Communication

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Expand index (3013 more) » « Shrink index

A Defense of Abortion

"A Defense of Abortion" is a moral philosophy paper by Judith Jarvis Thomson first published in 1971.

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Abductive reasoning

Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,For example: abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which starts with an observation or set of observations then seeks to find the simplest and most likely explanation.

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Adi Shankara

Adi Shankara (pronounced) or Shankara, was an early 8th century Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.

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Agathos kai sophos

Agathos kai sophos (ἀγαθὸς καὶ σοφὸς) is a phrase coined by Plato, which literally means "wise and good" in Greek.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Agnosticism

Agnosticism is the view that the existence of God, of the divine or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable.

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Akrasia

Akrasia (Greek ἀκρασία, "lacking command"), occasionally transliterated as acrasia or Anglicised as acrasy or acracy, is described as a lack of self-control or the state of acting against one's better judgment.

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Al-Kindi

Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (أبو يوسف يعقوب بن إسحاق الصبّاح الكندي; Alkindus; c. 801–873 AD) was an Arab Muslim philosopher, polymath, mathematician, physician and musician.

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Altruism

Altruism is the principle and moral practice of concern for happiness of other human beings, resulting in a quality of life both material and spiritual.

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Analytic–synthetic distinction

The analytic–synthetic distinction (also called the analytic–synthetic dichotomy) is a semantic distinction, used primarily in philosophy to distinguish propositions (in particular, statements that are affirmative subject–predicate judgments) into two types: analytic propositions and synthetic propositions.

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Anarchism and animal rights

The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the animal liberation movement.

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Anarchism in Canada

Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including anarchist communism, green anarchy, anarcho-syndicalism, individualist anarchism, as well as other lesser known forms.

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Anekantavada

(अनेकान्तवाद, "many-sidedness") refers to the Jain doctrine about metaphysical truths that emerged in ancient India.

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Anima mundi

The world soul (Greek: ψυχὴ κόσμου psuchè kósmou, Latin: anima mundi) is, according to several systems of thought, an intrinsic connection between all living things on the planet, which relates to our world in much the same way as the soul is connected to the human body.

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Animal symbolicum

Animal symbolicum ("symbol-making" or "symbolizing animal") is a definition for humans proposed by the German neo-Kantian Ernst Cassirer.

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Argument from religious experience

The argument from religious experience is an argument for the existence of God.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.

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Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.

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Arthur Schopenhauer's criticism of Immanuel Kant's schemata

Schopenhauer's criticism of Kant's schemata is part of Schopenhauer's criticism of the Kantian philosophy which was published in 1819.

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Averroism

Averroism refers to a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian Islamic philosopher Averroes, a Muslim commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism.

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Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana

Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna (reconstructed Sanskrit title: Mahāyāna śraddhotpādaśāstra) is a text of Mahayana Buddhism.

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Übermensch

The Übermensch (German for "Beyond-Man", "Superman", "Overman", "Superhuman", "Hyperman", "Hyperhuman") is a concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Ülo Kaevats

Ülo Kaevats (29 September 1947 – 30 January 2015) was an Estonian statesman, academic and philosopher.

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Þorsteinn Gylfason

Þorsteinn Gylfason (12 August 1942 – 16 August 2005) was an Icelandic philosopher, translator, musician and poet.

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Śālikanātha

Śālikanātha was a Mīmāṃsā philosopher (Pūrva Mīmāṃsā) of roughly 900 AD, a follower of Prabhākara (late 7th century) and an opponent of the Bhāṭṭa school started by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa in the 7th century.

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Śāntarakṣita

(शान्तरक्षित,;, 725–788)