film directed by Alex Proyas.

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Darwin's Dangerous Idea

Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life is a 1995 book by Daniel Dennett, in which the author looks at some of the repercussions of Darwinian theory.

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Darwiniana

Darwiniana is a collection of essays by botanist Asa Gray.

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Darwinism

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

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Das Argument

Das Argument: Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften (English: The Argument: Journal for Philosophy and Social Sciences) is a German academic journal.

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Das Kapital

Das Kapital, also known as Capital.

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Dasein

Dasein is a German word that means "being there" or "presence" (German: da "there"; sein "being"), and is often translated into English with the word "existence".

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Data dredging

Data dredging (also data fishing, data snooping, and '''''p'''''-hacking) is the use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant, without first devising a specific hypothesis as to the underlying causality.

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Data exchange

Data exchange is the process of taking data structured under a source schema and transforming it into data structured under a target schema, so that the target data is an accurate representation of the source data.

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Data system

Data system is a term used to refer to an organized collection of symbols and processes that may be used to operate on such symbols.

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Dau al Set

Dau al Set, the first post-World War II artistic movement in Catalonia, was founded in Barcelona in September 1948 by poet Joan Brossa.

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Dave Andrews (activist)

David Frank Andrews (born 20 May 1951) is an Australian Christian anarchist author, speaker, social activist, community worker, and a founder of the Waiters' Union, an inner city Christian community network working with Aboriginals, refugees and people with disabilities in Brisbane, Australia.

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David (commentator)

David (Δαυΐδ; fl. 6th century) was a Greek scholar and a commentator on Aristotle and Porphyry.

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David Abram

David Abram (born June 24, 1957) is an American philosopher, cultural ecologist, and performance artist, best known for his work bridging the philosophical tradition of phenomenology with environmental and ecological issues.

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David Alan Johnson

David A. Johnson (born 1952) is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Yeshiva University and has previously taught at UCLA, University of Missouri, and Syracuse University.

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David Albert

David Z. Albert, Ph.D., is Frederick E. Woodbridge Professor of Philosophy and Director of the M.A. Program in The Philosophical Foundations of Physics at Columbia University in New York.

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David B. Kaplan

David B. Kaplan is an American physicist born in 1958.

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David Basinger

David Basinger (is professor of philosophy at Roberts Wesleyan College, Rochester, New York. He graduated from Grace College, Bellevue College, and University of Nebraska-Lincoln, with an M.A. and Ph.D. He is a proponent of open theism.

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David Bell (philosopher)

David Andrew Bell (born 1947) is a British philosopher.

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David Benatar

David Benatar (born 1966) is a South African philosopher, academic and author.

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David Blitz

David Blitz has been a faculty member at Central Connecticut State University since 1989.

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David Braine (philosopher)

David Braine (1940 – 17 February 2017) was a British analytic philosopher with interests in analytic Philosophy of religion and Metaphysics, who sought to marry the techniques and insights of analytical philosophy and Phenomenology to the Metaphysics of classical Thomism.

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David Brewster

Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA(Scot) FSSA MICE (11 December 178110 February 1868) was a British scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator.

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David Chalmers

David John Chalmers (born 20 April 1966) is an Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist specializing in the areas of philosophy of mind and philosophy of language.

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David Charles (philosopher)

David Owain Maurice Charles is a Professor of Philosophy and Classics at Yale University.

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David Cockburn

David Cockburn (born 12 October 1949) studied philosophy at St Andrews and Oxford, and has taught at Swansea, the Open University, and, until 2010, has spent over 30 years at the University of Wales, Lampeter, where he teaches courses on the philosophy of mind, Spinoza, Wittgenstein among others.

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David Conway (academic)

David Conway (born 1947) is a British academic philosopher who has written several books on philosophy and politics.

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David Corfield

David Neil Corfield is a British philosopher specializing in mathematics and psychology.

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David D. Friedman

David Director Friedman (born February 12, 1945) is an American economist, physicist, legal scholar, and libertarian theorist.

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David E. Cooper

David E. Cooper is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at Durham University.

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David Edmonds (philosopher)

David Edmonds (born 1964) is a radio feature maker at the BBC World Service.

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David Efird

David Hampton Efird (born May 18, 1974) is an American philosopher and Anglican priest.

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David Estlund

David Estlund is the Lombardo Family Professor of Philosophy at Brown University.

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David Farrell Krell

David Farrell Krell (born 1944), is an American philosopher.

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David Fordyce

David Fordyce (1711, Broadford, Aberdeenshire – 1751) was a Scottish philosopher, a contributor to the Scottish Enlightenment.

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David Gauthier

David Gauthier (born 10 September 1932) is a Canadian-American philosopher best known for his neo-Hobbesian social contract (contractarian) theory of morality, as developed in his 1986 book Morals by Agreement.

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David George Ritchie

David George Ritchie (1853–1903) was a Scottish philosopher who had a distinguished university career at Edinburgh, and Balliol College, Oxford, and after being fellow of Jesus College and a tutor at Balliol College was elected professor of logic and metaphysics at St Andrews.

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David Graeber

David Rolfe Graeber (born 12 February 1961) is an American anthropologist and anarchist activist, perhaps best known for his 2011 volume Debt: The First 5000 Years.

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David H. M. Brooks

David Havard Macleod Brooks (6 February 1950 – 27 October 1996) was a South African philosopher and professor of philosophy at the University of Cape Town.

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David H. Sanford

David H. Sanford (born 1937) is a professor of philosophy at Duke University.

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David Hartley (philosopher)

David Hartley (8 August 170528 August 1757) was an English philosopher and founder of the Associationist school of psychology.

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David Hartley (the Younger)

David Hartley the younger (1732 – 19 December 1813) was a statesman, a scientific inventor, and the son of the philosopher David Hartley.

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David Hilbert

David Hilbert (23 January 1862 – 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician.

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David Hugh Mellor

David Hugh Mellor (born 10 July 1938), also known as Hugh Mellor and usually cited as D. H. Mellor, is a British philosopher.

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David Hull

David Lee Hull (15 June 1935 – 11 August 2010) was a philosopher with a particular interest in the philosophy of biology.

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David Hume

David Hume (born David Home; 7 May 1711 NS (26 April 1711 OS) – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

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David ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas

David (abu Sulaiman) ibn Merwan al-Mukkamas al-Rakki (داود إبن مروان المقمص translit.: Dawud ibn Marwan al-Muqamis; died c. 937) was a philosopher and controversialist, the author of the earliest known Jewish philosophical work of the Middle Ages.

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David James Jones

David James Jones (22 December 1886 – 23 July 1947), was a Welsh philosopher and academic.

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David Kalupahana

David J. Kalupahana (1936–2014) was a Buddhist scholar from Sri Lanka.

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David Kaplan (philosopher)

David Benjamin Kaplan (born September 17, 1933) is the Hans Reichenbach Professor of Scientific Philosophy at the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Philosophy.

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David Kelley

David Kelley (born June 23, 1949) is an American philosopher.

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David Koepsell

David R. Koepsell (born 1969) is an American author, philosopher, attorney, and educator whose recent research focuses on how ethics and public policy deal with emerging science and technology.

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David Kolb

David Kolb (born 1939) is an American philosopher and the Charles A. Dana Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Bates College in Maine.

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David L. Norton

David Lloyd Norton (March 27, 1930 – July 24, 1995) was an American philosopher.

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David L. Paulsen

David Lamont Paulsen (born 1936) is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Brigham Young University (BYU).

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David Lewis (philosopher)

David Kellogg Lewis (September 28, 1941 – October 14, 2001) was an American philosopher.

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David Loy

David Robert Loy (born 1947) is an American scholar, author and authorized teacher in the Sanbo Zen lineage of Japanese Zen Buddhism.

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David M. Rosenthal (philosopher)

David M. Rosenthal is a philosopher at the City University of New York (CUNY) who has made significant contributions to the philosophy of mind, particularly in the area of consciousness.

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David Makinson

David Clement Makinson, D.Phil, (born 27 August 1941), is an Australian mathematical logician living in London, England.

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David Malament

David B. Malament (born 1947) is an American philosopher of science, specializing in the philosophy of physics.

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David Malet Armstrong

David Malet Armstrong (8 July 1926 – 13 May 2014), often D. M. Armstrong, was an Australian philosopher.

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David Miller (philosopher)

David W. Miller (born 19 August 1942, Watford) is an English philosopher and prominent exponent of critical rationalism.

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David Miller (political theorist)

David Miller (born 8 March 1946) is a British political theorist.

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David N. Stamos

David N. Stamos (born 1957) is a Canadian philosopher of science and professor in the Philosophy Department at York University.

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David Nicholl (anarchist)

David Nicholl (1859–1919) was an anarchist active in Great Britain who participated in the Socialist League.

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David of Dinant

David of Dinant (1160 – c. 1217) was a pantheistic philosopher.

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David Oswald Thomas

David Oswald Thomas (4 March 1924 – 28 May 2005) was a Welsh philosopher, best known as an interpreter of the work of Richard Price.

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David P. Gushee

Dr.

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David Papineau

David Papineau (born 1947) is a British academic philosopher, born in Como, Italy.

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David Pearce (philosopher)

David Pearce is co-founder of the World Transhumanist Association, currently rebranded and incorporated as Humanity+, Inc., and a prominent figure within the transhumanism movement.

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David Pears

David Pears (8 August 1921 – 1 July 2009) was a British philosopher renowned for his work on Ludwig Wittgenstein.

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David Prall

David Wight Prall (1886–1940) was a philosopher of art.

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David Prychitko

David L. Prychitko (born June 22, 1962) is an American economist of the Austrian School.

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David Ray Griffin

David Ray Griffin (born August 8, 1939 in Wilbur, Washington) is a retired American professor of philosophy of religion and theology, and a political writer.

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David Ricardo

David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist, one of the most influential of the classical economists along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and James Mill.

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David Rynin

David Rynin (October 15, 1905 – February 24, 2000) was an American philosopher.

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David S. Oderberg

Professor David S. Oderberg (born 1963) is an Australian philosopher of metaphysics and ethics based in Britain since 1987.

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David Schmidtz

David Schmidtz (born 1955) is a Canadian-American philosopher currently serving as Kendrick Professor of Philosophy (College of Social and Behavioral Sciences), Eller Chair of Service-Dominant Logic (College of Management), and Head of the Department of Political Economy and Moral Science at the University of Arizona.

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David Sedley

David Neil Sedley FBA (born 30 May 1947) is a British philosopher and historian of philosophy.

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David Sosa

David Sosa is an American philosopher who is currently Professor of Philosophy and Chair of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Texas, Austin.

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David Stenhouse

David Stenhouse was born in Sutton, Surrey, England on 23 May 1932.

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David Stove

David Charles Stove (15 September 1927 – 2 June 1994), was an Australian philosopher.

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David Strauss

David Friedrich Strauss (Strauß; January 27, 1808 in Ludwigsburg – February 8, 1874 in Ludwigsburg) was a German liberal Protestant theologian and writer, who influenced Christian Europe with his portrayal of the "historical Jesus", whose divine nature he denied.

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David Strong

David Strong is an American philosopher and educator.

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David Sztybel

David Sztybel (born 2 February 1967) is a Canadian philosopher specializing in animal ethics.

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David the Invincible

David the Invincible is the name given to a Neoplatonist Armenian philosopher of the 6th century.

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David van Goorle

David van Goorle"Junior" is seldom added to his name.

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David Wiggins

David Wiggins FBA (born 8 March 1933) is a British moral philosopher, metaphysician, and philosophical logician working especially on identity and issues in meta-ethics.

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David Williams (philosopher)

David Williams (1738 – 29 June 1816), was a Welsh philosopher of the Enlightenment period.

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David Wong (philosopher)

David Wong is an American philosopher.

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David Wood (philosopher)

David Wood (born 1946) is Centennial Professor of Philosophy, and Joe B. Wyatt Distinguished University Professor, at Vanderbilt University.

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Dawkins vs. Gould

Dawkins vs.

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Dax Cowart

Dax Cowart (born Donald S. Cowart, 1947) is an American attorney noted for the ethical issues raised by efforts to sustain his life against his wishes following an accident in which he suffered severe and disabling burns over most of his body.

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Déprimisme

Déprimisme ("depressionism") is a contemporary French art and literary movement, in which authors dwell on the failures of society.

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Dérive

The dérive ("drift") is a revolutionary strategy originally put forward in the "Theory of the Dérive" (1956) by Guy Debord, a member at the time of the Letterist International.

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Désiré-Joseph Mercier

Désiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier (21 November 1851 – 23 January 1926) was a Belgian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a noted scholar.

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Dōgen

Dōgen Zenji (道元禅師; 19 January 1200 – 22 September 1253), also known as Dōgen Kigen (道元希玄), Eihei Dōgen (永平道元), Kōso Jōyō Daishi (高祖承陽大師), or Busshō Dentō Kokushi (仏性伝東国師), was a Japanese Buddhist priest, writer, poet, philosopher, and founder of the Sōtō school of Zen in Japan.

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De Arte Combinatoria

The Dissertatio de arte combinatoria ("Dissertation on the Art of Combinations" or "On the Combinatorial Art") is an early work by Gottfried Leibniz published in 1666 in Leipzig.

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De Brevitate Vitae (Seneca)

De Brevitate Vitae (On the Shortness of Life) is a moral essay written by Seneca the Younger, a Roman Stoic philosopher, sometime around the year 49 AD, to his father-in-law Paulinus.

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De Cive

De Cive ("On the citizen") is one of Thomas Hobbes's major works.

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De Coelesti Hierarchia

De Coelesti Hierarchia (Περὶ τῆς Οὐρανίας Ἱεραρχίας, "On the Celestial Hierarchy") is a Pseudo-Dionysian work on angelology, written in Greek and dated to ca.

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De dicto and de re

De dicto and de re are two phrases used to mark a distinction in intentional statements, associated with the intentional operators in many such statements.

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De Divinatione

Cicero's De Divinatione (Latin, "Concerning Divination") is a philosophical treatise in two books written in 44 BC.

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De divisione naturae

De divisione naturae ("The division of nature") is the title given by Thomas Gale to his edition (1681) of the work originally titled by Eriugena Periphyseon.

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De Docta Ignorantia

De docta ignorantia (On learned ignorance/on scientific ignorance) is a book on philosophy and theology by Nicholas of Cusa (or Nicolaus Cusanus), who finished writing it on 12 February 1440 in his hometown of Kues, Germany.

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De finibus bonorum et malorum

De finibus bonorum et malorum ("On the ends of good and evil") is a philosophical work by the Roman orator, politician and philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero.

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De Interpretatione

De Interpretatione or On Interpretation (Greek: Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας, Peri Hermeneias) is the second text from Aristotle's Organon and is among the earliest surviving philosophical works in the Western tradition to deal with the relationship between language and logic in a comprehensive, explicit, and formal way.

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De Legibus

The De Legibus (On the Laws) is a dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero during the last years of the Roman Republic.

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De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio

(literally Of free will: Discourses or Comparisons) is the Latin title of a polemical work written by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam in 1524.

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De Morgan's laws

In propositional logic and boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference.

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De Natura Deorum

De Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) is a philosophical dialogue by Roman orator Cicero written in 45 BC.

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De Officiis

De Officiis (On Duties or On Obligations) is a treatise by Marcus Tullius Cicero divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds his conception of the best way to live, behave, and observe moral obligations.

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De Providentia

De Providentia ("On Providence") is a short essay in the form of a dialogue in six brief sections, written by the Latin philosopher Seneca (died AD 65) in the last years of his life.

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De re publica

De re publica (On the Commonwealth; see below) is a dialogue on Roman politics by Cicero, written in six books between 54 and 51 BC.

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De rerum natura

De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things) is a first-century BC didactic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius (c. 99 BC – c. 55 BC) with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience.

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De se

De se is Latin for "of oneself" and, in philosophy, it is a phrase used to mark off what some believe to be a category of ascription distinct from "''de dicto'' and ''de re''".

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De spectaculis

De Spectaculis, also known as On the Spectacles, is a surviving moral and ascetic treatise by Tertullian.

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De Stijl

De Stijl, Dutch for "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917 in Leiden.

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De Veritate

De Veritate, prout distinguitur a revelatione, a verisimili, a possibili, et a falso is the major work of Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury.

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De Vita Beata

De Vita Beata ("On the Happy Life") is a dialogue written by Seneca the Younger around the year 58 AD.

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De vita libri tres

The De vita libri tres (Three Books on Life) or De triplici vita, was written in the years 1480–1489 by Italian Platonist Marsilio Ficino.

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Dean Komel

Dean Komel (born 7 June 1960) is a Slovenian philosopher.

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Dean Zimmerman

Dean W. Zimmerman is an American professor of philosophy at Rutgers University specializing in metaphysics and philosophy of religion.

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Death

Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism.

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Death drive

In classical Freudian psychoanalytic theory, the death drive (Todestrieb) is the drive toward death and self-destruction.

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Death in Venice

Death in Venice is a novella written by the German author Thomas Mann and was first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig.

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Death into Life

Death into Life is a 1946 novel by Olaf Stapledon.

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Death of Carlo Giuliani

During an anti-globalization demonstration outside the July 2001 G8 summit in Genoa, Italy, protester Carlo Giuliani was shot dead by riot police among demonstrators who attacked their van, making his the first death during an anti-globalization demonstration since the movement's rise from the 1999 Seattle WTO protests.

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Death to the Brutes

Death To The Brutes is the title of a historical anarchist poster that was originally printed in France in August 1943, during World War II.

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Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture

Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture is a philosophy book written by Jonathan Dollimore, published in 1998.

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Deaths of philosophers

The documented history of philosophy is often said to begin with the notable death of Socrates.

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Debendranath Tagore

Debendranath Tagore (দেবেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর, Debendronath Ţhakur) (15 May 1817 – 19 January 1905) was a Hindu philosopher and religious reformer, active in the Brahmo Samaj ("Society of Brahman," also translated as "Society of God"), which aimed to reform the Hindu religion and way of life.

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Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya

Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya (19 November 1918 – 8 May 1993) was an Indian Marxist philosopher.

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Debt

Debt is when something, usually money, is owed by one party, the borrower or debtor, to a second party, the lender or creditor.

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Debt bondage

Debt bondage, also known as debt slavery or bonded labour, is a person's pledge of labour or services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation, where there is no hope of actually repaying the debt.

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Decadence

The word decadence, which at first meant simply "decline" in an abstract sense, is now most often used to refer to a perceived decay in standards, morals, dignity, religious faith, or skill at governing among the members of the elite of a very large social structure, such as an empire or nation state.

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Decadent movement

The Decadent Movement was a late 19th-century artistic and literary movement, centered in Western Europe, that followed an aesthetic ideology of excess and artificiality.

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Decadentism

Decadentism (also called Decadentismo) was an Italian artistic style based mainly on the Decadent movement in the arts in France and England around the end of the 19th century.

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Decembrio – family of scholars

Uberto Decembrio (- 1427), secretary to the Milanese duke Giangaleazzo Visconti (+ 1402) and to Peter of Candia (later counter Pope with the name Alexander V 1409/1410).

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Decidability (logic)

In logic, the term decidable refers to the decision problem, the question of the existence of an effective method for determining membership in a set of formulas, or, more precisely, an algorithm that can and will return a boolean true or false value that is correct (instead of looping indefinitely, crashing, returning "don't know" or returning a wrong answer).

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Decision analysis

Decision analysis (DA) is the discipline comprising the philosophy, theory, methodology, and professional practice necessary to address important decisions in a formal manner.

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Decision analysis cycle

The decision analysis (DA) cycle is the top-level procedure for carrying out a decision analysis.

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Decision problem

In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a problem that can be posed as a yes-no question of the input values.

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Decision theory

Decision theory (or the theory of choice) is the study of the reasoning underlying an agent's choices.

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Decision tree

A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility.

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Decisionism

Decisionism (derived from the German Dezisionismus, which is sometimes encountered untranslated in English texts) is a political, ethical and jurisprudential doctrine which states that moral or legal precepts are the product of decisions made by political or legal bodies.

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Declaration of Geneva

The Declaration of Geneva (Physician's Pledge) was adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association at Geneva in 1948, amended in 1968, 1983, 1994, editorially revised in 2005 and 2006 and amended in 2017.

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Declaration of Helsinki

The Declaration of Helsinki (DoH) is a set of ethical principles regarding human experimentation developed for the medical community by the World Medical Association (WMA).

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Declarationism

Declarationism is a legal philosophy that incorporates the United States Declaration of Independence into the body of case law on level with the United States Constitution.

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Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism

Religion in the Greco-Roman world at the time of the Constantinian shift mostly comprised three main currents.

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Deconstruction

Deconstruction is a critique of the relationship between text and meaning originated by the philosopher Jacques Derrida.

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Dedekind cut

In mathematics, Dedekind cuts, named after German mathematician Richard Dedekind, are а method of construction of the real numbers from the rational numbers.

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Deduction theorem

In mathematical logic, the deduction theorem is a metatheorem of propositional and first-order logic.

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Deductive closure

Deductive closure is a property of a set of objects (usually the objects in question are statements).

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Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.

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Deductive-nomological model

The deductive-nomological model (DN model), also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?".

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Deep ecology

Deep ecology is an ecological and environmental philosophy promoting the inherent worth of living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs, plus a radical restructuring of modern human societies in accordance with such ideas.

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Deep inference

Deep inference names a general idea in structural proof theory that breaks with the classical sequent calculus by generalising the notion of structure to permit inference to occur in contexts of high structural complexity.

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Deep structure and surface structure

Deep structure and surface structure (also D-structure and S-structure, although these abbreviated forms are sometimes used with distinct meanings) are concepts used in linguistics, specifically in the study of syntax in the Chomskyan tradition of transformational generative grammar.

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Deepak Kumar (historian)

Deepak Kumar is an Indian historian.

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Defastenism

Defastenism is a Remodernist art movement founded in Dublin in 2004.

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Default logic

Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions.

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Defeasibility

Defeasibility is the property of something – such as a contract, a proposition or an understanding – that can be annulled, invalidated, or similarly "defeated".

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Defeasible logic

Defeasible logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Donald Nute to formalize defeasible reasoning.

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Defeasible reasoning

In logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid.

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Defeater

In epistemology, a defeater is a belief B1 that is held to be incompatible with another belief B2, hence arguments or evidence supporting B1 can be used to refute B2.

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Defeatism

Defeatism is the acceptance of defeat without struggle, often with negative connotations.

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Defensive democracy

Defensive democracy is the philosophy that members of a democratic society believe it necessary to limit some rights and freedoms, in order to protect the institutions of the democracy.

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Defensivism

Defensivism is a philosophical standpoint related in spirit to the Non-aggression principle.

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Defining Issues Test

The Defining Issues Test or the DIT is a component model of moral development devised by James Rest in 1974.

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Definist fallacy

The definist fallacy (sometimes Socratic fallacy) is a logical fallacy, coined by William Frankena in 1939, that involves the definition of one property in terms of another.

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Definite clause grammar

A definite clause grammar (DCG) is a way of expressing grammar, either for natural or formal languages, in a logic programming language such as Prolog.

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Definite description

A definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun.

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Definition

A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols).

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Definition of music

A definition of the term music – a statement of the word's meaning – endeavors to give an accurate and concise explanation of music's basic attributes or essential nature.

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Definitionism

Definitionism (also called the classical theory of concepts) is the school of thought in which it is believed that a proper explanation of a theory consists of all the concepts used by that theory being well-defined.

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Definitions of fascism

What constitutes a definition of fascism and fascist governments has been a complicated and highly disputed subject concerning the exact nature of fascism and its core tenets debated amongst historians, political scientists, and other scholars since Benito Mussolini first used the term in 1915.

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Deflationary theory of truth

In philosophy and logic, a deflationary theory of truth is one of a family of theories that all have in common the claim that assertions of predicate truth of a statement do not attribute a property called "truth" to such a statement.

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Degeneracy (mathematics)

In mathematics, a degenerate case is a limiting case in which an element of a class of objects is qualitatively different from the rest of the class and hence belongs to another, usually simpler, class.

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Degenerated workers' state

In Trotskyist political theory, a degenerated workers' state is a dictatorship of the proletariat in which the working class's democratic control over the state has given way to control by a bureaucratic clique.

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Degeneration theory

Social degeneration was a widely influential concept at the interface of the social and biological sciences in the 19th century.

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Degree of truth

In standard mathematics, propositions can typically be considered unambiguously true or false.

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Deicide

Deicide is the killing (or the killer) of a god.

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Deism

Deism (or; derived from Latin "deus" meaning "god") is a philosophical belief that posits that God exists and is ultimately responsible for the creation of the universe, but does not interfere directly with the created world.

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Deixis

In linguistics, deixis refers to words and phrases, such as “me” or “here”, that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information -- in this case, the identity of the speaker (“me”) and the speaker's location (“here”).

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Delegate model of representation

The delegate model of representation is a model of a representative democracy.

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Delegated authority

Delegated authority is an authority obtained from another that has authority since the authority does not naturally exist.

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Deleuze and Guattari

Gilles Deleuze, a French philosopher, and Félix Guattari, a French psychiatrist and political activist, wrote a number of works together (besides both having distinguished independent careers).

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Delfim Santos

Delfim Pinto dos Santos (Oporto, Portugal, 1907 – Cascais, Portugal, 1966), was a Portuguese academic, philosopher, educationist, essayist and book and movie reviewer.

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Deliberative democracy

Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making.

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Demarcation problem

The demarcation problem in the philosophy of science is about how to distinguish between science and non-science, including between science, pseudoscience, and other products of human activity, like art and literature, and beliefs.

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Demetrios Chalkokondyles

Demetrios Chalkokondyles (Δημήτριος Χαλκοκονδύλης), Latinized as Demetrius Chalcocondyles and found variously as Demetricocondyles, Chalcocondylas or Chalcondyles (14239 January 1511) was one of the most eminent Greek scholars in the West.

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Demetrius Lacon

Demetrius Lacon or Demetrius of Laconia (Δημήτριος; fl. late 2nd century BC) was an Epicurean philosopher, and a disciple of Protarchus.

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Demetrius of Amphipolis

Demetrius of Amphipolis (Greek: Δημήτριος ὁ Ἀμφιπολίτης; fl. 4th century BC) was one of Plato's students.

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Demetrius of Phalerum

Demetrius of Phalerum (also Demetrius of Phaleron or Demetrius Phalereus; Δημήτριος ὁ Φαληρεύς; c. 350 – c. 280 BC) was an Athenian orator originally from Phalerum, a student of Theophrastus, and perhaps of Aristotle, himself, and one of the first Peripatetics.

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Demetrius the Cynic

Demetrius (Δημήτριος; fl. 1st century), a Cynic philosopher from Corinth, who lived in Rome during the reigns of Caligula, Nero and Vespasian (37-71 AD).

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Demiurge

In the Platonic, Neopythagorean, Middle Platonic, and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy, the demiurge is an artisan-like figure responsible for fashioning and maintaining the physical universe.

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Democracy

Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.

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Democracy in Marxism

In Marxist theory a new democratic society will arise through the organised actions of an international working class, enfranchising the entire population, freeing up humans to act without being bound by the labour market.

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Democrates

Democrates (Δημοκράτης) was a Pythagorean philosopher about whom little is known.

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Democratic centralism

Democratic centralism is a method of leadership in which political decisions reached by the party through its democratically elected bodies are binding upon all members of the party.

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Democratic consolidation

Democratic consolidation is the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that means it is unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock.

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Democratic deficit

A democratic deficit (or democracy deficit) occurs when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions (particularly governments) fall short of fulfilling the principles of democracy in their practices or operation where representative and linked parliamentary integrity becomes widely discussed.

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Democratic ideals

Democratic ideals is an expression used to reflect personal qualities or standards of government behavior that are felt to be essential for the continuation of a democratic policy.

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Democratic rationalization

Democratic Rationalization is term used by Andrew Feenberg in his article "Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with technology." Feenberg argues against the idea of technological determinism citing flaws in its two fundamental theses.

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Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production with an emphasis on self-management and/or democratic management of economic institutions within a market socialist, participatory or decentralized planned economy.

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Democratic structuring

The principles of democratic structuring were defined by Jo Freeman in "The Tyranny of Structurelessness", first delivered as a talk in 1970, later published in the Berkeley Journal of Sociology in 1972.

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Democritus

Democritus (Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning "chosen of the people") was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.

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Demodocus (dialogue)

Demodocus (Δημόδοκος) is purported to be one of the dialogues of Plato.

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Demonax

Demonax (Δημώναξ, Dēmōnax, gen.: Δημώνακτος; c. AD 70 – c. 170) was a Greek Cynic philosopher.

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Demonstration (protest)

A demonstration or street protest is action by a mass group or collection of groups of people in favor of a political or other cause; it normally consists of walking in a mass march formation and either beginning with or meeting at a designated endpoint, or rally, to hear speakers.

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Demonstrative

Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others.

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Dempster–Shafer theory

The theory of belief functions, also referred to as evidence theory or Dempster–Shafer theory (DST), is a general framework for reasoning with uncertainty, with understood connections to other frameworks such as probability, possibility and imprecise probability theories.

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Denial

Denial, in ordinary English usage, is asserting that a statement or allegation is not true.

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Denis Diderot

Denis Diderot (5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

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Denis Dutton

The phrase "Dennis Dutton" redirects here.

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Denis the Carthusian

Denis the Carthusian (1402–1471), also known as Denys van Leeuwen, Denis Ryckel, Dionysius van Rijkel (or other combinations of these terms), was a Roman Catholic theologian and mystic.

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Denny's paradox

In the study of animal locomotion on the surface layer of water, Denny's paradox refers to the apparent impossibility of surface-dwelling animals such as the water strider generating enough propulsive force to move.

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Denotation

Denotation is a translation of a sign to its meaning, precisely to its literal meaning, more or less like dictionaries try to define it.

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Denying the antecedent

Denying the antecedent, sometimes also called inverse error or fallacy of the inverse, is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse from the original statement.

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Denying the correlative

The informal fallacy of denying the correlative is an attempt made at introducing alternatives where there are none.

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Denys Turner

Denys Alan Turner (born 5 August 1942) is a British academic in the fields of philosophy and theology.

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Deontic logic

Deontic logic is the field of philosophical logic that is concerned with obligation, permission, and related concepts.

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Deontological ethics

In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek δέον, deon, "obligation, duty") is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on rules.

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Dependability

In systems engineering, dependability is a measure of a system's availability, reliability, and its maintainability, and maintenance support performance, and, in some cases, other characteristics such as durability, safety and security.

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Dependent type

In computer science and logic, a dependent type is a type whose definition depends on a value.

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Depiction

Depiction is reference conveyed through pictures.

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Derech Hashem

Derech HaShem (The "Way of God") is a philosophical text written in the 1730s by Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto.

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Derek Parfit

Derek Antony Parfit, FBA (11 December 1942 – 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics.

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Derivative algebra (abstract algebra)

In abstract algebra, a derivative algebra is an algebraic structure of the signature where is a Boolean algebra and D is a unary operator, the derivative operator, satisfying the identities.

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Dermot Moran

Dermot Moran is an Irish philosopher specialising in phenomenology and in medieval philosophy and also active in the dialogue between analytic and continental philosophy.

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Derrick Jensen

Derrick Jensen (born December 19, 1960) is an American author and radical environmentalist (and prominent critic of mainstream environmentalism) living in Crescent City, California.

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Derveni papyrus

The Derveni papyrus is an ancient Macedonian papyrus roll that was found in 1962.

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Description

Description is the pattern of narrative development that aims to make vivid a place, an object, a character, or a group.

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Description logic

Description logics (DL) are a family of formal knowledge representation languages.

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Descriptive ethics

Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of people's beliefs about morality.

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Descriptive knowledge

Descriptive knowledge, also declarative knowledge or propositional knowledge, is the type of knowledge that is, by its very nature, expressed in declarative sentences or indicative propositions.

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Descriptive research

Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied.

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Descriptivist theory of names

The descriptivist theory of proper names is that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions.

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Desert

A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

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Desert (philosophy)

Desert in philosophy is the condition of being deserving of something, whether good or bad.

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Design

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or measurable human interaction (as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawings, business processes, circuit diagrams, and sewing patterns).

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Desire

Desire is a sense of longing or hoping for a person, object, or outcome.

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Desire realm

The desire realm (Sanskrit: kāmadhātu) is one of the trailokya or three realms (Sanskrit: dhātu, Tibetan: khams) in Buddhist cosmology into which a being wandering in saṃsāra may be reborn.

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Desiring-production

Desiring-production (La production désirante) is a term coined by the French thinkers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their book Anti-Œdipus (1972).

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Desmond Clarke

Desmond M. Clarke (17 January 1942 – 17 September 2016) was an author and professor of philosophy at University College Cork, in Cork, Ireland.

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Destiny

Destiny, sometimes referred to as fate (from Latin fatum – destiny), is a predetermined course of events.

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Destructive dilemma

Destructive dilemma is the name of a valid rule of inference of propositional logic.

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Detachment (philosophy)

Detachment, also expressed as non-attachment, is a state in which a person overcomes his or her attachment to desire for things, people or concepts of the world and thus attains a heightened perspective.

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Determinism

Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.

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Deterministic automaton

In computer science, a deterministic automaton is a concept of automata theory in which the outcome of a transition from one state to another is determined by the input.

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Deterministic context-free grammar

In formal grammar theory, the deterministic context-free grammars (DCFGs) are a proper subset of the context-free grammars.

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Deterministic context-free language

In formal language theory, deterministic context-free languages (DCFL) are a proper subset of context-free languages.

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Deterministic system (philosophy)

A deterministic system is a conceptual model of the philosophical doctrine of determinism applied to a system for understanding everything that has and will occur in the system, based on the physical outcomes of causality.

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Deterrence (psychology)

Deterrence is a theory from behavioral psychology about preventing or controlling actions or behavior through fear of punishment or retribution.

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Deterritorialization

Deterritorialization (déterritorialisation) is a concept created by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in Anti-Oedipus (1972).

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Deus

Deus is Latin for "god" or "deity".

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Developmental biology

Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.

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Deviance (sociology)

In sociology, deviance describes an action or behavior that violates social norms, including a formally enacted rule (e.g., crime), as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores).

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Deviant logic

Philosopher Susan Haack uses the term "deviant logic" to describe certain non-classical systems of logic.

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Device paradigm

In the philosophy of technology, the device paradigm is the way "technological devices" are perceived and consumed in modern society, according to Albert Borgmann.

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Dewi Zephaniah Phillips

Dewi Zephaniah Phillips (24 November 1934 – 25 July 2006), known as D. Z. Phillips, Dewi Z, or simply DZ, was a leading proponent of Wittgensteinian philosophy of religion.

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Dewitt H. Parker

Dewitt H. Parker (1885–1949) was a professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan.

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Dexippus (philosopher)

Dexippus (Δέξιππος; fl. 350) was a Greek philosopher, a pupil of the Neoplatonist Iamblichus, belonging to the middle of the 4th century AD.

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Dhammapala

Dhammapāla was the name of two or more great Theravada Buddhist commentators.

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Dhardo Rimpoche

Dhardo Rinpoche (1917-1990), born Thubten Lhundup Legsang, was the 12th in a line of tulkus from Dhartsendo on the eastern border of Tibet who hailed from the Nyingma Gompa in Dhartsendo called Dorje Drak (not to be confused with Dorje Drak in Central Tibet).

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Dharma

Dharma (dharma,; dhamma, translit. dhamma) is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions – Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism.

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Dharma (Jainism)

Jain texts assign a wide range of meaning to the Sanskrit dharma or Prakrit dhamma.

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Dharma transmission

In Zen-Buddhism, Dharma transmission is a custom in which a person is established as a "successor in an unbroken lineage of teachers and disciples, a spiritual 'bloodline' (kechimyaku) theoretically traced back to the Buddha himself."Haskel, 2 The dharma lineage reflects the importance of family-structures in ancient China, and forms a symbolic and ritual recreation of this system for the monastical "family".

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Dharmakāya

The dharmakāya (Sanskrit, "truth body" or "reality body") is one of the three bodies (trikaya) of a buddha in Mahayana Buddhism.

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Dharmakīrtiśrī

Dharmakīrtiśrī (Tibetan: Serlingpa;;, literally "from Suvarnadvīpa"), also known as Kulānta and Suvarṇadvipi Dharmakīrti, was a renowned 10th century Buddhist teacher remembered as a key teacher of Atiśa.

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Dharmakirti

Dharmakīrti (fl. c. 6th or 7th century) was an influential Indian Buddhist philosopher who worked at Nālandā.

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Dharmarakṣa

() was an early translator of Mahayana sutras into Chinese, several of which had profound effects on East Asian Buddhism.

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Dharmarāja Adhvarin

Dharmarāja Adhvarin (b. 17th century C.E., Khandaramanikkam, Tanjor, India) was a Hindu philosopher.

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Dhāraṇī

A (Devanagari: धारणी) is a Sanskrit term for a type of ritual speech similar to a mantra.

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Diagonalization

In mathematics, diagonalization may refer to.

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Diagoras of Melos

Diagoras "the Atheist" of Melos (Διαγόρας ὁ Μήλιος) was a Greek poet and sophist of the 5th century BC.

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Diagrammatic reasoning

Diagrammatic reasoning is reasoning by means of visual representations.

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Diairesis

Diairesis (diaíresis, "division") is a form of classification used in ancient (especially Platonic) logic that serves to systematize concepts and come to definitions.

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Dial House, Essex

Dial House is a farm cottage situated in south-west Essex, England.

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Dialectic

Dialectic or dialectics (διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments.

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Dialectic of Enlightenment

Dialectic of Enlightenment (Dialektik der Aufklärung) is a work of philosophy and social criticism written by Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno and first published in 1944.

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Dialectica

Dialectica is a quarterly philosophy journal published by Blackwell.

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Dialectical materialism

Dialectical materialism (sometimes abbreviated diamat) is a philosophy of science and nature developed in Europe and based on the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

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Dialectical monism

Dialectical monism, also known as dualistic monism, is an ontological position that holds that reality is ultimately a unified whole, distinguishing itself from monism by asserting that this whole necessarily expresses itself in dualistic terms.

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Dialectician

A dialectician is a philosopher who views the world in terms of complementary opposites and the interactions thereof.

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Dialetheism

Dialetheism is the view that there are statements which are both true and false.

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Dialogic

Dialogic means relates to or is characterized by dialogue and its use.

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Dialogue

Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.

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Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion is a philosophical work by the Scottish philosopher David Hume.

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Diamond Realm

In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Diamond Realm (Skt. वज्रधातु vajradhātu, Jp. 金剛界 kongōkai) is a metaphysical space inhabited by the Five Wisdom Buddhas.

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Diana Schaub

Diana Schaub is professor of political science at Loyola University Maryland.

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Dianoia

Dianoia (Greek: διάνοια, ratio in Latin) is a term used by Plato for a type of thinking, specifically about mathematical and technical subjects.

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Dicaearchus

Dicaearchus of Messana (Δικαίαρχος Dikaiarkhos), also written Dicearchus or Dicearch, was a Greek philosopher, cartographer, geographer, mathematician and author.

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Dichotomy

A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).

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Dick de Jongh

Dick Herman Jacobus de Jongh (born 19 October 1939, Enschede) is a Dutch logician and mathematician and a retired professor at the University of Amsterdam.

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Dictatorship of the proletariat

In Marxist sociopolitical thought, the dictatorship of the proletariat refers to a state in which the proletariat, or the working class, has control of political power.

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Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers

Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers ("The Sayings of the Philosophers") is an incunabulum, or early printed book.

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Diction

Diction (dictionem (nom. dictio), "a saying, expression, word"), in its original, primary meaning, refers to the writer's or the speaker's distinctive vocabulary choices and style of expression in a poem or story.

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Dictionnaire philosophique

The Dictionnaire philosophique (Philosophical Dictionary) is an encyclopedic dictionary published by Voltaire in 1764.

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Dictum

In general usage, a dictum (from Latin, "something that has been said"; plural dicta) is an authoritative or dogmatic statement.

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Dictum de omni et nullo

In Aristotelean logic, dictum de omni et nullo (Latin: "the maxim of all and none") is the principle that whatever is affirmed or denied of a whole kind K may be affirmed or denied (respectively) of any subkind of K. This principle is fundamental to syllogistic logic in the sense that all valid syllogistic argument forms are reducible to applications of the two constituent principles dictum de omni and dictum de nullo.

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Didacticism

Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature and other types of art.

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Diderik Batens

Diderik Batens (born 15 November 1944), is a Belgian logician and epistemologist at the University of Ghent, known chiefly for his work on adaptive and paraconsistent logics.

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Die Anarchisten

Die Anarchisten: Kulturgemälde aus dem Ende des XIX Jahrhunderts (The Anarchists: A Picture of Civilization at the Close of the Nineteenth Century) is a book by anarchist writer John Henry Mackay published in German and English in 1891.

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Die Freien

Die Freien (The Free) was a 19th-century circle of political philosophers in Germany, gathering for informal discussion over a period of a few years.

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Die Freiheit (1918)

Die Freiheit ('Freedom') was a daily newspaper published from Berlin between 1918 and 1922 as well as between 1928 and 1931.

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Diego de Zúñiga

Diego de Zúñiga of Salamanca (sometimes Latinized as Didacus a Stunica) (1536–1597) was an Augustinian Hermit and academic.

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Dielo Truda

Workers' Cause (Russian: Дело Труда, Delo Truda) was an anarchist and platformist journal first published 1925 by a society called the Group of Russian Anarchists Abroad.

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Dieter Henrich

Dieter Henrich (born 5 January 1927) is a German philosopher.

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Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (4 February 1906 – 9 April 1945) was a German pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, and key founding member of the Confessing Church.

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Dietrich Tiedemann

Dietrich Tiedemann (3 April 1748, Bremervörde – 24 May 1803, Marburg) was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy born in Bremervörde.

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Dietrich von Hildebrand

Dietrich Richard Alfred von Hildebrand (12 October 1889 – 26 January 1977) was a German Roman Catholic philosopher and theologian.

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Différance

Différance is a French term coined by Jacques Derrida.

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Difference (philosophy)

Difference is a key concept of philosophy, denoting the process or set of properties by which one entity is distinguished from another within a relational field or a given conceptual system.

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Difference and Repetition

Difference and Repetition (Différence et Répétition) is a 1968 book by philosopher Gilles Deleuze, originally published in France.

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Differentia

In scholastic logic, differentia is one of the predicables.

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Differential and absolute ground rent

Differential ground rent and absolute ground rent are concepts used by Karl Marx in the third volume of Das Kapital to explain how the capitalist mode of production would operate in agricultural production, under the condition where most agricultural land was owned by a social class of land-owners who obtained rent income from those who farmed the land.

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Digital philosophy

Digital philosophy is a direction in philosophy and cosmology advocated by certain mathematicians and theoretical physicists, including: Edward Fredkin, Konrad Zuse, Stephen Wolfram, Rudy Rucker, Gregory Chaitin, and Seth Lloyd.

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Dignāga

Dignāga (a.k.a. Diṅnāga, c. 480 – c. 540 CE) was an Indian Buddhist scholar and one of the Buddhist founders of Indian logic (hetu vidyā).

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Dignitas (Roman concept)

Dignitas is a Latin word referring to a unique, intangible, and culturally subjective social concept in the ancient Roman mindset.

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Dignity

Dignity is the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically.

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DIKW pyramid

The DIKW pyramid, also known variously as the DIKW hierarchy, wisdom hierarchy, knowledge hierarchy, information hierarchy, and the data pyramid, refers loosely to a class of models for representing purported structural and/or functional relationships between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom.

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Dilemma

A dilemma (δίλημμα "double proposition") is a problem offering two unrelated possibilities, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable.

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Dimension

In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it.

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Diminished responsibility

In criminal law, diminished responsibility (or diminished capacity) is a potential defense by excuse by which defendants argue that although they broke the law, they should not be held fully criminally liable for doing so, as their mental functions were "diminished" or impaired.

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Diminished responsibility in English law

In English law, diminished responsibility is one of the partial defences that reduce the offence from murder to manslaughter if successful (termed "voluntary" manslaughter for these purposes).

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Dimiter Skordev

Dimiter Skordev (Димитър Скордев) (born 1936 in Sofia) is a professor in the Department of Mathematical Logic and Applications, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia.

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Dimitri Uznadze

Dimitri Uznadze (დიმიტრი უზნაძე; December 2, 1886 – October 9, 1950, Tbilisi) was a Georgian psychologist and professor of psychology, co-founder of the Tbilisi State University (TSU) and of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS).

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Dimitrie Cantemir

Dimitrie or Demetrius Cantemir (1673–1723), also known by other spellings, was a Moldavian soldier, statesman, and man of letters.

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Dimitrie Cuclin

Dimitrie Cuclin (– February 7, 1978) was a Romanian classical music composer, musicologist, philosopher, translator, and writer.

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Dimitrije Mitrinović

Dimitrije "Mita" Mitrinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Димитрије Мита Митриновић; 21 October 1887 – 28 August 1953) was a Serbian philosopher, poet, revolutionary, theoretician of modern painting, traveler and cosmopolitan.

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Dimitrios Roussopoulos

Dimitrios I. Roussopoulos (born 1936) is a political activist, ecologist, writer, editor, publisher, community organizer, and public speaker.

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Dimitris Dimitrakos

Dimitris Dimitrakos (Δημήτρης Δημητράκος; born 1936) is a Greek philosopher, currently Professor Emeritus of Political Philosophy in the Philosophy of Science Department of the University of Athens.

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Dio Chrysostom

Dio Chrysostom (Δίων Χρυσόστομος Dion Chrysostomos), Dion of Prusa or Dio Cocceianus (c. 40 – c. 115 CE), was a Greek orator, writer, philosopher and historian of the Roman Empire in the 1st century.

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Dio of Alexandria

Dio of Alexandria (Δίων) was an Academic philosopher and a friend of Antiochus of Ascalon who lived in the first century BC.

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Diocles of Cnidus

Diocles of Cnidus (Διοκλῆς) was a Platonic philosopher, who is mentioned as the author of Διατριβαί (Discussions) from which a fragment is quoted by Eusebius: Diocles of Cnidos asserts in his Diatribae, that through fear of the followers of Theodorus, and of the sophist Bion, who used to assail the philosophers, and shrank from no means of refuting them, Arcesilaus took precautions, in order to avoid trouble, by never appearing to suggest any dogma, but used to put forward the "suspense of judgement" as a protection, like the black juice which the cuttlefishes throw out.

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Diodorus Cronus

Diodorus Cronus (Διόδωρος Κρόνος; died c. 284 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected to the Megarian school.

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Diodorus of Adramyttium

Diodorus (Διόδωρος) of Adramyttium, a rhetorician and Academic philosopher.

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Diodorus of Aspendus

Diodorus of Aspendus (Διόδωρος ὁ Ἀσπένδιος) was a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived in the 4th century BC, and was an acquaintance of Stratonicus the musician.

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Diodorus of Tyre

Diodorus of Tyre (Διόδωρος), was a Peripatetic philosopher, and a disciple and follower of Critolaus, whom he succeeded as the head of the Peripatetic school at Athens c. 118 BC.

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Diodotus the Stoic

Diodotus (Διόδοτος; fl. 1st century BC) was a Stoic philosopher, and was a friend of Cicero.

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Diogenes

Diogenes (Διογένης, Diogenēs), also known as Diogenes the Cynic (Διογένης ὁ Κυνικός, Diogenēs ho Kunikos), was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy.

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Diogenes (journal)

Diogenes is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers four times a year in the field of philosophy and the humanities.

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Diogenes Allen

Diogenes Allen (October 17, 1932 – January 13, 2013) was an American philosopher and theologian who served as the Stuart Professor of Philosophy at Princeton Theological Seminary.

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Diogenes Laërtius

Diogenes Laërtius (Διογένης Λαέρτιος, Diogenēs Laertios) was a biographer of the Greek philosophers.

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Diogenes of Apollonia

Diogenes of Apollonia (Διογένης ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης; fl. 5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, and was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace.

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Diogenes of Babylon

Diogenes of Babylon (also known as Diogenes of Seleucia; Διογένης Βαβυλώνιος; Diogenes Babylonius; c. 230 – c. 150/140 BC) was a Stoic philosopher.

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Diogenes of Oenoanda

Diogenes of Oenoanda (Διογένης ὁ Οἰνοανδεύς) was an Epicurean Greek from the 2nd century AD who carved a summary of the philosophy of Epicurus onto a portico wall in the ancient Greek city of Oenoanda in Lycia (modern day southwest Turkey).

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Diogenes of Seleucia

Diogenes of Seleucia (Διογένης; fl. 2nd century BC) was an Epicurean philosopher, who has sometimes been confused with Diogenes of Babylon, who was also a native of Seleucia on the Tigris.

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Diogenes of Tarsus

Diogenes of Tarsus (Διογένης ὁ Ταρσεύς; fl. 2nd century BC) was an Epicurean philosopher, who is described by Strabo as a person clever in composing improvised tragedies.

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Dionysius of Chalcedon

Dionysius of Chalcedon (Διονύσιος; fl. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected with the Megarian school.

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Dionysius of Cyrene

Dionysius of Cyrene (Διονύσιος ὁ Κυρηναῖος), lived c. 150 BC, was a Stoic philosopher and mathematician.

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Dionysius of Lamptrai

Dionysius of Lamptrai (Διονύσιος; fl. 3rd century BC) was an Epicurean philosopher, who succeeded Polystratus as the head (scholarch) of the Epicurean school at Athens c. 219 BC.

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Dionysius the Renegade

Dionysius the Renegade (Διονύσιος ὁ Μεταθέμενος; c. 330 – c. 250), also known as Dionysius of Heraclea, was a Stoic philosopher and pupil of Zeno of Citium who, late in life, abandoned Stoicism when he became afflicted by terrible pain.

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Diotima of Mantinea

Diotima of Mantinea (Διοτίμα; Diotīma) was a philosopher and priestess circa 440 B.C.E. who plays an important role in Plato's Symposium.

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Diotimus the Stoic

Diotimus (Διότιμος) was a Stoic philosopher, who lived c. 100 BC.

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Dipolar theism

In process theology dipolar theism is the position that in order to conceive a perfect God, one must conceive Him as embodying the "good" in sometimes-opposing characteristics, and therefore cannot be understood to embody only one set of characteristics.

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Direct action

Direct action occurs when a group takes an action which is intended to reveal an existing problem, highlight an alternative, or demonstrate a possible solution to a social issue.

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Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla

Direct Action: Memoirs of an Urban Guerrilla is a book written by the Canadian anarchist Ann Hansen.

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Direct and indirect realism

The question of direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience;Lehar, Steve.

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Direct democracy

Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which people decide on policy initiatives directly.

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Direct experience

Direct experience or immediate experience generally denotes experience gained through immediate sense perception.

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Direct reference theory

A direct reference theory (also called referentialism or referential realism)Andrea Bianchi (2012) Two ways of being a (direct) referentialist, in Joseph Almog, Paolo Leonardi, Having in Mind: The Philosophy of Keith Donnellan, is a theory of language that claims that the meaning of a word or expression lies in what it points out in the world.

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Direct revelation

Direct revelation is a term used by some Christian churches to express their belief in a communication from God to a person, by words, impression, visions, dreams or actual appearance.

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Direction of fit

The technical term direction-of-fit is used to describe the distinctions that are offered by two related sets of opposing terms.

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Directoire style

Directoire style,, describes a period in the decorative arts, fashion, and especially furniture design, concurrent with the post-Revolution French Directory (November 2, 1795 through November 10, 1799).

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Direkte Aktion

The Direkte Aktion (German for Direct Action) is a German bimonthly newspaper by the anarcho-syndicalist Free Workers' Union.

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Dirk Verhofstadt

Dirk Verhofstadt (b. Dendermonde 1955) is a Belgian social liberal (Rawlsian) theorist and brother of former Belgian prime minister Guy Verhofstadt.

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Dirty hands

The problem of dirty hands concerns whether political leaders or other like actors can ever be justified in committing even gravely immoral actions when "dirtying their hands" in this way is necessary for realizing some important moral or political end, such as the preservation of a community's continued existence or the prevention of imminent societal catastrophe.

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Disbarment

Disbarment is the removal of a lawyer from a bar association or the practice of law, thus revoking his or her law license or admission to practice law.

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Disciples of Confucius

According to Sima Qian, Confucius said: "The disciples who received my instructions, and could themselves comprehend them, were seventy-seven individuals.

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Disciples of Plotinus

The following is a list of disciples of Plotinus.

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Disciplinary institution

Disciplinary institutions (French: institution disciplinaire) is a concept proposed by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish (1975).

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Discipline

Discipline is action or inaction that is regulated to be in accordance (or to achieve accord) with a system of governance.

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Discipline and Punish

Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison) is a 1975 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault.

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Discontinuity (Postmodernism)

For Michel Foucault (1926–84), discontinuity and continuity reflect the flow of history and the fact that some "things are no longer perceived, described, expressed, characterised, classified, and known in the same way" from one era to the next.

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Discordianism

Discordianism is a paradigm based upon the book Principia Discordia, written by Greg Hill with Kerry Wendell Thornley in 1963, the two working under the pseudonyms Malaclypse the Younger and Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst.

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Discourse

Discourse (from Latin discursus, "running to and from") denotes written and spoken communications.

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Discourse ethics

Discourse ethics refers to a type of argument that attempts to establish normative or ethical truths by examining the presuppositions of discourse.

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Discourse on Inequality

Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality Among Men (Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes), also commonly known as the "Second Discourse", is a work by philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

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Discourse on Metaphysics

The Discourse on Metaphysics (Discours de métaphysique, 1686) is a short treatise by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in which he develops a philosophy concerning physical substance, motion and resistance of bodies, and God's role within the universe.

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Discourse on the Method

The Discourse on the Method (Discours de la méthode) is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637.

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Discourses of Epictetus

The Discourses of Epictetus (Ἐπικτήτου διατριβαί, Epiktētou diatribai) are a series of extracts of the teachings of the Stoic philosopher Epictetus written down by Arrian c. 108 AD.

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Discovery (observation)

Discovery is the act of detecting something new, or something "old" that had been unrecognized as meaningful.

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Discrediting tactic

The expression discrediting tactics refers to personal attacks, for example in politics and in court cases.

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Discrete time and continuous time

In mathematics and in particular mathematical dynamics, discrete time and continuous time are two alternative frameworks within which to model variables that evolve over time.

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Discretion

Discretion has the meaning of acting on one's own authority and judgement.

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Discrimination

In human social affairs, discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person based on the group, class, or category to which the person is perceived to belong.

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Discursive dilemma

Discursive dilemma or doctrinal paradox is a paradox in social choice theory.

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Disgust

Disgust is an emotional response of revulsion to something considered offensive, distasteful, or unpleasant.

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Disjunction elimination

In propositional logic, disjunction elimination (sometimes named proof by cases, case analysis, or or elimination), is the valid argument form and rule of inference that allows one to eliminate a disjunctive statement from a logical proof.

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Disjunction introduction

Disjunction introduction or addition (also called or introduction) is a rule of inference of propositional logic and almost every other deduction system.

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Disjunctive normal form

In boolean logic, a disjunctive normal form (DNF) is a standardization (or normalization) of a logical formula which is a disjunction of conjunctive clauses; it can also be described as an OR of ANDs, a sum of products, or (in philosophical logic) a cluster concept.

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Disjunctive syllogism

In classical logic, disjunctive syllogism (historically known as modus tollendo ponens (MTP), Latin for "mode that affirms by denying") is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.

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Disjunctivism

Disjunctivism is a position in the philosophy of perception that rejects the existence of sense data in certain cases.

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Dispositif

Dispositif is a term used by the French intellectual Michel Foucault, generally to refer to the various institutional, physical, and administrative mechanisms and knowledge structures which enhance and maintain the exercise of power within the social body.

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Disposition

A disposition is a quality of character, a habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way that may be learned.

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Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit

Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit (1777) is a major work of metaphysics written by eighteenth-century British polymath Joseph Priestley and published by Joseph Johnson.

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Disquotational principle

The disquotational principle is a philosophical theorem which holds that a rational speaker will accept "p" if and only if he or she believes p. The quotes indicate that the statement p is being treated as a sentence, and not as a proposition.

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Dissent

Dissent is a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea (e.g., a government's policies) or an entity (e.g., an individual or political party which supports such policies).

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Dissoi logoi

Dissoi Logoi (Greek δισσοὶ λόγοι "contrasting arguments") is a rhetorical exercise of unknown authorship.

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Distancing effect

The distancing effect, more commonly known (earlier) by John Willett's 1964 translation as the alienation effect or (more recently) as the estrangement effect (Verfremdungseffekt), is a performing arts concept coined by playwright Bertolt Brecht.

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Distinction (philosophy)

Distinction, the fundamental philosophical abstraction, involves the recognition of difference.

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Distinction without a difference

A distinction without a difference is a type of logical fallacy where an author or speaker attempts to describe a distinction between two things where no discernible difference exists.

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Distribution of wealth

--> The distribution of wealth is a comparison of the wealth of various members or groups in a society.

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Distributism

Distributism is an economic ideology that developed in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo anno.

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Distributive justice

Distributive justice concerns the nature of a social justice allocation of goods.

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Divine apathy

Divine apathy is the doctrine that the divine nature is incapable of suffering, passivity or modification.

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Divine command theory

Divine command theory (also known as theological voluntarism) is a meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God.

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Divine grace

Divine grace is a theological term present in many religions.

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Divine providence

In theology, divine providence, or just providence, is God's intervention in the universe.

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Divine right of kings

The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.

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Divine simplicity

In theology, the doctrine of divine simplicity says that God is without parts.

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Divinity

In religion, divinity or godhead is the state of things that are believed to come from a supernatural power or deity, such as a god, supreme being, creator deity, or spirits, and are therefore regarded as sacred and holy.

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Divorce

Divorce, also known as dissolution of marriage, is the termination of a marriage or marital union, the canceling or reorganizing of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the bonds of matrimony between a married couple under the rule of law of the particular country or state.

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Divyadaan: Salesian Institute of Philosophy, Nashik

Divyadaan: Salesian Institute of Philosophy is a centre for philosophical studies at Don Bosco Marg, Nashik 422 005, India, offering bachelor's and master's degree courses in philosophy.

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DIY ethic

DIY ethic refers to the ethic of self-sufficiency through completing tasks without the aid of a paid expert.

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Djwal Khul

Djwal Khul (variously spelled 'Djwhal Khul', 'Djwal Kul', the 'Master D.K.', 'D.K.', or simply 'DK'), is believed by some Theosophists and others to be a Tibetan disciple in the tradition of ancient esoteric spirituality known as The Ageless Wisdom tradition.

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Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (retitled Blade Runner: Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? in some later printings) is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in 1968.

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Do it yourself

"Do it yourself" ("DIY") is the method of building, modifying, or repairing things without the direct aid of experts or professionals.

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Do not resuscitate

Do not resuscitate (DNR), also known as no code or allow natural death, is a legal order written either in the hospital or on a legal form to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), in respect of the wishes of a patient in case their heart were to stop or they were to stop breathing.

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Do-ol

Doh-ol is the pen name of the contemporary South Korean philosopher Young-Oak Kim (sometimes given as To-ol Kim Yong-ok).

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or Ph.D.; Latin Philosophiae doctor) is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most countries.

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Doctor–patient relationship

The doctor–patient relationship is a central part of health care and the practice of medicine.

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Doctrine of internal relations

The doctrine of internal relations is the philosophical doctrine that all relations are internal to their bearers, in the sense that they are essential to them and the bearers would not be what they are without them.

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Doctrine of the Mean

The Doctrine of the Mean or Zhongyong is both a doctrine of Confucianism and also the title of one of the Four Books of Confucian philosophy.

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Dogma

The term dogma is used in pejorative and non-pejorative senses.

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Dokkōdō

The "Dokkōdō" ("The Path of Aloneness", "The Way to Go Forth Alone", or "The Way of Walking Alone"), is a short work written by Miyamoto Musashi a week before he died in 1645.

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Dolf Sternberger

Dolf Sternberger (originally Adolf Sternberger; July 28, 1907, Wiesbaden – July 27, 1989, Frankfurt/Main) was a German philosopher and political scientist at the University of Heidelberg.

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Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen

Dölpopa Shérap Gyeltsen (1292–1361), known simply as Dölpopa, a Tibetan Buddhist master known as "The Buddha from Dölpo," a region in modern Nepal, who was the principal exponent of the shentong teachings, and an influential member of the Jonang tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.

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Domain of discourse

In the formal sciences, the domain of discourse, also called the universe of discourse, universal set, or simply universe, is the set of entities over which certain variables of interest in some formal treatment may range.

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Domenico Losurdo

Domenico Losurdo (14 November 1941 – 28 June 2018) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and historian.

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Dominance hierarchy

Dominance hierarchy is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of a social group interact, often aggressively, to create a ranking system.

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Dominant ideology

In Marxist philosophy, the term dominant ideology denotes the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.

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Dominate

The Dominate or late Roman Empire is the name sometimes given to the "despotic" later phase of imperial government, following the earlier period known as the "Principate", in the ancient Roman Empire.

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Dominator culture

Dominator culture refers to a model of society where fear and force maintain rigid understandings of power and superiority within a hierarchical structure.

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Domingo Báñez

Domingo Báñez (29 February 1528 in Valladolid – 22 October 1604 in Medina del Campo) was a Spanish Dominican and Scholastic theologian.

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Domingo de Soto

Domingo de Soto (1494 – November 15, 1560) was a Dominican priest and Scholastic theologian born in Segovia, Spain, and died in Salamanca at the age of 66.

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Dominicus Gundissalinus

Dominicus Gundissalinus, also known as Domingo Gundisalvi or Gundisalvo (1115 – post 1190), was a philosopher and translator of Arabic to Medieval Latin active in Toledo.

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Dominik Gross

Dominik Gross is a German bioethicist and historian of medicine.

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Dominik Perler

Dominik Perler (born 17 March 1965) is a Swiss philosopher.

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Dominion

Dominions were semi-independent polities under the British Crown, constituting the British Empire, beginning with Canadian Confederation in 1867.

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Dominique Lecourt

Dominique Lecourt (born 5 February 1944) is a French philosopher.

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Domninus of Larissa

Domninus of Larissa (Δομνῖνος) was an ancient Hellenistic Syrian mathematician.

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Don Ihde

Don Ihde (born 1934) is an American philosopher of science and technology, and a postphenomenologist.

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Don't be evil

"Don't be evil" was a motto used within Google's corporate code of conduct.

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Don't Just Vote, Get Active

Don't Just Vote, Get Active, also known as Don't Just (Not) Vote (DJV) was an open, decentralized national campaign in the United States of America initiated by the CrimethInc. Ex-Workers Collective and its allies.

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Don't-care term

In digital logic, a don't-care term for a function is an input-sequence (a series of bits) for which the function output does not matter.

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Donald A. Crosby

Donald Allen Crosby (born 7 April 1932) is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Colorado State University, since January 2000.

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Donald A. Gillies

Donald A. Gillies (born 1944) is a British philosopher and historian of science and mathematics.

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Donald A. Martin

Donald A. Martin (born December 24, 1940), also known as Tony Martin, is an American set theorist and philosopher of mathematics at UCLA, where he is a member of the faculty of mathematics and philosophy.

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Donald Burt

Donald X. Burt O.S.A., Ph.D. (born 1929), is a member of the Augustinian Order.

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Donald D. Evans

Donald Dwight Evans (September 21, 1927 – January 5, 2018) was a Canadian educator, psychotherapist and spiritual counsellor.

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Donald Davidson (philosopher)

Donald Herbert Davidson (March 6, 1917 – August 30, 2003) was an American philosopher.

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Donald Rooum

Donald Rooum (born 20 April 1928) is an English anarchist cartoonist and writer.

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Donald T. Campbell

Donald Thomas Campbell (November 20, 1916 – May 5, 1996) was an American social scientist.

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Donald West Harward

Donald West "Don" Harward is an American philosopher who served as the sixth President of Bates College from March 1989 to November 2002, where he was succeeded by the first female president, Elaine Tuttle Hansen.

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Dong Zhongshu

Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC) was a Han Dynasty Chinese scholar.

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Donkey sentence

Donkey sentences are sentences that contain a pronoun whose reference is clear to the reader (it is bound semantically) but whose syntactical role in the sentence poses challenges to grammarians.

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Donna Dickenson

Donna L. Dickenson (born 1946) is an American philosopher who specializes in medical ethics.

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Doomsday argument

The Doomsday argument (DA) is a probabilistic argument that claims to predict the number of future members of the human species given an estimate of the total number of humans born so far.

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Doomsday cult

Doomsday cult is an expression used to describe groups who believe in apocalypticism and millenarianism, and can refer both to groups that predict disaster, and to those that attempt to bring it about.

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Dora Marsden

Dora Marsden (5 March 1882 – 13 December 1960) was an English suffragette, editor of literary journals, and philosopher of language.

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Dorothy Day

Dorothy Day (November 8, 1897 – November 29, 1980) was an American journalist, social activist, and Catholic convert.

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Dorothy Edgington

Dorothy Margaret Doig Edgington FBA (née Milne, born 29 April 1941) is a philosopher active in metaphysics and philosophical logic.

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Dorothy Emmet

Dorothy Mary Emmet (29 September 1904 – 20 September 2000) was a British philosopher and head of Manchester University's philosophy department for over twenty years.

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Dorothy Maud Wrinch

Dorothy Maud Wrinch (12 September 1894 – 11 February 1976; married names Nicholson, Glaser) was a mathematician and biochemical theorist best known for her attempt to deduce protein structure using mathematical principles.

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Dos Fraye Vort

Dos Fraye Vort (The Free Word; also transliterated as Dos Freie Vort) was a short-lived Jewish anarchist newspaper from Liverpool in 1898 edited by Rudolf Rocker.

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Dositej Obradović

Dimitrije "Dositej" Obradović (Димитрије Обрадовић,; 17 February 1739 – 7 April 1811) was a Serbian writer, philosopher, dramatist, librettist, linguist, traveler, polyglot and the first minister of education of Serbia.

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Double consciousness

Double consciousness is a term describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.

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Double counting (fallacy)

Double counting is a fallacy in which, when counting events or occurrences in probability or in other areas, a solution counts events two or more times, resulting in an erroneous number of events or occurrences which is higher than the true result.

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Double negation

In propositional logic, double negation is the theorem that states that "If a statement is true, then it is not the case that the statement is not true." This is expressed by saying that a proposition A is logically equivalent to not (not-A), or by the formula A ≡ ~(~A) where the sign ≡ expresses logical equivalence and the sign ~ expresses negation.

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Double negative

A double negative is a grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence.

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Double truth

Double-truth theory is the view that religion and philosophy, as separate sources of knowledge, might arrive at contradictory truths without detriment to either.

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Double turnstile

In logic, the symbol ⊨, ⊧ or \models is called the double turnstile.

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Double-aspect theory

In the philosophy of mind, double-aspect theory is the view that the mental and the physical are two aspects of, or perspectives on, the same substance.

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Double-mindedness

Double-mindedness has been preached about in all churches since the time of Christ and the term was used in the Bible by the Apostle James.

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Doubt

Doubt is a mental state in which the mind remains suspended between two or more contradictory propositions, unable to assent to any of them.

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Doug Walton

Douglas Neil Walton (PhD University of Toronto, 1972) is a Canadian academic and author, known for his books and papers on argumentation, logical fallacies and informal logic.

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Douglas Harding

Douglas Edison Harding (12 February 1909 – 11 January 2007) was an English philosophical writer, mystic, spiritual teacher and author of a number of books, including On Having No Head, Zen and the Rediscovery of the Obvious.

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Douglas Hofstadter

Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15, 1945) is an American professor of cognitive science whose research focuses on the sense of self in relation to the external world, consciousness, analogy-making, artistic creation, literary translation, and discovery in mathematics and physics.

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Dov Gabbay

Dov M. Gabbay (born October 23, 1945) is a British logician.

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Down the River

Down the River is a book by Edward Abbey, published in 1982.

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Doxa

Doxa (ancient Greek δόξα; from verb δοκεῖν dokein, "to appear", "to seem", "to think" and "to accept") is a Greek word meaning common belief or popular opinion.

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Doxastic attitudes

A Doxastic attitude is an attitude pertaining to a belief.

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Doxastic logic

Doxastic logic is a type of logic concerned with reasoning about beliefs.

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Doxography

Doxography (δόξα - "an opinion", "a point of view" + γράφειν - "to write", "to describe") is a term used especially for the works of classical historians, describing the points of view of past philosophers and scientists.

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Dragoș Protopopescu

Dragoș Protopopescu (1892, Călăraşi – 1948) was a Romanian writer, poet, critic and philosopher.

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Dramatism

Dramatism, an interpretive communication studies theory, was developed by Kenneth Burke as a tool for analyzing human relationships.

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Dramatistic pentad

The dramatistic pentad forms the core structure of dramatism, a method for examining motivations that the renowned literary critic Kenneth Burke developed.

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Dravya

Dravya (द्रव्य) is a term used to refer to a substance.

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Dream

A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.

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Dream argument

The dream argument is the postulation that the act of dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses we trust to distinguish reality from illusion should not be fully trusted, and therefore, any state that is dependent on our senses should at the very least be carefully examined and rigorously tested to determine whether it is in fact reality.

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Drew Hyland

Drew Hyland (born February 9, 1939) is the Charles A. Dana Professor of Philosophy at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut.

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Drinker paradox

The drinker paradox (also known as the drinker's theorem, the drinker's principle, or the drinking principle) is a theorem of classical predicate logic which can be stated as "There is someone in the pub such that, if he is drinking, then everyone in the pub is drinking." It was popularised by the mathematical logician Raymond Smullyan, who called it the "drinking principle" in his 1978 book What Is the Name of this Book? The apparently paradoxical nature of the statement comes from the way it is usually stated in natural language.

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Dual consciousness

Dual consciousness is a theoretical concept in neuroscience.

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Dual loyalty (ethics)

In ethics, dual loyalty is loyalty to two separate interests that potentially entails a conflict of interest.

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Dual power (Russian Revolution)

"Dual Power" (r) was a term first used by Vladimir Lenin, which described a situation in the wake of the February Revolution in which two powers, the workers councils (or Soviets, particularly the Petrograd Soviet) and the official state apparatus of the Provisional Government coexisted with each other and competed for legitimacy.

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Dualistic cosmology

Dualism in cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other.

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Duality of structure

Duality of structure is one of Anthony Giddens' coined phrases and main propositions in his explanation of structuration theory.

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Dušan Pirjevec

Dušan Pirjevec, known by his nom de guerre Ahac (20 March 1921 – 4 August 1977), was a Slovenian resistance fighter, literary historian and philosopher.

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Duck test

The duck test is a form of abductive reasoning.

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Dudley Knowles

Dudley Knowles (1947, Lancashire – 26 October 2014) was a British political philosopher and professor at Glasgow University.

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Due process

Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.

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Dugald Macpherson

H.

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Dugald Stewart

Dugald Stewart (22 November 175311 June 1828) was a Scottish philosopher and mathematician.

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Duhem–Quine thesis

The Duhem–Quine thesis, also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine, is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses).

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Dukkha

Dukkha (Pāli; Sanskrit: duḥkha; Tibetan: སྡུག་བསྔལ་ sdug bsngal, pr. "duk-ngel") is an important Buddhist concept, commonly translated as "suffering", "pain", "unsatisfactoriness" or "stress".

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Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori

Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori is a line from the Roman lyrical poet Horace's ''Odes'' (III.2.13).

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Dumitru D. Roșca

Dumitru D. Roṣca (January 29, 1895 – August 25, 1980) was a Romanian philosopher, professor and member of the Romanian Academy.

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Duncan Kennedy (legal philosopher)

Duncan Kennedy (born 1942) is the Carter Professor of General Jurisprudence (Emeritus) at Harvard Law School.

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Duns Scotus

John Duns, commonly called Duns Scotus (1266 – 8 November 1308), is generally considered to be one of the three most important philosopher-theologians of the High Middle Ages (together with Thomas Aquinas and William of Ockham).

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Durandus of Saint-Pourçain

Durandus of Saint-Pourçain, also known as Durand of Saint-Pourçain (c. 1275 – 13 September 1332 / 10 September 1334), was a French Dominican, philosopher and theologian.

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Duration (philosophy)

Duration (French: la durée) is a theory of time and consciousness posited by the French philosopher Henri Bergson.

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Durruti Column

The Durruti Column (Spanish: Columna Durruti), with about 6,000 people, was the largest anarchist column (or military unit) formed during the Spanish Civil War.

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Dutch book

In gambling, a Dutch book or lock is a set of odds and bets which guarantees a profit, regardless of the outcome of the gamble.

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Duty

A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; deu, did, past participle of devoir; debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise.

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Duty of care

In tort law, a duty of care is a legal obligation which is imposed on an individual requiring adherence to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others.

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Duty of confidentiality

In common law jurisdictions, the duty of confidentiality obliges solicitors (or attorneys) to respect the confidentiality of their clients' affairs.

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Dvaita Vedanta

Dvaita Vedanta (द्वैत वेदान्त) is a sub-school in the Vedanta tradition of Hindu philosophy.

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Dwelling

In law, a dwelling (also residence, abode) is a self-contained unit of accommodation used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat, vehicle or other 'substantial' structure.

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Dwight H. Terry Lectureship

The Dwight H. Terry Lectureship, also known as the Terry Lectures, was established at Yale University in 1905 by a gift from Dwight H. Terry of Bridgeport, Connecticut.

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Dyad (Greek philosophy)

The Dyad is a title used by the Pythagoreans for the number two, representing the principle of "twoness" or "otherness".

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Dyadic

Dyadic may refer to.

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Dyck language

In the theory of formal languages of computer science, mathematics, and linguistics, a Dyck word is a balanced string of square brackets.

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Dyer Lum

Dyer Daniel Lum (1839 – April 6, 1893) was a 19th-century American anarchist, labor activist and poet.

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Dylan Evans

Dylan Evans (born August 18th, 1966) is a British academic and author who has written books on emotion and the placebo effect as well as the theories of Jacques Lacan.

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Dynamic logic (modal logic)

Dynamic logic is an extension of modal logic originally intended for reasoning about computer programs and later applied to more general complex behaviors arising in linguistics, philosophy, AI, and other fields.

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Dynamics of the celestial spheres

Ancient, medieval and Renaissance astronomers and philosophers developed many different theories about the dynamics of the celestial spheres.

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Dynamism (metaphysics)

Dynamism is a general name for a group of philosophical views concerning the nature of matter.

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Dysteleology

Dysteleology is the philosophical view that existence has no telos or final cause from purposeful design.

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Dystopia

A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- "bad" and τόπος "place"; alternatively, cacotopia,Cacotopia (from κακός kakos "bad") was the term used by Jeremy Bentham in his 19th century works kakotopia, or simply anti-utopia) is a community or society that is undesirable or frightening.

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Dzogchen

Dzogchen or "Great Perfection", Sanskrit: अतियोग, is a tradition of teachings in Tibetan Buddhism aimed at discovering and continuing in the natural primordial state of being.

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E. Antonio Romero

E.

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E. David Cook

Dr E. David Cook is a Fellow of Green College, Oxford and the first Holmes Professor of Faith and Learning at Wheaton College.

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E. I. Watkin

Edward Ingram Watkin (1888-1981) was an English writer.

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Early Islamic philosophy

Early Islamic philosophy or classical Islamic philosophy is a period of intense philosophical development beginning in the 2nd century AH of the Islamic calendar (early 9th century CE) and lasting until the 6th century AH (late 12th century CE).

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Early life of Plato

Plato (Πλάτων, Plátōn, "wide, broad-shouldered"; c. 428/427 – c. 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, the second of the trio of ancient Greeks including Socrates and Aristotle said to have laid the philosophical foundations of Western culture.

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Early modern philosophy

Early modern philosophy is a period in the history of philosophy at the beginning or overlapping with the period known as modern philosophy.

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Earth immune system

The Earth immune system is a controversial proposal, claimed to be a consequence of the Gaia hypothesis.

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Earth jurisprudence

Earth jurisprudence is a philosophy of law and human governance that is based on the idea that humans are only one part of a wider community of beings and that the welfare of each member of that community is dependent on the welfare of the Earth as a whole.

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Eastern Group of Painters

The Eastern Group of Painters was a Canadian artists collective founded in 1938 in Montreal, Quebec.

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Eastern philosophy

Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia including Chinese philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy which are dominant in East Asia and Vietnam, and Indian philosophy (including Buddhist philosophy) which are dominant in South Asia, Tibet and Southeast Asia.

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Eastern philosophy in clinical psychology

Eastern philosophy in clinical psychology refers to the influence of Eastern philosophies on the practice of clinical psychology based on the idea that East and West are false dichotomies.

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Ecce Homo (book)

Ecce Homo: How One Becomes What One Is (Ecce homo: Wie man wird, was man ist) is the last original book written by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche before his final years of insanity that lasted until his death in 1900.

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Echecrates

In ancient Greece, Echecrates (Ἐχεκράτης) was the name of the following men.

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Echographies of Television

Echographies of Television: Filmed Interviews (Échographies de la télévision.) is a book by Jacques Derrida and Bernard Stiegler.

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Eckart Schütrumpf

Eckart Schütrumpf (born 3 February 1939) is a professor of classics at the University of Colorado at Boulder known for his work on political, ethical, rhetorical and poetic issues in Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, and other ancient writers.

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Eclecticism

Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

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Eco-socialism

Eco-socialism, green socialism or socialist ecology is an ideology merging aspects of socialism with that of green politics, ecology and alter-globalization or anti-globalization.

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Ecocriticism

Ecocriticism is the study of literature and the environment from an interdisciplinary point of view, where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of nature.

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Ecofascism

Ecofascism is a pejorative term used by opponents of the environmental movement to accuse environmental activists of totalitarianism;Zimmerman, Michael E. (2008).

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Ecofeminism

The term Ecofeminism is used to describe a feminist approach to understanding ecology.

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Ecological fallacy

An ecological fallacy (or ecological inference fallacy) is a formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data where inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inference for the group to which those individuals belong.

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Ecology

Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.

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Ecology of contexts

The ecology of contexts is a term used in many disciplines and refers to the dynamic interplay of contexts and demands that constrain and define an entity.

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Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (also referred to as The Paris Manuscripts) are a series of notes written between April and August 1844 by Karl Marx.

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Economic determinism

Economic determinism is a socioeconomic theory that economic relationships (such as being an owner or capitalist, or being a worker or proletarian) are the foundation upon which all other social and political arrangements in society are based.

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Economic freedom

Economic freedom or economic liberty is the ability of people of a society to take economic actions.

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Economics (Aristotle)

The Economics (Οἰκονομικά; Oeconomica) is a work ascribed to Aristotle.

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Ecophagy

Ecophagy is a term coined by Robert Freitas that means the literal consumption of an ecosystem.

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Ecosharing

Ecosharing is an environmental ethic for people to live by: that their own impact on the Earth’s biosphere be limited to no more than their own fair ecoshare.

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Ecosophy

Ecosophy or ecophilosophy (a portmanteau of ecological philosophy) is a philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium.

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Ecphantus the Pythagorean

Ecphantus or Ecphantos (Ἔκφαντος) is a shadowy Greek pre-Socratic philosopher.

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Ecstasy (philosophy)

Ecstasy (from the Ancient Greek ἔκστασις ekstasis, "to be or stand outside oneself, a removal to elsewhere" from ek- "out," and stasis "a stand, or a standoff of forces") is a term used in Ancient Greek, Christian and Existential philosophy.

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Eddy Zemach

Eddy M. Zemach (born in Jerusalem) is Ahad Ha'am Professor Emeritus in the Department of Philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

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Edgar A. Singer Jr.

Edgar Arthur Singer Jr. (November 13, 1873 – April 4, 1954) was an American philosopher, professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and proponent of experimentalism.

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Edgar Bauer

Edgar Bauer (7 October 1820 – 18 August 1886) was a German political philosopher and a member of the Young Hegelians.

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Edgar Morin

Edgar Morin (born Edgar Nahoum on 8 July 1921) is a French philosopher and sociologist who has been internationally recognized for his work on complexity and "complex thought" (pensée complexe), and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse fields as media studies, politics, sociology, visual anthropology, ecology, education, and systems biology.

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Edgar S. Brightman

Edgar Sheffield Brightman (September 20, 1884 in Holbrook, Massachusetts – February 25, 1953 in Boston) was a philosopher and Christian theologian in the Methodist tradition, associated with Boston University and liberal theology, and promulgated the philosophy known as Boston personalism.

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Edgar Zilsel

Edgar Zilsel (August 11, 1891, Vienna, Austria-Hungary – March 11, 1944, Oakland, California) was an Austrian-American historian and philosopher of science.

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Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits

Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits, also Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits was published on March 13, 1847 by Søren Kierkegaard.

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Edith Stein

Edith Stein (religious name Teresa Benedicta a Cruce OCD; also known as St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross; 12 October 1891 – 9 August 1942), was a German Jewish philosopher who converted to Roman Catholicism and became a Discalced Carmelite nun.

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Edith Wyschogrod

Edith Wyschogrod (June 8, 1930"Edith Wyschogrod." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Accessed via Biography in Context database, 2016-10-04. – July 16, 2009) was an American Jewish philosopher.

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Edmund Bordeaux Szekely

Edmond Bordeaux Szekely (1905–1979) was a Hungarian philologist/linguist, philosopher, psychologist and natural living experimenter.

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Edmund Burke

Edmund Burke (12 January 17309 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman born in Dublin, as well as an author, orator, political theorist and philosopher, who after moving to London in 1750 served as a member of parliament (MP) between 1766 and 1794 in the House of Commons with the Whig Party.

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Edmund Gettier

Edmund L. Gettier III (born October 31, 1927) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Edmund Gurney

Edmund Gurney (23 March 1847 – 23 June 1888) was an English psychologist and parapsychologist.

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Edmund Husserl

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (or;; 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938) was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology.

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Edo Fimmen

Eduard Carl Fimmen (18 June 1881, Nieuwer-Amstel – 14 December 1942,Cuernavaca), also known as Edo Fimmen, was a Dutch trade unionist.

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Eduard Hanslick

Eduard Hanslick (11 September 18256 August 1904) was a German Bohemian music critic.

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Eduard Pons Prades

Eduard Pons Prades (December 19, 1920 – May 28, 2007), also known as Floreado Barsino, was a Spanish writer and historian, specializing in the 20th-century history of Spain.

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Eduard Spranger

Eduard Spranger (27 June 1882 – 17 September 1963) was a German philosopher and psychologist.

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Eduard Zeller

Eduard Gottlob Zeller (22 January 1814, Kleinbottwar – 19 March 1908, Stuttgart), was a German philosopher and Protestant theologian of the Tübingen School of theology.

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Eduardo Carrasco

Eduardo Guillermo Carrasco Pirard (born July 2, 1940 in Santiago) is a Chilean musician, university professor of philosophy, author, and one of the founders of the Chilean folk music group Quilapayún - and the group's musical director from 1969 to 1989.

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Eduardo Nicol

Eduardo Nicol (Barcelona, Spain 1907 - México 1990), Mexican-Spanish philosopher, arrived in Mexico in 1939, obtained his major in philosophy from UNAM, the biggest university in Mexico, where he taught from 1940.

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Eduardo Rabossi

Eduardo Rabossi (1930–2005) was an Argentine philosopher and human rights activist.

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Education

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

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Educational essentialism

Educational essentialism is an educational philosophy whose adherents believe that children should learn the traditional basic subjects thoroughly.

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Educational perennialism

Educational perennialism is a normative educational philosophy.

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Edvard Westermarck

Edvard Alexander Westermarck (20 November 1862 – 3 September 1939) was a Finnish philosopher and sociologist.

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Edward Abramowski

Edward Abramowski (17 August 1868 – 21 June 1918) was a Polish philosopher, libertarian socialist, anarchist, psychologist, ethician, and supporter of cooperatives.

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Edward Bullough

Edward Bullough (28 March 1880 – 17 September 1934) was an English aesthetician and scholar of modern languages, who worked at the University of Cambridge.

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Edward Caird

Edward Caird, FBA, FRSE (23 March 1835 – 1 November 1908) was a Scottish philosopher.

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Edward Dembowski

Edward Dembowski (25 April or 31 May 1822 – 27 February 1846) was a Polish philosopher, literary critic, journalist, and leftist independence activist.

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Edward Fredkin

Edward Fredkin (born 1934) is a distinguished career professor at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), Pennsylvania, and an early pioneer of Digital physics.

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Edward Grant

Edward Grant (born April 6, 1926) is an American historian of medieval science.

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Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury

Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury (or Chirbury) KB (3 March 1582 – 20 August 1648) was an Anglo-Welsh soldier, diplomat, historian, poet and religious philosopher of the Kingdom of England.

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Edward Jones-Imhotep

Edward Jones-Imhotep is a historian of technology, academic and currently an associate professor at York University.

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Edward N. Zalta

Edward N. Zalta (born March 16, 1952) is a senior research scholar at the Center for the Study of Language and Information.

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Edward Nelson

Edward Nelson (May 4, 1932 – September 10, 2014) was a professor in the Mathematics Department at Princeton University.

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Edward S. Reed

Edward S. Reed (November 20, 1954 – February 14, 1997) was a philosopher of science and an ecological psychologist in the vein of James J. Gibson.

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Edward Said

Edward Wadie Said (إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a professor of literature at Columbia University, a public intellectual, and a founder of the academic field of postcolonial studies.

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Edward Sapir

Edward Sapir (January 26, 1884 – February 4, 1939) was a German anthropologist-linguist, who is widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics.

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Edward Stachura

Edward Stachura (18 August 1937 – 24 July 1979) was a Polish poet and writer.

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Edwin Arthur Burtt

Edwin Arthur Burtt (October 11, 1892 – September 6, 1989), usually cited as E. A. Burtt, was an American philosopher who wrote extensively on the philosophy of religion.

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Edwin Holt

Edwin Bissell Holt (August 21, 1873 – January 25, 1946) was a professor of philosophy and psychology at Harvard from 1901–1918.

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Eero Loone

Eero Loone (born 26 May 1935 in Tartu) is an Estonian philosopher.

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Effective method

In logic, mathematics and computer science, especially metalogic and computability theory, an effective methodHunter, Geoffrey, Metalogic: An Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First-Order Logic, University of California Press, 1971 or effective procedure is a procedure for solving a problem from a specific class.

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Effort heuristic

The effort heuristic is a mental rule of thumb in which the quality or worth of an object is determined from the perceived amount of effort that went into producing that object.

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Efrydiau Athronyddol

Efrydiau Athronyddol (meaning 'philosophical studies') is a Welsh-language academic journal of philosophy published by University of Wales Press on behalf of the Philosophy Section of the Guild of Graduates of the University of Wales.

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Egalitarian community

Egalitarian communities are groups of people who have chosen to live together, with egalitarianism as one of their core values.

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Egalitarian dialogue

Egalitarian dialogue is a dialogue in which contributions are considered according to the validity of their reasoning, instead of according to the status or position of power of those who make them.

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Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism – or equalitarianism – is a school of thought that prioritizes equality for all people.

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Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays

Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays is a 1974 book by economist Murray Rothbard.

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Ego death

Ego death is a "complete loss of subjective self-identity".

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Egocentric bias

Egocentric bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on one's own perspective and/or have a higher opinion of oneself than reality.

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Egocentric predicament

Egocentric predicament, a term coined by Ralph Barton Perry in an article (Journal of Philosophy 1910), is the problem of not being able to view reality outside of our own perceptions.

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Egocentrism

Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between self and other.

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Egoism

Egoism is an ethical theory that treats self-interest as the foundation of morality.

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Egoist anarchism

Egoist anarchism is a school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner, a 19th century existentialist philosopher whose "name appears with familiar regularity in historically orientated surveys of anarchist thought as one of the earliest and best known exponents of individualist anarchism".

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Egon Bondy

Egon Bondy, born Zbyněk Fišer, (January 20, 1930 in Prague – April 9, 2007 in Bratislava) was a Czech philosopher, writer, and poet, one of the leading personalities of the Prague underground.

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Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus

Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (or Tschirnhausen,; 10 April 1651 – 11 October 1708) was a German mathematician, physicist, physician, and philosopher.

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Ehud Hrushovski

Ehud Hrushovski (אהוד הרושובסקי; born 1959) is a mathematical logician.

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Eidetic imagery

An eidetic image is a type of vivid mental image, not necessarily derived from an actual external event or memory.

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Eidetic reduction

Eidetic reduction is a technique in the study of essences in phenomenology whose goal is to identify the basic components of phenomena.

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Eight Honors and Eight Shames

The Eight honors and Eight Shames also known as the Eight honors and Disgraces, is a set of moral concepts developed by former General Secretary Hu Jintao for the citizens of the People's Republic of China.

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Eikasia

The term eikasía (εἰκασία), meaning imagination in Greek, was used by Plato to refer to a human way of dealing with appearances.

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Eino Kaila

Eino Sakari Kaila (August 9, 1890 – July 31, 1958) was a Finnish philosopher, critic and teacher.

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Either/Or

Either/Or (Danish: Enten – Eller) is the first published work of the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.

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Ekam

Ekam (Tamil: ஏகம், "the supreme oneness") is the term used in Akilathirattu Ammanai, the holy book of the religion of Ayyavazhi, to represent The Ultimate Oneness.

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Ekpyrosis

Ekpyrosis (ἐκπύρωσις ekpyrōsis, "conflagration") is a Stoic belief in the periodic destruction of the cosmos by a great conflagration every Great Year.

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El Sopar

El Sopar (Dinner) is a 1974 documentary film, in Catalan and Spanish, by experimental filmmaker Pere Portabella.

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El Túnel

The Tunnel (El túnel) is a dark, psychological novel written by Argentine writer Ernesto Sabato about a deranged porteño painter, Juan Pablo Castel, and his obsession with a woman.

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Elaine Scarry

Elaine Scarry (born June 30, 1946) is an American essayist and professor of English and American Literature and Language.

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Elbert Hubbard

Elbert Green Hubbard (June 19, 1856 – May 7, 1915) was an American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher.

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Elbow Room (book)

Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting is a 1984 book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett, in which Dennett discusses the philosophical issues of free will and determinism.

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Eleatics

The Eleatics were a pre-Socratic school of philosophy founded by Parmenides in the early fifth century BC in the ancient town of Elea.

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Election

An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.

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Election promise

An election promise or campaign promise is a promise or guarantee made to the public by a candidate or political party that are trying to win an election.

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Elective rights

Two central issues for democracies are the right to candidate, and suffrage or the franchise—that is, the decision as to who is entitled to vote.

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Electromagnetic theories of consciousness

The electromagnetic theories of consciousness propose that consciousness can be understood as an electromagnetic phenomenon.

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Elegance

Elegance is beauty that shows unusual effectiveness and simplicity.

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Elementary equivalence

In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, two structures M and N of the same signature σ are called elementarily equivalent if they satisfy the same first-order σ-sentences.

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Elements of the Philosophy of Newton

Elements of the Philosophy of Newton (Éléments de la philosophie de Newton) is a book written by the philosopher Voltaire in 1738 that helped to popularize the theories and thought of Isaac Newton.

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Elements of the Philosophy of Right

Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) is a work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel published in 1820, though the book's original title page dates it to 1821.

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Eleutherius Winance

Eleutherius Winance (10 July 1909 – 15 August 2009) was a Belgian-born Benedictine monk and philosophy professor.

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Eli Siegel

Eli Siegel (August 16, 1902 – November 8, 1978) was the poet, critic, and educator who founded Aesthetic Realism, the philosophy that sees reality as the aesthetic oneness of opposites.

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Elia del Medigo

Elia del Medigo, also called Elijah Delmedigo or Elias ben Moise del Medigo and sometimes known to his contemporaries as Helias Hebreus Cretensis or in Hebrew Elijah Mi-Qandia (c. 1458 – c. 1493).

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Elias (Greek scholar)

Elias (Ἠλίας; fl. 6th century) was a Greek scholar and a commentator on Aristotle and Porphyry.

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Elias Alsabti

Elias Alsabti (Elias A. K. Alsabti) was an Iraqi medical researcher who was exposed for scientific fraud.

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Elijah ben Joseph Chabillo

Eli (or Elijah) ben Joseph Chabillo (or Habillo) was a Spanish philosopher who lived in Monzón, Aragon, in the second half of the fifteenth century.

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Elijah Millgram

Elijah "Lije" Millgram is an American philosopher.

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Eliminative materialism

Eliminative materialism (also called eliminativism) is the claim that people's common-sense understanding of the mind (or folk psychology) is false and that certain classes of mental states that most people believe in do not exist.

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Eliot Deutsch

Eliot Deutsch (born January 8, 1931) is a philosopher, teacher, and writer.

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Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim

Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim (born 14 October 1946 in Freiburg), is a German sociologist.

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Elisabeth Lloyd

Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (born September 3, 1956) is an American philosopher of biology.

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Elisabeth of the Palatinate

Elisabeth of the Palatinate (26 December 1618 – 11 February 1680), also known as Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate, or Princess-Abbess of Herford Abbey, was the eldest daughter of Frederick V, Elector Palatine (who was briefly King of Bohemia), and Elizabeth Stuart.

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Elisionism

Elisionism is a philosophical standpoint encompassing various social theories.

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Elitism

Elitism is the belief or attitude that individuals who form an elite — a select group of people with a certain ancestry, intrinsic quality, high intellect, wealth, special skills, or experience — are more likely to be constructive to society as a whole, and therefore deserve influence or authority greater than that of others.

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ELIZA effect

The ELIZA effect, in computer science, is the tendency to unconsciously assume computer behaviors are analogous to human behaviors, that is anthropomorphisation.

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Elizabeth Burns

Elizabeth Burns was Dean of Undergraduate Studies at Heythrop College, University of London from 2003–2008 and lectures in Philosophy of Religion.

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Elizabeth Grosz

Elizabeth Grosz is a feminist theorist working in the US.

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Elliot N. Dorff

Elliot N. Dorff (born 24 June 1943) is an American Conservative rabbi.

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Elliott Sober

Elliott Sober (born 6 June 1948, Baltimore) is Hans Reichenbach Professor and William F. Vilas Research Professor in the Department of Philosophy at University of Wisconsin–Madison.

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Ellipsis

An ellipsis (plural ellipses; from the ἔλλειψις, élleipsis, 'omission' or 'falling short') is a series of dots (typically three, such as "…") that usually indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning.

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Ellopion of Peparethus

Ellopion of Peparethus (fl. 4th century BCE) was a Socratic philosopher, who is mentioned only by Plutarch.

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Elme Marie Caro

Elme Marie Caro (4 March 1826, Poitiers, Vienne – 13 July 1887, Paris) was a French philosopher.

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Elmer Sprague

Elmer Sprague is professor emeritus at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, where he taught philosophy for 44 years.

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Emanationism

Emanationism is an idea in the cosmology or cosmogony of certain religious or philosophical systems.

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Emanuel Lasker

Emanuel Lasker (December 24, 1868 – January 11, 1941) was a German chess player, mathematician, and philosopher who was World Chess Champion for 27 years (from 1894 to 1921).

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Emanuel Mendez da Costa

Emanuel Mendez da Costa (June 5, 1717 – May 31, 1791) was an English botanist, naturalist, philosopher, and collector of valuable notes and of manuscripts, and of anecdotes of the literati.

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Emanuel Rádl

Emanuel Rádl (December 21, 1873 – May 12, 1942) was an original Czech biologist, historian of science, philosopher and a critical supporter of Masaryk´s pre-war democratic Czechoslovakia.

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Emanuel Swedenborg

Emanuel Swedenborg ((born Emanuel Swedberg; 29 January 1688 – 29 March 1772) was a Swedish Lutheran theologian, scientist, philosopher, revelator and mystic who inspired Swedenborgianism. He is best known for his book on the afterlife, Heaven and Hell (1758). Swedenborg had a prolific career as an inventor and scientist. In 1741, at 53, he entered into a spiritual phase in which he began to experience dreams and visions, beginning on Easter Weekend, on 6 April 1744. It culminated in a 'spiritual awakening' in which he received a revelation that he was appointed by the Lord Jesus Christ to write The Heavenly Doctrine to reform Christianity. According to The Heavenly Doctrine, the Lord had opened Swedenborg's spiritual eyes so that from then on, he could freely visit heaven and hell and talk with angels, demons and other spirits and the Last Judgment had already occurred the year before, in 1757. For the last 28 years of his life, Swedenborg wrote 18 published theological works—and several more that were unpublished. He termed himself a "Servant of the Lord Jesus Christ" in True Christian Religion, which he published himself. Some followers of The Heavenly Doctrine believe that of his theological works, only those that were published by Swedenborg himself are fully divinely inspired.

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Emanuele Severino

Emanuele Severino (February 26, 1929 in Brescia, Italy) is a contemporary Italian philosopher.

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Embodied cognition

Embodied cognition is the theory that many features of cognition, whether human or otherwise, are shaped by aspects of the entire body of the organism.

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Emer de Vattel

Emer (Emmerich) de Vattel (25 April 1714 – 28 December 1767) was an international lawyer.

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Emergence

In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.

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Emergent materialism

In the philosophy of mind, emergent (or emergentist) materialism is a theory which asserts that the mind is an irreducible existent in some sense, albeit not in the sense of being an ontological simple, and that the study of mental phenomena is independent of other sciences.

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Emergentism

In philosophy, emergentism is the belief in emergence, particularly as it involves consciousness and the philosophy of mind, and as it contrasts (or not) with reductionism.

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Emic and etic

In anthropology, folkloristics, and the social and behavioral sciences, emic and etic refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained: emic, from within the social group (from the perspective of the subject) and etic, from outside (from the perspective of the observer).

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Emil Abderhalden

Emil Abderhalden (March 9, 1877 – August 5, 1950) was a Swiss biochemist and physiologist.

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Emil Brunner

Heinrich Emil Brunner (born December 23, 1889 in Winterthur, Switzerland; died April 6, 1966 in Zurich, Switzerland) was a Swiss Protestant (Reformed) theologian.

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Emil Cioran

Emil Cioran (8 April 1911 – 20 June 1995) was a Romanian philosopher and essayist, who published works in both Romanian and French.

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Emil du Bois-Reymond

Prof.

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Emil Fackenheim

Emil Ludwig Fackenheim (22 June 1916 – 18 September 2003) was a noted Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi.

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Emil Lask

Emil Lask (September 25, 1875 – May 26, 1915) was German philosopher.

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Emil Leon Post

Emil Leon Post (February 11, 1897 – April 21, 1954) was an American mathematician and logician.

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Emile, or On Education

Emile, or On Education or Émile, or Treatise on Education (Émile, ou De l’éducation) is a treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered it to be the "best and most important" of all his writings.

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Emilio Betti

Emilio Betti (Camerino, 20 August 1890 – Camorciano di Camerino, 11 August 1968) was an Italian jurist, Roman Law scholar, philosopher and theologian.

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Emilio Oribe

Emilio Oribe (Melo, 1893 - Montevideo, 1975), was a Uruguayan poet, essayist, philosopher, and doctor.

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Emma (play)

Emma (or Emma: A Play in Two Acts about Emma Goldman, American Anarchist, its full title) is a play by historian and playwright Howard Zinn (1922–2010).

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Emma Goldman

Emma Goldman (1869May 14, 1940) was an anarchist political activist and writer.

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Emma Goldman: The Anarchist Guest

Emma Goldman: The Anarchist Guest is a documentary about Emma Goldman that was released in 2000.

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Emmanouil Dadaoglou

Emmanouil Dadaoglou (died 1870) was a Greek anarchist and a central figure in the early era of Greek anarchism.

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Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze

Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (18 January 196330 December 2007) was a Nigerian-born American philosopher.

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Emmanuel Levinas

Emmanuel Levinas (12 January 1906 – 25 December 1995) was a French philosopher of Lithuanian Jewish ancestry who is known for his work related to Jewish philosophy, existentialism, ethics, phenomenology and ontology.

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Emmanuel Mounier

Emmanuel Mounier (1 May 1905 – 22 March 1950) was a French philosopher, theologian, teacher and essayist.

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Emotion

Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.

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Emotional reasoning

Emotional reasoning is a cognitive process by which a person concludes that his/her emotional reaction proves something is true, regardless of the observed evidence.

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Emotions in decision-making

One way of thinking holds that the mental process of decision-making is (or should be) rational: a formal process based on optimizing utility.

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Emotive conjugation

In rhetoric, emotive or emotional conjugation mimics the form of a grammatical conjugation of an irregular verb to illustrate humans' tendency to describe their own behavior more charitably than the behavior of others.

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Emotivism

Emotivism is a meta-ethical view that claims that ethical sentences do not express propositions but emotional attitudes.

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Empathy

Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, i.e., the capacity to place oneself in another's position.

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Empedocles

Empedocles (Ἐμπεδοκλῆς, Empedoklēs) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily.

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Empire style

The Empire style (style Empire) is an early-nineteenth-century design movement in architecture, furniture, other decorative arts, and the visual arts, representing the second phase of Neoclassicism.

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Empirical evidence

Empirical evidence, also known as sensory experience, is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.

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Empirical limits in science

In philosophy of science, the empirical limits of science define problems with observation, and thus are limits of human ability to inquire and answer questions about phenomena.

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Empirical probability

The empirical probability, relative frequency, or experimental probability of an event is the ratio of the number of outcomes in which a specified event occurs to the total number of trials, not in a theoretical sample space but in an actual experiment.

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Empirical relationship

In science, an empirical relationship or phenomenological relationship is a relationship or correlation that is supported by experiment and observation but not necessarily supported by theory.

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Empirical research

Empirical research is research using empirical evidence.

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Empiricism

In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.

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Emptiness

Emptiness as a human condition is a sense of generalized boredom, social alienation and apathy.

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Empty name

In the philosophy of language, an empty name is a proper name that has no referent.

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Empty set

In mathematics, and more specifically set theory, the empty set or null set is the unique set having no elements; its size or cardinality (count of elements in a set) is zero.

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Empty string

In formal language theory, the empty string, or empty word is the unique string of length zero.

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Enactivism

Enactivism argues that cognition arises through a dynamic interaction between an acting organism and its environment.

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Enchin

(814–891) was a Japanese Buddhist monk who founded of the Jimon school of Tendai Buddhism and Chief Abbot of Mii-dera at the foot of Mount Hiei.

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Enchiridion of Epictetus

The Enchiridion or Handbook of Epictetus (Ἐγχειρίδιον Ἐπικτήτου, Enkheirídion Epiktḗtou) (enchiridion is Greek for "that which is held in the hand") is a short manual of Stoic ethical advice compiled by Arrian, a 2nd-century disciple of the Greek philosopher Epictetus.

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Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline.

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Encyclopedia of Ethics

The Encyclopedia of Ethics is a scholarly work with the original focus on ethical theory.

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Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Encyclopedia of Philosophy is one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy.

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Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity

The Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (رسائل إخوان الصفا) also variously known as the Epistles of the Brethren of Sincerity, Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Epistles of the Brethren of Purity and Loyal Friends was a large encyclopedia"The work only professes to be an epitome, an outline; its authors lay claim to no originality, they only summarize what others have thought and discovered.

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Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences

The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (abbreviated as EPS or simply Encyclopaedia; Enzyklopädie der philosophischen Wissenschaften im Grundrisse, EPW, translated as Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline) by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (first published in 1817, second edition 1827, third edition 1830), is a work that presents an abbreviated version of Hegel's systematic philosophy in its entirety, and is the only form in which Hegel ever published his entire mature philosophical system.

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End term

The end terms in a categorical syllogism are the major term and the minor term (not the middle term).

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End Time (novel)

End Time: Notes on the Apocalypse is a 1996 science fiction novel by G.A. Matiasz, set in the year of 2007.

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End-of-life care

End-of-life care (or EoLC) refers to health care, not only of a person in the final hours or days of their lives, but more broadly care of all those with a terminal condition that has become advanced, progressive, and incurable.

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Endgame (Derrick Jensen books)

Endgame is a two-volume work by Derrick Jensen, published in 2006, which argues that civilization is inherently unsustainable and addresses the resulting question of what to do about it.

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Ending Aging

Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime is a 2007 book written by Aubrey de Grey, a biomedical gerontologist, with his research assistant Michael Rae.

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Endowment (philosophy)

Endowment (in philosophy) refers to the innate capacities of an individual, group, or institution.

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Endowment effect

In psychology and behavioral economics, the endowment effect (also known as divestiture aversion and related to the mere ownership effect in social psychology) is the hypothesis that people ascribe more value to things merely because they own them.

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Endoxa

Endoxa (ἔνδοξα) derives from the word doxa (δόξα, meaning "beliefs", "opinions").

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Endurance

Endurance (also related to sufferance, resilience, constitution, fortitude, and hardiness) is the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to trauma, wounds, or fatigue.

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Endurantism

Endurantism or endurance theory is a philosophical theory of persistence and identity.

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Energeticism

Energeticism is the physical view that energy is the fundamental element in all physical change.

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Energy

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object.

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Enforcement

Enforcement is the process of ensuring compliance with laws, regulations, rules, standards, or social norms.

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Engineered language

Engineered languages (often abbreviated to engelangs, or, less commonly, engilangs) are constructed languages devised to test or prove some hypotheses about how languages work or might work.

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Engineering ethics

Engineering ethics is the field of applied ethics and system of moral principles that apply to the practice of engineering.

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England, England

England, England is a satirical postmodern novel by Julian Barnes, published and shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1998.

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English, August

English, August: An Indian Story is a novel by Indian author Upamanyu Chatterjee written in English, first published in 1988.

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Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment.

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Enlightened self-interest

Enlightened self-interest is a philosophy in ethics which states that persons who act to further the interests of others (or the interests of the group or groups to which they belong), ultimately serve their own self-interest.

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Enlightenment (spiritual)

Enlightenment is the "full comprehension of a situation".

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Ennin

, who is better known in Japan by his posthumous name, Jikaku Daishi (慈覺大師), was a priest of the Tendai school of Buddhism in Japan, and its third.

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Enrico Ferri

Enrico Ferri (25 February 1856 – 12 April 1929) was an Italian criminologist, socialist and student of Cesare Lombroso, the founder of the Italian school of criminology.

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Enrique Dussel

Enrique Domingo Dussel Ambrosini (born December 24, 1934) is an Argentine and Mexican academic, philosopher, historian, and theologian.

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Enrique Flores Magón

Enrique Flores Magón (13 April 1877 – 28 October 1954) was a Mexican journalist and politician, associated with the Mexican Liberal Party and anarchism.

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Enrique González Rojo Jr.

Enrique González Rojo in fact Enrique González Arthur (b. Mexico City, October 5, 1928), is a Mexican writer, philosopher and teacher.

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Enron Code of Ethics

The Enron Code of Ethics was a 64-page booklet published by Enron Corporation, the last known edition of which was in July 2000.

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Enthusiasm

Enthusiasm is intense enjoyment, interest, or approval.

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Enthymeme

An enthymeme (ἐνθύμημα, enthumēma) is a rhetorical syllogism (a three-part deductive argument) used in oratorical practice.

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Entitative graph

An entitative graph is an element of the diagrammatic syntax for logic that Charles Sanders Peirce developed under the name of qualitative logic beginning in the 1880s, taking the coverage of the formalism only as far as the propositional or sentential aspects of logic are concerned.

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Entity

An entity is something that exists as itself, as a subject or as an object, actually or potentially, concretely or abstractly, physically or not.

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Entity realism

Entity realism (also selective realism), sometimes equated with referential realism, is a philosophical position within the debate about scientific realism.

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Entropy (classical thermodynamics)

Entropy is a property of thermodynamical systems.

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Entscheidungsproblem

In mathematics and computer science, the Entscheidungsproblem (German for "decision problem") is a challenge posed by David Hilbert in 1928.

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Enumerative definition

An enumerative definition of a concept or term is a special type of extensional definition that gives an explicit and exhaustive listing of all the objects that fall under the concept or term in question.

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Enumerative induction

Enumerative induction or, as the basic form of inductive inference, simply induction, reasons from particular instances to all instances, thus an unrestricted generalization.

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Environmental determinism

Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular development trajectories.

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Environmental ethics

Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world.

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Environmental philosophy

Environmental philosophy is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the natural environment and humans' place within it.

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Environmental virtue ethics

Environmental virtue ethics (EVE) is, as the name suggests, a way of approaching environmental ethics through the lens of virtue ethics.

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Environmentalism

Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the impact of changes to the environment on humans, animals, plants and non-living matter.

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Envy

Envy (from Latin invidia) is an emotion which "occurs when a person lacks another's superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it".

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Eo ipso

Eo ipso means "by (or from) the thing itself" in Latin and is similar to the sense expressed by the English idioms, "by the same token", "of itself", or "on its own account".

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Ephesian school

Ephesian school sometimes refers to the philosophical thought of the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus, who considered that the being of all the universe is fire.

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Epic and Novel

Epic and Novel: Towards a Methodology for the Study of the Novel is a 1941 essay that compares the novel to the epic; it was written by Mikhail Bakhtin, one of the major literary theorists of the twentieth century.

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Epicharmus of Kos

Epicharmus of Kos or Epicharmus Comicus or Epicharmus Comicus Syracusanus (Ἐπίχαρμος ὁ Κῷος), thought to have lived between c. 550 and c. 460 BC, was a Greek dramatist and philosopher who is often credited with being one of the first comic writers, having originated the Doric or Sicilian comedic form.

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Epictetus

Epictetus (Ἐπίκτητος, Epíktētos; 55 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher.

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Epicureanism

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus, founded around 307 BC.

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Epicurus

Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος, Epíkouros, "ally, comrade"; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded a school of philosophy now called Epicureanism.

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Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence.

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Epilogism

Epilogism is a style of Inference invented by the ancient Empiric school of medicine.

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Epimenides

Epimenides of Cnossos (Ἐπιμενίδης) was a semi-mythical 7th or 6th century BC Greek seer and philosopher-poet.

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Epimenides paradox

The Epimenides paradox reveals a problem with self-reference in logic.

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Epinomis

The Epinomis (Greek: Ἐπινομίς) is a dialogue attributed to Plato.

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Epiphenomenalism

Epiphenomenalism is a mind–body philosophy marked by the belief that basic physical events (sense organs, neural impulses, and muscle contractions) are causal with respect to mental events (thought, consciousness, and cognition).

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Epiphenomenon

An epiphenomenon (plural: epiphenomena) is a secondary phenomenon that occurs alongside or in parallel to a primary phenomenon.

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Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War

Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War, also titled Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, is an autobiographical book by Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara about his experiences during the Cuban Revolution (1956–1958) to overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista.

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Episteme

"Episteme" is a philosophical term derived from the Ancient Greek word ἐπιστήμη epistēmē, which can refer to knowledge, science or understanding, and which comes from the verb ἐπίστασθαι, meaning "to know, to understand, or to be acquainted with".

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Epistemic closure

Epistemic closure is a property of some belief systems.

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Epistemic commitment

Epistemic commitment is an obligation, which may be withdrawn only under appropriate circumstances, to uphold the factual truth of a given proposition, and to provide reasons for one's belief in that proposition.

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Epistemic community

An epistemic community is a transnational network of knowledge-based experts who help decision-makers to define the problems they face, identify various policy solutions and assess the policy outcomes.

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Epistemic conservatism

Epistemic conservatism is a view in epistemology about the structure of reasons or justification for belief.

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Epistemic minimalism

Epistemic minimalism is the epistemological thesis that mere true belief is sufficient for knowledge.

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Epistemic modal logic

Epistemic modal logic is a subfield of modal logic that is concerned with reasoning about knowledge.

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Epistemic modality

Epistemic modality is a sub-type of linguistic modality that deals with a speaker's evaluation/judgment of, degree of confidence in, or belief of the knowledge upon which a proposition is based.

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Epistemic possibility

In philosophy and modal logic, epistemic possibility relates a statement under consideration to the current state of our knowledge about the actual world: a statement is said to be.

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Epistemic theories of truth

In philosophy, epistemic theories of truth are attempts to analyze the notion of truth in terms of epistemic notions such as knowledge, belief, acceptance, verification, justification, and perspective.

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Epistemic theory of miracles

The epistemic theory of miracles is the name given by the philosopher William Vallicella to the theory of miraculous events given by St. Augustine and Baruch Spinoza.

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Epistemic virtue

The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to the intellectual virtue or vice of one's own life and personal experiences.

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Epistemicism

Epistemicism is a position about vagueness in the philosophy of language or metaphysics, according to which there are facts about the boundaries of a vague predicate which we cannot possibly discover.

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Epistemics

Epistemics is a term coined in 1969 by Edinburgh University with the foundation of its School of Epistemics.

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Epistemocracy

The term epistemocracy has many conflicting uses, generally designating someone of rank having some epistemic property or other.

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Epistemological anarchism

Epistemological anarchism is an epistemological theory advanced by Austrian philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend which holds that there are no useful and exception-free methodological rules governing the progress of science or the growth of knowledge.

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Epistemological idealism

Epistemological idealism is a subjectivist position in epistemology that holds that what one knows about an object exists only in one's mind.

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Epistemological particularism

Epistemological particularism is the belief that one can know something without knowing how one knows that thing.

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Epistemological pluralism

Epistemological pluralism is a term used in philosophy, economics, and virtually any field of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological methodologies for attaining a fuller description of a particular field.

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Epistemological realism

Epistemological realism is a philosophical position, a subcategory of objectivism, holding that what you know about an object exists independently of your mind.

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Epistemological rupture

Epistemological rupture (epistemological break or epistemological obstacle; obstacle épistémologique, rupture épistémologique), is a notion introduced in 1938 by French philosopher Gaston Bachelard, and later used by Louis Althusser.

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Epistemological solipsism

Epistemological solipsism is the view that one can only be sure of the existence of ones mind.

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Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.

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Epistle to Yemen

The Epistle to Yemen or Yemen Letter (Hebrew: אגרת תימן Iggeret Teman) was an important communication written by Maimonides and sent to the Yemenite Jews.

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Epistles (Plato)

The Epistles (Greek: Ἐπιστολαί; Latin: Epistolae) of Plato are a series of thirteen letters traditionally included in the Platonic corpus.

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Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

The Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Latin for "Moral Letters to Lucilius"), also known as the Moral Epistles, is a collection of 124 letters which were written by Seneca the Younger at the end of his life, during his retirement, and written after he had worked for the Emperor Nero for fifteen years.

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Epoché

Epoché (ἐποχή epokhē, "suspension") is an ancient Greek term typically translated as "suspension of judgment" but also as "withholding of assent".

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Epsilon

Epsilon (uppercase Ε, lowercase ε or lunate ϵ; έψιλον) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid<!-- not close-mid, see Arvanti (1999) - Illustrations of the IPA: Modern Greek. --> front unrounded vowel.

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Epsilon calculus

Hilbert's epsilon calculus is an extension of a formal language by the epsilon operator, where the epsilon operator substitutes for quantifiers in that language as a method leading to a proof of consistency for the extended formal language.

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Equal consideration of interests

"Equal consideration of interests" is a moral principle that states that one should both include all affected interests when calculating the rightness of an action and weigh those interests equally.

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Equal opportunity

Equal opportunity arises from the similar treatment of all people, unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified.

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Equality of sacrifice

Equality of sacrifice is a term used in political theory and political philosophy to refer to the perceived fairness of a coercive policy.

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Equinumerosity

In mathematics, two sets or classes A and B are equinumerous if there exists a one-to-one correspondence (a bijection) between them, i.e. if there exists a function from A to B such that for every element y of B there is exactly one element x of A with f(x).

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Equipossibility

Equipossibility is a philosophical concept in possibility theory that is a precursor to the notion of equiprobability in probability theory.

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Equiprobability

Equiprobability is a property for a collection of events that each have the same probability of occurring.

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Equisatisfiability

In logic, two formulae are equisatisfiable if the first formula is satisfiable whenever the second is and vice versa; in other words, either both formulae are satisfiable or both are not.

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Equity

Equity may refer to.

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Equity (economics)

Equity or economic equality is the concept or idea of fairness in economics, particularly in regard to taxation or welfare economics.

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Equivalence

#Equivalence is the condition of being equivalent or essentially equal, while.

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Equivalence class

In mathematics, when the elements of some set S have a notion of equivalence (formalized as an equivalence relation) defined on them, then one may naturally split the set S into equivalence classes.

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Equivalence relation

In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

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Equivocation

In logic, equivocation ('calling two different things by the same name') is an informal fallacy resulting from the use of a particular word/expression in multiple senses throughout an argument leading to a false conclusion.

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Eranos

Eranos is an intellectual discussion group dedicated to humanistic and religious studies, as well as to the natural sciences which has met annually in Moscia (Lago Maggiore), the Collegio Papio and on the Monte Verità in Ascona Switzerland since 1933.

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Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (28 October 1466Gleason, John B. "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence," Renaissance Quarterly, The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 73–76; – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam,Erasmus was his baptismal name, given after St. Erasmus of Formiae.

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Erastus of Scepsis

Erastus of Scepsis (Ἔραστος Σκήψιος) and his brother Coriscus were students of Plato.

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Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Ἐρατοσθένης ὁ Κυρηναῖος,; –) was a Greek mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.

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Erazim Kohák

Erazim Kohák (born 21 May 1933 in Prague) is a Czech philosopher and writer.

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Eretrian school

The Eretrian school of philosophy was originally the School of Elis where it had been founded by Phaedo of Elis; it was later transferred to Eretria by his pupil Menedemus.

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Ergatocracy

Ergatocracy (from the Greek word ἐργάτης, ergates, "worker" and the suffix -cracy, "government") is a type of government dominated by the labour and solidarities similar to communist beliefs.

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Eric A. Havelock

Eric Alfred Havelock (3 June 1903 – 4 April 1988) was a British classicist who spent most of his life in Canada and the United States.

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Eric Higgs (environmental scholar)

Eric Stowe Higgs (born February 7, 1958) is professor in the School of Environmental Studies at the University of Victoria.

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Eric Lionel Mascall

Eric Lionel Mascall (12 December 1905 – 14 February 1993) was a leading theologian and priest in the Anglo-Catholic tradition of the Church of England.

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Eric McDavid

Eric McDavid (born October 7, 1977) is an American green anarchist who was convicted of conspiring to use fire or explosives to damage corporate and government property.

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Eric T. Olson (philosopher)

Eric T. Olson is an American philosopher who specializes in metaphysics and philosophy of mind.

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Eric Voegelin

Eric Voegelin (born Erich Hermann Wilhelm Vögelin;; January 3, 1901 &ndash; January 19, 1985) was a German-born American political philosopher.

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Erich Adickes

Erich Adickes (29 June 1866, Lesum – 8 July 1928, Tübingen) - German philosopher who wrote many important works on Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and the Kantian philosophy.

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Erich Fromm

Erich Seligmann Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was a German-born American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist.

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Erich Heller

Erich Heller (27 March 1911 – 5 November 1990) was a British essayist, known particularly for his critical studies in German-language philosophy and literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

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Erich Jantsch

Erich Jantsch (8 January 1929 12 December 1980) was an Austrian-born American astrophysicist, engineer, educator, author,Emilio Ambasz al.

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Erich Mühsam

Erich Mühsam (6 April 1878 – 10 July 1934) was a German-Jewish antimilitarist anarchist essayist, poet and playwright.

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Erich Rothacker

Erich Rothacker (March 12, 1888 – August 11, 1965) was a German philosopher, a leading exponent of philosophical anthropology.

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Erich Unger

Erich Unger (1887-1950) was a Jewish philosopher of standing who published many articles and a number of books, many of them in his native tongue, German.

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Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn

Erik Maria Ritter von Kuehnelt-Leddihn (born July 31, 1909 in Tobelbad, Styria, Austria-Hungary; died May 26, 1999, in Lans, Tyrol) was an Austrian political scientist and journalist.

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Eristic

In philosophy and rhetoric, eristic (from Eris, the ancient Greek goddess of chaos, strife, and discord) refers to argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument, rather than searching for truth.

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Erkenntnis

Erkenntnis is a journal of philosophy that publishes papers in analytic philosophy.

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Ernan McMullin

Ernan McMullin (October 13, 1924 – February 8, 2011) was a philosopher who last served as the O’Hara Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of Notre Dame.

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Ernest Addison Moody

Ernest Addison Moody (1903–1975) was a noted philosopher, medievalist, and logician as well as a musician and scientist.

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Ernest Fenollosa

Ernest Francisco Fenollosa (February 18, 1853 – September 21, 1908) was an American art historian of Japanese art, professor of philosophy and political economy at Tokyo Imperial University.

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Ernest Fortin

Ernest L. Fortin, A.A. (December 17, 1923 &ndash; October 22, 2002) was a professor of theology at Boston College.

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Ernest Gellner

Ernest André Gellner (9 December 1925 – 5 November 1995) was a British-Czech philosopher and social anthropologist described by The Daily Telegraph, when he died, as one of the world's most vigorous intellectuals, and by The Independent as a "one-man crusader for critical rationalism".

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Ernest Lepore

Ernest or Ernie Lepore is an American philosopher and cognitive scientist.

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Ernest Nagel

Ernest Nagel (November 16, 1901 – September 20, 1985) was an American philosopher of science.

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Ernest Sosa

Ernest Sosa (born June 17, 1940) is an American philosopher primarily interested in epistemology.

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Ernest Wamba dia Wamba

Ernest Wamba dia Wamba (born 1942) is a senator in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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Ernesto Buonaiuti

Ernesto Buonaiuti (April 24, 1881 – April 20, 1946) was an Italian historian, philosopher of religion, Catholic priest and anti-fascist.

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Ernesto Garzón Valdés

Ernesto Garzón Valdés (born February 17, 1927 in Córdoba, Argentina) is an Argentine philosopher.

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Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla

Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla (September 3, 1925 – December 21, 2015) was a Venezuelan philosopher.

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Ernst Barthel

Ernst Philipp Barthel (17 October 1890 in Schiltigheim – 16 February 1953 in Oberkirch (Baden) was an Alsatian philosopher, mathematician and inventor. In the 1920s and 1930s he taught as a private lecturer of philosophy at the University of Cologne. From 1924 on Barthel edited the magazine Antäus. Blätter für neues Wirklichkeitsdenken (Antaeus. Journal for new Reality Thinking), which served as the organ of the Gesellschaft für Lebensphilosophie (Society for Life Philosophy) founded by him in Cologne. Barthel maintained philosophical friendships with his compatriots Albert Schweitzer and Friedrich Lienhard.

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Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)

Ernst Bergmann (7 August 1881, Colditz, Kingdom of Saxony – 16 April 1945, Naumburg) was a German philosopher and proponent of Nazism.

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Ernst Bloch

Ernst Bloch (July 8, 1885 – August 4, 1977) was a German Marxist philosopher.

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Ernst Cassirer

Ernst Alfred Cassirer (July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher.

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Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold

Ernst Christian Gottlieb Reinhold (18 October 1793 – 17 September 1855) was a German philosopher.

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Ernst Ehrlich

Ernst Ludwig Ehrlich (March 27, 1921 &ndash; October 21, 2007) was a German-born Swiss Jewish religious philosopher.

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Ernst Friedrich Apelt

Ernst Friedrich Apelt (3 March 1812 in Reichenau, Saxony – 27 October 1859 in Oppelsdorf, Upper Lusatia, Saxony) was a German philosopher and entrepreneur.

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Ernst Gombrich

Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich (30 March 1909 – 3 November 2001) was an Austrian-born art historian who, after settling in England in 1936, became a naturalised British citizen in 1947 and spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom.

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Ernst Haeckel

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, and Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny.

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Ernst Jünger

Ernst Jünger (29 March 1895 – 17 February 1998) was a highly decorated German soldier, author, and entomologist who became publicly known for his World War I memoir Storm of Steel.

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Ernst Kapp

Ernst Christian Kapp (15 October 1808 – 30 January 1896) was a German philosopher of technology and geographer, he was also a follower of Carl Ritter.

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Ernst Laas

Ernst Laas (June 16, 1837, Fürstenwalde, Brandenburg, Prussia – July 25, 1885, Straßburg, Germany (now Strasbourg, France)) was a German positivist philosopher.

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Ernst Mach

Ernst Waldfried Josef Wenzel Mach (18 February 1838 – 19 February 1916) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher, noted for his contributions to physics such as study of shock waves.

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Ernst Mally

Ernst Mally (11 October 1879 – 8 March 1944) was an Austrian philosopher affiliated with the so-called Graz School of phenomenological psychology.

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Ernst Mayr

Ernst Walter Mayr (5 July 1904 &ndash; 3 February 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.

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Ernst Melzer

Ernst Melzer (September 21, 1835 &ndash; February 1, 1899) was a German educator and philosopher born in the Silesian village of Leifersdorf.

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Ernst Nolte

Ernst Nolte (11 January 1923 – 18 August 2016) was a German historian and philosopher.

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Ernst Platner

Ernst Platner (11 June 1744 &ndash; 27 December 1818) was a German anthropologist, physician and RationalistFrederick Beiser, The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte, Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 214.

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Ernst Schröder

Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Ernst Schröder (25 November 1841 in Mannheim, Baden, Germany &ndash; 16 June 1902 in Karlsruhe, Germany) was a German mathematician mainly known for his work on algebraic logic.

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Ernst Troeltsch

Ernst Peter Wilhelm Troeltsch (17 February 1865, Haunstetten – 1 February 1923, Berlin) was a German Protestant theologian and writer on philosophy of religion and philosophy of history, and an influential figure in German thought before 1914, including as a member of the history of religions school.

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Ernst Tugendhat

Ernst Tugendhat (born March 8, 1930) is a Czech-born German philosopher.

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Ernst von Glasersfeld

Ernst von Glasersfeld (March 8, 1917 in Munich &ndash; November 12, 2010 in Leverett, Franklin County, Massachusetts) was a philosopher, and emeritus professor of psychology at the University of Georgia, research associate at the Scientific Reasoning Research Institute, and adjunct professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Ernst Zermelo

Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (27 July 1871 – 21 May 1953) was a German logician and mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics.

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Eros (concept)

Eros (or; ἔρως érōs "love" or "desire") is one of the four ancient Greco-Christian terms which can be rendered into English as "love".

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Eros + Massacre

is a Japanese black-and-white film released in 1969.

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Eros and Civilization

Eros and Civilization: A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud (1955; second edition, 1966) is a book by the German philosopher and social critic Herbert Marcuse, in which the author proposes a non-repressive society, attempts a synthesis of the theories of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud, and explores the potential of collective memory to be a source of disobedience and revolt and point the way to an alternative future.

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Erotetics

Erotetics is a part of logic, devoted to logical analysis of questions.

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Erotic art

Erotic art covers any artistic work that is intended to evoke erotic arousal or that depicts scenes of love-making.

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Eroticism

Eroticism (from the Greek ἔρως, eros—"desire") is a quality that causes sexual feelings, as well as a philosophical contemplation concerning the aesthetics of sexual desire, sensuality and romantic love.

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Errol Harris

Errol Eustace Harris (19 February 1908 – 21 June 2009), sometimes cited as E. E. Harris, was a contemporary South African philosopher.

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Error

An error (from the Latin error, meaning "wandering") is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect.

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Ervin László

Ervin László (born 12 June 1932) is a Hungarian philosopher of science, systems theorist, integral theorist, originally a classical pianist.

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Erwin Marquit

Erwin Marquit (August 21, 1926 – February 19, 2015) was an American physicist and Marxist philosopher.

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Erwin Panofsky

Erwin Panofsky (March 30, 1892 in Hannover – March 14, 1968 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a German-Jewish art historian, whose academic career was pursued mostly in the U.S. after the rise of the Nazi regime.

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Erwin Rohde

Erwin Rohde (October 9, 1845 &ndash; January 11, 1898) was one of the great German classical scholars of the 19th century.

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Erwin Schrödinger

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as or, was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and matrix mechanics.

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Eryxias (dialogue)

Eryxias (Ἐρυξίας) is a Socratic dialogue attributed to Plato, but which is considered spurious.

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Esa Saarinen

Esa Jouni Olavi Saarinen (born July 27, 1953 in Hyvinkää, Finland) is a Finnish philosopher who is professor of applied philosophy at Aalto University and co-director of the Systems Intelligence Research Group.

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Escapism

Escapism is the avoidance of unpleasant, boring, arduous, scary, or banal aspects of daily life.

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Eschatology

Eschatology is a part of theology concerned with the final events of history, or the ultimate destiny of humanity.

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Escuela Moderna

La Escuela Moderna (Spanish for "The Modern School") was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Barcelona (Spain).

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Esoteric Christianity

Esoteric Christianity (also known as Hermetic Christianity or Mystic Christianity) is an ensemble of spiritual currents which regard Christianity as a mystery religion, and profess the existence and possession of certain esoteric doctrines or practices of which the public is unaware (or even to which they may be denied access) but which are understood by a small group of people.

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Especifismo

Especifismo ("specifism") is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro) and other South American anarchist organizations, the other being social insertion.

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Esperanza Guisán

Esperanza Guisán (23 April 1940 – 27 November 2015) was a Spanish moral and political philosopher.

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Essay on the Origin of Languages

Essay on the Origin of Languages (Essai sur l'origine des langues) is an essay by Jean-Jacques Rousseau published posthumously in 1781.

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Essays (Francis Bacon)

Essayes: Religious Meditations.

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Essays (Montaigne)

The Essays (Essais) of Michel de Montaigne are contained in three books and 107 chapters of varying length.

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Essays in Radical Empiricism

Essays in Radical Empiricism (ERE) by William James is a collection edited and published posthumously by his colleague and biographer Ralph Barton Perry in 1912.

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Essays on Philosophical Subjects

Essays on Philosophical Subjects, by the Scottish economist Adam Smith, is a history of astronomy down to Smith's own era, plus some thoughts on ancient physics and metaphysics.

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Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy

Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844) is a treatise on political economics by John Stuart Mill.

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Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary

Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1758) is a two-volume compilation of essays by David Hume.

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Essence

In philosophy, essence is the property or set of properties that make an entity or substance what it fundamentally is, and which it has by necessity, and without which it loses its identity.

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Essential Logic

Essential Logic is an English post-punk band formed in 1978 by saxophonist Lora Logic after leaving X-Ray Spex.

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Essentialism

Essentialism is the view that every entity has a set of attributes that are necessary to its identity and function.

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Essentially contested concept

In a paper delivered to the Aristotelian Society on 12 March 1956, Walter Bryce Gallie (1912&ndash;1998) introduced the term essentially contested concept to facilitate an understanding of the different applications or interpretations of the sorts of abstract, qualitative, and evaluative notions—such as "art" and "social justice"—used in the domains of aesthetics, political philosophy, philosophy of history, and philosophy of religion.

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Est: Playing the Game

est: Playing the Game the New Way is a non-fiction book by Carl Frederick, first published in 1976, by Delacorte Press, New York.

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Estanislao Zuleta

Estanislao Zuleta (1935 in Medellín, Antioquia – 1990 in Cali, Valle) was a Latin American philosopher, writer and professor from Colombia.

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Esther Meek

Esther Lightcap Meek is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Geneva College, in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, a Visiting Professor of Apologetics at Redeemer Seminary, and a freelance writer and speaker.

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Eternal Buddha

In East Asian Buddhism the Buddha of the Lotus Sutra is regarded as the eternal Buddha.

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Eternal return

Eternal return (also known as eternal recurrence) is a theory that the universe and all existence and energy has been recurring, and will continue to recur, in a self-similar form an infinite number of times across infinite time or space.

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Eternal return (Eliade)

The "eternal return" is an idea for interpreting religious behavior proposed by the historian Mircea Eliade; it is a belief expressed through behavior (sometimes implicitly, but often explicitly) that one is able to become contemporary with or return to the "mythical age"—the time when the events described in one's myths occurred.

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Eternal statement

An eternal statement is a statement whose token instances all have the same truth value.

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Eternalism (philosophy of time)

Eternalism is a philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time, which takes the view that all existence in time is equally real, as opposed to presentism or the growing block universe theory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time.

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Eternity

Eternity in common parlance is an infinitely long period of time.

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Eternity of the world

The question of the eternity of the world was a concern for both ancient philosophers and the medieval theologians and philosophers of the 13th century.

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Ethel MacDonald

Ethel MacDonald (24 February 1909&mdash;1 December 1960) was a Glasgow-based Scottish anarchist and activist and, in 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, a propagandist on Barcelona Loyalist radio.

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Ethical arguments regarding torture

Ethical arguments have arisen regarding torture, and its debated value to society.

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Ethical banking

An ethical bank, also known as a social, alternative, civic, or sustainable bank, is a bank concerned with the social and environmental impacts of its investments and loans.

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Ethical calculus

An ethical calculus is the application of mathematics to calculate issues in ethics.

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Ethical code

Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between 'right' and 'wrong' and in applying that understanding to their decisions.

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Ethical consumerism

Ethical consumerism (alternatively called ethical consumption, ethical purchasing, moral purchasing, ethical sourcing, ethical shopping or green consumerism) is a type of consumer activism that is based on the concept of dollar voting.

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Ethical decision

An ethical decision is one that engenders trust, and thus indicates responsibility, fairness and caring to an individual.

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Ethical dilemma

An ethical dilemma or ethical paradox is a decision-making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable.

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Ethical egoism

Ethical egoism is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest.

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Ethical extensionism

Ethical extensionism is an argument in environmental ethics that moral standing ought to be extended to things (animals, plants, species, the earth) that traditionally are not thought of as having moral standing.

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Ethical formalism

Ethical formalism is a type of ethical theory which defines moral judgments in terms of their logical form (e.g., as "laws" or "universal prescriptions") rather than their content (e.g., as judgments about what actions will best promote human well-being).

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Ethical intuitionism

Ethical intuitionism (also called moral intuitionism) is a family of views in moral epistemology (and, on some definitions, metaphysics).

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Ethical naturalism

Ethical naturalism (also called moral naturalism or naturalistic cognitivistic definism) is the meta-ethical view which claims that: Reductive naturalism.

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Ethical non-naturalism

Ethical non-naturalism is the meta-ethical view which claims that.

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Ethical relationship

An ethical relationship, in most theories of ethics that employ the term, is a basic and trustworthy relationship that one has to another human being, that cannot necessarily be characterized in terms of any abstraction other than trust and common protection of each other's body.

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Ethical solipsism

Ethical solipsism is relative to Ethical egoism; however, the difference is in that while the ethical egoist thinks that others should abide by the social order while it is in his/her best interest to do what best suits him/her as an individual, the Ethical Solipsist is of the belief that no other moral judgment exists or matters outside of his own individual moral judgment.

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Ethical subjectivism

Ethical subjectivism is the meta-ethical view which claims that.

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Ethical will

An Ethical will (Hebrew: "Zava'ah") is a document designed to pass ethical values from one generation to the next.

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Ethicist

An ethicist is one whose judgment on ethics and ethical codes has come to be trusted by a specific community, and (importantly) is expressed in some way that makes it possible for others to mimic or approximate that judgment.

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Ethics

Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.

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Ethics (disambiguation)

Ethics, a major branch of philosophy, encompasses right conduct and good living.

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Ethics (journal)

Ethics is an academic journal established in 1890 as the International Journal of Ethics, renamed in 1938, and published since 1923 by the University of Chicago Press.

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Ethics (Spinoza)

Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order (Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata), usually known as the Ethics, is a philosophical treatise written by Benedict de Spinoza.

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Ethics and Language

Ethics and Language is a 1944 book by C. L. Stevenson which was influential in furthering the metaethical view of emotivism first espoused by David Hume.

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Ethics Bowl

The Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl is an activity that combines the excitement of a competitive tournament with a valuable education experience for undergraduate students.

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Ethics commission

In the United States, an Ethics Commission is a commission established by State law or county or city ordinance to investigate dishonest or unethical practices by public employees and elected officials.

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Ethics in Government Act

The Ethics in Government Act of 1978 is a United States federal law that was passed in the wake of the Nixon Watergate scandal and the Saturday Night Massacre.

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Ethics in pharmaceutical sales

The ethics involved within pharmaceutical sales is built from the organizational ethics, which is a matter of system compliance, accountability and culture (Grace & Cohen, 2005).

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Ethics in religion

Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.

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Ethics in the Bible

Ethics in the Bible are the ideas concerning right and wrong actions that exist in scripture in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles.

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Ethics of artificial intelligence

The ethics of artificial intelligence is the part of the ethics of technology specific to robots and other artificially intelligent beings.

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Ethics of care

The ethics of care (alternatively care ethics or EoC) is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action centers on interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue.

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Ethics of cloning

In bioethics, the ethics of cloning refers to a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning.

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Ethics of eating meat

The question of whether it is right to eat non-human animals (henceforth "animals") is among the most prominent topics in food ethics.

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Ethics of justice

Ethics of justice, also known as morality of justice, is the term used by Carol Gilligan in In a Different Voice to describe the ethics and moral reasoning common to men and preferred by Kohlberg's stages of moral development.

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Ethics of technology

Ethics in technology is a sub-field of ethics addressing the ethical questions specific to the Technology Age.

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Ethics of terraforming

The ethics of terraforming has constituted a philosophical debate within biology, ecology, and environmental ethics as to whether terraforming other worlds is an ethical endeavor.

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Ethiopian philosophy

Ethiopian philosophy is the philosophical corpus of the territories of present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea.

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Ethnography

Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos "folk, people, nation" and γράφω grapho "I write") is the systematic study of people and cultures.

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Ethnology

Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "nation") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them (cf. cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology).

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Ethnomethodology

Ethnomethodology is the study of methods people use for understanding and producing the social order in which they live.

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Ethology

Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.

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Ethos

Ethos is a Greek word meaning "character" that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology.

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Etienne Vermeersch

Etienne Vermeersch (born May 2, 1934 in Sint-Michiels (nowadays part of Bruges)) is a Belgian (moral) philosopher, skeptic, opinion maker and debater.

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Etiology

Etiology (alternatively aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation, or origination.

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Etiquette

Etiquette is a code of behavior that delineates expectations for social behavior according to contemporary conventional norms within a society, social class, or group.

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Etymological fallacy

The etymological fallacy is a genetic fallacy that holds that the present-day meaning of a word or phrase should necessarily be similar to its historical meaning.

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Euaeon of Lampsacus

Euaeon of Lampsacus (Εὐαίων Λαμψακηνός) was one of Plato's students.

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Eubulides

Eubulides (Εὑβουλίδης; fl. 4th century BCE) of Miletus was a philosopher of the Megarian school, and a pupil of Euclid of Megara.

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Eubulus (banker)

Eubulus (Εὔβουλος Euboulos; fl. 4th-century BCE) was a banker from Bithynia, a region on the south shore of the Black Sea.

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Euclid

Euclid (Εὐκλείδης Eukleidēs; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "founder of geometry" or the "father of geometry".

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Euclid of Megara

Euclid of Megara (also Euclides, Eucleides; Εὐκλείδης ὁ Μεγαρεύς; c. 435 – c. 365 BC) was a Greek Socratic philosopher who founded the Megarian school of philosophy.

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Euclidean geometry

Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to Alexandrian Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry: the Elements.

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Eudaimonia

Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία), sometimes anglicized as eudaemonia or eudemonia, is a Greek word commonly translated as happiness or welfare; however, "human flourishing or prosperity" has been proposed as a more accurate translation.

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Eudemian Ethics

The Eudemian Ethics (Ἠθικὰ Εὐδήμεια; Ethica Eudemia), sometimes abbreviated EE in scholarly works, is a work of philosophy by Aristotle.

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Eudemus of Rhodes

Eudemus of Rhodes (Εὔδημος) was an ancient Greek philosopher, considered the first historian of science, who lived from c. 370 BC until c. 300 BC.

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Eudorus of Alexandria

Eudorus of Alexandria (Εὔδωρος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, and a representative of Middle Platonism.

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Eudoxus of Cnidus

Eudoxus of Cnidus (Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος, Eúdoxos ho Knídios) was an ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar, and student of Archytas and Plato.

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Euenus

Euenus (or Evenus) of Paros, (Εὔηνος), was a 5th-century BC philosopher and poet who was roughly contemporary with Socrates.

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Eufrosin Poteca

Eufrosin Poteca (born Radu Poteca; 1786 – 10 December 1858) was a Romanian philosopher, theologian, and translator, professor at the Saint Sava Academy of Bucharest.

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Eugen Dühring

Eugen Karl Dühring (12 January 1833, Berlin – 21 September 1921, Nowawes in modern-day Potsdam-Babelsberg) was a German philosopher, positivist, economist, and socialist who was a strong critic of Marxism.

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Eugen Fink

Eugen Fink (11 December 1905 – 25 July 1975) was a German philosopher.

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Eugen Herrigel

Eugen Herrigel (20 March 1884 – 18 April 1955) was a German philosopher who taught philosophy at Tohoku Imperial University in Sendai, Japan, from 1924 to 1929 and introduced Zen to large parts of Europe through his writings.

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Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy

Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (July 6, 1888 – February 24, 1973) was a historian and social philosopher, whose work spanned the disciplines of history, theology, sociology, linguistics and beyond.

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Eugene Gendlin

Eugene T. Gendlin (born Eugen Gendelin in Vienna, Austria; 25 December 1926 – 1 May 2017) was an American philosopher who developed ways of thinking about and working with living process, the bodily felt sense and the 'philosophy of the implicit'.

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Eugene Kamenka

Eugene Kamenka (4 March 1928 &ndash; 19 January 1994) was an Australian political philosopher and Marxist scholar.

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Eugenics

Eugenics (from Greek εὐγενής eugenes 'well-born' from εὖ eu, 'good, well' and γένος genos, 'race, stock, kin') is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population.

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Eugenio Garin

Eugenio Garin (May 9, 1909 – December 29, 2004) was an Italian philosopher and Renaissance historian.

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Eugenios Voulgaris

Eugenios Voulgaris or Boulgaris (Εὐγένιος Βούλγαρης, Евгений Булгарский, Евгений Булгар, 1716–1806) was a Greek scholar, prominent Greek Orthodox educator, and bishop of Kherson (in Ukraine).

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Euhemerus

Euhemerus (also spelled Euemeros or Evemerus; Εὐήμερος Euhēmeros, "happy; prosperous"; late fourth century BC), was a Greek mythographer at the court of Cassander, the king of Macedon.

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Euler diagram

Euler diagram is a diagrammatic means of representing sets and their relationships.

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Eunoia

In rhetoric, eunoia (well mind; beautiful thinking) is the goodwill a speaker cultivates between themself and their audience, a condition of receptivity.

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Euphantus

Euphantus (Εὔφαντος; fl. c. 320 BCE) of Olynthus was a philosopher of the Megarian school as well as an historian and tragic poet.

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Euphraeus

Euphraeus (Εὐφραῖος; fl. c. 4th century BC; d. ca. 342 BC/341 BC) was a philosopher and student of Plato from the town of Oreus in northern Euboea.

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Euphrates the Stoic

Euphrates (Εὐφράτης) was an eminent Stoic philosopher, who lived c. 35–118 AD.

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Eupraxis

In Greek philosophy eupraxis, literally "right action", is a fundamental concept in ethics, which has subtle meanings, suggesting an "ethical life-stance".

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Eureka: A Prose Poem

Eureka (1848) is a lengthy non-fiction work by American author Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) which he subtitled "A Prose Poem", though it has also been subtitled as "An Essay on the Material and Spiritual Universe".

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Eurocommunism

Eurocommunism (adherents sometimes referred to as Gramscians) was a revisionist trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties.

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European Journal of Philosophy

The European Journal of Philosophy is a peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell.

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European Journal of Political Theory

The European Journal of Political Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of political theory and philosophy.

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European Society for Philosophy and Psychology

The European Society for Philosophy and Psychology (ESPP) is a professional organization in Europe that promotes discussion and research at the intersection of philosophy, psychology and cognitive science.

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European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information

The European Summer School in Logic, Language and Information (ESSLLI) is an annual academic conference organized by the European Association for Logic, Language and Information.

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Eurytus (Pythagorean)

Eurytus (Εὔρυτος; fl. 400 BC), was an eminent Pythagorean philosopher who Iamblichus in one passage describes as a native of Croton, while in another, he enumerates him among the Tarentine Pythagoreans.

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Eusebius

Eusebius of Caesarea (Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας, Eusébios tés Kaisareías; 260/265 – 339/340), also known as Eusebius Pamphili (from the Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμϕίλου), was a historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist. He became the bishop of Caesarea Maritima about 314 AD. Together with Pamphilus, he was a scholar of the Biblical canon and is regarded as an extremely learned Christian of his time. He wrote Demonstrations of the Gospel, Preparations for the Gospel, and On Discrepancies between the Gospels, studies of the Biblical text. As "Father of Church History" (not to be confused with the title of Church Father), he produced the Ecclesiastical History, On the Life of Pamphilus, the Chronicle and On the Martyrs. During the Council of Antiochia (325) he was excommunicated for subscribing to the heresy of Arius, and thus withdrawn during the First Council of Nicaea where he accepted that the Homoousion referred to the Logos. Never recognized as a Saint, he became counselor of Constantine the Great, and with the bishop of Nicomedia he continued to polemicize against Saint Athanasius of Alexandria, Church Fathers, since he was condemned in the First Council of Tyre in 335.

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Eusebius of Myndus

Eusebius of Myndus (Εὐσέβιος) was a 4th-century philosopher, a distinguished Neoplatonist.

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Eusociality

Eusociality (from Greek εὖ eu "good" and social), the highest level of organization of animal sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups.

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Eustathius of Cappadocia

Eustathius of Cappadocia (Εὐστάθιος), was a Neoplatonist and Sophist, and a pupil of Iamblichus and Aedesius, who lived at the beginning of the 4th century CE.

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Eustratius of Nicaea

Eustratius of Nicaea (Εὐστράτιος; c. 1050/1060 – c. 1120)Donald J. Zeyl, Daniel Devereux, Phillip Mitsis, 1997, Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy, page 59.

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Euthanasia

Euthanasia (from εὐθανασία; "good death": εὖ, eu; "well" or "good" – θάνατος, thanatos; "death") is the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve pain and suffering.

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Euthanasia in the Netherlands

Euthanasia in the Netherlands is regulated by the "Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act" from 2002.

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Euthanasia in the United States

Euthanasia is illegal in most of the United States.

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Euthenics

Euthenics is the study of the improvement of human functioning and well-being by improvement of living conditions.

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Euthydemus (dialogue)

Euthydemus (Εὐθύδημος, Euthydemos), written c. 384 BC, is a dialogue by Plato which satirizes what Plato presents as the logical fallacies of the Sophists.

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Euthydemus (Socratic literature)

Euthydemus (Greek: Εὐθύδημος) is the name of three characters of this name in Socratic literature.

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Euthymia (philosophy)

Euthymia (εὐθυμία, "gladness, good mood, serenity", literally "good thumos") is a term used by Democritus to refer to one of the root aspects of human life's goal.

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Euthymius the Athonite

Euthymius the Athonite (ექვთიმე ათონელი Ekvtime Atoneli; 955–1024) was a renowned Georgian philosopher and scholar.

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Euthyphro

Euthyphro (translit; c. 399–395 BC), by Plato, is a Socratic dialogue whose events occur in the weeks before the trial of Socrates (399 BC), for which Socrates and Euthyphro attempt to establish a definitive meaning for the word piety (virtue).

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Euthyphro dilemma

The Euthyphro dilemma is found in Plato's dialogue Euthyphro, in which Socrates asks Euthyphro, "Is the pious (τὸ ὅσιον) loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" (10a) The dilemma has had a major effect on the philosophical theism of the monotheistic religions, but in a modified form: "Is what is morally good commanded by God because it is morally good, or is it morally good because it is commanded by God?" Ever since Plato's original discussion, this question has presented a problem for some theists, though others have thought it a false dilemma, and it continues to be an object of theological and philosophical discussion today.

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Eutrapelia

Eutrapelia comes from the Greek for 'wittiness' (εὐτραπελία), referring to pleasantness in conversation.

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Evald Ilyenkov

Evald Vassilievich Ilyenkov (Э́вальд Васи́льевич Илье́нков; 18 February 1924 – 21 March 1979) was a Marxist author and Soviet philosopher.

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Evaluation

Evaluation is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards.

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Evan Thompson

Evan Thompson (born 1962) is professor of philosophy at the University of British Columbia.

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Evander (philosopher)

Evander (or Euander) (Εὔανδρος), born in Phocis or Phocaea, was the pupil and successor of Lacydes, and was joint leader (scholarch) of the Academy at Athens together with Telecles.

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Evander Bradley McGilvary

Evander Bradley McGilvary Ph.D. (July 19, 1864&ndash;September 11, 1953) was an American philosophical scholar, born in Bangkok to American Presbyterian missionaries, the Rev.

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Evangelical Philosophical Society

The Evangelical Philosophical Society (EPS) is an organization devoted to the study of ethics, theology, and religion from an evangelical perspective.

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Evasion (ethics)

In ethics, evasion is an act that deceives by stating a true statement that is irrelevant or leads to a false conclusion.

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Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (May 2, 1950 – April 12, 2009) was an American academic scholar in the fields of gender studies, queer theory (queer studies), and critical theory.

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Evelyn Fox Keller

Evelyn Fox Keller (born March 20, 1936) is an American physicist, author and feminist.

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Event (philosophy)

In philosophy, events are objects in time or instantiations of properties in objects.

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Everard Digby (scholar)

Everard Digby (born c. 1550) was an English academic theologian, expelled as a Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge for reasons that were largely religious.

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Everard of Ypres

Everard of Ypres was a scholastic philosopher of the middle of the twelfth century, a master of the University of Paris who became a Cistercian monk of the abbey of Moutier of Argonne.

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Evert Willem Beth

Evert Willem Beth (7 July 1908 &ndash; 12 April 1964) was a Dutch philosopher and logician, whose work principally concerned the foundations of mathematics.

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Everything

Everything (or every thing), is all that exists; the opposite of nothing, or its complement.

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Everything which is not forbidden is allowed

"Everything which is not forbidden is allowed" is a constitutional principle of English law&mdash;an essential freedom of the ordinary citizen or subject.

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Evidence

Evidence, broadly construed, is anything presented in support of an assertion.

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Evidence of absence

Evidence of absence is evidence of any kind that suggests something is missing or that it does not exist.

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Evidential existentiality

The principle of evidential existentiality in philosophy is a principle that explains and gives value to the existence of entities.

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Evidentialism

For philosophers Richard Feldman and Earl Conee, evidentialism is the strongest argument for justification because it identifies the primary notion of epistemic justification.

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Evil

Evil, in a colloquial sense, is the opposite of good, the word being an efficient substitute for the more precise but religion-associated word "wickedness." As defined in philosophy it is the name for the psychology and instinct of individuals which selfishly but often necessarily defends the personal boundary against deadly attacks and serious threats.

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Evil demon

The evil demon, also known as malicious demon and evil genius, is a concept in Cartesian philosophy.

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Evolution

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolution of morality

The evolution of morality refers to the emergence of human moral behavior over the course of human evolution.

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Evolutionary argument against naturalism

The evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN) is a philosophical argument asserting a problem with believing both evolution and philosophical naturalism simultaneously.

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Evolutionary epistemology

Evolutionary epistemology refers to three distinct topics: (1) the biological evolution of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans, (2) a theory that knowledge itself evolves by natural selection, and (3) the study of the historical discovery of new abstract entities such as abstract number or abstract value that necessarily precede the individual acquisition and usage of such abstractions.

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Evolutionary ethics

Evolutionary ethics is a field of inquiry that explores how evolutionary theory might bear on our understanding of ethics or morality.

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Evolutionary game theory

Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of game theory to evolving populations in biology.

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Evolutionary Humanism

The book "New Bottles for New Wine" by Julian Huxley, 1957, contains a collection of his essays beginning with "Transhumanism" and ending with "Evolutionary Humanism".

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Evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological structure from a modern evolutionary perspective.

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Evolutionary psychology of religion

The evolutionary psychology of religion is the study of religious belief using evolutionary psychology principles.

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Ex nihilo

Ex nihilo is a Latin phrase meaning "out of nothing".

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Examen philosophicum

Examen philosophicum (Latin for philosophic exam; abbreviated to Ex.phil.) is, together with Examen facultatum, one of two academic exams in most undergraduate programmes at Norwegian universities.

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Examined Life

Examined Life is a 2008 Canadian documentary film about philosophers directed by Astra Taylor.

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Excellence

Excellence is a talent or quality which is unusually good and so surpasses ordinary standards.

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Exceptionalism

Exceptionalism is the perception that a species, country, society, institution, movement, individual, or time period is "exceptional" (i.e., unusual or extraordinary) in some way.

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Exchange value

In political economy and especially Marxian economics, exchange value (German: Tauschwert) refers to one of four major attributes of a commodity, i.e., an item or service produced for, and sold on the market.

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Exclusion principle (philosophy)

The exclusion principle is a philosophical principle that states.

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Exclusive or

Exclusive or or exclusive disjunction is a logical operation that outputs true only when inputs differ (one is true, the other is false).

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Exclusivism

Exclusivism is the practice of being exclusive; mentality characterized by the disregard for opinions and ideas other than one's own, or the practice of organizing entities into groups by excluding those entities which possess certain traits.

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Excuse

In jurisprudence, an excuse is a defense to criminal charges that is distinct from an exculpation.

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Exegesis

Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text, particularly a religious text.

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Exemplification

Exemplification, in the philosophy of language, is a mode of symbolization characterized by the relation between a sample and what it refers to.

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Exemplification theory

Exemplification theory is a theory that states that an event is the exemplification of a property in an entity.

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Exile and the Kingdom

Exile and the Kingdom (L'exil et le royaume) is a 1957 collection of six short stories by French writer Albert Camus.

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Existence

Existence, in its most generic terms, is the ability to, directly or indirectly, interact with reality or, in more specific cases, the universe.

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Existence of God

The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of religion and popular culture.

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Existence precedes essence

The proposition that existence precedes essence (l'existence précède l'essence) is a central claim of existentialism, which reverses the traditional philosophical view that the essence (the nature) of a thing is more fundamental and immutable than its existence (the mere fact of its being).

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Existence theorem

In mathematics, an existence theorem is a theorem with a statement beginning 'there exist(s)..', or more generally 'for all,,...

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Existential crisis

An existential crisis is a moment at which an individual questions if their life has meaning, purpose, or value.

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Existential fallacy

The existential fallacy, or existential instantiation, is a formal fallacy.

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Existential graph

An existential graph is a type of diagrammatic or visual notation for logical expressions, proposed by Charles Sanders Peirce, who wrote on graphical logic as early as 1882, and continued to develop the method until his death in 1914.

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Existential humanism

Existential humanism is humanism that validates the human subject as struggling for self-knowledge and self-responsibility.

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Existential phenomenology

Existential phenomenology is Martin Heidegger's brand of phenomenology.

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Existential quantification

In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some".

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Existential therapy

Existential psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy that, like the existential philosophy which underlies it, is founded upon the belief that human existence is best understood through an in-depth examination of our own experiences.

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Existentialism

Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry associated mainly with certain 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed.

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Existentiell

Existentiell and existential are necessary discursive concepts used in the fundamental ontology of Dasein; whereby the former (ontic-existentiell) describes its ontic characteristics whilst the latter is an ontological-existential interpretation of the former.

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Exoteric

Exoteric refers to knowledge that is outside, and independent from, a person's experience and can be ascertained by anyone (related to common sense).

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Exotheology

The term "exotheology" was coined in the 1960s or early 1970s for the examination of theological issues as they pertain to extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Exoticism

Exoticism (from 'exotic') is a trend in European art and design, influenced by some ethnic groups or civilizations from the late 19th-century.

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Expanded criteria donor

Expanded Criteria Donor (ECD) is normally associated with deceased or living kidney donors.

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Expected return

The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment).

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Expected utility hypothesis

In economics, game theory, and decision theory the expected utility hypothesis, concerning people's preferences with regard to choices that have uncertain outcomes (gambles), states that if specific axioms are satisfied, the subjective value associated with an individual's gamble is the statistical expectation of that individual's valuations of the outcomes of that gamble.

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Experience

Experience is the knowledge or mastery of an event or subject gained through involvement in or exposure to it.

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Experience (Emerson)

Experience is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

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Experiential knowledge

Experiential knowledge is knowledge gained through experience, as opposed to a priori (before experience) knowledge: it can also be contrasted both with propositional (textbook) knowledge, and with practical knowledge.

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Experientialism

Experientialism is the philosophical theory that experience is the source of knowledge.

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Experiment

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.

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Experimental philosophy

Experimental philosophy is an emerging field of philosophical inquiryEdmonds, David and Warburton, Nigel.

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Experiments in Ethics

Experiments in Ethics is a 2008 book by the Princeton philosopher Kwame Anthony Appiah.

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Explanandum and explanans

An explanandum (a Latin term) is a sentence describing a phenomenon that is to be explained, and the explanans are the sentences adduced as explanations of that phenomenon.

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Explanation

An explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of facts which clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts.

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Explanatory gap

In philosophy of mind and consciousness, the explanatory gap is the difficulty that physicalist theories have in explaining how physical properties give rise to the way things feel when they are experienced.

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Explanatory power

Explanatory power is the ability of a hypothesis or theory to effectively explain the subject matter it pertains to.

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Explication

The idea and practice of explication is rooted in the verb to explicate, which concerns the process of "unfolding" and of "making clear" the meaning of things, so as to make the implicit explicit.

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Exploitation of labour

Exploitation of labour is the act of treating one's workers unfairly for one's own benefit.

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Exploratory engineering

Exploratory engineering is a term coined by K. Eric Drexler to describe the process of designing and analyzing detailed hypothetical models of systems that are not feasible with current technologies or methods, but do seem to be clearly within the bounds of what science considers to be possible within the narrowly defined scope of operation of the hypothetical system model.

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Exploring Reality

Exploring Reality: The Intertwining of Science & Religion is a book by John Polkinghorne which offers a "progress report" on his "search for truth.

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Explosion in a Cathedral

Explosion in a Cathedral (Spanish title: El Siglo de las Luces, The Century of Lights) is a historical novel by Cuban writer and musicologist Alejo Carpentier.

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Export

The term export means sending of goods or services produced in one country to another country.

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Expression

Expression may refer to.

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Expressivism

Expressivism in meta-ethics is a theory about the meaning of moral language.

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Extended affix grammar

In computer science, extended affix grammars (EAGs) are a formal grammar formalism for describing the context free and context sensitive syntax of language, both natural language and programming languages.

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Extended Backus–Naur form

In computer science, extended Backus-Naur form (EBNF) is a family of metasyntax notations, any of which can be used to express a context-free grammar.

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Extension (metaphysics)

In metaphysics, extension signifies both 'stretching out' (Latin: extensio) as well as later 'taking up space', and most recently, spreading one's internal mental cognition into the external world.

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Extension (semantics)

In any of several studies that treat the use of signs—for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, and semiotics—the extension of a concept, idea, or sign consists of the things to which it applies, in contrast with its comprehension or intension, which consists very roughly of the ideas, properties, or corresponding signs that are implied or suggested by the concept in question.

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Extensional and intensional definitions

Extensional and intensional definitions are two key ways in which the object(s) or concept(s) a term refers to can be defined.

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Extensional context

In philosophy of language, a context in which a sub-sentential expression e appears is called extensional if and only if e can be replaced by an expression with the same extension and necessarily preserve truth-value.

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Extensionality

In logic, extensionality, or extensional equality, refers to principles that judge objects to be equal if they have the same external properties.

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Externalism

Externalism is a group of positions in the philosophy of mind which argues that the conscious mind is not only the result of what is going on inside the nervous system (or the brain), but also what occurs or exists outside the subject.

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Externalization

In Freudian psychology, externalization (or externalisation) is an unconscious defense mechanism by which an individual "projects" his or her own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly onto other people.

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Externism

Externism is a fictional philosophical theory proposed by the fictional Czech genius Jára Cimrman.

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Extrication morality

Extrication morality is a moral theory proposed by C.A.J. Coady which attempts to accommodate seemingly immoral actions, particularly of politicians, as a legitimate form of necessary evil.

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Extrinsic finality

Extrinsic finality is a principle of the philosophy of teleology that holds that a being has a final cause or purpose external to that being itself, in contrast to an intrinsic finality, or self-contained purpose.

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Eyewitness testimony

Eyewitness testimony is the account a bystander or victim gives in the courtroom, describing what that person observed that occurred during the specific incident under investigation.

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F. C. S. Schiller

Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller (16 August 1864 – 6 August 1937), usually cited as F. C. S. Schiller, was a German-British philosopher.

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F. H. Bradley

Francis Herbert Bradley OM (30 January 1846 – 18 September 1924) was a British idealist philosopher.

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F. M. Cornford

Francis Macdonald Cornford, FBA (27 February 1874 &ndash; 3 January 1943) was an English classical scholar and translator; because of the similarity of his forename to his wife's, he was known to family as "FMC" and his wife Frances as "FCC".

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F. S. C. Northrop

Filmer Stuart Cuckow Northrop (November 27, 1893 in Janesville, Wisconsin &ndash; July 21, 1992 in Exeter, New Hampshire) was an American philosopher.

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Fabrice Hadjadj

Fabrice Hadjadj (born 1971) is a French writer and philosopher.

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Face-to-face (philosophy)

The face-to-face relation (rapport de face à face) is a concept in the French philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas' thought on human sociality.

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Facial symmetry

Facial symmetry is one specific measure of bodily asymmetry.

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Fact

A fact is a statement that is consistent with reality or can be proven with evidence.

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Fact, Fiction, and Forecast

Fact, Fiction, and Forecast is a book by Nelson Goodman in which he explores some problems regarding scientific law and counterfactual conditionals and presents his New Riddle of Induction.

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Fact–value distinction

The fact–value distinction is the distinction between things that can be known to be true and things that are the personal preferences of individuals.

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Facticity

In philosophy, facticity has a multiplicity of meanings from "factuality" and "contingency" to the intractable conditions of human existence.

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Factor T

Factor T is a book first published in 1956 written by the Polish writer, philosopher, filmmaker, composer and poet Stefan Themerson.

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Factual relativism

Factual relativism (also called epistemic relativism, epistemological relativism, alethic relativism or cognitive relativism) is a way to reason where facts used to justify any claims are understood to be relative and subjective to the perspective of those proving or falsifying the proposition.

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Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge was the birthplace of the 'analytical' school of philosophy in the early 20th century.

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Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford

The Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford was founded in 2001.

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Faculty psychology

Faculty psychology views the mind as a collection of separate modules or faculties assigned to various mental tasks.

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Fahrenheit 451

Fahrenheit 451 is a dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury, published in 1953.

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Failure to refer

Failure to refer, also reference failure or failure of reference, is the concept that names can fail to name a real object.

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Fair value

In accounting and in most Schools of economic thought, fair value is a rational and unbiased estimate of the potential market price of a good, service, or asset.

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Faith

In the context of religion, one can define faith as confidence or trust in a particular system of religious belief, within which faith may equate to confidence based on some perceived degree of warrant, in contrast to the general sense of faith being a belief without evidence.

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Faith and rationality

Faith and rationality are two ideologies that exist in varying degrees of conflict or compatibility.

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Faith, Science and Understanding

Faith, Science, and Understanding is a book by John Polkinghorne which explores aspects of the integration between science and theology.

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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi

Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī or Fakhruddin Razi (فخر الدين رازي) was an Iranian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher He was born in 1149 in Rey (in modern-day Iran), and died in 1209 in Herat (in modern-day Afghanistan).

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Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi

Fakhr al-Dīn Ibrahīm ‘Irāqī (فخرالدین ابراهیم عراقی; 10 June 1213 – 1289), Persian Sufi master, poet and writer.

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Fallacies of definition

Fallacies of definition are the various ways in which definitions can fail to explain terms.

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Fallacies of illicit transference

A fallacy of illicit transference is an informal fallacy occurring when an argument assumes there is no difference between a term in the distributive (referring to every member of a class) and collective (referring to the class itself as a whole) sense.

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Fallacy

A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument.

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Fallacy of composition

The fallacy of composition arises when one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole (or even of every proper part).

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Fallacy of division

A fallacy of division occurs when one reasons logically that something true for the whole must also be true of all or some of its parts.

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Fallacy of exclusive premises

The fallacy of exclusive premises is a syllogistic fallacy committed in a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative.

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Fallacy of four terms

The fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum) is the formal fallacy that occurs when a syllogism has four (or more) terms rather than the requisite three.

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Fallacy of the single cause

The fallacy of the single cause, also known as complex cause, causal oversimplification, causal reductionism, and reduction fallacy, is a fallacy of questionable cause that occurs when it is assumed that there is a single, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes.

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Fallacy of the undistributed middle

The fallacy of the undistributed middle (Lat. non distributio medii) is a formal fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed in either the minor premise or the major premise.

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Fallibilism

Broadly speaking, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: fallibilis, "liable to err") is the philosophical claim that no belief can have justification which guarantees the truth of the belief.

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Falsafatuna

Falsafatuna is a book by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, published in 1959, which has been translated into English as Our Philosophy.

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False attribution

False attribution can refer to.

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False consciousness

False consciousness is a term used by sociologists and expounded by some Marxists for the way in which material, ideological, and institutional processes in capitalist society mislead members of the proletariat and other class actors.

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False consensus effect

In psychology, the false-consensus effect or false-consensus bias is an attributional type of cognitive bias whereby people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of those of others (i.e., that others also think the same way that they do).

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False dilemma

A false dilemma is a type of informal fallacy in which something is falsely claimed to be an "either/or" situation, when in fact there is at least one additional option.

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False premise

A false premise is an incorrect proposition that forms the basis of an argument or syllogism.

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False statement

A false statement is a statement that is not true.

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Falsifiability

A statement, hypothesis, or theory has falsifiability (or is falsifiable) if it can logically be proven false by contradicting it with a basic statement.

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Familiarity heuristic

In psychology, a heuristic is an easy-to-compute procedure or "rule of thumb" that people use when forming beliefs, judgments or decisions.

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Family as a model for the state

The family as a model for the organization of the state is a theory of political philosophy.

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Family resemblance

Family resemblance (Familienähnlichkeit) is a philosophical idea made popular by Ludwig Wittgenstein, with the best known exposition given in his posthumously published book Philosophical Investigations (1953).

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Family values

Family values, sometimes referred to as familial values, are traditional or cultural values that pertain to the family's structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals.

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Famine, Affluence, and Morality

"Famine, Affluence, and Morality" is an essay written by Peter Singer in 1971 and published in Philosophy and Public Affairs in 1972.

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Fan Zhen

Fàn Zhen (范縝, hanyupinyin Fàn Zhěn) (c. 450 - 515) was a Chinese philosopher of the Southern Qi Dynasty, remembered today for his treatise Shén Miè Lùn (simplified Chinese 神灭论, traditional Chinese 神滅論, "On the Annihilation of the Soul").

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Fanaticism

Fanaticism (from the Latin adverb fānāticē (fren-fānāticus; enthusiastic, ecstatic; raging, fanatical, furious)) is a belief or behavior involving uncritical zeal or with an obsessive enthusiasm.

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Fanya Baron

Fanya Anisimovna Baron (Фа́ня Ани́симовна Ба́рон) (1887 – September 29, 1921) was a Russian anarchist revolutionary who lived in America from 1911 to 1917 when she returned to her homeland to build a post-revolutionary society.

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Faraday Institute for Science and Religion

The Faraday Institute for Science and Religion is an interdisciplinary academic research institute based at St Edmund's College, Cambridge, England.

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Fascism and ideology

The history of Fascist ideology is long and it involves many sources.

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Fascist Manifesto

The Manifesto of the Italian Fasci of Combat (Il manifesto dei fasci italiani di combattimento), commonly known as the Fascist Manifesto, was the initial declaration of the political stance of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento ("Italian League of Combat") the movement founded in Milan by Benito Mussolini in 1919 and an early exponent of Fascism.

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Fascist symbolism

As there have been many different manifestations of fascism, especially during the interwar years, there were also many different symbols of fascist movements.

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Fatalism

Fatalism is a philosophical doctrine that stresses the subjugation of all events or actions to destiny.

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Fate of the unlearned

The fate of the unlearned, also known as the destiny of the unevangelized, is an eschatological question about the ultimate destiny of people who have not been exposed to a particular theology or doctrine and thus have no opportunity to embrace it.

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Fatemeh Is Fatemeh

Fatemeh is Fatemeh (فاطمه، فاطمه است) is a book written by Ali Shariati.

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Fathers and Sons (novel)

Fathers and Sons («Отцы и дети»; Ottsy i deti,; archaic spelling Отцы и дѣти), also translated more literally as Fathers and Children, is an 1862 novel by Ivan Turgenev.

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Faulty generalization

A faulty generalization is a conclusion about all or many instances of a phenomenon that has been reached on the basis of just one or just a few instances of that phenomenon.

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Fausto Sozzini

Fausto Paolo Sozzini, also known as Faustus Socinus or Faust Socyn (Polish) (5 December 1539 – 4 March 1604), was an Italian theologian and founder of the school of Christian thought known as Socinianism and the main theologian of the Minor Reformed Church of Poland.

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Fauvism

Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early twentieth-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.

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Faux frais of production

Faux frais of production is a concept used by classical political economists and by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.

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Favorinus

Favorinus of Arelate (c. 80 &ndash; c. 160 AD) was a Roman sophist and philosopher who flourished during the reign of Hadrian and the Second Sophistic.

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Fazang

Fazang (643–712) was the third of the five patriarchs of the Huayan school of Mahayana Bhuddhism.

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Fazlur Rahman Malik

Fazlur Rahman Malik (فضل الرحمان ملک) (September 21, 1919 – July 26, 1988), generally known as Fazlur Rahman, was a modernist scholar and philosopher of Islam from today's Pakistan.

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Félix Guattari

Pierre-Félix Guattari (April 30, 1930 – August 29, 1992) was a French psychotherapist, philosopher, semiologist, and activist.

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Félix Ravaisson-Mollien

Jean Gaspard Félix Ravaisson-Mollien (23 October 1813 &ndash; 18 May 1900) was a French philosopher and archaeologist.

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Führerprinzip

The Führerprinzip (German for "leader principle") prescribed the fundamental basis of political authority in the governmental structures of the Third Reich.

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Fear

Fear is a feeling induced by perceived danger or threat that occurs in certain types of organisms, which causes a change in metabolic and organ functions and ultimately a change in behavior, such as fleeing, hiding, or freezing from perceived traumatic events.

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Fear and Trembling

Fear and Trembling (original Danish title: Frygt og Bæven) is a philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym Johannes de silentio (John of the Silence).

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Federación Anarquista Ibérica

The Iberian Anarchist Federation (Federación Anarquista Ibérica, FAI) is a Spanish organization of anarchist (anarcho-syndicalist and anarchist-communist) militants active within affinity groups inside the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) anarcho-syndicalist union.

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Federacja Anarchistyczna

Federacja Anarchistyczna is a Polish anarchist organization.

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Federal republicanism

Federal republicanism is an ideology, prevalent mainly in the 19th century Spain, which incorporates republicanism and advocates local associations of citizens and promotes citizen participation in public affairs.

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Federalism

Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system.

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Federalist

The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world.

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Federation of Anarchist Communists

The Federation of Anarchist Communists (Federazione dei Comunisti Anarchici, or FdCA) is a platformist anarchist political organisation in Italy.

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Federica Montseny

Federica Montseny Mañé (12 February 1905 14 January 1994) was a Spanish anarchist, intellectual and Minister of Health during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, a social revolution that occurred in Spain in parallel to the Spanish Civil War.

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Federico Cesi

Federico Angelo Cesi (February 26, 1585 &ndash; August 1, 1630) was an Italian scientist, naturalist, and founder of the Accademia dei Lincei.

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Federico Riu

Federico Riu Farré (Lleida, May 14, 1925 &ndash; Caracas, December 9, 1985) was a philosopher and university professor.

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Fedir Shchus

Fedir Shchus, also Fyodor Shuss, Feodosiy Shchus (Федір Щусь, 1893 – June 1921) was a commander (otaman) in the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine of Nestor Makhno.

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Feedback

Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.

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Feedforward

Feedforward may refer to.

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Feeling

Feeling is the nominalization of the verb to feel.

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Felicific calculus

The felicific calculus is an algorithm formulated by utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause.

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Felicity conditions

In J. L. Austin's formulation of speech act theory, a performative utterance is neither true nor false, but can instead be deemed "felicitous" or "infelicitous" according to a set of conditions whose interpretation differs depending on whether the utterance in question is a declaration ("I sentence you to death"), a request ("I ask that you stop doing that") or a warning ("I warn you not to jump off the roof").

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Feliks Jaroński

Feliks Jaroński (6 June 1777 &ndash; 26 December 1827) was a Polish Catholic priest and philosopher.

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Feliks Koneczny

Feliks Karol Koneczny (1 November 1862, Kraków – 10 February 1949, Kraków) was a Polish historian and social philosopher.

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Felix Kaufmann

Felix Kaufmann (4 July 1895, Vienna – 23 December 1949, New York) was an Austrian-American philosopher of law.

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Felix Weltsch

Felix Weltsch, Dr. jur et phil. (6 October 1884, Prague &ndash; 9 November 1964, Jerusalem), was a German-speaking Jewish librarian, philosopher, author, editor, publisher and journalist.

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Feminism

Feminism is a range of political movements, ideologies, and social movements that share a common goal: to define, establish, and achieve political, economic, personal, and social equality of sexes.

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Feminist art movement

The feminist art movement refers to the efforts and accomplishments of feminists internationally to produce art that reflects women's lives and experiences, as well as to change the foundation for the production and reception of contemporary art.

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Feminist epistemology

Feminist epistemology is an examination of the subject matter of epistemology from a feminist standpoint.

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Feminist existentialism

Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women.

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Feminist legal theory

Feminist legal theory, also known as feminist jurisprudence, is based on the belief that the law has been fundamental in women's historical subordination.

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Feminist literary criticism

Feminist literary criticism is literary criticism informed by feminist theory, or more broadly, by the politics of feminism.

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Feminist philosophy

Feminist philosophy is an approach to philosophy from a feminist perspective and also the employment of philosophical methods to feminist topics and questions.

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Feminist theology

Feminist theology is a movement found in several religions, including Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, and New Thought, to reconsider the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of those religions from a feminist perspective.

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Feminist theory

Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse.

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Feng Youlan

Feng Youlan (4 December 1895 &ndash; 26 November 1990) was a Chinese philosopher who was instrumental for reintroducing the study of Chinese philosophy in the modern era.

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Ferdinand Alquié

Ferdinand Alquié ((Carcassonne, Aude, 18 December 1906 – 28 February 1985, Montpellier) was a French philosopher and member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from 1978. In the years 1931 to 1945 he was a professor in various provincial and Parisian lycees, and later at the University of Montpellier and Sorbonne where he worked until he retired in 1979.

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Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician.

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Ferdinand Ebner

Ferdinand Ebner (January 31, 1882 in Wiener Neustadt – October 17, 1931 in Gablitz, Austria), was an Austrian elementary school teacher and philosopher.

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Ferdinand Gotthelf Hand

Ferdinand Gotthelf Hand (15 February 1786 – 14 March 1851), German classical scholar, was born at Plauen in Saxony.

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Ferdinand Lassalle

Ferdinand Lassalle (11 April 1825 – 31 August 1864), born as Ferdinand Johann Gottlieb Lassal and also known as Ferdinand Lassalle-Wolfson, was a German-Jewish jurist, philosopher, socialist, and political activist.

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Ferdinand Tönnies

Ferdinand Tönnies (26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist and philosopher.

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Fergus Kerr

Fergus Gordon Thomson Kerr OP FRSE (born 16 July 1931) is a Scottish Roman Catholic priest of the English Dominican province.

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Ferid Muhić

Ferid Muhić (Ферид Мухиќ; born 1943 in Zavidovići, Bosnia and Herzegovina) is President of the Bosniak Academy of Sciences and Arts.

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Fermat's Last Theorem

In number theory, Fermat's Last Theorem (sometimes called Fermat's conjecture, especially in older texts) states that no three positive integers,, and satisfy the equation for any integer value of greater than 2.

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Fermín Salvochea

Fermín Salvochea y Álvarez (1 March 1842, in Cádiz &ndash; 27 September 1907, in Cádiz) was a mayor of the city of Cádiz and a president of the province of Cádiz.

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Fermin Rocker

Fermin Rocker (22 December 1907 – 18 October 2004) was a British painter and book illustrator.

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Fernand Brunner

Fernand Brunner (1920–1991) was a Swiss philosopher.

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Fernand Dumont

Fernand Dumont (June 24, 1927 – May 1, 1997) was a Canadian sociologist, philosopher, theologian and poet from Quebec.

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Fernando González (writer)

Fernando González Ochoa (April 24, 1895 – February 16, 1964), was a Colombian writer and existentialist philosopher known as "el filósofo de Otraparte" (The Philosopher from somewhere else). He wrote about sociology, history, art, morality, economics, epistemology and theology in a magisterial and creative way, using different genres of literature. González is considered one of the most original writers of Colombia during the 20th century. His ideas were controversial and had a great influence in the Colombian society at his time and today. The González work was the inspiration of Nadaism, a literary movement founded by one of his disciples, Gonzalo Arango. The Otraparte Villa, his house in Envigado, is today a museum and the headquarters of the cultural foundation to preserve and promote his legacy. The place was declared a National Patrimony of Colombia in 2006.

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Fernando Ocáriz Braña

Fernando Ocáriz Braña (born 27 October 1944) is a Roman Catholic priest who serves as the current Prelate of Opus Dei.

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Fernando Rielo

Fernando Rielo Pardal (28 August 1923 – 6 December 2004) was a Catholic Servant of God, mystical poet, philosopher, author, metaphysician, and Founder of a Catholic religious institute.

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Fernando Savater

Fernando Fernández-Savater Martín (born 21 June 1947 at Basque city of San Sebastián) is one of Spain's most popular living philosophers, as well as an essayist and celebrated author.

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Ferruccio Busoni

Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 &ndash; 27 July 1924) (given names: Ferruccio Dante Michelangiolo Benvenuto) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher.

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Fetter (Buddhism)

In Buddhism, a mental fetter, chain or bond (Pāli: samyojana, saŋyojana, saññojana) shackles a sentient being to ṃsāra, the cycle of lives with dukkha.

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Fi Zilal al-Quran

Fi Zilal al-Qur'an (lit) is a highly influential commentary of the Qur'an, written during 1951-1965 by Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966), a leader within the Muslim Brotherhood.

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Fiction

Fiction is any story or setting that is derived from imagination—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact.

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Fictionalism

Fictionalism is the view in philosophy according to which statements that appear to be descriptions of the world should not be construed as such, but should instead be understood as cases of "make believe", of pretending to treat something as literally true (a "useful fiction").

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Fideism

Fideism is an epistemological theory which maintains that faith is independent of reason, or that reason and faith are hostile to each other and faith is superior at arriving at particular truths (see natural theology).

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Fidel Manrique

Fidel Manrique is a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist.

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Fidelity

Fidelity is the quality of faithfulness or loyalty.

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Field (mathematics)

In mathematics, a field is a set on which addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are defined, and behave as when they are applied to rational and real numbers.

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Fields of Force

Fields of Force: The Development of a world view from Faraday to Einstein (1974) is a book by William Berkson, published by John Wiley & Sons.

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Fields, Factories and Workshops

Fields, Factories and Workshops: or Industry Combined with Agriculture and Brain Work with Manual Work (Поля, фабрики и мастерские) is a landmark anarchist text by Peter Kropotkin, and arguably one of the most influential and positive statements of the anarchist political philosophy.

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Fifth Estate (periodical)

Fifth Estate (FE) is a U.S. periodical, based in Detroit, Michigan, begun in 1965, but with staff members across North America who connect via the Internet.

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Fifth Letter (Plato)

The Fifth Letter of Plato, also called Epistle V or Letter V, is an epistle that tradition has ascribed to Plato.

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Figuration Libre

Figuration Libre ("Free Figuration") is a French art movement of the 1980s.

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Figure and ground (media)

Figure and ground is a concept drawn from Gestalt psychology by media theorist Marshall McLuhan in the early 1970s.

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Filial piety

In Confucian philosophy, filial piety (xiào) is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors.

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Filipino values

The Filipino value system or Filipino values refers to the set of values or the value system that a majority of the Filipino have historically held important in their lives.

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Filippo Turati

Filippo Turati (26 November 1857 – 29 March 1932) was an Italian sociologist, criminologist, poet and socialist politician.

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Final vocabulary

Richard Rorty coined the term "final vocabulary" which he explicated in Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity to mean a set of communicative beliefs whose contingency the bearer more or less ignores.

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Finance capitalism

Finance capitalism or financial capitalism is the subordination of processes of production to the accumulation of money profits in a financial system. Financial capitalism is thus a form of capitalism where the intermediation of saving to investment becomes a dominant function in the economy, with wider implications for the political process and social evolution. Since the late 20th century it has become the predominant force in the global economy, whether in neoliberal or other form.

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Fine art

In European academic traditions, fine art is art developed primarily for aesthetics or beauty, distinguishing it from applied art, which also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or most metalwork.

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Finite-state machine

A finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton (FSA, plural: automata), finite automaton, or simply a state machine, is a mathematical model of computation.

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Finitism

Finitism is a philosophy of mathematics that accepts the existence only of finite mathematical objects.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Fire

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.

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Firmin Abauzit

Firmin Abauzit (November 11, 1679March 20, 1767) was a French scholar who worked on physics, theology and philosophy, and served as librarian in Geneva (Switzerland) during his final 40 years.

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First Alcibiades

The First Alcibiades or Alcibiades I (Ἀλκιβιάδης αʹ) is a dialogue featuring Alcibiades in conversation with Socrates.

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First law of thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems.

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First Letter (Plato)

The First Letter of Plato, also called Epistle I or Letter I, is an epistle that tradition has ascribed to Plato, though it is almost universally considered a forgery.

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First of May Group

The First of May Group was an anarchist anti-Franco resistance movement which took militant action against Francoist Spain.

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First principle

A first principle is a basic, foundational, self-evident proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption.

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First-mover advantage

In marketing strategy, first-mover advantage (FMA) is the advantage gained by the initial ("first-moving") significant occupant of a market segment.

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First-order logic

First-order logic—also known as first-order predicate calculus and predicate logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science.

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First-order predicate

In mathematical logic, a first-order predicate is a predicate that takes only individual(s) constants or variables as argument(s).

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First-person narrative

A first-person narrative is a mode of storytelling in which a narrator relays events from their own point of view using the first person It may be narrated by a first person protagonist (or other focal character), first person re-teller, first person witness, or first person peripheral (also called a peripheral narrator).

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Fiscal conservatism

Fiscal conservatism (also economic conservatism or conservative economics) is a political-economic philosophy regarding fiscal policy and fiscal responsibility advocating low taxes, reduced government spending and minimal government debt.

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Fitch's paradox of knowability

Fitch's paradox of knowability is one of the fundamental puzzles of epistemic logic.

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Fitness (biology)

Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.

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Five hindrances

In the Buddhist tradition, the five hindrances (Sanskrit: पञ्च निवारण pañca nivāraṇa; Pali) are identified as mental factors that hinder progress in meditation and in our daily lives.

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Five Precepts

The five precepts (pañcasīlāni; pañcaśīlāni)) constitute the basic code of ethics undertaken by upāsaka and upāsikā (lay followers) of Buddhism. The precepts in all the traditions are essentially identical and are commitments to abstain from harming living beings, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying and intoxication. Undertaking the five precepts is part of both lay Buddhist initiation and regular lay Buddhist devotional practices. They are not formulated as imperatives, but as training rules that lay people undertake voluntarily to facilitate practice. Additionally, in the Theravāda school of Buddhism, the bhikkhuni lineage died out, and women renunciates practicing Theravadin Buddhism have developed unofficial options for their own practice, dedicating their life to religion, vowing celibacy, living an ascetic life and holding eight or ten precepts.

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Five Virtues

In Sikhism, the Five Virtues are fundamental qualities which one should develop in order to reach Mukti, or to reunite or merge with God.

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Five Ways (Aquinas)

The Quinque viæ (Latin "Five Ways") (sometimes called "five proofs") are five logical arguments regarding the existence of God summarized by the 13th-century Catholic philosopher and theologian St. Thomas Aquinas in his book Summa Theologica.

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Five wits

In the time of William Shakespeare, there were commonly reckoned to be five wits and five senses.

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Flesh

Flesh is the soft substance of the body of a living thing.

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Flipism

Flipism, sometimes written as "Flippism," is a pseudophilosophy under which all decisions are made by flipping a coin.

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Florencio Sánchez

Florencio Sánchez (January 17, 1875 – November 7, 1910) was a Uruguayan playwright, journalist and political figure.

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Florentine painting

Florentine painting or the Florentine School refers to artists in, from, or influenced by the naturalistic style developed in Florence in the 14th century, largely through the efforts of Giotto di Bondone, and in the 15th century the leading school of Western painting.

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Florian Znaniecki

Florian Witold Znaniecki (15 January 1882 – 23 March 1958) was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States.

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Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said

Flow My Tears, the Policeman Said is a 1974 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick.

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Fluency heuristic

In psychology, a fluency heuristic is a mental heuristic in which, if one object is processed more fluently, faster, or more smoothly than another, the mind infers that this object has the higher value with respect to the question being considered.

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Fluent (artificial intelligence)

In artificial intelligence, a fluent is a condition that can change over time.

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Fluent calculus

The fluent calculus is a formalism for expressing dynamical domains in first-order logic.

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Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies

Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought is a 1995 book by Douglas Hofstadter and other members of the Fluid Analogies Research Group exploring the mechanisms of intelligence through computer modeling.

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Fluxus

Fluxus is an international and interdisciplinary group of artists, composers, designers and poets that took shape in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Folk psychology

In philosophy of mind and cognitive science, folk psychology, or commonsense psychology, is a human capacity to explain and predict the behavior and mental state of other people.

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Fooled by Randomness

Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets is a book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb that deals with the fallibility of human knowledge.

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For a New Liberty

For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto (1973; second edition 1978; third edition 1985) is a book by American economist and historian Murray Rothbard, in which the author promotes anarcho-capitalism.

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For Self-Examination

For Self-Examination (subtitle: Recommended to the Present Age; Til Selvprøvelse Samtiden anbefalet) is a work by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.

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For the New Intellectual

For the New Intellectual: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand is a 1961 work by Ayn Rand, her first long non-fiction book.

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Force

In physics, a force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.

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Forces and Fields

Forces and Fields:The concept of Action at a Distance in the history of physics (1961) is a book by Mary B. Hesse, published by Philosophical library.

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Foreknowledge

Foreknowledge is the concept of knowledge regarding future events.

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Forest Home Cemetery (Chicago)

Forest Home Cemetery is at 863 S. DesPlaines Ave, Forest Park, Illinois, adjacent to the Eisenhower Expressway, straddling the Des Plaines River in Cook County, just west of Chicago.

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Forgery

Forgery is the process of making, adapting, or imitating objects, statistics, or documents with the intent to deceive for the sake of altering the public perception, or to earn profit by selling the forged item.

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Forgiveness

Forgiveness is the intentional and voluntary process by which a victim undergoes a change in feelings and attitude regarding an offense, lets go of negative emotions such as vengefulness, forswears recompense from or punishment of the offender, however legally or morally justified it might be, and with an increased ability to wish the offender well.

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Form follows function

Form follows function is a principle associated with 20th-century modernist architecture and industrial design which says that the shape of a building or object should primarily relate to its intended function or purpose.

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Form of life (philosophy)

Form of life (Lebensform) is a technical term used by Ludwig Wittgenstein and others in the continental philosophy and philosophy of science traditions.

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Form of the Good

Plato describes the "Form of the Good", or more literally "the idea of the good" (ἡ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἰδέα), in his dialogue the Republic (508e2–3), speaking through the character of Socrates.

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Formal distinction

In scholastic metaphysics, a formal distinction is a distinction intermediate between what is merely conceptual, and what is fully real or mind-independent.

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Formal epistemology

Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest.

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Formal ethics

Formal ethics is a formal logical system for describing and evaluating the form as opposed to the content of ethical principles.

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Formal fallacy

In philosophy, a formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur (Latin for "it does not follow") is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic.

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Formal grammar

In formal language theory, a grammar (when the context is not given, often called a formal grammar for clarity) is a set of production rules for strings in a formal language.

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Formal language

In mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings of symbols together with a set of rules that are specific to it.

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Formal ontology

In philosophy, the term formal ontology is used to refer to an ontology defined by axioms in a formal language with the goal to provide an unbiased (domain- and application-independent) view on reality, which can help the modeler of domain- or application-specific ontologies (information science) to avoid possibly erroneous ontological assumptions encountered in modeling large-scale ontologies.

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Formal proof

A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well-formed formulas in the case of a formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence by a rule of inference.

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Formal system

A formal system is the name of a logic system usually defined in the mathematical way.

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Formalesque

The term Formalesque was coined in 1994 by Australian art historian Bernard Smith to replace Modernism as the name of the artistic style of the period from around 1890 to 1960, now that this is no longer "modern".

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Formalism (art)

In art history, formalism is the study of art by analyzing and comparing form and style.

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Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)

In foundations of mathematics, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of logic, formalism is a theory that holds that statements of mathematics and logic can be considered to be statements about the consequences of certain string manipulation rules.

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Formalism (philosophy)

The term formalism describes an emphasis on form over content or meaning in the arts, literature, or philosophy.

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Formation rule

In mathematical logic, formation rules are rules for describing which strings of symbols formed from the alphabet of a formal language are syntactically valid within the language.

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Formula

In science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a chemical formula.

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Forward chaining

Forward chaining (or forward reasoning) is one of the two main methods of reasoning when using an inference engine and can be described logically as repeated application of modus ponens.

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Foucault–Habermas debate

The Foucault–Habermas debate is a dispute concerning whether Michel Foucault's ideas of "power analytics" and "genealogy" or Jürgen Habermas's ideas of "communicative rationality" and "discourse ethics" provide a better critique of the nature of power within society.

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Found object

Found object originates from the French objet trouv&eacute;, describing art created from undisguised, but often modified, objects or products that are not normally considered materials from which art is made, often because they already have a non-art function.

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Foundationalism

Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises.

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Foundations of Christianity

Foundations of Christianity (German: Der Ursprung des Christentums) is a 1908 book by Marxist theoretician Karl Kautsky.

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Foundations of mathematics

Foundations of mathematics is the study of the philosophical and logical and/or algorithmic basis of mathematics, or, in a broader sense, the mathematical investigation of what underlies the philosophical theories concerning the nature of mathematics.

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Foundations of Natural Right

Foundations of Natural Right (Grundlagen des Naturrechts nach Prinzipien der Wissenschaftslehre) is a philosophical text by the German philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte and it was first published in 1797.

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Foundherentism

In epistemology, foundherentism is a theory of justification that combines elements from the two rival theories addressing infinite regress, foundationalism prone to arbitrariness, and coherentism prone to circularity (problems raised by the Münchhausen trilemma).

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Four Books and Five Classics

The Four Books and Five Classics are the authoritative books of Confucianism in China written before 300 BC.

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Four causes

The "four causes" are elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian thought whereby explanations of change or movement are classified into four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?".

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Four Dissertations

Four Dissertations is a collection of four essays by the Scottish enlightenment philosopher David Hume, first published in 1757.

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Four Freedoms

The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday, January 6, 1941.

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Four Noble Truths

The Four Noble Truths refer to and express the basic orientation of Buddhism in a short expression: we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which are dukkha, "incapable of satisfying" and painful.

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Four stages of enlightenment

The four stages of enlightenment in Theravada Buddhism are the four progressive stages culminating in full enlightenment as an Arahant.

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Four-dimensionalism

In philosophy, four-dimensionalism (also known as the doctrine of temporal parts) is an ontological position that an object's persistence through time is like its extension through space.

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Fourier complex

Fourier complex is an extreme form of egalitarianism in which the believer is prepared to accept, or actually wishes for, widespread poverty, possibly even starvation, as the consequence or means of making the material wellbeing of every member of society equal.

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Fragmentalism

Fragmentalism is a view that holds that the world consists of individual and independent objects.

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Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology

Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology is one of a series of pamphlets published by Prickly Paradigm Press in 2004.

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Frame of Government of Pennsylvania

The Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a constitution for the Province of Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony granted to William Penn by Charles II of England.

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Frame problem

In artificial intelligence, the frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic (FOL) to express facts about a robot in the world.

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Framing (social sciences)

In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies, organize, perceive, and communicate about reality.

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François Bernier

François Bernier (25 September 162022 September 1688) was a French physician and traveller.

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François Châtelet

François Châtelet (27 April 1925 &ndash; 26 December 1985) was a historian of philosophy, political philosophy and professor in the socratic tradition.

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François du Souhait

François du Souhait (between 1570 and 1580 &ndash; 1617, Nancy) was a French language author (translator, novelist, poet, satirist, moral philosopher) of the late 16th and early 17th century from the Duchy of Lorraine (at the time, a sovereign court with ties to France).

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François Fénelon

François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon, more commonly known as François Fénelon (6 August 1651 – 7 January 1715), was a French Roman Catholic archbishop, theologian, poet and writer.

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François Hemsterhuis

François Hemsterhuis (27 December 1721 – 7 July 1790) was a Dutch writer on aesthetics and moral philosophy.

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François Laruelle

François Laruelle (born 22 August 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly of the Collège international de philosophie and the University of Paris X: Nanterre.

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François Picavet

François Picavet (17 May 1851, Petit-Fayt, Nord – 23 May 1921, Paris) was a French philosopher, translator and authority on Kant.

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François Pillon

François Thomas Pillon (7 March 1830, Fontaines, Yonne - 9 December 1914, Paris) was a French philosopher.

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François Poullain de la Barre

François Poullain de la Barre (born 1647 in Paris, France, died 1725 in Geneva, Republic of Geneva), was a writer and a Cartesian philosopher.

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François Rabelais

François Rabelais (between 1483 and 1494 – 9 April 1553) was a French Renaissance writer, physician, Renaissance humanist, monk and Greek scholar.

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François Wahl

François Wahl (born 13 May 1925 - 15 September 2014) was a French editor and structuralist.

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Françoise Gaillard

Françoise Gaillard (born 1936), is a French literary critic and Professor at University of Paris VII specializing in fin-de-siècle French literature, aesthetics and art.

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Françoise Meltzer

Françoise Meltzer (born 1947) is a professor of Philosophy of Religion at the University of Chicago Divinity School.

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Frances Kamm

Frances M. Kamm is an American philosopher specialising in normative and applied ethics.

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Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia

Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia (Francisco Ferrer Guardia; 10 January 1859 – 13 October 1909) commonly known as Francisco Ferrer, was a Spanish educator and advocate of free thinking from Catalonia.

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Francesc Pujols

Francesc Pujols i Morgades (Barcelona, 1882 - Martorell, 1962) was a Spanish writer and philosopher from Catalonia.

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Francesc Sabaté Llopart

Francesc Sabaté Llopart (March 30, 1915 in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain &ndash; January 5, 1960 in Sant Celoni, Catalonia, Spain), also known as "El Quico", was a Spanish anarchist involved in the resistance against the Spanish State of Francisco Franco.

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Francesco Acri

Francesco Acri (Catanzaro, 19 March 1834 – Bologna, 21 November 1913) was an Italian philosopher and historian of philosophy.

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Francesco Algarotti

Count Francesco Algarotti (11 December 1712 – 3 May 1764) was an Venetian polymath, philosopher, poet, essayist, anglophile, art critic and art collector.

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Francesco D'Andrea

Francesco D'Andrea (1625–1698) was an Italian jurist and natural philosopher.

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Francesco de Sanctis

Francesco de Sanctis (Morra Irpina, 28 March 1817 – Naples, 29 December 1883) was a leading Italian literary critic and scholar of Italian language and literature during the 19th century.

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Francesco Filelfo

Francesco Filelfo (Franciscus Philelphus; July 25, 1398 – July 31, 1481) was an Italian Renaissance humanist.

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Francesco Robortello

Francesco Robortello (Franciscus Robortellus; 1516&ndash;1567) was a Renaissance humanist, nicknamed Canis grammaticus ("the grammatical dog") for his confrontational and demanding manner.

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Francesco Saverio Merlino

Francesco Saverio Merlino (9 September 1856 – 30 June 1930) was an Italian lawyer, anarchist activist and theorist of libertarian socialism.

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Francesco Silvestri

Francesco Silvestri, O.P. (ca. 1474 – 19 September 1528) was an Italian Dominican theologian.

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Francesco Vimercato

Francesco Vimercato (1512–1571) was an Italian Aristotelian scholar.

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Francis Anderson (philosopher)

Sir Francis Anderson (3 September 1858 – 24 June 1941) was a Scottish philosopher and educator.

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Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (22 January 15619 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author.

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Francis Fukuyama

Yoshihiro Francis "Frank" Fukuyama (born October 27, 1952) is an American political scientist, political economist, and author.

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Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)

Francis Hutcheson (8 August 1694 – 8 August 1746) was an Irish philosopher born in Ulster to a family of Scottish Presbyterians who became known as one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.

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Francis J. Beckwith

Francis J. "Frank" Beckwith (born 1960) is an American philosopher, Christian apologist, scholar, and lecturer.

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Francis of Assisi

Saint Francis of Assisi (San Francesco d'Assisi), born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone, informally named as Francesco (1181/11823 October 1226), was an Italian Catholic friar, deacon and preacher.

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Francis of Marchia

Francis of Marchia (c. 1290 - after 1344) was an Italian Franciscan theologian and philosopher.

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Francis of Mayrone

Francis of Mayrone (also Franciscus de Mayronis; c. 1280–1328) was a French scholastic philosopher.

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Francis Parker Yockey

Francis Parker Yockey (September 18, 1917 &ndash; June 16, 1960) was an American attorney, political philosopher, and polemicist best known for his neo-Spenglerian book Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics, published under the pen name Ulick Varange in 1948.

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Francis Schaeffer

Francis August Schaeffer (January 30, 1912 – May 15, 1984) was an American Evangelical Christian theologian, philosopher, and Presbyterian pastor.

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Francisco Ascaso

Francisco Ascaso Abadía (Almudévar April 1, 1901 – Barcelona July 20, 1936) was a prominent Anarcho-syndicalist figure in Spain.

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Francisco de Toledo (Jesuit)

Francisco de Toledo (4 October 1532 in Cordoba (Spain) – 14 September 1596 in Rome) was a Spanish Jesuit priest and theologian, Biblical exegete and professor at the Roman College.

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Francisco de Vitoria

Francisco de Vitoria (– 12 August 1546; also known as Francisco de Victoria) was a Roman Catholic philosopher, theologian, and jurist of Renaissance Spain.

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Francisco Giner de los Ríos

Francisco Giner de los Ríos (10 October 1839 in Ronda, Spain – 18 February 1915 in Madrid) was a philosopher, educator and one of the most influential Spanish intellectuals at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

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Francisco J. Ayala

Francisco José Ayala Pereda (born March 12, 1934) is a Spanish-American evolutionary biologist and philosopher who was a longtime faculty member at the University of California, Irvine.

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Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias

Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias (21 December 1918 in Lima) is a contemporary Peruvian philosopher who disputes the summary of human nature on the basis that any collective assumption of human nature would be unfulfilling and leave the public with a negative result.

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Francisco Romero (philosopher)

Francisco Romero (1891–1962) was a Latin American philosopher who spearheaded a reaction against positivism.

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Francisco Sanches

Francisco Sanches or Francisco Sánchez (c. 1550 &ndash; November 16, 1623) was a Spanish-PortugueseElaine Limbrick and Douglas Thomson (ed), Quod nihil scitur, Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp.

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Francisco Suárez

Francisco Suárez (5 January 1548 – 25 September 1617) was a Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian, one of the leading figures of the School of Salamanca movement, and generally regarded among the greatest scholastics after Thomas Aquinas.

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Francisco Varela

Francisco Javier Varela García (September 7, 1946 – May 28, 2001) was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, and neuroscientist who, together with his teacher Humberto Maturana, is best known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology, and for co-founding the Mind and Life Institute to promote dialog between science and Buddhism.

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Francisco Zumel

Francisco Zumel (ca. 1540-1607) was a Spanish philosopher and ecclesiastic.

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Franciscus Bonae Spei

Franciscus Bonae Spei (20 June 1617 &mdash; 5 January 1677) was a Catholic scholastic theologian and philosopher.

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Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont

Franciscus Mercurius van Helmont (baptised 20 October 1614 – 1698 or 1699) was a Flemish alchemist and writer, the son of Jan Baptist van Helmont.

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Franciscus Patricius

Franciscus Patricius (Italian: Francesco Patrizi, Croatian: Franjo Petriš or Frane Petrić; 25 April 1529 – 6 February 1597) was a philosopher and scientist from the Republic of Venice of Croatian descent.

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Francisque Bouillier

Francisque Bouillier (12 July 1813 – 25 September 1899) was a French philosopher, born in Lyons.

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Franciszek Fiszer

Franciszek Fiszer (better known as Franc Fiszer; 25 March 1860 – 9 April 1937) was a Polish bon-vivant, gourmand, erudite and philosopher, a friend of the most notable writers and philosophers of contemporary Warsaw and one of Warsaw's semi-legendary people.

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Franciszek Krupiński

Franciszek Salezy Krupiński (January 22, 1836, Łukowie near Siedlce–August 16, 1898, Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher.

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Franco Bolelli

Franco Bolelli (born 1950 in Milan) is an Italian philosopher.

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Franco Burgersdijk

Franco Petri Burgersdijk or Franciscus Burgersdicius, born Franck Pieterszoon Burgersdijk (3 May 1590 &ndash; 19 February 1635), was a Dutch logician.

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Franjo Marković

Franjo Marković (or Franjo pl. Marković; Križevci, July 26, 1845 – Zagreb, September 15, 1914) was a Croatian philosopher and writer.

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Frank Ankersmit

Franklin Rudolf Ankersmit (born 20 March 1945, Deventer, Netherlands) is professor of intellectual history and historical theory at the University of Groningen.

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Frank Cameron Jackson

Frank Cameron Jackson AO (born 1943) is an Australian analytic philosopher, currently Distinguished Professor and former Director of the Research School of Social Sciences at Australian National University.

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Frank Ebersole

Frank B. Ebersole (1919–2009) was an American philosopher who developed a unique form of ordinary language philosophy.

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Frank Fernández (writer)

Frank Fernández (born 1934) is a Cuban anarchist author.

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Frank Knopfelmacher

Frank Knopfelmacher (Vienna, 3 February 1923 – Melbourne, 17 May 1995), was a Czech Jew,Knopfelmacher, Andrew (subject's son): at pwhce.org, 21 March 2002.

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Frank Meyer (political philosopher)

Frank Straus Meyer (1909–1972) was an American philosopher and political activist best known for his theory of "fusionism" – a political philosophy that unites elements of libertarianism and traditionalism into a philosophical synthesis which is posited as the definition of modern American conservatism.

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Frank P. Ramsey

Frank Plumpton Ramsey (22 February 1903 – 19 January 1930) was a British philosopher, mathematician and economist who made fundamental contributions to abstract algebra before his death at the age of 26.

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Frank R. Wallace

Frank R. Wallace (1932 – January 26, 2006), born Wallace Ward, was an American author, publisher and mail-order magnate.

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Frank Sibley (philosopher)

Frank Noel Sibley (28 February 1923 – 18 February 1996) was a British philosopher who worked mainly in the field of aesthetics.

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Frank Van Dun

Frank Van Dun (born February 22, 1947, Antwerp) is a Belgian law philosopher and libertarian natural law theorist.

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Frankfurt cases

Frankfurt cases (also known as Frankfurt counterexamples or Frankfurt-style cases) were presented by philosopher Harry Frankfurt in 1969 as counterexamples to the principle of alternate possibilities (PAP), which holds that an agent is morally responsible for an action only if that person could have done otherwise.

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Frankfurt School

The Frankfurt School (Frankfurter Schule) is a school of social theory and philosophy associated in part with the Institute for Social Research at the Goethe University Frankfurt.

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Franklin I. Gamwell

Franklin I. Gamwell is a scholar of the philosophy of religion, Christian theology, and philosophical ethics.

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Franklin Merrell-Wolff

Franklin Merrell-Wolff (born Franklin Fowler Wolff; 11 July 1887 – 4 October 1985) was an American mystic and esoteric philosopher.

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Frantz Fanon

Frantz Fanon (20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961) was a Martinican psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary, and writer whose works are influential in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.

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Franz Brentano

Franz Clemens Honoratus Hermann Brentano (16 January 1838 – 17 March 1917) was an influential German philosopher, psychologist, and priest whose work strongly influenced not only students Edmund Husserl, Sigmund Freud, Tomáš Masaryk, Rudolf Steiner, Alexius Meinong, Carl Stumpf, Anton Marty, Kazimierz Twardowski, and Christian von Ehrenfels, but many others whose work would follow and make use of his original ideas and concepts.

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Franz Jakob Clemens

Franz Jacob Clemens (4 October 1815 &ndash; 24 February 1862) was a German Catholic philosopher, a layman who defended the Catholic Church even on theological questions.

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Franz Joseph Gall

Franz Josef Gall (9 March 175822 August 1828) was a neuroanatomist, physiologist, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain.

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Franz Rosenzweig

Franz Rosenzweig (December 25, 1886 – December 10, 1929) was a German Jewish theologian, philosopher, and translator.

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Franz Xaver Schmid

Franz Xaver Schmid; name sometimes given as Franz Xaver Schmid-Schwarzenberg (October 22, 1819 &ndash; November 28, 1883) was an Austrian-German educator and philosopher born in Schwarzenberg am Böhmerwald.

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Franz Xaver von Baader

Franz von Baader (27 March 1765 – 23 May 1841), born Benedikt Franz Xaver Baader, was a German Catholic philosopher, theologian, and mining engineer.

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Fred Dretske

Frederick Irwin "Fred" Dretske (December 9, 1932 – July 24, 2013) was an American philosopher noted for his contributions to epistemology and the philosophy of mind.

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Fred Feldman (philosopher)

Fred Feldman (born Newark, New Jersey, 1941) is an American philosopher who specializes in ethical theory.

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Fred Miller (philosopher)

Fred D. Miller, Jr. is an emeritus professor of philosophy at Bowling Green State University, and serves as Executive Director of the University's Social Philosophy and Policy Center.

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Fred Newman (philosopher)

Frederick Delano "Fred" Newman (June 17, 1935 – July 3, 2011) was an American philosopher, psychotherapist, playwright and political activist, and creator of a therapeutic modality called Social Therapy.

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Frederick Augustus Rauch

Frederick Augustus Rauch (27 July 1806, Hesse-Darmstadt - 2 March 1841, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania) was an educator and the founding president of Marshall College.

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Frederick C. Beiser

Frederick Charles Beiser (born November 27, 1949) is an American author and professor of philosophy at Syracuse University.

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Frederick Copleston

Frederick Charles Copleston, SJ, CBE (10 April 1907 – 3 February 1994) was a Jesuit priest, philosopher, and historian of philosophy, best known for his influential multi-volume A History of Philosophy (1946–74).

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Frederick Ferré

Frederick Pond Ferré (March 23, 1933 – March 22, 2013) was Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at The University of Georgia.

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Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge

Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge (March 26, 1867 – June 1, 1940) was a teacher at various American universities.

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Frederick Neuhouser

Frederick Neuhouser is the Viola Manderfeld Professor of German and a Professor of Philosophy at Barnard College, Columbia University.

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Frederick Sontag

Frederick Earl Sontag (October 2, 1924 &ndash; June 14, 2009. Accessed June 16, 2009.) was a professor of philosophy and author.

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Frederick Suppe

Frederick Suppe (born 1940 in Los Angeles, California) is a professor Emeritus of philosophy at the University of Maryland.

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Frederick Wilhelmsen

Frederick D. Wilhelmsen (1923 &ndash; 21 May 1996) was a distinguished Roman Catholic philosopher, noted, both as a professor and as a writer, for his explication and advancement of the Thomistic tradition.

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Frederik Christian Eilschov

Frederik Christian Eilschov (Rynkeby, Funen, 1725 – Copenhagen, 1750) was a Danish philosopher.

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Fredric Jameson

Fredric Jameson (born April 14, 1934) is an American literary critic and Marxist political theorist.

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Fredy Perlman

Fredy Perlman (August 20, 1934 – July 26, 1985) was a Czech-born, naturalized American author, publisher, professor, and activist.

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Free Boolean algebra

In mathematics, a free Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra with a distinguished set of elements, called generators, such that.

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Free logic

A free logic is a logic with fewer existential presuppositions than classical logic.

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Free play (Derrida)

Free play is a literary concept from Jacques Derrida's 1966 essay, "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences." In his essay, Derrida speaks of a philosophical “event” that has occurred to the historic foundation of structure.

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Free Society

Free Society (1895–1897 as The Firebrand; 1897–1904 as Free Society) was a major anarchist newspaper in the United States at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries.

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Free Territory

The Free Territory (Вільна територія vilna terytoriya; Вольная территория volnaya territoriya) or Makhnovia (Махновщина Makhnovshchyna) resulted from an attempt to form a stateless anarchistNoel-Schwartz, Heather.

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Free to Choose

Free to Choose: A Personal Statement (1980) is a book and a ten-part television series broadcast on public television by economists Milton and Rose D. Friedman that advocates free market principles.

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Free variables and bound variables

In mathematics, and in other disciplines involving formal languages, including mathematical logic and computer science, a free variable is a notation that specifies places in an expression where substitution may take place.

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Free will

Free will is the ability to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.

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Free Workers' Union

The Free Workers' Union (German: Freie Arbeiterinnen- und Arbeiter-Union or Freie ArbeiterInnen-Union; abbreviated FAU) is a small anarcho-syndicalist union in Germany.

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Free Workers' Union of Germany

The Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD) was an anarcho-syndicalist trade union in Germany.

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Free-market anarchism

Free-market anarchism, or market anarchism, includes several branches of anarchism that advocate an economic system based on voluntary market interactions without the involvement of the state.

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Freedom (newspaper)

Freedom is a London-based anarchist website and biannual journal published by Freedom Press, which was formerly a monthly newspaper.

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Freedom and Culture

Freedom and Culture is a book by John Dewey.

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Freedom and the Law

Freedom and the Law is Italian jurist and philosopher Bruno Leoni's most popular work.

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Freedom Defence Committee

The Freedom Defence Committee was a UK-based organisation set up on 3 March 1945 to "uphold the essential liberty of individuals and organisations, and to defend those who are persecuted for exercising their rights to freedom of speech, writing and action."Orwell, Sonia and Angus, Ian (eds.). The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 4: In Front of Your Nose (1945-1950) (Penguin) Chaired by Herbert Read, with Fenner Brockway and Patrick Figgis as vice-chairmen, the Committee's secretary was Ethel Mannin.

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Freedom Evolves

Freedom Evolves is a 2003 popular science and philosophy book by Daniel C. Dennett.

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Freedom of contract

Freedom of contract is the freedom of private or public individuals and groups (of any legal entity) to form nonviolent contracts without government restrictions.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Freedom Press

Freedom Press is an anarchist publishing house in Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom.

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Freedom versus license

In moral and legal philosophy, there exists a distinction between the concepts of freedom and licence.

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Freethought

Freethought (or "free thought") is a philosophical viewpoint which holds that positions regarding truth should be formed on the basis of logic, reason, and empiricism, rather than authority, tradition, revelation, or dogma.

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Frege's puzzles

Frege's puzzles are puzzles about the semantics of proper names, although related puzzles also arise in the case of indexicals.

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Frege's theorem

In metalogic and metamathematics, Frege's theorem is a metatheorem that states that the Peano axioms of arithmetic can be derived in second-order logic from Hume's principle.

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Frege–Church ontology

The Frege–Church ontology is an ontology, a theory of existence.

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Freie Arbeiter Stimme

The Freie Arbeiter Stimme (פֿרייע אַרבעטער שטימע, The Free Voice of Labor) was the longest-running anarchist periodical in the Yiddish language, founded initially as an American counterpart to Rudolf Rocker's London-based Arbeter Fraynd (Workers' Friend).

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French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools

The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (e.g., government-operated) primary and secondary schools.

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French materialism

French materialism is the name given to a handful of French 18th-century philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment, many of them clustered around the salon of Baron d'Holbach.

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French philosophy

French philosophy, here taken to mean philosophy in the French language, has been extremely diverse and has influenced Western philosophy as a whole for centuries, from the medieval scholasticism of Peter Abelard, through the founding of modern philosophy by René Descartes, to 20th century philosophy of science, existentialism, phenomenology, structuralism, and postmodernism.

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French post-structuralist feminism

French post-structuralist feminism takes post-structuralism and combines it with feminist views and looks to see if a literary work has successfully used the process of mimesis on the image of the female.

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Freudo-Marxism

Freudo-Marxism is a loose designation for philosophies that have been informed by or have attempted to synthesize the works of Karl Marx and the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud.

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Freya Mathews

Freya Mathews is an Australian environmental philosopher whose main work has been in the areas of ecological metaphysics and panpsychism.

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Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg

Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg (30 November 1802 – 24 January 1872) was a German philosopher and philologist.

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Friedrich Albert Lange

Friedrich Albert Lange (28 September 1828 – 23 November 1875) was a German philosopher and sociologist.

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Friedrich Bernhard Ferdinand Michelis

Friedrich Bernhard Ferdinand Michelis (July 27, 1815 – May 28, 1886) was a German theologian and philosopher born in Münster.

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Friedrich Calker

Friedrich Calker (July 4, 1790 – January 5, 1870), German philosopher, was educated in Jena.

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Friedrich Carl von Savigny

Friedrich Carl von Savigny (21 February 1779 – 25 October 1861) was a German jurist and historian.

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Friedrich Christian Baumeister

Friedrich Christian Baumeister (17 July 1709 – 8 October 1785) was a German philosopher.

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Friedrich Eduard Beneke

Friedrich Eduard Beneke (17 February 1798 – c. 1 March 1854) was a German psychologist and post-Kantian philosopher.

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Friedrich Engels

Friedrich Engels (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.;, sometimes anglicised Frederick Engels; 28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895) was a German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman.

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Friedrich Groos

Friedrich Groos (23 April 1768 &ndash; 15 June 1852) was a German physician and philosopher born in Karlsruhe.

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Friedrich Harms

Friedrich Harms (24 October 1819, in Kiel – 5 April 1880, in Berlin) was a German realist philosopher, much influenced by Fichte.

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Friedrich Hayek

Friedrich August von Hayek (8 May 189923 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian-British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism.

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Friedrich Hölderlin

Johann Christian Friedrich Hölderlin (20 March 1770 – 7 June 1843) was a German poet and philosopher.

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Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (25 January 1743 – 10 March 1819) was an influential German philosopher, literary figure, socialite, and the younger brother of poet Johann Georg Jacobi.

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Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer

Friedrich Philipp Immanuel Niethammer (6 March 1766 – 1 April 1848), later Ritter von Niethammer, was a German theologian, philosopher and Lutheran educational reformer.

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Friedrich Kambartel

Friedrich Kambartel (born 17 February 1935 in Münster, Germany) is a philosopher.

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Friedrich Karl Forberg

Friedrich Karl Forberg (30 August 1770, Meuselwitz – 1 January 1848, Hildburghausen) was a German philosopher and classical scholar.

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Friedrich Meinecke

Friedrich Meinecke (October 20, 1862 – February 6, 1954) was a German historian, with Liberal and anti-semitic views.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist and a Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.

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Friedrich Nietzsche bibliography

This is a list of writings and other compositions by Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Friedrich Paulsen

Friedrich Paulsen (July 16, 1846 – August 14, 1908) was a German Neo-Kantian philosopher and educator.

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Friedrich Pollock

Friedrich Pollock (22 May 1894 – 16 December 1970) was a German social scientist and philosopher.

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Friedrich Schiller

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German poet, philosopher, physician, historian, and playwright.

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Friedrich Schleiermacher

Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (November 21, 1768 – February 12, 1834) was a German theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar known for his attempt to reconcile the criticisms of the Enlightenment with traditional Protestant Christianity.

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Friedrich Solmsen

Friedrich W. Solmsen (February 4, 1904 – January 30, 1989) was a philologist and professor of classical studies.

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Friedrich Theodor Vischer

Friedrich Theodor Vischer (30 June 1807 &ndash; 14 September 1887) was a German novelist, poet, playwright, and writer on the philosophy of art.

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Friedrich Ulfers

Friedrich Ulfers (born 1934) is Professor of German at New York University.

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Friedrich von Hügel

Friedrich von Hügel (born Friedrich Maria Aloys Franz Karl Freiherr von Hügel, usually known as Baron von Hügel; 5 May 1852 – 27 January 1925) was an influential Austrian Roman Catholic layman, religious writer, Modernist theologian and Christian apologist.

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Friedrich Waismann

Friedrich Waismann (21 March 1896 – 4 November 1959) was an Austrian mathematician, physicist, and philosopher.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (27 January 1775 – 20 August 1854), later (after 1812) von Schelling, was a German philosopher.

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Friends of Durruti Group

The Friends of Durruti Group (in Spanish, Agrupación de los Amigos de Durruti) was an anarchist group in Spain, named for Buenaventura Durruti.

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Friends, Lovers, Chocolate

Friends, Lovers, Chocolate is the second of the Sunday Philosophy Club series of novels by Alexander McCall Smith, set in Edinburgh, Scotland, and featuring the protagonist Isabel Dalhousie.

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Friendship

Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people.

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Fringe science

Fringe science is an inquiry in an established field of study which departs significantly from mainstream theories in that field and is considered to be questionable by the mainstream.

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Frithjof Bergmann

Frithjof Bergmann (born 24 December 1930) is a Professor Emeritus of philosophy at the University of Michigan, where he has taught courses on existentialism and Continental philosophy.

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Frithjof Schuon

Frithjof Schuon (June 18, 1907 &ndash; May 5, 1998), also known as Īsā Nūr al-Dīn, was an author of German ancestry born in Basel, Switzerland.

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Fritjof Capra

Fritjof Capra (born February 1, 1939) is an Austrian-born American physicist, systems theorist and deep ecologist.

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Fritz Heinemann (philosopher)

Fritz Heinemann (8 February 1889 – 7 January 1970) was a German philosopher.

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Fritz Mauthner

Fritz Mauthner (22 November 1849 – 29 June 1923) was an Austro-Hungarian novelist, theatre critic and satirist.

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From Bakunin to Lacan

From Bakunin to Lacan: Anti-Authoritarianism and the Dislocation of Power is a book on political philosophy by Saul Newman, published in 2001.

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From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs

"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" is a slogan popularised by Karl Marx in his 1875 Critique of the Gotha Program.

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Fujiwara Seika

was a Japanese neo-Confucian philosopher in the Edo period.

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Function and Concept

"Function and Concept" (Über Funktion und Begriff, "On Function and Concept") is an article by Gottlob Frege, published in 1891.

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Functional calculus

In mathematics, a functional calculus is a theory allowing one to apply mathematical functions to mathematical operators.

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Functional completeness

In logic, a functionally complete set of logical connectives or Boolean operators is one which can be used to express all possible truth tables by combining members of the set into a Boolean expression.

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Functional contextualism

Functional contextualism is a modern philosophy of science rooted in philosophical pragmatism and contextualism.

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Functional decomposition

In mathematics, functional decomposition is the process of resolving a functional relationship into its constituent parts in such a way that the original function can be reconstructed (i.e., recomposed) from those parts by function composition.

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Functionalism (philosophy of mind)

Functionalism is a view in the theory of the mind.

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Functor

In mathematics, a functor is a map between categories.

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Fundamental attribution error

In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error (FAE), also known as the correspondence bias or attribution effect, is the claim that in contrast to interpretations of their own behavior, people place undue emphasis on internal characteristics of the agent (character or intention), rather than external factors, in explaining other people's behavior.

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Fundamental ontology

Fundamental ontology is defined in Martin Heidegger's Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics as “the metaphysics of human Dasein which is required for metaphysics to be made possible”.

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Fundamental rights

Some universally recognized rights that are seen as fundamental, i.e., contained in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the U.N. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, or the U.N. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, include the following.

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Fundamentalism

Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs.

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Funk art

Funk art is an American art movement that was a reaction against the nonobjectivity of abstract expressionism.

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Fusion of horizons

"Fusion of horizons" (Horizontverschmelzung) is a dialectical concept which results from the rejection of two alternatives: objectivism, whereby the objectification of the other is premised on the forgetting of oneself; and absolute knowledge, according to which universal history can be articulated within a single horizon.

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Fusionism

Fusionism is an American political term for the philosophical and political combination or "fusion" of traditionalist and social conservatism with political and economic right-libertarianism.

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Futa Helu

Futa Helu (17 June 1934 – 2 February 2010) was a Tongan philosopher, historian, and educator.

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Future

The future is what will happen in the time after the present.

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Future Primitive and Other Essays

Future Primitive and Other Essays is a collection of essays by anarcho-primitivist philosopher John Zerzan published by Autonomedia in 1994.

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Futurism

Futurism (Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century.

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Fuzzy concept

A fuzzy concept is a concept of which the boundaries of application can vary considerably according to context or conditions, instead of being fixed once and for all.

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Fuzzy logic

Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1.

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Fuzzy set

In mathematics, fuzzy sets (aka uncertain sets) are somewhat like sets whose elements have degrees of membership.

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

Fyodor Mikhailovich DostoevskyHis name has been variously transcribed into English, his first name sometimes being rendered as Theodore or Fedor.

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Fyodor Shcherbatskoy

Fyodor Ippolitovich Shcherbatskoy or Stcherbatsky (Фёдор Ипполи́тович Щербатско́й) (30 August 1866 – 18 March 1942), often referred to in the literature as F. Th.

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G. A. den Hartogh

Govert A. den Hartogh (born 1943, Kampen) is a Dutch philosopher.

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G. E. M. Anscombe

Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe (18 March 1919 – 5 January 2001), usually cited as G. E. M.

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G. E. Moore

George Edward Moore (4 November 1873 – 24 October 1958), usually cited as G. E. Moore, was an English philosopher.

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Gabbay's separation theorem

In mathematical logic and computer science, Gabbay's separation theorem, named after Dov Gabbay, states that any arbitrary temporal logic formula can be rewritten in a logically equivalent "past → future" form.

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Gabino Barreda

Gabino Barreda (b. Puebla, 1818 – d. Mexico City 1881) was a Mexican physician and philosopher oriented to French positivism.

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Gabriel Biel

Gabriel Biel, C.R.S.A. (1420 to 1425 – 7 December 1495), was a German scholastic philosopher and member of the Canons Regular of the Congregation of Windesheim, who were the clerical counterpart to the Brethren of the Common Life.

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Gabriel Bonnot de Mably

Gabriel Bonnot de Mably (Grenoble, 14 March 1709 – 2 April 1785 in Paris), sometimes known as Abbé de Mably, was a French philosopher, historian, and writer, who for a short time served in the diplomatic corps.

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Gabriel Jean Edmond Séailles

Gabriel Jean Edmond Séailles (27 June 1852 – 16 September 1922) was a French philosopher.

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Gabriel Liiceanu

Gabriel Liiceanu (b. May 23, 1942, Râmnicu-Vâlcea) is a Romanian philosopher.

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Gabriel Marcel

Gabriel Honoré Marcel (7 December 1889 – 8 October 1973) was a French philosopher, playwright, music critic and leading Christian existentialist.

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Gabriel Nuchelmans

Gabriel Nuchelmans (15 May 1922 Oud Gastel – 6 August 1996, Wassenaar) was a Dutch philosopher, focusing on the history of philosophy, especially philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as logic and philosophy of language.

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Gabriel's Wing

Bal-i-Jibril (بال جبریل; or Gabriel's Wing; published in Urdu, 1935) was a philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal, the great South Asian poet-philosopher, and the national poet of Pakistan.

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Gabrielle Suchon

Gabrielle Suchon (December 24, 1632, Semur-en-Auxois – March 5, 1703, Dijon) was a French moral philosopher who participated in debates about the social, political and religious condition of women in the early modern era.

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Gadadhara Pandita

Gadadhara Pandita, also known as Pandita Goswami, was a close associate of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

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Gaetano Bresci

Gaetano Bresci (November 10, 1869May 22, 1901) was an Italian anarchist who assassinated King Umberto I of Italy on 29 July 1900.

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Gaetano Mosca

Gaetano Mosca (1 April 1858 – 8 November 1941) was an Italian political scientist, journalist and public servant.

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Gaetano Sanseverino

Gaetano Sanseverino (1811 &ndash; 16 November 1865) was an Italian philosopher and theologian.

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Gaia hypothesis

The Gaia hypothesis, also known as the Gaia theory or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.

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Gaia philosophy

Gaia philosophy (named after Gaia, Greek goddess of the Earth) is a broadly inclusive term for related concepts that living organisms on a planet will affect the nature of their environment in order to make the environment more suitable for life.

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Gaisi Takeuti

was a Japanese mathematician, known for his work in proof theory.

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Gaius (jurist)

Gaius (fl. AD 130–180) was a celebrated Roman jurist.

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Gaius Marius Victorinus

Gaius Marius Victorinus (also known as Victorinus Afer; fl. 4th century) was a Roman grammarian, rhetorician and Neoplatonic philosopher.

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Gaius Musonius Rufus

Gaius Musonius Rufus (Μουσώνιος Ῥοῦφος) was a Roman Stoic philosopher of the 1st century AD.

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Gaius the Platonist

Gaius the Platonist (2nd century) was a Greek or Roman philosopher, and a representative of Middle Platonism.

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Gajo Petrović

Gavrilo "Gajo" Petrović (Karlovac, 12 March 1927 – Zagreb, 13 June 1993) was one of the main theorists in the Marxist humanist Praxis School in the SFR Yugoslavia.

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Galen

Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (Κλαύδιος Γαληνός; September 129 AD – /), often Anglicized as Galen and better known as Galen of Pergamon, was a Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire.

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Galen Strawson

Galen John Strawson (born 1952) is a British analytic philosopher and literary critic who works primarily on philosophy of mind, metaphysics (including free will, panpsychism, the mind-body problem, and the self), John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Galenic corpus

The Galenic corpus is the collection of writings of Galen, a prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire during the second century C.E.

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Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.

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Galvano Della Volpe

Galvano Della Volpe (24 September 1895, in Imola – 13 July 1968, in Rome) was an Italian professor of philosophy and Western Marxist theorist.

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Gambler's fallacy

The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future.

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Game semantics

Game semantics (dialogische Logik, translated as dialogical logic) is an approach to formal semantics that grounds the concepts of truth or validity on game-theoretic concepts, such as the existence of a winning strategy for a player, somewhat resembling Socratic dialogues or medieval theory of Obligationes.

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Game theory

Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers".

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GANDALF trial

GANDALF was an acronym ('''G'''reen '''A'''narchist and ALF) for the 1997 trial in the UK of the editors of Green Anarchist magazine, as well as two prominent British supporters of the Animal Liberation Front and Animal Liberation Front Supporters Group (ALF SG), on charges of conspiracy to incite criminal damage.

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Gangesha Upadhyaya

Gangesha Upadhyaya (गंगेश उपाध्याय, Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya) (late 12th century) was an Indian mathematician and philosopher from the kingdom of Mithila.

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Gani Bobi

Gani Bobi (Serbian Cyrillic: Гани Боби) (20 November 1943 – 17 July 1995) was an Albanian philosopher and sociologist from Kosovo.

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Gaozi

Gaozi (ca. 420-350 BCE), or Gao Buhai (告不害), was a Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period.

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Gareth Evans (philosopher)

Gareth Evans (12 May 1946 – 10 August 1980) was a British philosopher who made substantial contributions to logic, philosophy of language and philosophy of mind.

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Gareth Matthews

Gareth Matthews (July 8, 1929 – April 17, 2011) was an American philosopher who specialized in ancient philosophy, philosophy of childhood and philosophy for children.

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Gargi Vachaknavi

Gargi Vachaknavi (born about c. 7th century BCE) was an ancient Indian philosopher.

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Garlandus Compotista

Garlandus Compotista, also known as Garland the Computist, was an early medieval logician of the eleventh-century school of Liège.

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Garrett Hardin

Garrett James Hardin (April 21, 1915 – September 14, 2003) was an American ecologist and philosopher who warned of the dangers of overpopulation.

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Garry L. Hagberg

Garry L. Hagberg is an author, professor, philosopher, and jazz musician, He is currently the James H. Ottaway Jr.

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Gary Chartier

Gary William Chartier (born December 30, 1966) is an American legal scholar and philosopher who is currently Distinguished Professor of Law and Business Ethics and Associate Dean of the Tom and Vi Zapara School of Business at La Sierra University in Riverside, California.

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Gary Drescher

Gary L. Drescher is a scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), author of the book Made-Up Minds: A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence.

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Gary Habermas

Gary Robert Habermas (born 1950) is an American historian, New Testament scholar, philosopher of religion, and Christian apologist who frequently writes and lectures on the resurrection of Jesus.

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Gary L. Francione

Gary Lawrence Francione (born May 1954) is an American legal scholar.

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Gary Legenhausen

Gary Carl (Muhammad) Legenhausen (born 1953, New York City) is an American philosopher who teaches at the Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute, which is directed by Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi.

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Gasparinus de Bergamo

Gasparinus de Bergamo (in Italian, Gasparino (da) Barizizza or Gasparino (da) Barzizza; in French, Gasparin de Bergame; in Latin, Gasparinus Barzizius Bergamensis) (c. 1360 – c. 1431) was an Italian grammarian and teacher noted for introducing a new style of epistolary Latin inspired by the works of Cicero.

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Gaston Bachelard

Gaston Bachelard (27 June 1884 – 16 October 1962) was a French philosopher.

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Gaston Berger

Gaston Berger (1 October 1896 – 13 November 1960) was a French futurist but also an industrialist, a philosopher and a state manager.

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Gaudapada

Gauḍapāda (c.6th century CE), also referred as, was an early medieval era scholar of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy.

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Gaudiya Vaishnavism

Gaudiya Vaishnavism (also known as (Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava tradition, Bengali Vaishnavism, or Chaitanya Vaishnavism) is a Vaishnava religious movement inspired by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534) in North India. "Gauḍīya" refers to the Gauḍa region (present day Bengal/Bangladesh) with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of Vishnu or Krishna". Its theological basis is primarily that of the Bhagavad Gītā and Bhāgavata Purāṇa as interpreted by early disciples of Chaitanya such as Sanātana Gosvāmin, Rūpa Gosvāmin, Jīva Gosvāmin, Gopala Bhaṭṭa Gosvāmin, and others. The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (bhakti) of Radha and Krishna, and their many divine incarnations as the supreme forms of God, Svayam Bhagavan. Most popularly, this worship takes the form of singing Radha and Krishna's holy names, such as "Hare", "Krishna" and "Rama", most commonly in the form of the Hare Krishna (mantra), also known as kirtan. The movement is sometimes referred to as the Brahma-Madhva-Gaudiya sampradaya, referring to its traditional origins in the succession of spiritual masters (gurus) believed to originate from Brahma. It classifies itself as a monotheistic tradition, seeing the many forms of Vishnu or Krishna as expansions or incarnations of the one Supreme God, adipurusha.

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Gaunilo of Marmoutiers

Gaunilo or Gaunillon (century) was a Benedictine monk of Marmoutier Abbey in Tours, France.

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Gautama Buddha

Gautama Buddha (c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni Buddha, or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was an ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.

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Gay Left

Gay Left was a collective of gay men and a journal of the same name which they published every six months in London between the years 1975 and 1980.

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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 24 February 1942) is an Indian scholar, literary theorist, and feminist critic.

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Gaze

In critical theory, sociology, and psychoanalysis, the gaze (translated from French le regard) is the act of seeing and being seen.

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Gérard Granel

Gérard Granel (1930 &ndash; 10 November 2000) was a French philosopher and translator.

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Géraud de Cordemoy

Géraud de Cordemoy (6 October 1626 in Paris – 15 October 1684 in Paris) was a French philosopher, historian and lawyer.

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Géza Fodor (philosopher)

Géza Fodor (2 May 1943 – 7 October 2008) was a Hungarian art and literary critic, philosopher, and dramaturge.

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Gómez Pereira

Gómez Pereira (1500–1567) was a Spanish philosopher, doctor, and natural humanist from Medina del Campo.

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Gödel numbering

In mathematical logic, a Gödel numbering is a function that assigns to each symbol and well-formed formula of some formal language a unique natural number, called its Gödel number.

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Gödel's incompleteness theorems

Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that demonstrate the inherent limitations of every formal axiomatic system containing basic arithmetic.

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Gödel's ontological proof

Gödel's ontological proof is a formal argument by the mathematician Kurt Gödel (1906–1978) for God's existence.

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Gödel, Escher, Bach

Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, also known as GEB, is a 1979 book by Douglas Hofstadter.

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Günter Abel

Günter Abel (born 7 November 1947 in Homberg (Efze), Hesse) is a German philosopher.

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Günther Anders

Günther Anders (born Günther Siegmund Stern; Breslau, 12 July 1902 – Vienna, 17 December 1992) was a German Jewish philosopher, journalist, essayist and poet.

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Ge Hong

Ge Hong (葛洪; b. 283 - d. 343 or 363) was an Eastern Jin Dynasty scholar, and the author of Essays on Chinese Characters.

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Geist

Geist is a German noun with a degree of importance in German philosophy.

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Geisteswissenschaft

Geisteswissenschaften ("sciences of spirit") is a set of human sciences such as philosophy, history, philology, musicology, linguistics, theater studies, literary studies, media studies, and sometimes even theology and jurisprudence, that are traditional in German universities.

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Gellish

Gellish is a formal language that is natural language independent, although its concepts have 'names' and definitions in various natural languages.

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Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, generally translated as "community and society", are categories which were used by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in order to categorize social ties into two dichotomous sociological types which define each other.

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Geminus

Geminus of Rhodes (Γεμῖνος ὁ Ῥόδιος), was a Greek astronomer and mathematician, who flourished in the 1st century BC.

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Gemistus Pletho

Georgius Gemistus (Γεώργιος Γεμιστός; /1360 – 1452/1454), later called Plethon (Πλήθων), was one of the most renowned philosophers of the late Byzantine era.

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Gender

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity.

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Gender studies

Gender studies is a field for interdisciplinary study devoted to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis.

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Gene therapy

In the medicine field, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.

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Genealogy

Genealogy (from γενεαλογία from γενεά, "generation" and λόγος, "knowledge"), also known as family history, is the study of families and the tracing of their lineages and history.

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Genealogy (philosophy)

In philosophy, genealogy is a historical technique in which one questions the commonly understood emergence of various philosophical and social beliefs by attempting to account for the scope, breadth or totality of discourse, thus extending the possibility of analysis, as opposed to the Marxist use of the term ideology to explain the totality of historical discourse within the time period in question by focusing on a singular or dominant discourse (ideology).

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General Confederation of Labour (Portugal)

The General Confederation of Labour (Confederação Geral do Trabalho, or CGT) is a former Portuguese labour union confederation.

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General intellect

General intellect, according to Karl Marx in his Grundrisse, became a crucial force of production.

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General relativity

General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics.

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General semantics

General semantics is a self improvement and therapy program begun in the 1920s that seeks to regulate human mental habits and behaviors.

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General will

In political philosophy, the general will (volonté générale) is the will of the people as a whole.

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Generalizability theory

Generalizability theory, or G theory, is a statistical framework for conceptualizing, investigating, and designing reliable observations.

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Generalization

A generalization (or generalisation) is the formulation of general concepts from specific instances by abstracting common properties.

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Generalized quantifier

In linguistic semantics, a generalized quantifier (GQ) is an expression that denotes a set of sets.

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Generalized star height problem

The generalized star-height problem in formal language theory is the open question whether all regular languages can be expressed using generalized regular expressions with a limited nesting depth of Kleene stars.

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Generation effect

The generation effect is a phenomenon where information is better remembered if it is generated from one's own mind rather than simply read.

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Generation of Animals

The Generation of Animals (or On the Generation of Animals; Greek Περὶ ζῴων γενέσεως; Latin De Generatione Animalium) is one of Aristotle's major texts on biology.

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Generative grammar

Generative grammar is a linguistic theory that regards grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language.

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Generativity

The term generativity was coined by the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson in 1950 to denote "a concern for establishing and guiding the next generation." He first used the term while defining the Care stage in his theory of the stages of psychosocial development.

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Generosity

Generosity (also called largess) is the virtue of being unattached to material possessions, often symbolized by the giving of gifts.

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Genetic epistemology

Genetic epistemology or 'developmental theory of knowledge' is a study of the origins (genesis) of knowledge (epistemology) established by Jean Piaget.

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Genetic fallacy

The genetic fallacy (also known as the fallacy of origins or fallacy of virtue) is a fallacy of irrelevance that is based solely on someone's or something's history, origin, or source rather than its current meaning or context.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

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Genetics and abortion

The genetics and abortion issue is an extension of the abortion debate and the disability rights movement.

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Geneviève Fraisse

Geneviève Fraisse (born October 1948 in Paris) is a French philosopher and an historian of feminist thought.

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Genevieve Lloyd

Genevieve Lloyd (born at Cootamundra, New South Wales, 16 October 1941) is an Australian philosopher and feminist.

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Genidentity

As introduced by Kurt Lewin, genidentity is an existential relationship underlying the genesis of an object from one moment to the next.

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Genius

A genius is a person who displays exceptional intellectual ability, creative productivity, universality in genres or originality, typically to a degree that is associated with the achievement of new advances in a domain of knowledge.

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Genocide

Genocide is intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part.

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Genotype–phenotype distinction

The genotype–phenotype distinction is drawn in genetics.

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Genshin

Genshin (源信; 942 – July 6, 1017), also known as Eshin Sozu, was the most influential of a number of Tendai scholars active during the tenth and eleventh centuries in Japan.

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Gentleness

Gentleness is the value and quality of one's character.

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Genus

A genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, as well as viruses, in biology.

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Genus–differentia definition

A genus–differentia definition is a type of intensional definition, and it is composed of two parts.

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Geocriticism

Geocriticism is a method of literary analysis and literary theory that incorporates the study of geographic space.

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Geoffrey Bennington

Geoffrey Bennington (born 1956) is Asa Griggs Candler Professor of French and Professor of Comparative Literature at Emory University in Georgia, United States, and Professor of Philosophy at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland, as well as a member of the International College of Philosophy in Paris.

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Geoffrey Brennan

Geoffrey Brennan (born September 15, 1944) is an Australian philosopher.

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Geoffrey Hellman

Geoffrey Hellman is an American professor and philosopher.

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Geoffrey Hunter (logician)

Geoffrey Basil Bailey Hunter (December 14, 1925 – June 8, 2000) was a professor, philosopher, and logician.

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Geoffrey Ostergaard

Geoffrey Ostergaard (20 July 1926 – 22 March 1990) was a senior lecturer at Birmingham University and an anarcho-pacifist.

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Geoffrey Reginald Gilchrist Mure

Geoffrey Reginald Gilchrist Mure (1893–1979) was a British idealist philosopher and Oxford academic, who specialised in the works of the German philosopher, Hegel.

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Geoffrey Sayre-McCord

Geoffrey Sayre-McCord (né McCord, born December 10, 1956) is a philosopher who works in moral theory, meta-ethics, the history of ethics, and epistemology.

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Geoffrey Scarre

Geoffrey Scarre is a moral philosopher and professor of philosophy at the University of Durham.

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Geoffrey Warnock

Sir Geoffrey James Warnock (16 August 1923 – 8 October 1995) was a philosopher and Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University.

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Geohumoral theory

Geohumoral theory or Geohumoralism was a racialist concept propounded in Renaissance Europe.

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Geometry

Geometry (from the γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space.

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Geometry of interaction

The Geometry of Interaction (GoI) was introduced by Jean-Yves Girard shortly after his work on linear logic.

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Georg Anton Friedrich Ast

Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (29 December 1778 – 31 October 1841) was a German philosopher and philologist.

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Georg Bernhard Bilfinger

Georg Bernhard Bilfinger (23 January 1693 – 18 February 1750), German philosopher, mathematician and statesman, son of a Lutheran minister.

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Georg Brandes

Georg Brandes (4 February 1842 – 19 February 1927), born Morris Cohen, was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced Scandinavian and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century.

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Georg Cantor

Georg Ferdinand Ludwig Philipp Cantor (– January 6, 1918) was a German mathematician.

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Georg Christoph Lichtenberg

Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1 July 1742 – 24 February 1799) was a German physicist, satirist, and Anglophile.

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Georg Friedrich Daumer

Georg Friedrich Daumer (Nuremberg, 5 March 1800 - Würzburg, 14 December 1875) was a German poet and philosopher.

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Georg Friedrich Meier

Georg Friedrich Meier (26 March 1718 – 21 June 1777) was a German philosopher and aesthetician.

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Georg Gottlob Richter

Georg Gottlob Richter (4 February 1694 – 28 May 1773) was a professor of medicine, philosophy, and philology.

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Georg Gustav Fülleborn

Georg Gustav Fülleborn (2 March 1769 – 6 February 1803) was a German philosopher, philologist and miscellaneous writer.

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Georg Henrik von Wright

Georg Henrik von Wright (14 June 1916 &ndash; 16 June 2003) was a Finnish philosopher, who succeeded Ludwig Wittgenstein as professor at the University of Cambridge.

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Georg Jellinek

Georg Jellinek (16 June 1851 – 12 January 1911) was a German public lawyer, considered of Austrian origin.

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Georg Kühlewind

Georg Kühlewind, birth name György Székely (March 6, 1924 – January 15, 2006) was a Hungarian philosopher, writer, lecturer and meditation teacher, who worked from the tradition of Rudolf Steiner’s spiritual science.

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Georg Klaus

Georg Klaus (28 December 1912, Nuremberg – 29 July 1974, Berlin) was a German philosopher, cybernetician, chess master, and functionary.

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Georg Kreisel

Georg Kreisel FRS (September 15, 1923 &ndash; March 1, 2015) was an Austrian-born mathematical logician who studied and worked in Great Britain and America.

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Georg Mehlis

Georg Mehlis (8 March 1878 – 13 November 1942) was a German neo-Kantian philosopher.

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Georg Misch

Georg Misch (5 April 1878, Berlin – 10 June 1965, Göttingen) was a German philosopher.

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Georg Simmel

Georg Simmel (1 March 1858 – 28 September 1918) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and critic.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure of German idealism.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel bibliography

The following list of works by German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831).

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George Amiroutzes

George Amiroutzes (Γεώργιος Αμιρουτζής) (1400–1470) was a Pontic Greek Renaissance scholar, philosopher and civil servant.

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George Berkeley

George Berkeley (12 March 168514 January 1753) — known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne) — was an Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others).

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George Blewett

George John Blewett (December 9, 1873 &ndash; August 15, 1912) was a Canadian academic and philosopher.

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George Boas

George Boas (28 August 1891 &ndash; 17 March 1980) was a Professor of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University.

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George Boole

George Boole (2 November 1815 – 8 December 1864) was a largely self-taught English mathematician, philosopher and logician, most of whose short career was spent as the first professor of mathematics at Queen's College, Cork in Ireland.

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George Boolos

George Stephen Boolos (September 4, 1940 – May 27, 1996) was an American philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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George Botterill

George Steven Botterill (born 8 January 1949) is a Welsh chess player, writer and philosopher.

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George Caffentzis

George Caffentzis (born 1945) is an American political philosopher and an autonomist Marxist.

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George Campbell (minister)

Rev Prof George Campbell DD FRSE (25 December 1719 – 6 April 1796) was a figure of the Scottish Enlightenment, known as a philosopher, minister, and professor of divinity.

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George Croom Robertson

George Croom Robertson (10 March 1842 – 20 September 1892) was a Scottish philosopher.

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George Dickie (philosopher)

George Dickie (born at 12. august 1926 in Palmetto, Florida) is a Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at University of Illinois at Chicago.

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George Edward Hughes

George Edward Hughes (8 June 1918 – 4 March 1994) was an Irish-born New Zealand philosopher and logician whose principal scholarly works were concerned with modal logic and medieval philosophy.

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George Eliot

Mary Anne Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively "Mary Ann" or "Marian"), known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist, poet, journalist, translator, and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era.

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George Grant (philosopher)

George Parkin Grant (13 November 1918 – 27 September 1988) was a Canadian philosopher and political commentator.

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George Grote

George Grote (17 November 1794 – 18 June 1871) was an English political radical and classical historian.

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George Gurdjieff

George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (31 March 1866/ 14 January 1872/ 28 November 1877 – 29 October 1949) commonly known as G. I. Gurdjieff, was a mystic, philosopher, spiritual teacher, and composer of Armenian and Greek descent, born in Alexandrapol (now Gyumri), Armenia.

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George H. Smith

George Hamilton Smith (born February 10, 1949, Japan) is an American author, editor, educator and speaker, known for his writings on atheism and libertarianism.

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George Henry Lewes

George Henry Lewes (18 April 1817 – 30 November 1878) was an English philosopher and critic of literature and theatre.

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George Herbert Mead

George Herbert Mead (February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931) was an American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists.

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George Holland Sabine

George Holland Sabine (9 December 1880 – 18 January 1961), popularly known as Sabine, was a professor of philosophy, dean of the Graduate School and vice president of Cornell University.

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George Holmes Howison

George Holmes Howison (1834–1916) was an American philosopher who established the philosophy department at the University of California, Berkeley and held the position there of Mills Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity.

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George Hourani

George Fadlo Hourani (June 3, 1913 – September 19, 1984) was a British philosopher, historian, and classicist.

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George I. Mavrodes

George I. Mavrodes is an American philosopher who is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Michigan.

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George Kateb

George Kateb is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics, Emeritus, at Princeton University.

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George Lakoff

George P. Lakoff (born May 24, 1941) is an American cognitive linguist and philosopher, best known for his thesis that lives of individuals are significantly influenced by the central metaphors they use to explain complex phenomena.

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George Lansing Raymond

George Lansing Raymond, (1839–1929) was a prominent professor of Aesthetic Criticism at Princeton University (1881–1905) and author of a new system of esthetics.

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George Molnar (philosopher)

George Molnar (1934 – 1999) was a Hungarian-born philosopher whose principal area of interest was metaphysics.

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George of Trebizond

George of Trebizond (Γεώργιος Τραπεζούντιος; 1395–1486) was a Greek philosopher, scholar and humanist.

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George Ohsawa

George Ohsawa, born, was the founder of the macrobiotic diet and philosophy.

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George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic whose work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism and outspoken support of democratic socialism.

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George Pappas

George Sotiros Pappas (born 1942) is a professor of philosophy at Ohio State University.

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George Santayana

Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, known in English as George Santayana (December 16, 1863September 26, 1952), was a philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist.

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George Sher

George Sher is a moral philosopher and political philosopher who has taught at Rice University since 1991.

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George Sossenko

George Sossenko (sometimes Georges Sossenko; December 20, 1918 &ndash; March 14, 2013) was a Russian-born American lecturer and activist.

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George Stout

George Frederick Stout, FBA (6 January 1860 – 18 August 1944), usually cited as G. F. Stout, was a leading English philosopher and psychologist.

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George Stuart Fullerton

George Stuart Fullerton (1859–1925) was an American philosopher and psychologist.

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George Sylvester Morris

George Sylvester Morris (November 15, 1840 – March 23, 1889) was an American educator and philosophical writer.

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George Trumbull Ladd

George Trumbull Ladd (January 19, 1842 – August 8, 1921) was an American philosopher, educator and psychologist.

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George Turnbull (theologian)

George Turnbull (11 July 1698 – 31 Jan 1748) was a Scottish philosopher, theologian, teacher, writer on education and an early but little-known figure in the Scottish Enlightenment.

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George Woodcock

George Woodcock (May 8, 1912 – January 28, 1995) was a Canadian writer of political biography and history, an anarchist thinker, an essayist and literary critic.

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Georges Bataille

Georges Albert Maurice Victor Bataille (10 September 1897 – 9 July 1962) was a French intellectual and literary figure working in literature, philosophy, anthropology, economics, sociology and history of art.

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Georges Bénézé

Georges Bénézé (1888–1978) was a French philosopher Bénézé was a disciple and editor of Alain.

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Georges Canguilhem

Georges Canguilhem (or; 4 June 1904 – 11 September 1995) was a French philosopher and physician who specialized in epistemology and the philosophy of science (in particular, biology).

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Georges Cochon

Georges Cochon (1879-1959) was a tapestry maker, an anarchist and the secretary of the Federation of Tenants.

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Georges Florovsky

Georges Vasilievich Florovsky (Russian: Гео́ргий Васи́льевич Флоро́вский; September 9, 1893 – August 11, 1979) was an Orthodox Christian priest, theologian, historian and ecumenist.

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Georges Palante

Georges Toussaint Léon Palante (November 20, 1862 – August 5, 1925) was a French philosopher and sociologist.

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Georges Politzer

Georges Politzer (3 May 1903 &ndash; 23 May 1942) was a French philosopher and Marxist theoretician of Hungarian Jewish origin, affectionately referred to by some as the "red-headed philosopher" (philosophe roux).

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Georges Sorel

Georges Eugène Sorel (2 November 1847 &ndash; 29 August 1922) was a French philosopher and theorist of Sorelianism.

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Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste.

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Georgi Plekhanov

Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (a; 29 November 1856 – 30 May 1918) was a Russian revolutionary and a Marxist theoretician.

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Gerald Cohen

Gerald Allan "Jerry" Cohen, FBA (14 April 1941 – 5 August 2009) was a Marxist political philosopher who held the positions of Quain Professor of Jurisprudence, University College London and Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory, All Souls College, Oxford.

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Gerald Dworkin

Gerald Dworkin (born 1937) is a professor of moral, political and legal philosophy.

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Gerald Holton

Gerald Holton is an American physicist, historian of science, and educator, whose professional interests also include philosophy of science and the fostering of careers of young men and women.

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Gerald Sacks

Gerald Enoch Sacks (born 1933, Brooklyn) is a logician who holds a joint appointment at Harvard University as a professor of mathematical logic and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a professor emeritus.

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Gerard Bolland

Gerardus Johannes Petrus Josephus Bolland (9 June 1854, Groningen – 11 February 1922, Leiden), also known as G.J.P.J. Bolland, was a Dutch autodidact (self-taught man), linguist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and lecturer.

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Gerard Casey (philosopher)

Gerard Casey (born 1951) is a Professor Emeritus at the University College Dublin.

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Gerard of Abbeville

Gerard of Abbeville (1220-1272) was a theologian from the University of Paris.

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Gerard of Bologna

Gerard of Bologna (died 1317) was an Italian Carmelite theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Gerard of Brussels

Gerard of Brussels (Gérard de Bruxelles, Gerardus Bruxellensis) was an early thirteenth-century geometer and philosopher known primarily for his Latin book Liber de motu (On Motion), which was a pioneering study in kinematics, probably written between 1187 and 1260.

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Gerard of Cremona

Gerard of Cremona (Latin: Gerardus Cremonensis; c. 1114 – 1187) was an Italian translator of scientific books from Arabic into Latin.

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Gerard van der Leeuw

Gerardus van der Leeuw (March 18, 1890 – November 18, 1950) was a Dutch historian and philosopher of religion.

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Gerard Verschuuren

Gerard M. Verschuuren (nicknames Gerry and Geert) is a scientist, writer, speaker, and consultant, working at the interface of science, philosophy, and religion.

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Gerardus Heymans

Gerardus Heymans (17 April 1857, Ferwert &ndash; 18 February 1930, Groningen) was a Dutch philosopher, psychologist, a follower of Gustav Fechner's idea of psychic monism, and from 1890 to 1927 a Professor at Groningen University.

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Gerardus Odonis

Geraldus Odonis, Guiral Ot in Occitan, (born in Camboulit, department of Lot, France, 1285; died at Catania, Sicily in 1349) was a French theologian and Minister General of the Franciscan Order.

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Gerd Buchdahl

Gerd Buchdahl (12 August 1914 &ndash; 17 May 2001) was a German-English philosopher of science.

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Gerda Alexander

Gerda Alexander (February 15, 1908 – February 21, 1994) was a Danish teacher who devised a method of self-development called Eutony.

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Gerhard Dorn

Gerhard Dorn (c. 1530 &ndash; 1584) was a Belgian philosopher, translator, alchemist, physician and bibliophile.

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Gerhard Gentzen

Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909 – August 4, 1945) was a German mathematician and logician.

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Gerhard Schneemann

Gerhard Schneemann (born at Wesel, Lower Rhine, 12 February 1829; d. at Kerkrade, Netherlands, 20 November 1885) was a German Jesuit.

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Gerhard Streminger

Gerhard Streminger is an Austrian Philosopher and author, born in Graz in 1952.

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Gerhard Vollmer

Gerhard Vollmer (born 17 November 1943 in Speyer) is a German physicist and philosopher.

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Gerhold K. Becker

Gerhold K. Becker (born 22 July 1943) is a German philosopher.

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Germain Grisez

Germain Gabriel Grisez (September 30, 1929 – February 1, 2018) was a French-American philosopher.

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German Historical School

The German Historical School of Jurisprudence is a 19th-century intellectual movement in the study of German law.

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German idealism

German idealism (also known as post-Kantian idealism, post-Kantian philosophy, or simply post-Kantianism) was a philosophical movement that emerged in Germany in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

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German philosophy

German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers.

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Germinal (journal)

Germinal (זשערמינאל, also transliterated as Zsherminal) was a Yiddish-language anarchist journal in London edited by the German-born Rudolf Rocker.

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Germinal (novel)

Germinal is the thirteenth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart.

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Germinal choice technology

Germinal choice technology refers to a set of reprogenetic technologies which currently or are expected to in the future allow parents to influence the genetic constitutions of their children.

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Gerolamo Cardano

Gerolamo (or Girolamo, or Geronimo) Cardano (Jérôme Cardan; Hieronymus Cardanus; 24 September 1501 – 21 September 1576) was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged from being a mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler.

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Gerrit Mannoury

Gerrit Mannoury (17 May 1867 &ndash; 30 January 1956) was a Dutch philosopher and mathematician, professor at the University of Amsterdam and communist, known as the central figure in the signific circle, a Dutch counterpart of the Vienna circle.

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Gershom Carmichael

Gershom Carmichael (1672&ndash;1729) was a Scottish philosopher.

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Gersonides

Levi ben Gershon (1288–1344), better known by his Graecized name as Gersonides or by his Latinized name Magister Leo Hebraeus the abbreviation of first letters as RaLBaG, was a medieval French Jewish philosopher, Talmudist, mathematician, physician and astronomer/astrologer.

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Gertrud (novel)

Gertrud is a novel written by Hermann Hesse, first published in 1910.

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Gestalt psychology

Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (from Gestalt "shape, form") is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology.

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Gestell

Gestell (or sometimes Ge-stell) is a German word used by twentieth-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger to describe what lies behind or beneath modern technology.

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Gettier problem

The Gettier problem, in the field of epistemology, is a landmark philosophical problem concerning our understanding of knowledge.

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Ghosha

Ghosha (घोषा) was an ancient Vedic period Indian female philosopher and seer.

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Ghost in the machine

The "ghost in the machine" is British philosopher Gilbert Ryle's description of René Descartes' mind-body dualism.

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Giacomo Leopardi

Giacomo Taldegardo Francesco di Sales Saverio Pietro Leopardi (29 June 1798 – 14 June 1837) was an Italian philosopher, poet, essayist, and philologist.

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Giacomo Marramao

Giacomo Marramao (born 1946) is an Italian philosopher who teaches theoretical philosophy and political philosophy at the Roma Tre University in Rome.

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Giambattista Vico

Giambattista Vico (B. Giovan Battista Vico, 23 June 1668 – 23 January 1744) was an Italian political philosopher and rhetorician, historian and jurist, of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Giammaria Ortes

Abbé Giovanni Maria Ortes (March 1713 – 1790) was a Venetian composer, economist, mathematician, Camaldolese monk, and philosopher.

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Gian Domenico Romagnosi

Gian Domenico Romagnosi (11 December 1761 &ndash; 8 June 1835) was an Italian philosopher, economist and jurist.

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Gian-Carlo Rota

Gian-Carlo Rota (April 27, 1932 &ndash; April 18, 1999) was an Italian-born American mathematician and philosopher.

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Gianfranco Sanguinetti

Gianfranco Sanguinetti (born July 16, 1948, Pully, Switzerland), was a writer and member of the Situationist International (SI), a political art movement.

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Gianni Vattimo

Gianteresio Vattimo (born 4 January 1936) is an Italian philosopher and politician.

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Gifford Lectures

The Gifford Lectures are an annual series of lectures which were established by the will of Adam Lord Gifford (died 1887).

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Gift from Hijaz

Armaghan-i-Hijaz (ارمغان حجاز; or Gift from Hijaz; published in Persian, 1938) was a philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal, the great poet-philosopher of Islam.

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Gila Sher

Gila Sher is a professor of philosophy at the University of California, San Diego.

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Gilbert de la Porrée

Gilbert de la Porrée (after 1085 – 4 September 1154), also known as Gilbert of Poitiers, Gilbertus Porretanus or Pictaviensis, was a scholastic logician and theologian.

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Gilbert Harman

Gilbert Harman (born 1938) is an American philosopher, who taught at Princeton University from 1963 until his retirement in 2017.

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Gilbert Hottois

Gilbert Hottois (born 29 March 1946, Brussels) is a Belgian professor of Philosophy at the Université Libre de Bruxelles who specialises in Bioethics.

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Gilbert Jack

Gilbert Jack (Latinized: Jachaeus, Jacchaeus; c. 1578 – 1628) was a Scottish Aristotelian philosopher.

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Gilbert Ryle

Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900 – 6 October 1976) was a British philosopher.

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Gilbert Simondon

Gilbert Simondon (2 October 1924 &ndash; 7 February 1989) was a French philosopher best known for his theory of individuation, a major source of inspiration for Gilles Deleuze and Bernard Stiegler.

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Gilda Antonia Guillen

Gilda Antonia Guillén (1959–2006) was a Cuban writer and poet.

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Giles Fraser

Giles Anthony Fraser (born 27 November 1964)"", Who's Who is an English Anglican priest, journalist and broadcaster.

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Giles of Lessines

Giles of Lessines OP (died c. 1304) was a thirteenth-century Dominican scholastic philosopher, a pupil of Thomas Aquinas.

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Giles of Rome

Giles of Rome (Latin: Aegidius Romanus; Italian: Egidio Colonna; c. 1243 &ndash; 22 December 1316), was an archbishop of Bourges who was famed for his logician commentary on the Organon by Aristotle.

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Gilles Deleuze

Gilles Deleuze (18 January 1925 – 4 November 1995) was a French philosopher who, from the early 1960s until his death in 1995, wrote on philosophy, literature, film, and fine art.

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Gilles Lipovetsky

Gilles Lipovetsky (born September 24, 1944 in Millau) is a French philosopher, writer and sociologist, professor at the University of Grenoble.

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Gilles-Gaston Granger

Gilles-Gaston Granger (28 January 1920 – 24 August 2016) was a French rationalist philosopher, born in Paris.

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Gillian Rose

Gillian Rosemary Rose (née Stone; 20 September 1947 – 9 December 1995) was a British scholar who worked in the fields of philosophy and sociology.

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Gillick competence

Gillick competence is a term originating in England and is used in medical law to decide whether a child (under 16 years of age) is able to consent to his or her own medical treatment, without the need for parental permission or knowledge.

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Gino Lucetti

Gino Lucetti (31 August 1900 – 17 September 1943) was an Italian anarchist and anti-fascist who attempted to kill the dictator Benito Mussolini in the 1926.

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Gioacchino Ventura di Raulica

Gioacchino Ventura (dei Baroni) di Raulica (8 December 1792 in Palermo &ndash; 2 August 1861 in Versailles), was an Italian Roman Catholic pulpit orator, patriot, philosopher and writer.

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Giordano Bruno

Giordano Bruno (Iordanus Brunus Nolanus; 1548 – 17 February 1600), born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and cosmological theorist.

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Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition

Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition is a 1964 non-fiction book by British historian Frances A. Yates.

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Giorgi Japaridze

Giorgi Japaridze (also spelled Giorgie Dzhaparidze) is a Georgian-American researcher in logic and theoretical computer science.

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Giorgio Agamben

Giorgio Agamben (born 22 April 1942) is an Italian philosopher best known for his work investigating the concepts of the state of exception, form-of-life (borrowed from Ludwig Wittgenstein) and homo sacer.

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Giorgio Colli

Giorgio Colli (1917 – 6 January 1979) was an Italian philosopher, philologist and historian.

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Giorgio de Santillana

Giorgio Diaz de Santillana (30 May 1902 – 1974) was an Italian-American philosopher and historian of science, and Professor of the History of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

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Giorgio Del Vecchio

Giorgio Del Vecchio (August 26, 1878 – November 28, 1878 – November 28, 1970) was a prominent Italian legal philosopher of the early 20th century.

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Giorgio Vasari

Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.

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Giovanna Borradori

Giovanna Borradori is Professor of Philosophy at Vassar College.

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Giovanni Baldelli

Giovanni Baldelli (1914–1986) was an anarchist theorist, best known for his 1971 work Social Anarchism which defines social anarchism and provides a framework for its introduction.

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Giovanni Botero

Giovanni Botero (c. 1544 &ndash; 1617) was an Italian thinker, priest, poet, and diplomat, best known for his work Della ragion di Stato (The Reason of State).

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Giovanni Filoteo Achillini

Giovanni Filoteo Achillini (Latin Joannes Philotheus Achillinus; 1466–1538) was an Italian philosopher.

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Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola

Giovanni Francesco Pico della Mirandola (1470–1533) was an Italian nobleman and philosopher, the nephew of Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.

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Giovanni Gentile

Giovanni Gentile (30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian idealist philosopher, educator, and fascist politician.

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Giovanni Piana

Piana Giovanni (born April 5, 1940) is an Italian philosopher.

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Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494) was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher.

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Giovanni Vailati

Giovanni Vailati (24 April 1863 – 14 May 1909) was an Italian proto-analytic philosopher, historian of science, and mathematician.

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Gisela Striker

Gisela Striker (born 1943) is Professor Emerita of Philosophy and Classics at Harvard University.

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Giulio Camillo

Giulio "Delminio" Camillo (ca. 1480–1544) was an Italian philosopher.

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Giulio Cesare la Galla

Giulio Cesare la Galla (or Julius Cæsar Lagalla or Giulio Cesare Lagalla) (1576–1624) was a professor of philosophy at the Collegio Romano in Italy.

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Giuseppa Barbapiccola

Giuseppa Eleonora Barbapiccola (1702 – ca 1740) was an Italian natural philosopher, poet and translator.

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Giuseppe Ferrari (philosopher)

Giuseppe Ferrari (7 March 1812 – 2 July 1876) was an Italian philosopher, historian and politician.

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Giuseppe Peano

Giuseppe Peano (27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician and glottologist.

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Giuseppe Pecci

Giuseppe Pecci (13 December 1807 &ndash; 8 February 1890) was a Jesuit Thomist theologian whose younger brother, Vincenzo, became Pope Leo XIII and appointed him a cardinal.

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Giuseppe Tarantino

Philosopher Giuseppe Tarantino (1857–1950), Rector at the University of Pisa, Italy, helped introduce American and European philosophy to the Italian educational system.

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Giuseppe Zangara

Giuseppe "Joe" Zangara (September 7, 1900 – March 20, 1933) was an Italian immigrant and naturalized citizen of the United States who attempted to assassinate then-President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 15, 1933.

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Giuseppe Zevola

Giuseppe Zevola (born 1952, in Napoli) is a painter, philosopher and poet.

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Give-away shop

Give-away shops, swap shops, freeshops, or free stores are stores where all goods are free.

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Giwi Margwelaschwili

Giwi Margwelaschwili (გივი მარგველაშვილი) (born December 14, 1927 in Berlin) is a German-language Georgian writer and philosopher.

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Glas (book)

Glas is a 1974 book by Jacques Derrida.

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Glaucon

Glaucon (Γλαύκων; c. 445 BC – 4th century BC) son of Ariston, was an ancient Athenian and the philosopher Plato's older brother.

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Gleason's theorem

Gleason's theorem (named after Andrew M. Gleason) is a mathematical result which shows that the rule one uses to calculate probabilities in quantum physics follows logically from particular assumptions about how measurements are represented mathematically.

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Glen Newey

Professor Glen Francis Newey (1961 - 30 September 2017) was a political philosopher, last acting as a Professor of Practical Philosophy at the.

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Glenn Albrecht

Glenn Albrecht (born 1953) was Professor of Sustainability at Murdoch University in Western Australia.

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Gli Asolani

Gli Asolani (the people of Asolo) are dialogues in three books written between 1497 and 1504Kidwell, page 101 by Pietro Bembo in the language of Petrarch and comprise his first important work.

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Glivenko's theorem (probability theory)

In probability theory, Glivenko's theorem states that if \varphi_n, n\in \mathbb N, \varphi are the characteristic functions of some probability distributions \mu_n, \mu respectively and \varphi_n \to \varphi almost everywhere, then \mu_n \to \mu in the sense of probability distributions.

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Global catastrophic risk

A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.

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Global citizens movement

In most discussions, the global citizens movement is a socio-political process rather than a political organization or party structure.

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Global feminism

Global feminism is a feminist theory closely aligned with post-colonial theory and postcolonial feminism.

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Global justice

Global justice is an issue in political philosophy arising from the concern about unfairness.

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Global workspace theory

Global workspace theory (GWT) is a simple cognitive architecture that has been developed to account qualitatively for a large set of matched pairs of conscious and unconscious processes.

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Globalization

Globalization or globalisation is the process of interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.

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Gloria Origgi

Gloria Origgi (born 1967) is an Italian philosopher at the CNRS in Paris (Institut Jean Nicod) who works on the theory of mind, epistemology and cognitive sciences applied to new technology.

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Glossary of philosophy

A glossary of terms used in philosophy.

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Glossary of Stoicism terms

This is a glossary of terms which are commonly found in Stoic philosophy.

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Gluttony

Gluttony (gula, derived from the Latin gluttire meaning "to gulp down or swallow") means over-indulgence and over-consumption of food, drink, or wealth items.

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Gnaeus Claudius Severus (consul 167)

Gnaeus Claudius Severus was a Roman senator and philosopher who lived in the Roman Empire during the 2nd century.

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Gnaeus Claudius Severus Arabianus

Gnaeus Claudius Severus Arabianus (113-after 176) was a Senator and philosopher who lived in the Roman Empire.

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Gnomic poetry

Gnomic poetry consists of meaningful sayings put into verse to aid the memory.

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Gnosiology

Gnosiology ("study of knowledge"), a term of 18th century aesthetics, is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition".

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Gnosticism

Gnosticism (from γνωστικός gnostikos, "having knowledge", from γνῶσις, knowledge) is a modern name for a variety of ancient religious ideas and systems, originating in Jewish-Christian milieus in the first and second century AD.

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God

In monotheistic thought, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and the principal object of faith.

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God and Other Minds

God and Other Minds is the title of a 1967 book by the American philosopher of religion Alvin Plantinga which re-kindled serious philosophical debate on the existence of God in Anglo-American philosophical circles by arguing that belief in God was like belief in other minds: although neither could be demonstrated conclusively against a determined sceptic both were fundamentally rational.

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God is dead

"God is Dead" (German:; also known as the Death of God) is a widely quoted statement by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

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God Is Not Great

God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything is a 2007 book by Anglo-American author and journalist Christopher Hitchens, in which he makes a case against organized religion.

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God of the gaps

"God of the gaps" is a term used to describe observations of theological perspectives in which gaps in scientific knowledge are taken to be evidence or proof of God's existence.

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God, A Guide for the Perplexed

God, A Guide for the Perplexed is a non-fiction book by Keith Ward arguing the compatibility between science and religion.

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God-Building

God-Building, an idea proposed by some prominent early Marxists of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, proved very controversial.

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Goddess of the Market

Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right is a 2009 biography of Ayn Rand by historian Jennifer Burns.

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Godehard Link

Godehard Link is a professor of logic and philosophy of science at the University of Munich.

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Godfrey of Fontaines

Godfrey of Fontaines (born sometime before 1250, died October 29 in 1306 or 1309).

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Goethean science

Goethean science concerns the natural philosophy (German Naturphilosophie "philosophy of nature") of German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

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Gojiro

Gojiro is the 1991 debut novel by former Esquire columnist Mark Jacobson.

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Goldbach's conjecture

Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics.

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Golden Eurydice Award

The Golden Eurydice Award is presented for an outstanding contribution, or contributions over a period, in the field of biophilosophy.

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Golden mean (philosophy)

In ancient Greek philosophy, especially that of Aristotle, the golden mean or golden middle way is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency.

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Golden Rule

The Golden Rule (which can be considered a law of reciprocity in some religions) is the principle of treating others as one would wish to be treated.

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Golos Truda

Golos Truda (Голос Труда The Voice of Labour) was a Russian-language anarchist newspaper.

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Gongsun Long

Gongsun Long (BC) was a member of the School of Names (Logicians) of ancient Chinese philosophy.

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Gonsalvus of Spain

Gonsalvus Hispanus (1255 – 1313) was a Spanish Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher, who became Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor.

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Gonzalo Arango

Gonzalo Arango Arias (born in Andes, Antioquia 1931 &ndash; Tocancipá, Cundinamarca 1976) was a Colombian poet, journalist and philosopher.

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Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra

Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra (born 7 August 1969) is a philosopher.

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Good and evil

In religion, ethics, philosophy, and psychology "good and evil" is a very common dichotomy.

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Good and necessary consequence

The phrase good and necessary consequence was used more commonly several centuries ago to express the idea which we would place today under the general heading of logic; that is, to reason validly by logical deduction or better, deductive reasoning.

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Good faith

Good faith (bona fides), in human interactions, is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction.

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Good reasons approach

The Good Reasons approach is a meta-ethical theory that ethical conduct is justified if the actor has good reasons for that conduct.

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Gopal Balakrishnan

Gopal Balakrishnan is a professor in the History of Consciousness Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, working on political thought, intellectual history, and critical theory.

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Gopinath Kaviraj

Gopinath Kaviraj (7 September 1887 – 12 June 1976) was a Sanskrit-Tantra scholar, Indologist and philosopher.

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Gordon Anderson (author)

Gordon L. Anderson is an American philosopher publishing executive and the author of Philosophy of the United States and Secretary General of Professors World Peace Academy.

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Gordon Park Baker

Gordon Park Baker (born at Englewood, New Jersey, 20 April 1938; died at Woodstock, Oxfordshire, 25 June 2002) was an American-English philosopher.

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Gorgias

Gorgias (Γοργίας; c. 485 – c. 380 BC) was a Greek sophist, Siceliote, pre-Socratic philosopher and rhetorician who was a native of Leontini in Sicily.

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Gorgias (dialogue)

Gorgias (Γοργίας) is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (or; Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy.

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Gotthard Günther

Gotthard Günther (15 June 1900 – 29 November 1984), was a German (Prussian) philosopher.

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Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert

Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert (26 April 1780, in Hohenstein-Ernstthal – 30 June 1860, in Laufzorn, a village in Oberhaching) was a German physician and naturalist.

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Gotthold Ephraim Lessing

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (22 January 1729 – 15 February 1781) was a German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and one of the most outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment era.

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Gottlob Ernst Schulze

Gottlob Ernst Schulze (23 August 1761 – 14 January 1833) was a German philosopher, born in Heldrungen (modern-day Thuringia, Germany).

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Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.

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Governance

Governance is all of the processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government, a market or a network, over a social system (family, tribe, formal or informal organization, a territory or across territories) and whether through the laws, norms, power or language of an organized society.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.

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Governmentality

Governmentality is a concept first developed by the French philosopher Michel Foucault in the later years of his life, roughly between 1977 and his death in 1984, particularly in his lectures at the Collège de France during this time.

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Govinda Chandra Dev

Govinda Chandra Dev (1 February 1907 – 26 March 1971), known as G. C. Dev, was a Professor of Philosophy at the University of Dhaka.

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Grace de Laguna

Grace de Laguna (1878–1978) was an American philosopher who taught at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania.

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Grace Jantzen

Grace Marion Jantzen (May 24, 1948 &ndash; May 2, 2006) was a Canadian feminist philosopher and theologian.

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Graham Harman

Graham Harman (born May 9, 1968) is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at SCI-Arc in Los Angeles.

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Graham Oppy

Graham Robert Oppy (born 6 October 1960) is an Australian philosopher whose main area of research is the philosophy of religion.

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Graham Priest

Graham Priest (born 1948) is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the CUNY Graduate Center, as well as a regular visitor at the University of Melbourne where he was Boyce Gibson Professor of Philosophy and also at the University of St Andrews.

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Grammar

In linguistics, grammar (from Greek: γραμματική) is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language.

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Grammar of Assent

An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (commonly abbreviated to the last three words) is John Henry Newman's book on the philosophy of faith, his seminal work.

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Grammaticality

In theoretical linguistics, a speaker's judgement on the well-formedness of a linguistic utterance—called a grammaticality judgement—is based on whether the sentence is produced and interpreted in accordance with the rules and constraints of the relevant grammar.

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Grammatology

The linguist Ignace Gelb coined the term "grammatology" in 1952 to refer to the scientific study of writing systems or scripts.

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Grandfather paradox

The grandfather paradox is a paradox of time travel in which inconsistencies emerge through changing the past.

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Grant Cornwell

Grant Cornwell is the 15th president of Rollins College.

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Grassroots democracy

Grassroots democracy is a tendency towards designing political processes where as much decision-making authority as practical is shifted to the organization's lowest geographic or social level of organization.

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Graswurzelrevolution

Graswurzelrevolution (English: Grassroots Revolution) is an anarcho-pacifist magazine founded in 1972 by Wolfgang Hertle in West Germany.

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Gravitas

Gravitas was one of the Roman virtues, along with pietas, dignitas, and virtus, that were particularly appreciated in leaders.

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Gray Dorsey

Gray L. Dorsey (died July 20, 1997) was an American law professor.

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Great chain of being

The Great Chain of Being is a strict hierarchical structure of all matter and life, thought in medieval Christianity to have been decreed by God.

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Great Learning

The Great Learning or Daxue was one of the "Four Books" in Confucianism.

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Great man theory

The great man theory is a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men, or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact.

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Great Unity

The Great Unity is a Chinese utopian vision of the world in which everyone and everything is at peace.

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Great Year

The term Great Year has a variety of related meanings.

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Greed

Greed, or avarice, is an inordinate or insatiable longing for unneeded excess, especially for excess wealth, status, power, or food.

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Greedy reductionism

Greedy reductionism, identified by Daniel Dennett, in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea, is a kind of erroneous reductionism.

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Greek hero cult

Hero cults were one of the most distinctive features of ancient Greek religion.

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Green anarchism

Green anarchism (or eco-anarchism) is a school of thought within anarchism which puts a particular emphasis on environmental issues.

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Green Anarchist

The Green Anarchist, established in 1984 in the UK, was a magazine advocating green anarchism: an explicit fusion of libertarian socialist and ecological thinking.

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Green Anarchy

Green Anarchy was a magazine published by a collective located in Eugene, Oregon.

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Green libertarianism

Green libertarianism (also known as eco-libertarianism) is a hybrid political philosophy that has developed in the United States.

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Greg Koukl

Gregory Koukl (born June 10, 1950) is a Christian apologist, radio talk show host, author, speaker, and the founder of the Christian apologetics organization Stand To Reason.

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Gregor Mendel

Gregor Johann Mendel (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was a scientist, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno, Margraviate of Moravia.

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Gregor Reisch

Gregor Reisch (born at Balingen in Württemberg, about 1467; died at Freiburg, Baden, 9 May 1525) was a German Carthusian humanist writer.

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Gregori Maximoff

Grigori Petrovitch Maximoff (Григо́рий Петро́вич Макси́мов, Grigóriy Petróvich Maksímov; 11 November 1893, Mitushino Smolensk Governorate – 16 March 1950, Chicago) was a Russian-born anarcho-syndicalist who was involved in Nabat, a Ukrainian anarcho-syndicalist movement.

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Gregory Bateson

Gregory Bateson (9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields.

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Gregory Chaitin

Gregory John Chaitin (born 15 November 1947) is an Argentine-American mathematician and computer scientist.

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Gregory Currie

Gregory "Greg" Currie is Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy at the University of York.

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Gregory of Nyssa

Gregory of Nyssa, also known as Gregory Nyssen (Γρηγόριος Νύσσης; c. 335 &ndash; c. 395), was bishop of Nyssa from 372 to 376 and from 378 until his death.

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Gregory of Rimini

Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – November 1358), also called Gregorius de Arimino or Ariminensis, was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages.

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Gregory Pence

Gregory Pence (born January 17, 1948) is an American philosopher.

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Gregory Skovoroda

Gregory Skovoroda, also Hryhorii Skovoroda, or Grigory Skovoroda (Gregorius Scovoroda, Григорій Савич Сковорода, Hryhorii Savych Skovoroda; Григо́рий Са́ввич Сковорода́, Grigory Savvich Skovoroda; 3 December 1722 – 9 November 1794) was a philosopher of Cossack origin, who wrote primarily in the Sloboda Ukraine dialect of the Russian language.

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Gregory Vlastos

Gregory Vlastos (Γρηγόριος Βλαστός; July 27, 1907 &ndash; October 12, 1991) was a scholar of ancient philosophy, and author of several works on Plato and Socrates.

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Gregory Wheeler

Gregory Wheeler (born 1968) is an American logician, philosopher, and computer scientist, who specializes in formal epistemology.

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Greibach normal form

In formal language theory, a context-free grammar is in Greibach normal form (GNF) if the right-hand sides of all production rules start with a terminal symbol, optionally followed by some variables.

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Grelling–Nelson paradox

The Grelling–Nelson paradox is an antinomy, or a semantic self-referential paradox, concerning the applicability to itself of the word "heterological", meaning "inapplicable to itself." It was formulated in 1908 by Kurt Grelling and Leonard Nelson, and is sometimes mistakenly attributed to the German philosopher and mathematician Hermann Weyl.

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Griffith Powell

Griffith Powell (1561 &ndash; 15 June or 28 June 1620) was a philosopher and Principal of Jesus College, Oxford from 1613 to 1620.

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Grigorii Nikolayevich Vyrubov

Grigorii Nikolayevich Vyrubov, or Grégoire Wyrouboff (1843-1913) was a Russian Positivist philosopher and historian of science.

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Gross National Happiness

Gross National Happiness (also known by the acronym: GNH) is a philosophy that guides the government of Bhutan.

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Grotesque

Since at least the 18th century (in French and German as well as English), grotesque (or grottoesque) has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, mysterious, magnificent, fantastic, hideous, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as Halloween masks.

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Grotesque body

The grotesque body is a concept, or literary trope, put forward by Russian literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin in his study of François Rabelais' work.

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Groundhog Day (film)

Groundhog Day is a 1993 American comedy film directed by Harold Ramis and written by Ramis and Danny Rubin.

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Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten; 1785; also known as the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals and the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals) is the first of Immanuel Kant's mature works on moral philosophy and remains one of the most influential in the field.

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Group entity

In individualist anarchist discourse, a group entity is usually distinguished from an individual hominid, or animal groups from a single living being of any sexual species.

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Growing block universe

According to the growing block universe theory of time (or the growing block view), the past and present exist and the future does not exist.

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Growth attenuation

Growth attenuation is an elective medical treatment which involves administering estrogen to cause closure of the epiphyses of the bones (Epiphyseal plates), resulting in a reduced adult height.

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Grundrisse

The Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie (Fundamentals of Political Economy Criticism) is a lengthy, unfinished manuscript by the German philosopher Karl Marx.

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Grzegorz of Stawiszyn

Grzegorz of Stawiszyn (Grzegorz ze Stawiszyna; 1481&ndash;1540), was a Polish philosopher and theologian of the mid 16th century, Rector of the University of Krakow in the years 1538-1540.

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Gu Yanwu

Gu Yanwu (July 15, 1613 – February 15, 1682), also known as Gu Tinglin, was a Chinese philologist and geographer.

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Gu Zhun

Gu Zhun (1915–1974) was a Chinese intellectual, economist and pioneer of post-Marxist Chinese liberalism.

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Guan Zhong

Guan Zhong (c. 720–645 BC) was a chancellor and reformer of the State of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history.

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Guanzi (text)

The Guanzi is an ancient Chinese political and philosophical text that is named for and traditionally attributed to the 7th century BCE statesman Guan Zhong, who served as Prime Minister to Duke Huan of Qi.

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Guarino da Verona

Guarino Veronese or Guarino da Verona (1374 – December 14, 1460) was an early figure in the Italian Renaissance.

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Gudō Wafu Nishijima

Gudo Wafu Nishijima (西嶋愚道和夫 Nishijima Gudō Wafu, 29 November 1919 – 28 January 2014) was a Japanese Zen Buddhist priest and teacher.

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Guerrilla ontology

Guerilla ontology is a practice described by author Robert Anton Wilson in his 1980 book The Illuminati Papers as "the basic technique of all my books.

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Guevarism

Guevarism is a theory of communist revolution and a military strategy of guerilla warfare associated with Marxist revolutionary Ernesto "Che" Guevara, a leading figure of the Cuban Revolution who believed in the idea of Marxism–Leninism and embraced its principles.

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Guido del Giudice

Guido del Giudice (born August 14, 1957) is an Italian philosopher and writer.

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Guido Terrena

Guido Terrena (c.1270 in Perpignan &ndash; 1342), also known as Guido Terreni and Guy de Perpignan, was a Catalan Carmelite canon lawyer and scholastic philosopher.

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Guidobaldo del Monte

Guidobaldo del Monte (11 January 1545 &ndash; 6 January 1607, var. Guidobaldi or Guido Baldi), Marquis del Monte, was an Italian mathematician, philosopher and astronomer of the 16th century.

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Guifeng Zongmi

Guifeng Zongmi (780–841) was a Tang dynasty Buddhist scholar and bhikkhu, installed as fifth patriarch of the Huayan school as well as a patriarch of the Heze school of Southern Chan Buddhism. Zongmi was deeply affected by both Chan and Huayan. He wrote a number of works on the contemporary situation of Buddhism in Tang China, including critical analyses of Chan and Huayan, as well as numerous scriptural exegeses. Zongmi was deeply interested in both the practical and doctrinal aspects of Buddhism. He was especially concerned about harmonizing the views of those that tended toward exclusivity in either direction. He provided doctrinal classifications of Buddhist teachings, accounting for the apparent disparities in doctrines by categorizing them according to their specific aims.

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Guiguzi

Guiguzi (鬼谷子) is the Chinese title given to a group of writings thought to have been compiled between the late Warring States period and the end of the Han Dynasty.

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Guillaume du Vair

Guillaume du Vair (7 March 1556 &ndash; 3 August 1621) was a French author and lawyer.

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Guillaume Lamy

Guillaume Lamy (1644–1683) was a French physician best known for his sympathies with Epicurean philosophy, and for his influence on materialists such as La Mettrie.

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Guillaume Pierre Godin

Guillaume Pierre Godin (Guilhem de Peyre Godin) (c. 1260 &ndash; 1336) was a French Dominican theologian, and Cardinal.

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Guilt (emotion)

Guilt is a cognitive or an emotional experience that occurs when a person believes or realizes—accurately or not—that he or she has compromised his or her own standards of conduct or has violated a universal moral standard and bears significant responsibility for that violation.

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Guilty pleasure

A guilty pleasure is something, such as a film, a television program or a piece of music, that one enjoys despite feeling that it is not generally held in high regard, or is seen as unusual or weird.

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Guise

Guise is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

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Gulliver's Travels

Gulliver's Travels, or Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World.

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Gumersindo de Azcárate

Gumersindo de Azcárate (1840, León - 1917, Madrid) was a Spanish philosopher, jurist and politician.

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Gunk (mereology)

In gunkology, an area of philosophical logic, the term gunk applies to any whole whose parts all have further proper parts.

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Gunnar Landtman

Gunnar Landtman (6 May 1878, Helsinki – 30 October 1940, Helsinki) was a Finnish philosopher as well as a sociology and philosophy professor.

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Gunnar Skirbekk

Gunnar Skirbekk (born 11 April 1937) is a Norwegian philosopher.

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Gunther Stent

Gunther S. Stent (28 March 1924 &ndash; 12 June 2008) was Graduate Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Guo Xiang

Guo Xiang (died 312 AD) is credited with the first and most important revision of the text known as the Zhuangzi which, along with the Tao Te Ching, forms the textual and philosophical basis of the Taoist school of thought.

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Guru

Guru (गुरु, IAST: guru) is a Sanskrit term that connotes someone who is a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field.

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Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak (IAST: Gurū Nānak) (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539) was the founder of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.

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Gustav Bergmann

Gustav Bergmann (May 4, 1906 – April 21, 1987) was an Austrian-born American philosopher.

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Gustav Fechner

Gustav Theodor Fechner (19 April 1801 – 18 November 1887), was a German philosopher, physicist and experimental psychologist.

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Gustav Glogau

Gustav Glogau (6 June 1844, Laukischken (Kreis Labiau, Ostpreußen) - 22 March 1895, Laurion (Greece)) is a German philosopher of religion.

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Gustav Kafka

Gustav Kafka (July 23, 1883, Vienna – February 12, 1953, Veitshöchheim bei Würzburg) was an Austrian philosopher, psychologist.

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Gustav Landauer

Gustav Landauer (7 April 18702 May 1919) was one of the leading theorists on anarchism in Germany at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.

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Gustav Naan

Gustav Naan (Густав Иоганнович Наан, Gustav Iogannovich Naan; 17 May 1919 near Vladivostok – 12 January 1994 in Tallinn) was an Estonian physicist and philosopher.

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Gustav Radbruch

Gustav Radbruch (21 November 1878 – 23 November 1949) was a German legal scholar and politician.

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Gustav Shpet

Gustav Gustavovich Shpet (Kyiv, Ukraine &ndash; November 16, 1937, Tomsk, Russia) was a Ukrainian and Russian philosopher, psychologist, art theoretician, and interpreter (he knew 17 languages).

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Gustav Teichmüller

Gustav Teichmüller (November 19, 1832 &ndash; May 22, 1888) was a German philosopher.

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Gustave Bouvet

Gustave Charles Bouvet was a French anarchist (born 4 December 1898, Angers. Died 11 october 1984, Lagny-sur-Marne) who unsuccessfully tried to assassinate Alexandre Millerand, the President of France.

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Gustave de Molinari

Gustave de Molinari (3 March 1819 – 28 January 1912) was a political economist and classical liberal theorist born in Liège, in the Walloon region of Belgium, and was associated with French laissez-faire economists such as Frédéric Bastiat and Hippolyte Castille.

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Gustave Lefrançais

Gustave Adolphe Lefrançais (30 January 1826 in Angers, Maine-et-Loire – 16 May 1901) was a revolutionary anarchist militant, member of International Workingmen's Association (IWMA), the Paris Commune, and the Jura Federation.

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Gustavo Bueno

Gustavo Bueno Martínez (September 1, 1924 – August 7, 2016) was a Spanish philosopher.

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Gustavo Rol

Gustavo Adolfo Rol (20 June 1903 &ndash; 22 September 1994) was an Italian thinker and painter.

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Guy Aldred

Guy Alfred Aldred (often Guy A. Aldred; 5 November 1886 – 16 October 1963) was a British anarchist communist and a prominent member of the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation (APCF).

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Guy Debord

Guy Louis Debord (28 December 1931 – 30 November 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, philosopher, filmmaker, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International (SI).

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Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen

Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen, FBA (18 May 1922 – 10 July 1982), who published as G. E. L. Owen, was a British philosopher, concerned with the history of Ancient Greek philosophy.

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György Bence

György Bence (Budapest, 8 December 1941 &ndash; 28 October 2006, Budapest) was a university professor, philosopher, dissident and political consultant.

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György Lukács

György Lukács (also Georg Lukács; born György Bernát Löwinger; 13 April 1885 – 4 June 1971) was a Hungarian Marxist philosopher, aesthetician, literary historian, and critic.

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György Márkus

György Márkus (13 April 1934 &ndash; 5 October 2016) was a Hungarian philosopher, belonging to the small circle of critical theorists closely associated with György Lukács, usually referred to as the "Budapest School".

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Gymnosophists

Gymnosophists (Greek γυμνοσοφισταί, gymnosophistai, i.e. "naked philosophers" or "naked wise men") is the name given by the Greeks to certain ancient Indian philosophers who pursued asceticism to the point of regarding food and clothing as detrimental to purity of thought.

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Gymnosophy

Gymnosophy (from Greek γυμνός gymnós "naked" and σοφία sophía "wisdom") was a movement and a philosophy practiced in Europe and the USA from the end of the 19th century to the mid 20th century.

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H. B. Acton

Harry Burrows Acton (2 June 1908 – 16 June 1974), usually cited as H. B. Acton, was an English academic in the field of political philosophy, known for books defending the morality of capitalism, and attacking Marxism-Leninism.

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H. H. Price

Henry Habberley Price (17 May 1899 – 26 November 1984), usually cited as H. H. Price, was a Welsh philosopher, known for his work on perception.

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H. L. A. Hart

Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart, FBA (18 July 1907 – 19 December 1992), usually cited as H. L. A. Hart, was a British legal philosopher, and a major figure in political and legal philosophy.

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H. L. Mencken

Henry Louis Mencken (September 12, 1880 – January 29, 1956) was an American journalist, satirist, cultural critic and scholar of American English.

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H. Richard Niebuhr

Helmut Richard Niebuhr (September 3, 1894 – July 5, 1962) is considered one of the most important Christian theological ethicists in 20th century America, most known for his 1951 book Christ and Culture and his posthumously published book The Responsible Self.

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H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr.

Hugo Tristram Engelhardt Jr. (April 27, 1941 – June 21, 2018) was an American philosopher, holding doctorates in both philosophy from the University of Texas at Austin and medicine from Tulane University.

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Ha Ki-rak

Ha Ki-Rak (Korean: 하기락; 1912–1997) was a professor and major figure in Korean anarchism.

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Habeas corpus

Habeas corpus (Medieval Latin meaning literally "that you have the body") is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

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Habituation

Habituation is a form of learning in which an organism decreases or ceases its responses to a stimulus after repeated or prolonged presentations.

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Habitus (sociology)

Habitus is a system of embodied dispositions, tendencies that organize the ways in which individuals perceive the social world around them and react to it.

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Hackerspace

A hackerspace (also referred to as a hacklab, hackspace or makerspace) is a community-operated, often not for profit (501(c)(3) in the United States), work space where people with common interests, often in computers, machining, technology, science, digital art or electronic art, can meet, socialize and collaborate.

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Haecceity

"Haecceity" (from the Latin haecceitas, which translates as "thisness") is a term from medieval scholastic philosophy, first coined by followers of Duns Scotus to denote a concept that he seems to have originated: the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing that make it a particular thing.

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Hagakure

Hagakure (Kyūjitai:; Shinjitai:; meaning Hidden by the Leaves or hidden leaves), or is a practical and spiritual guide for a warrior, drawn from a collection of commentaries by the clerk Yamamoto Tsunetomo, former retainer to Nabeshima Mitsushige, the third ruler of what is now Saga Prefecture in Japan.

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Hagnon of Tarsus

Hagnon of Tarsus (Ἅγνων, 2nd century BC) was an ancient Greek rhetorician, a philosopher, and a pupil of Carneades.

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Hajime Tanabe

was a Japanese philosopher of the Kyoto School.

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Hakuin Ekaku

was one of the most influential figures in Japanese Zen Buddhism.

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Halakha

Halakha (הֲלָכָה,; also transliterated as halacha, halakhah, halachah or halocho) is the collective body of Jewish religious laws derived from the Written and Oral Torah.

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Halcyon (dialogue)

Halcyon (Ἀλκυών) is a short dialogue with the distinction of being attributed in the manuscripts to both Plato and Lucian, although the work is not by either writer.

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Half-truth

A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth.

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Halim

Halim or Haleem (حليم.) is an Arabic masculine given name which means gentle, forbearing, mild, patient, understanding, indulgent, slow to anger, "what we call a civilized man".

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Hallucination

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.

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Halo effect

The halo effect is a type of immediate judgement discrepancy, or cognitive bias, where a person making an initial assessment of another person, place, or thing will assume ambiguous information based upon concrete information.

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Halting problem

In computability theory, the halting problem is the problem of determining, from a description of an arbitrary computer program and an input, whether the program will finish running (i.e., halt) or continue to run forever.

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Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani

Hamid al–Din Abu’l–Hasan Ahmad b. ‘Abdallah al–Kirmani (flourished 996–1021 CE) was an Isma'ili scholar.

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Hamid Dabashi

Hamid Dabashi (حمید دباشی; born 1951) is an Iranian Professor of Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature at Columbia University in New York City.

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Han Fei

Han Fei (233 BC), also known as Han Fei Zi, was a Chinese philosopher of the Warring States period "Chinese Legalist" school.

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Han Ryner

Jacques Élie Henri Ambroise Ner (7 December 1861 – 6 February 1938), also known by the pseudonym Han Ryner, was a French individualist anarchist philosopher and activist and a novelist.

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Han Yong-un

Han Yong-un (한용운, August 29, 1879 – June 29, 1944) was a twentieth century Korean Buddhist reformer and poet.

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Han Yu

Han Yu (76825 December 824) was a Chinese writer, poet, and government official of the Tang dynasty who significantly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism.

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Hand-waving

Hand-waving (with various spellings) is a pejorative label for attempting to be seen as effective – in word, reasoning, or deed – while actually doing nothing effective or substantial.

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Handbook of Automated Reasoning

The Handbook of Automated Reasoning (2128 pages) is a collection of survey articles on the field of automated reasoning.

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Hanna Al-Fakhoury

Hanna-l-Fakhoury (حنا الفاخوري, Ḥānna Al-Faḫūry 1914 &ndash; October 4, 2011) was a Lebanese Melkite priest, member of the Missionaries of St.

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Hannah Arendt

Johanna "Hannah" Arendt (14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-born American philosopher and political theorist.

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Hans Achterhuis

Herman Johan "Hans" Achterhuis (born September 1, 1942, Hengelo) is Professor Emeritus in Systematic Philosophy at the University of Twente, The Netherlands and one of the country's foremost philosophers.

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Hans Albert

Hans Albert (born 8 February 1921) is a German philosopher.

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Hans Blom (philosopher)

Hans Willem Blom (born 25 April 1947, Zandvoort) is a Professor of Social and Political Philosophy at Erasmus University.

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Hans Blumenberg

Hans Blumenberg (born 13 July 1920 in Lübeck; died 28 March 1996 in Altenberge) was a German philosopher and intellectual historian.

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Hans Cornelius

Johannes Wilhelm Cornelius (September 27, 1863 &ndash; August 23, 1947) was a German neo-Kantian philosopher.

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Hans Driesch

Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch (28 October 1867 – 17 April 1941) was a German biologist and philosopher from Bad Kreuznach.

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Hans Ehrenberg

Hans Philipp Ehrenberg (4 June 1883 – 21 March 1958) was a German Jewish philosopher and theologian.

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Hans Freyer

Hans Freyer (born 31 July 1887 in Leipzig, died 18 January 1969 in Ebersteinburg near Baden-Baden) was a conservative German sociologist and philosopher.

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Hans Hahn (mathematician)

Hans Hahn (27 September 1879 – 24 July 1934) was an Austrian mathematician who made contributions to functional analysis, topology, set theory, the calculus of variations, real analysis, and order theory.

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Hans Jonas

Hans Jonas (10 May 1903 – 5 February 1993) was a German-born American Jewish philosopher, from 1955 to 1976 the Alvin Johnson Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York City.

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Hans Kamp

Johan Anthony Willem "Hans" Kamp (born 1940) is a Dutch philosopher and linguist, responsible for introducing Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) in 1981.

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Hans Köchler

Hans Köchler (born 18 October 1948) is a retired professor of philosophy at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and president of the International Progress Organization, a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the United Nations.

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Hans Kelsen

Hans Kelsen (October 11, 1881 – April 19, 1973) was an Austrian jurist, legal philosopher and political philosopher.

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Hans Lipps

Hans Lipps (22 November 1889 – 10 September 1941) was a German phenomenological and existentialist philosopher.

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Hans Pfitzner

Hans Erich Pfitzner (5 May 1869 &ndash; 22 May 1949) was a German composer and self-described anti-modernist.

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Hans Reichenbach

Hans Reichenbach (September 26, 1891 – April 9, 1953) was a leading philosopher of science, educator, and proponent of logical empiricism.

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Hans Robert Jauss

Hans Robert Jauss (Jauß; 12 December 1921 in Göppingen – 1 March 1997 in Konstanz) was a German academic, notable for his work in reception theory and medieval and modern French literature.

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Hans Rookmaaker

Henderik Roelof "Hans" Rookmaaker (February 27, 1922&ndash;March 13, 1977) was a Dutch Christian scholar, professor, and author who wrote and lectured on art theory, art history, music, philosophy, and religion.

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Hans Skjervheim

Hans Skjervheim (9 October 1926 – 22 February 1999) was a Norwegian philosopher.

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Hans Sluga

Hans D. Sluga (born April 24, 1937) is a German academic, who has served as a lecturer in philosophy at University College London and is now a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since 1970.

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Hans Vaihinger

Hans Vaihinger (September 25, 1852 &ndash; December 18, 1933) was a German philosopher, best known as a Kant scholar and for his Die Philosophie des Als Ob (The Philosophy of 'As if'), published in 1911 but written more than thirty years earlier.

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Hans Wilhelm Frei

Hans Wilhelm Frei (April 29, 1922 – September 12, 1988) was a biblical scholar and theologian who is best known for work on biblical hermeneutics.

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Hans-Georg Gadamer

Hans-Georg Gadamer (February 11, 1900 – March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher of the continental tradition, best known for his 1960 magnum opus Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode) on hermeneutics.

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Hans-Joachim Niemann

Hans Joachim Niemann (born in 1941 in Kiel), is a German philosopher who has developed the methods of critical rationalism for applying them in the fields of metaphysics and ethics.

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Hans-Martin Sass

Hans-Martin Sass (born December 1935), is a bioethicist.

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Hans-Werner Bothe

Hans-Werner Bothe (born September 23, 1952 in Langelsheim, near Goslar) is a German philosopher and neurosurgeon.

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Hao Wang (academic)

Hao Wang (20 May 1921 – 13 May 1995) was a logician, philosopher, mathematician, and commentator on Kurt Gödel.

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Happiness

In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

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Happiness economics

The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the quantitative and theoretical study of happiness, positive and negative affect, well-being, quality of life, life satisfaction and related concepts, typically combining economics with other fields such as psychology, health and sociology.

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Har Dayal

Lala Har Dayal (in Punjabi ਲਾਲਾ ਹਰਦਿਆਲ; 14 October 1884 in Delhi, India – 4 March 1939 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an Indian nationalist revolutionary.

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Harald Høffding

Harald Høffding (11 March 1843 – 2 July 1931) was a Danish philosopher and theologian.

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Harald K. Schjelderup

Harald Krabbe Schjelderup (21 May 1895 &ndash; 19 August 1974) was a Norwegian physicist, philosopher and psychologist.

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Hard determinism

Hard determinism (or metaphysical determinism) is a view on free will which holds that determinism is true, and that it is incompatible with free will, and, therefore, that free will does not exist.

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Hard problem of consciousness

The hard problem of consciousness is the problem of explaining how and why we have qualia or phenomenal experiences—how sensations acquire characteristics, such as colors and tastes.

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Haribhadra

Haribhadra Suri was a Svetambara mendicant Jain leader and author.

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Haridas Chaudhuri

Haridas Chaudhuri (হরিদাস চৌধুরী) (May 1913 – 1975), Bengali integral philosopher, was a correspondent with Sri Aurobindo and the founder of the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS).

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Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s.

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Harm principle

The harm principle holds that the actions of individuals should only be limited to prevent harm to other individuals.

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Harm reduction

Harm reduction, or harm minimization, is a range of public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors, both legal and illegal.

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Harmonices Mundi

Harmonices MundiThe full title is Ioannis Keppleri Harmonices mundi libri V (The Five Books of Johannes Kepler's The Harmony of the World).

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Harmonious Society

The Harmonious Society has been a socioeconomic vision in China.

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Harmony

In music, harmony considers the process by which the composition of individual sounds, or superpositions of sounds, is analysed by hearing.

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Harold Arthur Prichard

Harold Arthur Prichard (1871–1947), usually cited as H. A. Pritchard, was an English philosopher.

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Harold F. Cherniss

Harold Fredrik Cherniss (11 March 1904 – 18 June 1987) was an American classicist and historian of ancient philosophy.

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Harold Foster Hallett

Harold Foster Hallet (1886 - 1966), - British philosopher, was born in 1886.

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Harold H. Joachim

Harold Henry Joachim (28 May 1868 – 30 July 1938) was a British idealist philosopher.

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Harold H. Thompson (anarchist)

Harold H. Thompson (April 9, 1942 in Huntington, West Virginia &ndash; October 11, 2008) was an Irish-American anarchist activist and prisoner.

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Harriet Martineau

Harriet Martineau (12 June 1802 &ndash; 27 June 1876) was a British social theorist and Whig writer, often cited as the first female sociologist.

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Harriet Taylor Mill

Harriet Taylor Mill (née Hardy; London, 8 October 1807 – Avignon, 3 November 1858) was a British philosopher and women's rights advocate.

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Harry Austryn Wolfson

Harry Austryn Wolfson (November 2, 1887 – September 19, 1974) was a scholar, philosopher, and historian at Harvard University, and the first chairman of a Judaic Studies Center in the United States.

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Harry Binswanger

Harry Binswanger (born 1944) is an American philosopher.

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Harry Frankfurt

Harry Gordon Frankfurt (born May 29, 1929) is an American philosopher.

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Harry Kelly (anarchist)

Harry May Kelly (1871–1953) was an American anarchist and lifelong activist in the Modern School movement.

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Harry Oldmeadow

Kenneth "Harry" Oldmeadow is an Australian academic, author, editor and educator whose works focus on religion, tradition, traditionalist writers and philosophy.

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Harry Prosch

Harry Prosch (May 4, 1917 – March 11, 2005) was an American philosopher born in Logansport, Indiana.

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Hartley Burr Alexander

Hartley Burr Alexander, PhD (1873–1939), was an American philosopher, writer, educator, scholar, poet, and iconographer.

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Hartley Rogers Jr.

Hartley Rogers Jr. (1926–2015) was a mathematician who worked in recursion theory, and was a professor in the Mathematics Department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Hartry Field

Hartry H. Field (born November 30, 1946) is an American philosopher.

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Harvey Brown (philosopher)

Harvey R. Brown, FBA (born April 4, 1950 in the United Kingdom) is a philosopher of physics.

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Harvey Friedman

__notoc__ Harvey Friedman (born 23 September 1948)Handbook of Philosophical Logic,, p. 38 is a mathematical logician at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.

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Hasan Özbekhan

Dr.

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Hasdai Crescas

Hasdai ben Abraham Crescas (חסדאי קרשקש; c. 1340, Barcelona – 1410/11, Zaragoza) was a Spanish-Jewish philosopher and a renowned halakhist (teacher of Jewish law).

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Hasidic Judaism

Hasidism, sometimes Hasidic Judaism (hasidut,; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious group.

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Hasidic philosophy

Hasidic philosophy or Hasidism (חסידות), alternatively transliterated as Hasidut or Chassidus, consists of the teachings of the Hasidic movement, which are the teachings of the Hasidic rebbes, often in the form of commentary on the Torah (the Five books of Moses) and Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism).

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Haskell Curry

Haskell Brooks Curry (September 12, 1900 – September 1, 1982) was an American mathematician and logician.

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Hassan Hanafi

Hassan Hanafi (حسن حنفی) (born 1935 in Cairo, EgyptMurphy, Caryle (2002) "Chapter 11: New Thinking in Islam" Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: The Egyptian Experience Scribner, New York) is a professor and chairs the philosophy department at Cairo University.

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Hassan Kobeissi

Dr.

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Hastings Rashdall

Hastings Rashdall, FBA (24 June 1858, London – 9 February 1924, Worthing) was an English philosopher, theologian, and historian.

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Hatata

Hatata (Ge'ez: ሓተታ ḥatäta "inquiry") is a 1667 ethical philosophical treatise by the Abyssinian philosopher Zera Yacob, written at the request of his patron's son Walda Heywat.

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Hate speech

Hate speech is speech that attacks a person or group on the basis of attributes such as race, religion, ethnic origin, national origin, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

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Hauntology

Hauntology (a portmanteau of haunting and ontology) is a concept coined by philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1993 book Spectres of Marx.

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Hayashi Hōkō

, also known as Hayashi Nobutatsu, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the Edo period.

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Hayashi Razan

, also known as Hayashi Dōshun, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian philosopher, serving as a tutor and an advisor to the first four shōguns of the Tokugawa ''bakufu''.

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Hayashi Ryūkō

was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar, teacher and administrator in the system of higher education maintained by the Tokugawa ''bakufu'' during the Edo period.

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Haymarket affair

The Haymarket affair (also known as the Haymarket massacre or Haymarket riot) was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday, May 4, 1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago.

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Hayom Yom

Hayom Yom (היום יום, "Today is day...") is anthology of Hasidic aphorisms and customs arranged according to the calendar for the Hebrew year of 5703 (1942–43).

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Hayy ibn Yaqdhan

Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (ar. حي بن يقظان Alive, son of Awake) is an Arabic philosophical novel and an allegorical tale written by Ibn Tufail in the early 12th century.

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Hazel Barnes

Hazel Estella Barnes (December 16, 1915 – March 18, 2008) was an American philosopher, author, and translator.

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Héctor-Neri Castañeda

Héctor-Neri Castañeda (December 13, 1924 – September 7, 1991) was a Guatemalan philosopher and founder of the journal Noûs.

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Hélène Cixous

Hélène Cixous (born 5 June 1937) is a professor, French feminist writer, poet, playwright, philosopher, literary critic and rhetorician.

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Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister"

Hölderlin's Hymn "The Ister" (Hölderlins Hymne »Der Ister«) is the title given to a lecture course delivered by German philosopher Martin Heidegger at the University of Freiburg in 1942.

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Hōnen

was the religious reformer and founder of the first independent branch of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism called.

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He Yan

He Yan (195 – 9 February 249), courtesy name Pingshu, was an official, scholar and philosopher of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period of China.

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Healthcare proxy

A healthcare proxy is a document (legal instrument) with which a patient (primary individual) appoints an agent to legally make healthcare decisions on behalf of the patient, when he or she is incapable of making and executing the healthcare decisions stipulated in the proxy.

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Heart

The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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Heaven

Heaven, or the heavens, is a common religious, cosmological, or transcendent place where beings such as gods, angels, spirits, saints, or venerated ancestors are said to originate, be enthroned, or live.

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Heaven and Hell (essay)

Heaven and Hell is a philosophical essay by Aldous Huxley published in 1956.

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Hecataeus of Abdera

Hecataeus of Abdera or of Teos (Ἑκαταῖος ὁ Ἀβδηρίτης), was a Greek historian and sceptic philosopher who flourished in the 4th century BC.

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Hecato of Rhodes

Hecato or Hecaton of Rhodes (Ἑκάτων; fl. c. 100 BC) was a Stoic philosopher.

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Hector Boece

Hector Boece (also spelled Boyce or Boise; 1465–1536), known in Latin as Hector Boecius or Boethius, was a Scottish philosopher and historian, and the first Principal of King's College in Aberdeen, a predecessor of the University of Aberdeen.

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Hector Zagal

Héctor Jesús Zagal Arreguín is a Mexican philosopher, essayist and novelist.

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Hedgehog's dilemma

The hedgehog's dilemma, or sometimes the porcupine dilemma, is a metaphor about the challenges of human intimacy.

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Hedone

Hedone was the personification and goddess of pleasure, enjoyment, and delight.

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Hedonic treadmill

The hedonic treadmill, also known as hedonic adaptation, is the observed tendency of humans to quickly return to a relatively stable level of happiness despite major positive or negative events or life changes.

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Hedonism

Hedonism is a school of thought that argues that the pursuit of pleasure and intrinsic goods are the primary or most important goals of human life.

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Hedwig Conrad-Martius

Hedwig Conrad-Martius (Berlin, 27 February 1888 – Starnberg, 15 February 1966) was a German phenomenologist who became a Christian mystic.

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Hegel Society of America

The Hegel Society of America (HSA) was founded in 1968 at the Wofford Symposium in Spartanburg, South Carolina, United States.

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Hegel Society of Great Britain

The Hegel Society of Great Britain (HSGB) is an English-speaking forum for scholars and students interested in the writings of the philosopher GWF Hegel (1770–1831).

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Hegel-Archiv

The Hegel Archives (German: Hegel-Archiv) were founded in 1958 in North Rhine-Westphalia to encourage historical-critical efforts to study the collected works of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

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Hegelianism

Hegelianism is the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel which can be summed up by the dictum that "the rational alone is real", which means that all reality is capable of being expressed in rational categories.

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Hegemony

Hegemony (or) is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.

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Hegemony and Socialist Strategy

Hegemony and Socialist Strategy is a 1985 work of political theory in the post-Marxist tradition by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe.

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Hegesias of Cyrene

Hegesias (Ἡγησίας; fl. 290 BC) of Cyrene was a Cyrenaic philosopher, the Cyrenaics forming one of the earliest Socratic schools of philosophy.

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Hegesias of Magnesia

Hegesias of Magnesia (Ἡγησίας ὁ Μάγνης), Greek rhetorician, and historian, flourished about 300 BC.

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Hegesinus of Pergamon

Hegesinus of Pergamon (Ἡγησίνους), was an Academic philosopher, the successor of Evander and the immediate predecessor of Carneades as the leader (scholarch) of the Academy.

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Hegias

Hegias (Ἡγίας) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th and 6th centuries.

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Heidegger Gesamtausgabe

Heidegger Gesamtausgabe is the term for the collected works of German philosopher Martin Heidegger, edited by Vittorio Klostermann.

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Heideggerian terminology

Martin Heidegger, the 20th-century German philosopher, produced a large body of work that intended a profound change of direction for philosophy.

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Heidelberg School

The Heidelberg School was an Australian art movement of the late 19th century.

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Heidi Ravven

Heidi M. Ravven (born 1952) is the Bates and Benjamin Professor of Classical and Religious Studies at Hamilton College, where she has taught her specialization, Jewish Philosophy, and general Jewish Studies since 1983.

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Heimin Shimbun

Heimin Shimbun (The Commoner's News) was a libertarian-socialist newspaper established in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century.

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Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart

Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm von Sigwart (31 August 1789 – 16 November 1844) was a German philosopher and logician.

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Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (14 September 1486 – 18 February 1535) was a German polymath, physician, legal scholar, soldier, theologian, and occult writer.

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Heinrich Czolbe

Heinrich Czolbe (December 30, 1819, Katzke bei Danzig (now, a village of Kaczki; pl) - February 19, 1873, Königsberg) was a German physician and materialist philosopher.

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Heinrich Gomperz

Heinrich Gomperz (January 18, 1873 in Vienna, Austria-Hungary – December 27, 1942 in Los Angeles, California) was an Austrian philosopher.

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Heinrich Gustav Hotho

Heinrich Gustav Hotho (Berlin, May 22, 1802 &ndash; Berlin, December 25, 1873) was a German historian of art and Right Hegelian.

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Heinrich Hertz

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light.

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Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus

Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus (3 July 1796, in Pfaffroda – 22 September 1862, in Dresden) was a German philosopher best known for his exegetical work on philosophy, such as his characterisation of Hegel's dialectic ("an sich", "fuer sich", "an sich und fuer sich") positing a triad of "thesis–antithesis–synthesis.".

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Heinrich Rickert

Heinrich John Rickert (25 May 1863 – 25 July 1936) was a German philosopher, one of the leading Neo-Kantians.

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Heinrich Ritter

August Heinrich Ritter (21 November 1791 – 3 February 1869) was a German philosopher and historian of philosophy.

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Heinrich von Kleist

Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist (18 October 177721 November 1811) was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, short story writer and journalist.

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Heinz Cassirer

Heinrich (Heinz) Walter Cassirer (9 August 1903 – 20 February 1979) was a Kantian philosopher, the son of a famous German philosopher, Ernst Cassirer.

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Heinz dilemma

The Heinz dilemma is a frequently used example in many ethics and morality classes.

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Heinz Heimsoeth

Heinz Heimsoeth (12 August 1886, Cologne – 10 September 1975, Cologne) was a German historian of philosophy.

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HeLa

HeLa (also Hela or hela) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research.

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Helen Longino

Helen Elizabeth Longino (born July 13, 1944) is an American philosopher of science who has argued for the significance of values and social interactions to scientific inquiry.

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Helen Lynd

Helen Merrell Lynd (March 17, 1896 – January 30, 1982) was an American sociologist, social philosopher, educator, and author.

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Helen Zimmern

Helen Zimmern (25 March 1846 – 11 January 1934) was naturalised British writer and translator born in Germany.

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Helena Rasiowa

Helena Rasiowa (20 June 1917 – 9 August 1994) was a Polish mathematician.

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Helene von Druskowitz

Helene von Druskowitz (May 2, 1856 &ndash; May 31, 1918), born Helena Maria Druschkovich, was an Austrian philosopher, writer and music critic.

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Helga Kuhse

Helga Kuhse is an Australian utilitarian philosopher and bioethicist.

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Helio Gallardo

Helio Gallardo Martínez is a Chilean Philosopher and Professor of the University of Costa Rica.

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Heliodoro de Paiva

Dom Heliodoro de Paiva (fl. Coimbra, 1552) was a Portuguese composer, philosopher, and theologian.

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Heliodorus (philosopher)

Heliodorus (Ἡλιόδωρος) is cited as the author of a work titled Commentary (dated 564 AD), which has been preserved, on the Introduction or Rudiments of Paulus Alexandrinus, the 4th century Alexandrian astrologer.

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Heliodorus of Alexandria

Heliodorus of Alexandria (Ἡλιόδωρος) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 5th century AD.

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Hell

Hell, in many religious and folkloric traditions, is a place of torment and punishment in the afterlife.

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Hellenistic philosophy

Hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization following Aristotle and ending with the beginning of Neoplatonism.

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Helmut Reichelt

Helmut Reichelt (born 1939, Borås) is a German Marxian economist and philosopher.

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Helmut Thielicke

Helmut Thielicke (4 December 1908 in Wuppertal – 5 March 1986 in Hamburg) was a German Protestant theologian and rector of the University of Hamburg from 1960 to 1978.

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Helmuth Plessner

Helmuth Plessner (4 September 1892, Wiesbaden – 12 June 1985, Göttingen) was a German philosopher and sociologist, and a primary advocate of "philosophical anthropology".

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Helpfulness

In social psychology, the everyday concept of helpfulness is the property of providing useful assistance; or friendliness evidenced by a kindly and helpful disposition.

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Helvidius Priscus

Helvidius Priscus, Stoic philosopher and statesman, lived during the reigns of Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian.

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Hempel's dilemma

Hempel's dilemma is a question first asked (at least on record) by the philosopher Carl Hempel.

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Hendrik G. Stoker

Hendrik Gerhardus Stoker (1899 &ndash; 1993), born in Johannesburg, South Africa, was a leading Calvinist philosopher who taught at Potchefstroom (PU).

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Hendrik Hart

Hendrik Hart (born 14 December 1935) taught systematic philosophy at the Institute for Christian Studies, Toronto since its founding in 1967 until his retirement in 2001.

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Hendrik van Eikema Hommes

Hendrik Jan van Eikema Hommes (May 3, 1930, IJlst – September 3, 1984, Bussum) was a noted Dutch legal scholar and successor to Herman Dooyeweerd in the post of philosopher and judicial scholar at Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

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Hendrik van Riessen

Hendrik Van Riessen (17 August 1911, Bloemendaal, North Holland &ndash; 28 February 2000, Bloemendaal) was one of the second generation of reformational philosophers arising from the Free University(VU) in Amsterdam, after the first generation of Herman Dooyeweerd and D. H. Th. Vollenhoven.

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Henk Barendregt

Hendrik Pieter (Henk) Barendregt (born 18 December 1947, Amsterdam) is a Dutch logician, known for his work in lambda calculus and type theory.

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Henology

Henology (from Greek ἕν hen, "one") refers to the philosophical account or discourse on "The One" that appears most notably in the philosophy of Plotinus.

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Henosis

Henosis (ἕνωσις) is the classical Greek word for mystical "oneness", "union" or "unity." In Platonism, and especially Neoplatonism, the goal of henosis is union with what is fundamental in reality: the One (Τὸ Ἕν), the Source, or Monad.

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Henotheism

Henotheism is the worship of a single god while not denying the existence or possible existence of other deities.

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Henri Bergson

Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French-Jewish philosopher who was influential in the tradition of continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until World War II.

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Henri Berr

Henri Berr (31 January 1863, Lunéville – 19 November 1954, Paris) was a French philosopher and lycée teacher, known as the founder of the journal Revue de synthèse.

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Henri Focillon

Henri Focillon (7 September 1881 – 3 March 1943) was a French art historian.

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Henri François Marion

Henri François Marion (184696) was a French philosopher and educationalist.

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Henri Gouhier

Henri Gouhier (5 December 1898 – 31 March 1994) was a French philosopher, a historian of philosophy, and a literary critic.

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Henri Laborit

Henri Laborit (21 November 1914 – 18 May 1995) was a French surgeon, writer and philosopher.

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Henri Lefebvre

Henri Lefebvre (16 June 1901 – 29 June 1991) was a French Marxist philosopher and sociologist, best known for pioneering the critique of everyday life, for introducing the concepts of the right to the city and the production of social space, and for his work on dialectics, alienation, and criticism of Stalinism, existentialism, and structuralism.

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Henri Poincaré

Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science.

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Henri Wallon (psychologist)

Henri Paul Hyacinthe Wallon (15 June 1879 in Paris – 1 December 1962 in Paris) was a French philosopher, psychologist (in the field of social psychology), neuropsychiatrist, teacher, and politician.

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Henri-Frédéric Amiel

Henri Frédéric Amiel (27 September 1821 – 11 May 1881) was a Swiss moral philosopher, poet, and critic.

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Henricus Regius

Henricus Regius (July 29, 1598 – February 19, 1679) was a Dutch philosopher, physician, and professor of medicine at the University of Utrecht from 1638.

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Henrik Steffens

Henrik Steffens (2 May 1773 – 13 February 1845), was a Norwegian-born Danish philosopher, scientist, and poet.

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Henry Aristippus

Henry Aristippus of Calabria (born in Santa Severina in 1105–10; died in Palermo in 1162), sometimes known as Enericus or Henricus Aristippus, was a religious scholar and the archdeacon of Catania (from c. 1155) and later chief familiaris (or chancellor) of the triumvirate of familiares who replaced the admiral Maio of Bari as chief functionaries of the kingdom of Sicily in 1161.

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Henry Babcock Veatch

Henry Babcock Veatch, Jr. (September 26, 1911 &ndash; July 9, 1999) was an American philosopher.

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Henry Brewster Stanton

Henry Brewster Stanton (June 27, 1805 – January 14, 1887) was an American abolitionist, social reformer, attorney, journalist and politician.

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Henry Corbin

Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 – 7 October 1978) was a philosopher, theologian, Iranologist and professor of Islamic Studies at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris, France.

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Henry David Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau (see name pronunciation; July 12, 1817 – May 6, 1862) was an American essayist, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, and historian.

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Henry E. Kyburg Jr.

Henry E. Kyburg Jr. (1928–2007) was Gideon Burbank Professor of Moral Philosophy and Professor of Computer Science at the University of Rochester, New York, and Pace Eminent Scholar at the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida.

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Henry Flynt

Henry Flynt (born 1940 in Greensboro, North Carolina) is a philosopher, avant-garde musician, anti-art activist and exhibited artist often associated with Conceptual Art, Fluxus and Nihilism.

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Henry George

Henry George (September 2, 1839 – October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and journalist.

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Henry Harclay

Henry (of) Harclay (Henricus Harcleius, also Harcla or Harcley; c. 1270 – 25 June 1317) was an English medieval philosopher and university chancellor.

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Henry Home, Lord Kames

Henry Home, Lord Kames (169627 December 1782) was a Scottish advocate, judge, philosopher, writer and agricultural improver.

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Henry James Sr.

Henry James Sr. (June 3, 1811 in Albany, New YorkDecember 18, 1882 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American theologian and adherent of Swedenborgianism, also known for being the father of the philosopher William James, novelist Henry James, and diarist Alice James.

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Henry Johnstone Jr.

Henry Johnstone Jr. (1920–2000) was an American philosopher and rhetorician known especially for his notion of the "rhetorical wedge" and his re-evaluation of the ad hominem fallacy.

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Henry Jones (philosopher)

Sir Henry Jones, CH, FBA (30 November 1852 &ndash; 4 February 1922) was a Welsh philosopher and academic.

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Henry Longueville Mansel

The Very Reverend Henry Longueville Mansel, D.D. (6 October 18201 July 1871) was an English philosopher and ecclesiastic.

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Henry Margenau

Henry Margenau (April 30, 1901 – February 8, 1997) was a German-American physicist, and philosopher of science.

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Henry More

Henry More (12 October 1614 – 1 September 1687) was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.

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Henry Moyes

Henry Moyes (c1750 – 1807) was a blind Scottish lecturer on natural philosophy.

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Henry of Ghent

Henry of Ghent (c. 1217 – 29 June 1293) was a scholastic philosopher, known as Doctor Solemnis (the "Solemn Doctor"), and also as Henricus de Gandavo and Henricus Gandavensis.

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Henry Pachter

Henry Pachter was a maverick Marxist intellectual and a libertarian socialist activist.

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Henry Philip Tappan

Henry Philip Tappan (April 18, 1805 &ndash; November 15, 1881) was an American philosopher, educator and academic administrator.

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Henry Sidgwick

Henry Sidgwick (31 May 1838 – 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist; he held the Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy from the year 1883 until his death.

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Henry Suso

Henry Suso, O.P. (also called Amandus, a name adopted in his writings, and Heinrich Seuse in German), was a German Dominican friar and the most popular vernacular writer of the fourteenth century (when considering the number of surviving manuscripts).

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Henry William Chandler

Henry William Chandler (31 January 1828 – 16 May 1889) was an English classical scholar.

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Henryk Skolimowski

Henryk Skolimowski (4 May 1930 in Warsaw – 6 April 2018 in Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher.

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Heraclides Lembus

Heraclides Lembus (Ἡρακλείδης Λέμβος, Hērakleidēs Lembos) was an Ancient Greek statesman, historian and philosophical writer.

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Heraclides of Aenus

Heraclides of Aenus (Ἡρακλείδης Αἴνιος) was one of Plato's students.

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Heraclides Ponticus

Heraclides Ponticus (Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικός Herakleides; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey, and migrated to Athens.

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Heraclitus

Heraclitus of Ephesus (Hērákleitos ho Ephésios) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, and a native of the city of Ephesus, then part of the Persian Empire.

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Heraclius the Cynic

Heraclius (Ἡράκλειος Herakleios; fl. 4th century) was a Cynic philosopher, against whom the emperor Julian wrote in his seventh oration.

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Herbert A. Simon

Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American economist and political scientist whose primary interest was decision-making within organizations and is best known for the theories of "bounded rationality" and "satisficing".

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Herbert Feigl

Herbert Feigl (December 14, 1902 – June 1, 1988) was an Austrian philosopher and a member of the Vienna Circle.

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Herbert Marcuse

Herbert Marcuse (July 19, 1898 – July 29, 1979) was a German-American philosopher, sociologist, and political theorist, associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory.

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Herbert McCabe

Herbert John Ignatius McCabe, OP (2 August 192628 June 2001) was an English-born Irish Dominican priest, theologian and philosopher, who was born in Middlesbrough in the North Riding of Yorkshire.

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Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.

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Herbert Spiegelberg

Herbert Spiegelberg (May 18, 1904 &ndash; September 6, 1990) was an American philosopher who played a prominent role in the advancement of the phenomenogical movement in the United States.

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Herbert Witzenmann

Herbert Witzenmann (16 February 1905, Pforzheim, Baden – 24 September 1988, Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg) was a German philosopher and anthroposophist.

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Herbrand's theorem

Herbrand's theorem is a fundamental result of mathematical logic obtained by Jacques Herbrand (1930).

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Herd behavior

Herd behavior describes how individuals in a group can act collectively without centralized direction.

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Here is one hand

Here is one hand is an epistemological argument created by George Edward Moore in reaction against philosophical skepticism and in support of common sense.

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Hereditary property

In mathematics, a hereditary property is a property of an object, that inherits to all its subobjects, where the term subobject depends on the context.

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Heresy in Judaism

Jewish heretics (minim, from minuth, Hebrew for "heretic") are Jewish individuals (often historically, philosophers) whose works have, in part or in whole, been condemned as heretical by significant persons or groups in the larger Jewish community based on the classical teachings of Rabbinic Judaism and derived from halakha (Jewish religious law).

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Herillus

Herillus (also Erillus; Ἥριλλος Herillos; fl. 3rd century BC) of Chalcedon (or Carthage), was a Stoic philosopher and a pupil of Zeno of Citium.

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Hermagoras of Amphipolis

Hermagoras of Amphipolis (Greek: Ἑρμαγόρας ὁ Ἀμφιπολίτης) (3rd century BC) was a Stoic philosopher, student of Cypriot Persaeus, in the court of Antigonus II Gonatas.

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Herman Dooyeweerd

Herman Dooyeweerd (7 October 1894, Amsterdam – 12 February 1977, Amsterdam) was a Dutch juridical scholar by training, who by vocation was a philosopher and a co-founder of the Philosophy of the Cosmonomic Idea with Dirk Vollenhoven.

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Herman of Carinthia

Herman of Carinthia (c. 1100 – c. 1160), also nicknamed Hermannus Dalmata ("the Dalmatian"), Sclavus ("the Slav") or Secundus ("the Second"), was an Istrian philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, translator and author.

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Herman Oliphant

Herman Oliphant (1884–1939) was a professor of law.

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Herman Philipse

Herman Philipse (born 13 May 1951) is a professor of philosophy at Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

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Herman Tønnessen

Herman Tønnessen (24 July 1918 – 2001) was a Norwegian–Canadian philosopher and writer.

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Herman Van Breda

Herman Leo Van Breda (born Leo Marie Karel; 28 February 1911, Lier, Belgium – 3 March 1974, Leuven) was a Franciscan, philosopher and founder of the Husserl Archives at the Higher Institute of Philosophy of the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium.

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Hermann Blumenau

Hermann Bruno Otto Blumenau (December 26, 1819 &ndash; October 30, 1899) was a German pharmacist who founded the city of Blumenau, situated in the Itajaí-Açu river valley in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

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Hermann Cohen

Hermann Cohen (4 July 1842 – 4 April 1918) was a German Jewish philosopher, one of the founders of the Marburg School of Neo-Kantianism, and he is often held to be "probably the most important Jewish philosopher of the nineteenth century".

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Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm Hinrichs

Hermann Friedrich Wilhelm Hinrichs (22 April 1794 in Karlseck, Hohenkirchen, now Wangerland, Friesland – 17 September 1861 in Friedrichroda) was a German philosopher.

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Hermann Lotze

Rudolf Hermann Lotze (21 May 1817 – 1 July 1881) was a German philosopher and logician.

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Hermann Samuel Reimarus

Hermann Samuel Reimarus (22 December 1694, Hamburg – 1 March 1768, Hamburg), was a German philosopher and writer of the Enlightenment who is remembered for his Deism, the doctrine that human reason can arrive at a knowledge of God and ethics from a study of nature and our own internal reality, thus eliminating the need for religions based on revelation.

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Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)

Hermann Schwarz (December 22, 1864 in Düren, Rhenish Prussia – December 1951 in Darmstadt, West Germany) was a German philosopher.

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Hermann Theodor Hettner

Hermann Julius Theodor Hettner (March 12, 1821 – May 29, 1882), was a German literary historian and museum director.

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Hermann Ulrici

Hermann Ulrici (23 March 180611 January 1884) was a German philosopher.

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Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (August 31, 1821 – September 8, 1894) was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions in several scientific fields.

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Hermann von Keyserling

Count Hermann Alexander von Keyserling (July 20, 1880 – April 26, 1946) was a Baltic German philosopher from the Keyserlingk family.

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Hermann Weyl

Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, (9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist and philosopher.

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Hermannus Alemannus

Hermannus Alemannus (Latin for Herman the German) translated Arabic philosophical works into Latin.

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Hermarchus

Hermarchus or Hermarch (Ἕρμαρχoς, Hermarkhos; c. 325-c. 250 BC), sometimes incorrectly written Hermachus (Ἕρμαχoς, Hermakhos), was an Epicurean philosopher.

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Hermeneutic circle

The hermeneutic circle (hermeneutischer Zirkel) describes the process of understanding a text hermeneutically.

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Hermeneutics

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.

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Hermetica

The Hermetica are Egyptian-Greek wisdom texts from the 2nd century AD and later, which are mostly presented as dialogues in which a teacher, generally identified as Hermes Trismegistus ("thrice-greatest Hermes"), enlightens a disciple.

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Hermeticism

Hermeticism, also called Hermetism, is a religious, philosophical, and esoteric tradition based primarily upon writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice Great").

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Hermias (philosopher)

Hermias (Ἑρμείας ἐκ Φοινίκης Hermeias ek Phoinikes) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD.

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Hermias of Atarneus

Hermias of Atarneus (Ἑρμίας ὁ Ἀταρνεύς), who lived in Atarneus, was Aristotle's father-in-law.

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Herminus

Herminus (Ἑρμῖνος; 2nd century) was a Peripatetic philosopher.

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Hermippus of Smyrna

Hermippus of Smyrna (Ἕρμιππος ὁ Σμυρναίος), a Peripatetic philosopher, surnamed by the ancient writers the Callimachian (ό Καλλιμάχειος), from which it may be inferred that he was a disciple of Callimachus about the middle of the 3rd century BC, while the fact of his having written the life of Chrysippus proves that he lived to about the end of the century.

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Hermocrates (dialogue)

Hermocrates (Ἑρμοκράτης) is a hypothetical dialogue, assumed to be the third part of Plato's late trilogy along with Timaeus and Critias.

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Hermodorus

Hermodorus (Ἑρμόδωρος), who lived in the 4th century BC, is said to have circulated the works of Plato, and to have sold them in Sicily.

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Hermogenes (philosopher)

Hermogenes (Ἑρμογένης; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was an ancient Athenian philosopher best remembered as a close friend of Socrates as depicted by Plato and Xenophon.

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Hermotimus of Clazomenae

Hermotimus of Clazomenae (Ἑρμότιμος; c. 6th century BCE), called by Lucian a Pythagorean, was a philosopher who first proposed, before Anaxagoras (according to Aristotle) the idea of mind being fundamental in the cause of change.

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Hermsprong

Hermsprong: or, Man As He Is Not is a 1796 philosophical novel by Robert Bage.

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Heroic realism

Heroic realism is a term which has sometimes been used to describe art used as propaganda.

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Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

The heroic theory of invention and scientific development is the hypothesis that the principal authors of inventions and scientific discoveries are unique heroic individuals "great scientists" or "geniuses." A competing hypothesis ("multiple discovery") is that most inventions and scientific discoveries are made independently and simultaneously by multiple inventors and scientists.

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Heroic virtue

Heroic virtue is a phrase coined by Augustine of Hippo to describe the virtue of early Christian martyrs and used by the Catholic Church.

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Hervaeus Natalis

Hervaeus Natalis (c. 1260, Nédellec, diocese of Tréguier, Brittany-1323) was a Dominican theologian, the 14th Master of the Dominicans, and the author of a number of works on philosophy and theology.

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Hesiod

Hesiod (or; Ἡσίοδος Hēsíodos) was a Greek poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer.

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Hestiaeus of Perinthus

Hestiaeus of Perinthus (Ἑστιαῖος Περίνθιος) was one of Plato's students.

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Heteronomy

Heteronomy refers to action that is influenced by a force outside the individual, in other words the state or condition of being ruled, governed, or under the sway of another, as in a military occupation.

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Heteronormativity

Heteronormativity is the belief that people fall into distinct and complementary genders (male and female) with natural roles in life.

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Heterophenomenology

Heterophenomenology ("phenomenology of another, not oneself") is a term coined by Daniel Dennett to describe an explicitly third-person, scientific approach to the study of consciousness and other mental phenomena.

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Heterotopia (space)

Heterotopia is a concept in human geography elaborated by philosopher Michel Foucault to describe places and spaces that function in non-hegemonic conditions.

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Heuristic

A heuristic technique (εὑρίσκω, "find" or "discover"), often called simply a heuristic, is any approach to problem solving, learning, or discovery that employs a practical method, not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, logical, or rational, but instead sufficient for reaching an immediate goal.

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Heuristic argument

A heuristic argument is an argument that reasons from the value of a method or principle that has been shown by experimental (especially trial-and-error) investigation to be a useful aid in learning, discovery and problem-solving.

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Hexis

Hexis (ἕξις) is a relatively stable arrangement or disposition, for example a person's health or knowledge or character.

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Hey Rub-a-Dub-Dub

Hey Rub-a-Dub-Dub: A Book of the Mystery and Wonder and Terror of Life is a collection of twenty essays by Theodore Dreiser.

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Heydar Huseynov

Dr.

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Heymeric de Campo

Heymeric de Campo (1395–1460) was a Dutch theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Hicetas

Hicetas (Ἱκέτας or Ἱκέτης; c. 400 &ndash; c. 335 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the Pythagorean School.

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Hierarchical epistemology

Hierarchical epistemology is a theory of knowledge which posits that beings have different access to reality depending on their ontological rank.

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Hierarchy

A hierarchy (from the Greek hierarchia, "rule of a high priest", from hierarkhes, "leader of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally.

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Hierarchy of genres

A hierarchy of genres is any formalization which ranks different genres in an art form in terms of their prestige and cultural value.

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Hierius

Hierius (Ἱέριος) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, a son of Plutarch of Athens, and brother of Asclepigenia, who lived in the early 5th century.

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Hiero (Xenophon)

Hiero (Greek: Ἱέρων, Hiéron) is a minor work by Xenophon, set as a dialogue between Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, and the lyric poet Simonides about 474 BC.

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Hierocles (Stoic)

Hierocles (Ἱεροκλῆς; fl. 2nd century) was a Stoic philosopher.

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Hierocles of Alexandria

Hierocles of Alexandria (Ἱεροκλῆς ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς) was a Greek Neoplatonist writer who was active around AD 430.

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Hieronymus Medices

Hieronymus Medices (or De Medicis), was a Roman Catholic philosopher and interpreter of the works of Thomas Aquinas; b. 1569 in Camerino, Umbria, the origin of his surname de Medicis a Camerino.

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Hieronymus of Rhodes

Hieronymus of Rhodes (Ἱερώνυμος ὁ Ῥόδιος; c. 290 – c. 230 BC) was a Peripatetic philosopher, and an opponent of Arcesilaus and Lyco of Troas.

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Hierophany

A hierophany is a manifestation of the sacred.

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High modernism

High modernism (also known as "high modernity") is a form of modernity, characterized by an unfaltering confidence in science and technology as means to reorder the social and natural world.

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High Treason Incident

The, also known as the, was a socialist-anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910, leading to a mass arrest of leftists, and the execution of 12 alleged conspirators in 1911.

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Higher-order logic

In mathematics and logic, a higher-order logic is a form of predicate logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes, stronger semantics.

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Higher-order volition

Higher-order volitions (or higher-order desire), as opposed to action-determining volitions, are volitions about volitions.

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Hilary Bok

Hilary Bok (born 1959) is the Henry R. Luce Professor of Bioethics and Moral & Political Theory at the Johns Hopkins University.

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Hilary Kornblith

Hilary Kornblith is an American Professor of philosophy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA, and one of contemporary epistemology's most prominent proponents of naturalized epistemology.

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Hilary Lawson

Hilary Lawson is an English post-realist philosopher.

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Hilary Putnam

Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist, and a major figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century.

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Hilbert's program

In mathematics, Hilbert's program, formulated by German mathematician David Hilbert in the early part of the 20th century, was a proposed solution to the foundational crisis of mathematics, when early attempts to clarify the foundations of mathematics were found to suffer from paradoxes and inconsistencies.

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Hildegard of Bingen

Hildegard of Bingen (Hildegard von Bingen; Hildegardis Bingensis; 1098 – 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath.

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Hillel ben Samuel

Hillel ben Samuel (c. 1220 &ndash; Forlì, c. 1295) was an Italian physician, philosopher, and Talmudist.

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Himerius

Himerius (Ἱμέριος; c. 315 &ndash; c. 386) was a Greek sophist and rhetorician.

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Hinayana

"Hīnayāna" is a Sanskrit term literally meaning the "inferior vehicle".

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Hindsight bias

Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism, is the inclination, after an event has occurred, to see the event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective basis for predicting it.

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Hindu philosophy

Hindu philosophy refers to a group of darśanas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion and dharma, or a way of life, widely practised in the Indian subcontinent.

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Hipparchia of Maroneia

Hipparchia of Maroneia (Ἱππαρχία ἡ Μαρωνεῖτις; fl. c. 325 BC) was a Cynic philosopher, and wife of Crates of Thebes.

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Hipparchus (dialogue)

The Hipparchus (Ἵππαρχος), or Hipparch, is a dialogue attributed to the classical Greek philosopher and writer Plato.

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Hippasus

Hippasus of Metapontum (Ἵππασος ὁ Μεταποντῖνος, Híppasos; fl. 5th century BC), was a Pythagorean philosopher.

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Hippias

Hippias of Elis (Ἱππίας ὁ Ἠλεῖος; late 5th century BC) was a Greek sophist, and a contemporary of Socrates.

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Hippias Major

Hippias Major (or What is Beauty? or Greater Hippias (Ἱππίας μείζων, Hippías meízōn), to distinguish it from the Hippias Minor, which has the same chief character) is one of the dialogues of Plato.

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Hippias Minor

Hippias Minor (Ἱππίας ἐλάττων), or On Lying, is thought to be one of Plato's early works.

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Hippo (philosopher)

Hippo (Ἵππων, Hippon; fl. 5th century BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.

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Hippocrates

Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kṓos), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.

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Hippocratic Oath

The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians.

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Hippolyte Taine

Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French critic and historian.

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Hirata Atsutane

was a Japanese scholar, conventionally ranked as one of the Four Great Men of Kokugaku (nativist) studies, and one of the most significant theologians of the Shintō religion.

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Hiroki Azuma

(born May 9, 1971) is a Japanese cultural critic, novelist, and philosopher.

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Hisbah

Hisbah (حسبة ḥisbah) is an Islamic doctrine which means "accountability".

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Hisdosus

Hisdosus (fl. c. 1100), also known as Hisdosus Scholasticus, was a writer and scholar who lived in the early 12th century.

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Historian's fallacy

The historian's fallacy is an informal fallacy that occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision.

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Historical determinism

Historical determinism is the stance that events are historically predetermined or currently constrained by various forces.

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Historical fallacy

The historical fallacy is a logical fallacy originally described by philosopher John Dewey in The Psychological Review in 1896.

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Historical materialism

Historical materialism is the methodological approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on human societies and their development over time, claiming that they follow a number of observable tendencies.

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Historical subject

Nietzsche's critique of the historical subject is based in the rejection of an existing substance in favor of forces and wills combining to form combinations, sometimes in the form of a consciousness.

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Historical Vedic religion

The historical Vedic religion (also known as Vedism, Brahmanism, Vedic Brahmanism, and ancient Hinduism) was the religion of the Indo-Aryans of northern India during the Vedic period.

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Historicism

Historicism is the idea of attributing meaningful significance to space and time, such as historical period, geographical place, and local culture.

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Historicism (art)

Historicism or also historism (Historismus) comprises artistic styles that draw their inspiration from recreating historic styles or imitating the work of historic artisans.

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Historicity (philosophy)

Historicity in philosophy is the idea or fact that something has a historical origin and developed through history: concepts, practices, values.

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Historiography

Historiography is the study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension is any body of historical work on a particular subject.

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Historism

Historism is a philosophical and historiographical theory, founded in 19th-century Germany (as Historismus) and especially influential in 19th- and 20th-century Europe.

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History and Class Consciousness

History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics (Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein – Studien über marxistische Dialektik) is a 1923 book by the Hungarian philosopher György Lukács, in which the author re-emphasizes Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's influence on Karl Marx, analyses the concept of class consciousness, and attempts a philosophical justification of Bolshevism.

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History and Future of Justice

History and Future of Justice is a book of philosopher and political scientist Vojin Rakic.

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History and philosophy of science

The history and philosophy of science (HPS) is an academic discipline that encompasses the philosophy of science and the history of science.

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History monoid

In mathematics and computer science, a history monoid is a way of representing the histories of concurrently running computer processes as a collection of strings, each string representing the individual history of a process.

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History of aesthetics before the 20th century

This description of the history of aesthetics before the twentieth century is based on an article from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition.

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History of anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates stateless societies often defined as self-governed voluntary institutions, but that several authors have defined as more specific institutions based on non-hierarchical free associations.

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History of Animals

History of Animals (Τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστοριῶν, Ton peri ta zoia historion, "Inquiries on Animals"; Historia Animālium "History of Animals") is one of the major texts on biology by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who had studied at Plato's Academy in Athens.

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History of communism

The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements sharing the core theoretical values of common ownership of wealth, economic enterprise and property.

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History of Consciousness

History of Consciousness is the name of a department in the Humanities Division of the University of California, Santa Cruz with a 40-year history of interdisciplinary research and student training in "established and emergent disciplines and fields" in the humanities, arts, and social sciences based on a diverse array of theoretical approaches.

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History of ethics

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines right and wrong moral behavior, moral concepts (such as justice, virtue, duty) and moral language.

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History of evolutionary thought

Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has roots in antiquity – in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese as well as in medieval Islamic science.

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History of logic

The history of logic deals with the study of the development of the science of valid inference (logic).

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History of Materialism and Critique of Its Present Importance

History of Materialism and Critique of Its Present Importance (Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart) is a philosophical work by Friedrich Albert Lange, originally written in German and published in October 1865 (although the year of publication was given as 1866).

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History of painting

The history of painting reaches back in time to artifacts from pre-historic humans, and spans all cultures.

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History of philosophy in Poland

The history of philosophy in Poland parallels the evolution of philosophy in Europe in general.

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History of Political Philosophy

History of Political Philosophy is a textbook edited by American political philosophers Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey.

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History of political thought

The history of political thought dates back to antiquity while the political history of the world and thus the history of political thinking by man stretches up through the Medieval period and the Renaissance.

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History of pseudoscience

The history of pseudoscience is the study of pseudoscientific theories over time.

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History of the Church–Turing thesis

The history of the Church–Turing thesis ("thesis") involves the history of the development of the study of the nature of functions whose values are effectively calculable; or, in more modern terms, functions whose values are algorithmically computable.

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History of the concept of creativity

The ways in which societies have perceived the concept of creativity have changed throughout history, as has the term itself.

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Hobson's choice

A Hobson's choice is a free choice in which only one thing is offered.

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Holarchy

A holarchy is a connection between holons, where a holon is both a part and a whole.

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Hold come what may

Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard Van Orman Quine.

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Holism

Holism (from Greek ὅλος holos "all, whole, entire") is the idea that systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic) and their properties should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts.

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Holmes Rolston III

Holmes Rolston III (born November 19, 1932) is a philosopher who is University Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at Colorado State University.

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Holocentric

Holocentric is a philosophical position which focuses on solutions as the outcome of human agency and on critical thinking.

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Holography

Holography is the science and practice of making holograms.

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Holon (philosophy)

A holon (Greek: ὅλον, holon neuter form of ὅλος, holos "whole") is something that is simultaneously a whole and a part.

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Holy History of Mankind

Holy History of Mankind (Die heilige Geschichte der Menschheit) is a book by the philosopher Moses Hess.

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Homage to Catalonia

Homage to Catalonia is George Orwell's personal account of his experiences and observations in the Spanish Civil War.

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Homeland

A homeland (country of origin and native land) is the concept of the place (cultural geography) with which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association – the country in which a particular national identity began.

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Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος, Hómēros) is the name ascribed by the ancient Greeks to the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature.

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Homes Not Jails

Homes Not Jails is an American organization that emerged from two of San Francisco's prominent activist organizations, Food Not Bombs and the San Francisco Tenants Union, and describes itself as an all-volunteer organization committed to housing homeless people through direct action.

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Homeschooling

Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home.

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Homestead principle

The homestead principle is the principle by which one gains ownership of an unowned natural resource by performing an act of original appropriation.

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Homo consumericus

Homo consumericus (mock Latin for consumerist person) is a neologism used in the social sciences, notably by Gad Saad in his book The Evolutionary Bases of Consumption and by Gilles Lipovetsky in Le Bonheur Paradoxal.

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Homo faber

Homo faber (Latin for "Man the Maker") is the concept of human beings able to control their fate and their environment through tools.

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Homo sacer

Homo sacer (Latin for "the sacred man" or "the accursed man") is a figure of Roman law: a person who is banned and may be killed by anybody, but may not be sacrificed in a religious ritual.

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Homoiousian

A homoiousian (from the ὁμοιούσιος from ὅμοιος, hómoios, "similar" and οὐσία, ousía, "essence, being") was a member of 4th-century AD theological party which held that God the Son was of a similar, but not identical, substance or essence to God the Father.

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Homology (biology)

In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.

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Homomorphism

In algebra, a homomorphism is a structure-preserving map between two algebraic structures of the same type (such as two groups, two rings, or two vector spaces).

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Homonoia

Homonoia (Ὁμόνοια) is the concept of order and unity, being of one mind togetherMauriac 1949, p. 106.

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Homonym

In linguistics, homonyms, broadly defined, are words which sound alike or are spelled alike, but have different meanings.

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Homoousion

Homoousion (from, homós, "same" and, ousía, "being") is a Christian theological doctrine pertaining to the Trinitarian understanding of God.

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Homosexuality

Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.

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Homunculus

A homunculus (Latin for "little person") is a representation of a small human being.

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Homunculus argument

The homunculus argument is a fallacy arising most commonly in the theory of vision.

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Honesty

Honesty refers to a facet of moral character and connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness, including straightforwardness of conduct, along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc.

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Hong Kierkegaard Library

The Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library is a research collection dedicated to the work of the 19th-century Danish philosopher and theologian Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), housed at St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota.

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Hong Liangji

Hong Liangji (1746–1809), courtesy names Junzhi (君直) and Zhicun (稚存), was a Chinese scholar, statesman, political theorist, and philosopher.

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Hong Zicheng

Hong Zicheng (fl. 1572-1620) was a Chinese philosopher who lived during the end of the Ming Dynasty.

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Honorio Delgado

Honorio Delgado Espinosa (born Arequipa, 26 September 1892 - died Lima, 28 November 1969) was a gifted teacher, a creative researcher, a humanist, a philosopher, a linguist, and scholar whose work covered almost 50 years of the 20th-century history of Latin American psychiatry.

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Honour

Honour (or honor in American English, note) is the idea of a bond between an individual and a society, as a quality of a person that is both of social teaching and of personal ethos, that manifests itself as a code of conduct, and has various elements such as valor, chivalry, honesty, and compassion.

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Hope

Hope is an optimistic state of mind that is based on an expectation of positive outcomes with respect to events and circumstances in one's life or the world at large.

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Hope (virtue)

Hope (lat. spes) is one of the three theological virtues in Christian tradition.

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Horace Kallen

Horace Meyer Kallen (August 11, 1882 – February 16, 1974) was an American philosopher.

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Horace Romano Harré

Horace Romano Harré (born 1927), known widely as Rom Harré, is a distinguished British philosopher and psychologist.

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Horatio Dresser

Horatio Willis Dresser (1866–1954) was a New Thought religious leader and author.

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Horizon

The horizon or skyline is the apparent line that separates earth from sky, the line that divides all visible directions into two categories: those that intersect the Earth's surface, and those that do not.

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Horizontalidad

Horizontalidad (horizontality or horizontalism) is a social relationship that advocates the creation, development, and maintenance of social structures for the equitable distribution of management power.

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Horn clause

In mathematical logic and logic programming, a Horn clause is a logical formula of a particular rule-like form which gives it useful properties for use in logic programming, formal specification, and model theory.

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Horror vacui (physics)

In physics, horror vacui, or plenism, is commonly stated as "Nature abhors a vacuum".

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Horror Victorianorum

Horror Victorianorum (terror of the Victorian), coined by the philosopher David Stove, is an extreme distaste or condemnation of Victorian culture, art and design.

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Horseshoe

A horseshoe is a fabricated product, normally made of metal, although sometimes made partially or wholly of modern synthetic materials, designed to protect a horse's hoof from wear.

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Horus (athlete)

Horus (fl. 4th century) was a Cynic philosopher and Olympic boxer who was victorious at the Olympic games in Antioch in 364 AD.

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Hosoi Heishu

was a Japanese teacher of Confucian thought during the Edo period.

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Hospitality

Hospitality refers to the relationship between a guest and a host, wherein the host receives the guest with goodwill, including the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.

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Hossein Nasr

Hossein Nasr (سید حسین نصر, born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian professor emeritus of Islamic studies at George Washington University, and an Islamic philosopher.

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Hossein Ziai

Hossein Ziai (July 6, 1944 – August 24, 2011) was a professor of Islamic Philosophy and Iranian Studies at UCLA where he held the inaugural Jahangir and Eleanor Amuzegar Chair in Iranian Studies until his passing.

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Hostile media effect

The hostile media effect, originally deemed the hostile media phenomenon and sometimes called hostile media perception, is a perceptual theory of mass communication that refers to the tendency for individuals with a strong preexisting attitude on an issue to perceive media coverage as biased against their side and in favor of their antagonists' point of view.

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Hostile Takeover Trilogy

Hostile Takeover is a science fiction trilogy (actually one long novel in three parts) written by S. Andrew Swann and published by DAW Books.

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Hoter ben Shlomo

Hoter ben Shlomo (Hoteb/Hatab ben Shlomo, Manṣūr ibn Sulaymān al-Dhamārī, Manṣūr ibn Sulaymān al-Ghamari, c.1400&ndash;c.1480) was a scholar and philosopher from Yemen who was heavily influenced by the earlier works of Natan'el al-Fayyumi, Maimonides, Saadia Gaon and al-Ghazali.

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Hourya Sinaceur

Hourya Sinaceur is a well-known Moroccan philosopher.

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House of hospitality

A house of hospitality or hospitality house is an organization to provide shelter, and often food and clothing, to those who need it.

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Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Houston Stewart Chamberlain (9 September 1855 – 9 January 1927) was a British-born German philosopher who wrote works about political philosophy and natural science; he is described by Michael D. Biddiss, a contributor to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, as a "racialist writer".

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How Are We to Live?

How Are We to Live?: Ethics in an Age of Self-Interest is a book on applied ethics by bioethical philosopher Peter Singer.

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How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?

The question "How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?" (alternatively "How many angels can stand on the point of a pin?") is a reductio ad absurdum of medieval scholasticism in general, and its angelology in particular, as represented by figures such as Duns Scotus and Thomas Aquinas.

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How the Self Controls Its Brain

How the Self Controls Its Brain is a book by Sir John Eccles, proposing a theory of philosophical dualism, and offering a justification of how there can be mind-brain action without violating the principle of the conservation of energy.

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Howard Adelman

Howard Adelman (born January 7, 1938) is a Canadian philosopher and former university professor.

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Howard Kainz

Howard P. Kainz (born 1933) is professor emeritus at Marquette University, Milwaukee.

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Howard Robinson

Howard Robinson (born 2 October 1945) is a British philosopher, specialising in various areas of metaphysics, best known for his work in the philosophy of mind.

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Howard Williams (humanitarian)

Howard Williams (1837–1931) was an English humanitarian and vegetarian, and author of the book The Ethics of Diet, an anthology of vegetarian thought.

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Howard Zinn

Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922January 27, 2010) was an American historian, playwright, and social activist.

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Howison Lectures in Philosophy

The Howison Lectures in Philosophy are a lecture series established in 1919 by friends and former students of George Howison, who served as the Mills Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy and Civil Polity at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Hsing Yun

Hsing Yun (born 19 August 1927) is a Chinese Buddhist monk.

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Hu Qiaomu

Hu Qiaomu (4 June 191228 September 1992) was a revolutionary, sociologist, Marxist philosopher and prominent politician of People's Republic of China.

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Hu Shih

Hu Shih (17 December 1891 – 24 February 1962) was a Chinese philosopher, essayist and diplomat.

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Huainanzi

The Huainanzi is an ancient Chinese text that consists of a collection of essays that resulted from a series of scholarly debates held at the court of Liu An, King of Huainan, sometime before 139.

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Huan Tan

Huan Tan (– 28) was a Chinese philosopher, poet, and politician of the Han Dynasty and its short-lived interregnum between 9 and 23, known as the Xin Dynasty.

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Huang Zongxi

Huang Zongxi (September 24, 1610 – August 12, 1695), courtesy name Taichong (太冲), was a Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier during the latter part of the Ming dynasty into the early part the Qing.

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Huangdi Sijing

The Huangdi Sijing (lit. "The Yellow Emperor's Four Classics") are long-lost Chinese manuscripts that were discovered among the Mawangdui Silk Texts in 1973.

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Huangdi Yinfujing

The Huangdi Yinfujing, or Yinfujing, is a circa 8th century CE Daoist scripture associated with Chinese astrology and Neidan-style Internal alchemy.

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Huashu

The Huashu, or The Book of Transformations, is a 930 CE Daoist classic about neidan "internal alchemy", psychological subjectivity, and spiritual transformation.

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Huayan

The Huayan or Flower Garland school of Buddhism (from Avataṃsaka) is a tradition of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy that first flourished in China during the Tang dynasty.

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Hubert Damisch

Hubert Damisch (28 April 1928 – 14 December 2017), was a French philosopher specialised in aesthetics and art history, and professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris from 1975 until 1996.

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Hubert Dreyfus

Hubert Lederer Dreyfus (October 15, 1929 &ndash; April 22, 2017) was an American philosopher and professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Hubert Schleichert

Hubert Schleichert (born July 30, 1935 in Vienna) is an Austrian emeritus philosopher (from Vienna), now living in Konstanz.

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Huberto Rohden

Huberto Rohden Sobrinho, known as Huberto Rohden, (1893–1981) was a Brazilian philosopher, educator and theologist.

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Hudson River School

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by Romanticism.

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Hugh Binning

Hugh Binning (1627–1653) was a Scottish philosopher and theologian.

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Hugh Blair

Hugh Blair FRSE (7 April 1718 – 27 December 1800) was a Scottish minister of religion, author and rhetorician, considered one of the first great theorists of written discourse.

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Hugh Everett III

Hugh Everett III (November 11, 1930 – July 19, 1982) was an American physicist who first proposed the many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics, which he termed his "relative state" formulation.

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Hugh J. Silverman

Hugh J. Silverman (August 17, 1945 – May 8, 2013) was an American philosopher and cultural theorist whose writing, lecturing, teaching, editing, and international conferencing participated in the development of a postmodern network.

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Hugh Kenner

William Hugh Kenner (January 7, 1923 &ndash; November 24, 2003) was a Canadian literary scholar, critic and professor.

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Hugh MacColl

Hugh MacColl (1831–1909) was a Scottish mathematician, logician and novelist.

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Hugh of Saint Victor

Hugh of Saint Victor, C.R.S.A. (c. 1096 – 11 February 1141), was a Saxon canon regular and a leading theologian and writer on mystical theology.

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Hugh of Saint-Cher

Hugh of Saint-Cher, O.P., (c. 1200 – 19 March 1263) was a French Dominican friar who became a cardinal and noted biblical commentator.

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Hugo Adam Bedau

Hugo Adam Bedau (September 23, 1926 &ndash; August 13, 2012) was the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, at Tufts University, and is best known for his work on capital punishment.

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Hugo Cores

Hugo Cores (November 7, 1937&ndash;December 7, 2006) was an influential Uruguayan political activist.

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Hugo Dingler

Hugo Albert Emil Hermann Dingler (July 7, 1881, Munich – June 29, 1954, Munich) was a German scientist and philosopher.

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Hugo Grotius

Hugo Grotius (10 April 1583 – 28 August 1645), also known as Huig de Groot or Hugo de Groot, was a Dutch jurist.

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Hugo Kükelhaus

Hugo Kükelhaus (March 24, 1900 – October 5, 1984) was a German carpenter, writer, pedagogue, philosopher and artist.

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Hugo Kołłątaj

Hugo Stumberg Kołłątaj, alt.

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Hugo Perls

Hugo Perls (24 May 1886–1977 was an international art dealer, historian, philosopher and notable collector born in Rybnik in Upper Silesia. During his lifetime, he witnessed his homeland change from its German origins to Polish. He studied law, philosophy, and art history at the University of Freiburg and in Berlin. On completion of his studies he joined the German civil service and worked for the Ministry of the Interior prior to serving in the German Foreign Office during World War I. Perls married his first wife Kaethe in 1910.

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Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais

Hugues-Félicité Robert de Lamennais (or De La Mennais) (19 June 1782 – 27 February 1854) was a French Catholic priest, philosopher and political theorist.

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Hui Shi

Hui Shi (370–310 BCE), or Huizi ("Master Hui"), was a Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period.

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Huineng

Dajian Huineng (638–713), also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Chan, is a semi-legendary but central figure in the early history of Chinese Chan Buddhism.

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Huiyuan (Buddhist)

Huiyuan (334–416 AD) was a Chinese Buddhist teacher who founded Donglin Temple on Mount Lushan in Jiangxi province and wrote the text On Why Monks Do Not Bow Down Before Kings in 404 AD.

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Human

Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.

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Human beings in Buddhism

Humans in Buddhism (Sanskrit, Pali) are the subjects of an extensive commentarial literature that examines the nature and qualities of a human life from the point of view of humans' ability to achieve enlightenment.

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Human cloning

Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy (or clone) of a human.

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Human condition

The human condition is "the characteristics, key events, and situations which compose the essentials of human existence, such as birth, growth, emotionality, aspiration, conflict, and mortality".

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Human enhancement

Human enhancement (Augment) is "any attempt to temporarily or permanently overcome the current limitations of the human body through natural or artificial means.

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Human extinction

In futures studies, human extinction is the hypothetical end of the human species.

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Human figure

In aesthetics, the human figure or human form in art, sculpture and other art forms involves a study and appreciation of the beauty of the human body in its depiction or presentation.

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Human nature

Human nature is a bundle of fundamental characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—which humans tend to have naturally.

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Human physical appearance

Human physical appearance is the outward phenotype or look of human beings.

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Human reliability

Human reliability (also known as human performance or HU) is related to the field of human factors and ergonomics, and refers to the reliability of humans in fields including manufacturing, medicine and nuclear power.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, December 13, 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,, Retrieved August 14, 2014 that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights in municipal and international law.

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Human science

Human Science studies the philosophical, biological, social, and cultural aspects of human life.

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Human sexuality

Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually.

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Human spirit

The human spirit is a component of human philosophy, psychology, art, and knowledge - the spiritual or mental part of humanity.

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Human, All Too Human

Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches: Ein Buch für freie Geister) is a book by 19th-century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1878.

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Humana.Mente

Humana.Mente – Journal of Philosophical Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy.

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Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition.

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Humanism and Its Aspirations

Humanism and Its Aspirations subtitled Humanist Manifesto III, a successor to the Humanist Manifesto of 1933 is the most recent of the Humanist Manifestos, published in 2003 by the American Humanist Association (AHA).

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Humanism in France

Humanism in France found its way from Italy, but did not become a distinct movement until the 16th century was well on its way.

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Humanist Manifesto

Humanist Manifesto is the title of three manifestos laying out a Humanist worldview.

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Humanist Manifesto I

A Humanist Manifesto, also known as Humanist Manifesto I to distinguish it from later Humanist Manifestos in the series, was written in 1933 primarily by Raymond Bragg and published with 34 signers.

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Humanist Manifesto II

The second Humanist Manifesto was written in 1973 by humanists Paul Kurtz and Edwin H. Wilson, and was intended to update the previous ''Humanist Manifesto'' (1933).

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Humanist Movement

The Humanist Movement is an international volunteer organisation that promotes nonviolence and non-discrimination.

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Humanist Society Scotland

Humanist Society Scotland is a Scottish registered charity that promotes humanist views and offers Humanist ceremonies.

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Humanistic naturalism

Humanistic naturalism is the branch of philosophical naturalism wherein human beings are best able to control and understand the world through use of the scientific method, combined with the social and ethical values of humanism.

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Humanistic psychology

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in answer to the limitations of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism.

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Humanitarian-political

Humanitarian-political is an ideology that advocates a political standpoint based on a humanitarian perspective.

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Humanitarianism

Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans, in order to better humanity for moral, altruistic and logical reasons.

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Humanitas

Humanitas is a Latin noun meaning human nature, civilization, and kindness.

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Humberto Maturana

Humberto Maturana (born September 14, 1928, in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean biologist.

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Hume and the Problem of Causation

Hume and the Problem of Causation is a book written by Tom Beauchamp and Alexander Rosenberg, published in 1981 by Oxford University Press.

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Hume Studies

Hume Studies is an interdisciplinary journal that publishes articles on the philosophical thought of David Hume.

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Hume's fork

Hume's fork is an explanation, developed by later philosophers, of David Hume's aggressive, 1730s division of "relations of ideas" from "matters of fact and real existence".

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Hume's principle

Hume's principle or HP—the terms were coined by George Boolos—says that the number of Fs is equal to the number of Gs if and only if there is a one-to-one correspondence (a bijection) between the Fs and the Gs.

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Humility

Humility is the quality of being humble.

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Humor research

Humor research (also humor studies) is a multifaceted field which enters the domains of linguistics, history, and literature.

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Humorism

Humorism, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing the makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers, positing that an excess or deficiency of any of four distinct bodily fluids in a person—known as humors or humours—directly influences their temperament and health.

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Humour

Humour (British English) or humor (American English; see spelling differences) is the tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement.

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Humphry Ditton

Humphry Ditton (29 May 1675 – 15 October 1715) was an English mathematician.

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Humster

A humster is a hybrid cell line made from hamster oocyte fertilized with human sperm.

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Hunayn ibn Ishaq

Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (also Hunain or Hunein) (أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي;, Iohannitius, ܚܢܝܢ ܒܪ ܐܝܣܚܩ) (809 – 873) was an influential Arab Nestorian Christian translator, scholar, physician, and scientist.

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Hundred Schools of Thought

The Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophies and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BC, during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period of ancient China.

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Husserliana

The Husserliana is the complete works project of the philosopher Edmund Husserl (April 8, 1859 – April 27, 1938), which was made possible by Herman Van Breda after he saved the manuscripts of Husserl.

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Huston Smith

Huston Cummings Smith (May 31, 1919 – December 30, 2016) was a religious studies scholar in the United States.

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Hutchins Hapgood

Hutchins Hapgood (May 21, 1869, Chicago – November 19, 1944, Provincetown, MA) was an American journalist, author and anarchist.

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Hwang Jang-yop

Hwang Jang-yop (황장엽; 17 February 192310 October 2010) was a North Korean politician who defected to South Korea in 1997, best known for being, to date, the highest-ranking North Korean defector.

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Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil

Hyacinthe Sigismond Gerdil, CRSP (20 June 1718 – 12 August 1802) was an Italian theologian, bishop and cardinal, who was a significant figure in the response of the papacy to the assault on the Catholic Church by the upheavals caused by the French Revolution.

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Hybrid logic

Hybrid logic refers to a number of extensions to propositional modal logic with more expressive power, though still less than first-order logic.

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Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial

Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial, or, a Discourse of the Sepulchral Urns lately found in Norfolk is a work by Sir Thomas Browne, published in 1658 as the first part of a two-part work that concludes with The Garden of Cyrus.

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Hyle

In philosophy, hyle (from ὕλη) refers to matter or stuff.

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Hylomorphism

Hylomorphism (or hylemorphism) is a philosophical theory developed by Aristotle, which conceives being (ousia) as a compound of matter and form.

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Hylopathism

Hylopathism, in philosophy, is the belief that some or all matter is sentient or that properties of matter in general give rise to subjective experience.

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Hylozoism

Hylozoism is the philosophical point of view that matter is in some sense alive.

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Hypatia

Hypatia (born 350–370; died 415 AD) was a Hellenistic Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Hypatia (journal)

Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy is a peer-reviewed academic journal published quarterly by Wiley-Blackwell.

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Hyperbolic discounting

In economics, hyperbolic discounting is a time-inconsistent model of delay discounting.

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Hypergraphy

Hypergraphy, also called hypergraphics and metagraphics, is a method, central to the Lettrist movement of the 1950s, which encompasses a synthesis of writing and other modalities.

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Hypermodernism (art)

Hypermodernism is a cultural, artistic, literary and architectural successor to Modernism and Postmodernism in which the form (attribute) of an object has no context distinct from its function.

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Hypermodernity

Hypermodernity (supermodernity) is a type, mode, or stage of society that reflects an inversion of modernity in which the function of an object has its reference point in the form of an object rather than function being the reference point for form.

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Hypernorms

Hypernorms are a concept from Business ethics that applies to principles so fundamental that, by definition, they serve to evaluate lower-order norms, reaching to the root of what is ethical for humanity.

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Hyperreality

In semiotics and postmodernism, hyperreality is an inability of consciousness to distinguish reality from a simulation of reality, especially in technologically advanced postmodern societies.

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Hypokeimenon

Hypokeimenon (Greek: ὑποκείμενον), later often material substratum, is a term in metaphysics which literally means the "underlying thing" (Latin: subiectum).

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Hypomnema

Hypomnema (Greek. ὑπόμνημα, plural ὑπομνήματα, hypomnemata), also spelled hupomnema, is a Greek word with several translations into English including a reminder, a note, a public record, a commentary, an anecdotal record, a draft, a copy, and other variations on those terms.

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Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)

Hypostasis (Greek: ὑπόστασις) is the underlying state or underlying substance and is the fundamental reality that supports all else.

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Hypostatic abstraction

Hypostatic abstraction in mathematical logic, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example "Honey is sweet" is transformed into "Honey has sweetness".

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Hypothesis

A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

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Hypothetical imperative

A hypothetical imperative (German: hypothetischer Imperativ) is originally introduced in the philosophical writings of Immanuel Kant.

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Hypothetical syllogism

In classical logic, hypothetical syllogism is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises.

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Hypothetico-deductive model

The hypothetico-deductive model or method is a proposed description of scientific method.

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Hywel Lewis

Hywel David Lewis (21 May 1910 – 6 April 1992) was a Welsh theologian and philosopher.

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Id, ego and super-ego

The id, ego, and super-ego are three distinct, yet interacting agents in the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche.

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Idealism

In philosophy, idealism is the group of metaphysical philosophies that assert that reality, or reality as humans can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.

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Immortality

Immortality is eternal life, being exempt from death, unending existence.

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In vitro fertilisation

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro ("in glass").

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In-group favoritism

In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias, in-group bias, or intergroup bias, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members.

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Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning (as opposed to ''deductive'' reasoning or ''abductive'' reasoning) is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion.

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Inscrutability of reference

The inscrutability or indeterminacy of reference (also referential inscrutability) is a thesis propounded by 20th century analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine in his book Word and Object.

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Insoumise

Insoumise (French: Librairie l'Insoumise) is an anarchist bookstore in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Instrumental and intrinsic value

The word "value" is both a verb and a noun, each with multiple meanings.

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Interactionism (philosophy of mind)

Interactionism or interactionist dualism is the theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that matter and mind are two distinct and independent substances that exert causal effects on one another.

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Internalism and externalism

Internalism and externalism are two opposing ways of explaining various subjects in several areas of philosophy.

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Intrinsic and extrinsic properties

An intrinsic property is a property of a system or of a material itself or within.

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Irrelevant conclusion

Irrelevant conclusion, also known as ignoratio elenchi (an ignoring of a refutation) or missing the point, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument that may or may not be logically valid and sound, but (whose conclusion) fails to address the issue in question.

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Irresistible grace

Irresistible grace (or efficacious grace) is a doctrine in Christian theology particularly associated with Calvinism, which teaches that the saving grace of God is effectually applied to those whom he has determined to save (the elect) and, in God's timing, overcomes their resistance to obeying the call of the gospel, bringing them to faith in Christ.

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Is–ought problem

The is–ought problem, as articulated by Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume (1711–76), states that many writers make claims about what ought to be, based on statements about what is.

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Ji Kang

Ji Kang (223–262), sometimes referred to as Xi Kang, courtesy name Shuye, was a Chinese writer, poet, Taoist philosopher, musician and alchemist of the Three Kingdoms period.

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill, also known as J.S. Mill, (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.

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Julius Evola

Baron Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola (19 May 1898–11 June 1974), better known as Julius Evola, was an Italian philosopher, painter, and esotericist.

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Justice as Fairness

"Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical" is an essay by John Rawls, published in 1985.

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Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann

Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann (23 February 1842 – 5 June 1906) was a German philosopher, author of Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869).

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Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel

Karl Wilhelm Friedrich (after 1814: von) Schlegel (10 March 1772 – 12 January 1829), usually cited as Friedrich Schlegel, was a German poet, literary critic, philosopher, philologist and Indologist.

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Law and economics

Law and economics or economic analysis of law is the application of economic theory (specifically microeconomic theory) to the analysis of law that began mostly with scholars from the Chicago school of economics.

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Law of excluded middle

In logic, the law of excluded middle (or the principle of excluded middle) states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true.

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Lewis B. Smedes

Lewis Benedictus Smedes (August 20, 1921 — December 19, 2002) was a renowned Christian author, ethicist, and theologian in the Reformed tradition.

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Libertarian Youth

The Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (Federación Ibérica de Juventudes Libertarias (FIJL)), sometimes abbreviated as Libertarian Youth (Juventudes Libertarias), is a libertarian socialist organisation created in 1932 in Madrid.

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Logic form

Logic forms are simple, first-order logic knowledge representations of natural language sentences formed by the conjunction of concept predicates related through shared arguments.

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Logical consequence

Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic, which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements.

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Logical disjunction

In logic and mathematics, or is the truth-functional operator of (inclusive) disjunction, also known as alternation; the or of a set of operands is true if and only if one or more of its operands is true.

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Logicism

Logicism is one of the schools of thought in the philosophy of mathematics, putting forth the theory that mathematics is an extension of logic and therefore some or all mathematics is reducible to logic.

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Lucilio Vanini

Homage to Giulio Cesare Vanini at the place of his death. Lucilio Vanini (15859 February 1619), who, in his works, styled himself Giulio Cesare Vanini, was an Italian philosopher, physician and free-thinker, who was one of the first significant representatives of intellectual libertinism.

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Martin Heidegger and Nazism

Philosopher Martin Heidegger joined the Nazi Party (NSDAP) on May 1, 1933, ten days after being elected Rector of the University of Freiburg.

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Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics exploring the applications of formal logic to mathematics.

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Mental reservation

The doctrine of mental reservation, or of mental equivocation, was a special branch of casuistry (case-based reasoning) developed in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and most often associated with the Jesuits.

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Metaphysics

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.

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Method of Fluxions

Method of Fluxions is a book by Isaac Newton.

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Michigan gubernatorial election, 2006

The Michigan gubernatorial election of 2006 was one of the 36 U.S. gubernatorial elections held November 7, 2006.

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Mind–body dualism

Mind–body dualism, or mind–body duality, is a view in the philosophy of mind that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical,Hart, W.D. (1996) "Dualism", in A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, ed.

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Modal scope fallacy

A fallacy of necessity is a fallacy in the logic of a syllogism whereby a degree of unwarranted necessity is placed in the conclusion.

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Modern Greek Enlightenment

The Modern Greek Enlightenment (Διαφωτισμός, Diafotismos, "enlightenment," "illumination") was the Greek expression of the Age of Enlightenment.

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Modus tollens

In propositional logic, modus tollens (MT; also modus tollendo tollens (Latin for "mode that denies by denying") or denying the consequent) is a valid argument form and a rule of inference.

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Moral absolutism

Moral absolutism is an ethical view that particular actions are intrinsically right or wrong.

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Moral nihilism

Moral nihilism (also known as ethical nihilism or the error theory) is the meta-ethical view that nothing is morally right or wrong.

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Moral objectivism

Moral objectivism may refer to.

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Moral relativism

Moral relativism may be any of several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different people and cultures.

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Moral skepticism

Moral skepticism (or moral scepticism) is a class of metaethical theories all members of which entail that no one has any moral knowledge.

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Musica universalis

Musica universalis (literally universal music), also called Music of the spheres or Harmony of the Spheres, is an ancient philosophical concept that regards proportions in the movements of celestial bodies—the Sun, Moon, and planets—as a form of musica (the Medieval Latin term for music).

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Naïve realism

In philosophy of mind, naïve realism, also known as direct realism or common sense realism, is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are.

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Natural-rights libertarianism

Natural-rights libertarianism, also known as deontological libertarianism, philosophical libertarianism, deontological liberalism, rights-theorist libertarianism, natural rights-based libertarianism, or libertarian moralism,Bradford.

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New riddle of induction

Grue and bleen are examples of logical predicates coined by Nelson Goodman in Fact, Fiction, and Forecast to illustrate the "new riddle of induction".

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Noble Eightfold Path

The Noble Eightfold Path (ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, āryāṣṭāṅgamārga) is an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth.

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Non-rigid designator

In the philosophy of language and modal logic, a term is said to be a non-rigid designator (or flaccid designator) or connotative term if it does not extensionally designate (denote, refer to) the same object in all possible worlds.

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Notation for differentiation

In differential calculus, there is no single uniform notation for differentiation.

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Novalis

Novalis was the pseudonym and pen name of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), a poet, author, mystic, and philosopher of Early German Romanticism.

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Nyāya Sūtras

The Nyāya Sūtras is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by, and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy.

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Observer-expectancy effect

The observer-expectancy effect (also called the experimenter-expectancy effect, expectancy bias, observer effect, or experimenter effect) is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment.

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On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians

On the Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and Assyrians (Περὶ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων μυστηρίων), also known as the Theurgia and under its abbreviated Latin title De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum (The Egyptian Mysteries), is a work of Neoplatonic philosophy primarily concerned with ritual and theurgy and attributed to Iamblichus.

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Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

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Paul Grice

Herbert Paul Grice (13 March 1913 – 28 August 1988), usually publishing under the name H. P. Grice, H. Paul Grice, or Paul Grice, was a British philosopher of language, whose work on meaning has influenced the philosophical study of semantics.

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Peter Lamborn Wilson

Peter Lamborn Wilson (pseudonym Hakim Bey; born 1945) is an American anarchist author, primarily known for advocating the concept of temporary autonomous zones.

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Petrarch

Francesco Petrarca (July 20, 1304 – July 18/19, 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch, was a scholar and poet of Renaissance Italy who was one of the earliest humanists.

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Phases of clinical research

The phases of clinical research are the steps in which scientists do experiments with a health intervention in an attempt to find enough evidence for a process which would be useful as a medical treatment.

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Philosophy

Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

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Philosophy encyclopedia

A philosophy encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work that seeks to make available to the reader a number of articles on the subject of philosophy.

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Philosophy of desire

In philosophy, desire has been identified as a philosophical problem since Antiquity.

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Plane (esotericism)

In esoteric cosmology, a plane is conceived as a subtle state, level, or region of reality, each plane corresponding to some type, kind, or category of being.

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Pope Gregory I

Pope Saint Gregory I (Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, Gregory had come to be known as 'the Great' by the late ninth century, a title which is still applied to him.

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Pope Sylvester II

Pope Sylvester II or Silvester II (– 12 May 1003) was Pope from 2 April 999 to his death in 1003.

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Post-structuralism

Post-structuralism is associated with the works of a series of mid-20th-century French, continental philosophers and critical theorists who came to be known internationally in the 1960s and 1970s.

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Potentiality and actuality

In philosophy, potentiality and actuality are principles of a dichotomy which Aristotle used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics and De Anima, which is about the human psyche.

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Pragmatism

Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870.

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Principle of double effect

The principle of double effect—also known as the rule of double effect; the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as DDE or PDE, double-effect reasoning; or simply double effect—is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers, and some others, have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act (for example, relieving a terminally ill patient's pain) may also cause an effect one would otherwise be obliged to avoid (sedation and a slightly shortened life).

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Problem of future contingents

Future contingent propositions (or simply, future contingents) are statements about states of affairs in the future that are contingent: neither necessarily true nor necessarily false.

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Profiat Duran

Profiat Duran (c. 1350 &ndash; c. 1415) (Hebrew: פרופייט דוראן), full Hebrew name Isaac ben Moses ha-Levi; was a physician, philosopher, grammarian, and controversialist in the 14th century.

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Progressive education

Progressive education is a pedagogical movement that began in the late nineteenth century; it has persisted in various forms to the present.

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Property (philosophy)

In philosophy, mathematics, and logic, a property is a characteristic of an object; a red object is said to have the property of redness.

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Questionable cause

The questionable cause—also known as causal fallacy, false cause, or non causa pro causa ("non-cause for cause" in Latin)—is a category of informal fallacies in which a cause is incorrectly identified.

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Quoting out of context

Quoting out of context (sometimes referred to as contextomy or quote mining) is an informal fallacy and a type of false attribution in which a passage is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning.

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Reason (argument)

A reason is a consideration which justifies or explains.

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Recursive language

In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language (a set of finite sequences of symbols taken from a fixed alphabet) is called recursive if it is a recursive subset of the set of all possible finite sequences over the alphabet of the language.

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Regress argument

The regress argument (also known as the diallelus (Latin) or diallelon, from Greek di allelon "through or by means of one another") is a problem in epistemology and, in general, a problem in any situation where a statement has to be justified.

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Reification (fallacy)

Reification (also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity.

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Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe

Renaissance Humanism came much later to Germany and Northern Europe in general than to Italy, and when it did, it encountered some resistance from the scholastic theology which reigned at the universities.

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Rival conceptions of logic

The history of logic as a subject has been characterised by many disputes over what the topic deals with, and the main article 'Logic' has as a result been hesitant to commit to a particular definition of logic.

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Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon (Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Rogerus), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor, was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism.

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Sacred

Sacred means revered due to sanctity and is generally the state of being perceived by religious individuals as associated with divinity and considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspiring awe or reverence among believers.

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Secular humanism

Secular humanism is a philosophy or life stance that embraces human reason, ethics, and philosophical naturalism while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision making.

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Secundum quid

Secundum quid (also called secundum quid et simpliciter, meaning " in a certain respect and absolutely") is a type of informal fallacy that occurs when the arguer fails to recognize the difference between rules of thumb (soft generalizations, heuristics that hold true as a general rule but leave room for exceptions) and categorical propositions, rules that hold true universally.

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Self-reflection

Human self-reflection is the capacity of humans to exercise introspection and the willingness to learn more about their fundamental nature, purpose and essence.

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Semantics of logic

In logic, the semantics of logic is the study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and (idealizations of) natural languages usually trying to capture the pre-theoretic notion of entailment.

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Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce began writing on semiotics, which he also called semeiotics, meaning the philosophical study of signs, in the 1860s, around the time that he devised his system of three categories.

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Sense

A sense is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides data for perception.

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Socratic method

The Socratic method, also can be known as maieutics, method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions.

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Sorites paradox

The sorites paradox (sometimes known as the paradox of the heap) is a paradox that arises from vague predicates.

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Spencer Heath

Spencer Heath (born 1876, Vienna, Virginia &ndash; died 1963, Leesburg, Virginia) was an American engineer, attorney, inventor, manufacturer, horticulturist, poet, philosopher of science and social thinker.

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Stanley Cavell

Stanley Louis Cavell (September 1, 1926 – June 19, 2018) was an American philosopher.

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Stefan Molyneux

Stefan Basil Molyneux (born September 24, 1966) is a Canadian podcaster and YouTuber.

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Stuart Christie

Stuart Christie (born 10 July 1946) is a Scottish anarchist writer and publisher.

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Subject (grammar)

The subject in a simple English sentence such as John runs, John is a teacher, or John was hit by a car is the person or thing about whom the statement is made, in this case 'John'.

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Subjective theory of value

The subjective theory of value is a theory of value which advances the idea that the value of a good is not determined by any inherent property of the good, nor by the amount of labor necessary to produce the good, but instead value is determined by the importance an acting individual places on a good for the achievement of his desired ends.

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Summum bonum

Summum bonum is a Latin expression meaning "the highest good", which was introduced by the Roman philosopher Cicero, to correspond to the Idea of the Good in ancient Greek philosophy.

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Syllogism

A syllogism (συλλογισμός syllogismos, "conclusion, inference") is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

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Systems theory

Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems.

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Tao

Tao or Dao (from) is a Chinese word signifying 'way', 'path', 'route', 'road' or sometimes more loosely 'doctrine', 'principle' or 'holistic science' Dr Zai, J..

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Tao Te Ching

The Tao Te Ching, also known by its pinyin romanization Daodejing or Dao De Jing, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi.

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Taoism

Taoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as ''Dao'').

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The Death of the Author

"The Death of the Author" (French: La mort de l'auteur) is a 1967 essay by the French literary critic and theorist Roland Barthes (1915–80).

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The Enneads

The Enneads (Ἐννεάδες), fully The Six Enneads, is the collection of writings of Plotinus, edited and compiled by his student Porphyry (270).

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The Extended Mind

"The Extended Mind" by Andy Clark and David Chalmers (1998) is a seminal work in the field of extended cognition.

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The Fourth Way (book)

The Fourth Way (1957) is a book about the Fourth Way system of self-development as introduced by Greek-Armenian philosopher G.I. Gurdjieff and is a compilation of the lectures of P. D. Ouspensky at London and New York City, 1921–1946, published posthumously by his students in 1957.

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The Sickness Unto Death

The Sickness Unto Death (Sygdommen til Døden) is a book written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus.

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The unanswered questions

The phrase unanswered questions or undeclared questions (Sanskrit avyākṛta, Pali: avyākata - "unfathomable, unexpounded"), in Buddhism, refers to a set of common philosophical questions that Buddha refused to answer, according to Buddhist texts.

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Theodoric of Freiberg

Theodoric of Freiberg (–) was a German member of the Dominican order and a theologian and physicist.

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Theology

Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.

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Theorem

In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems, and generally accepted statements, such as axioms.

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Theory of justification

Theory of justification is a part of epistemology that attempts to understand the justification of propositions and beliefs.

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Thing-in-itself

The thing-in-itself (Ding an sich) is a concept introduced by Immanuel Kant.

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Think of the children

"Think of the children" (also "What about the children?") is a cliché that evolved into a rhetorical tactic.

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Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thupten Jinpa

Thupten Jinpa Langri (b. 1958) has been the principal English translator to the Dalai Lama since 1985.

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Two envelopes problem

The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a brain teaser, puzzle, or paradox in logic, probability, and recreational mathematics.

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Uncertainty principle

In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.

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Underdetermination

In the philosophy of science, underdetermination refers to situations where the evidence available is insufficient to identify which belief one should hold about that evidence.

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Universal generalization

In predicate logic, generalization (also universal generalization or universal introduction, GEN) is a valid inference rule.

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Unmoved mover

The unmoved mover (that which moves without being moved) or prime mover (primum movens) is a concept advanced by Aristotle as a primary cause or "mover" of all the motion in the universe.

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Up Against the Wall Motherfucker

Up Against the Wall Motherfucker, often shortened as The Motherfuckers or UAW/MF, was an anarchist affinity group based in New York City.

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Up tack

The up tack or falsum (⊥, \bot in LaTeX, U+22A5 in Unicode) is a constant symbol used to represent.

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Upper ontology

In information science, an upper ontology (also known as a top-level ontology or foundation ontology) is an ontology (in the sense used in information science) which consists of very general terms (such as "object", "property", "relation") that are common across all domains.

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Value theory

Value theory is a range of approaches to understanding how, why, and to what degree persons value things; whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else.

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War on Terror

The War on Terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign that was launched by the United States government after the September 11 attacks in the United States in 2001.

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Weber–Fechner law

The Weber–Fechner law refers to two related laws in the field of psychophysics, known as Weber's law and Fechner's law.

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Western esotericism

Western esotericism (also called esotericism and esoterism), also known as the Western mystery tradition, is a term under which scholars have categorised a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements which have developed within Western society.

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Will and testament

A will or testament is a legal document by which a person, the testator, expresses their wishes as to how their property is to be distributed at death, and names one or more persons, the executor, to manage the estate until its final distribution.

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William of Heytesbury

William of Heytesbury, or William Heytesbury, called in Latin Guglielmus Hentisberus or Tisberus (c. 1313 – 1372/1373), was an English philosopher and logician, best known as one of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, Oxford, where he was a fellow.

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Wu Xing

The Wu Xing, also known as the Five Elements, Five Phases, the Five Agents, the Five Movements, Five Processes, the Five Steps/Stages and the Five Planets of significant gravity: Jupiter-木, Saturn-土, Mercury-水, Venus-金, Mars-火Dr Zai, J..

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Xun Kuang

Xun Kuang (c. 310c. 235 BC, alt. c. 314c. 217 BC), also widely known as Xunzi ("Master Xun"), was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States period and contributed to the Hundred Schools of Thought.

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Zeno's paradoxes

Zeno's paradoxes are a set of philosophical problems generally thought to have been devised by Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea (c. 490–430 BC) to support Parmenides' doctrine that contrary to the evidence of one's senses, the belief in plurality and change is mistaken, and in particular that motion is nothing but an illusion.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_articles_(D–H)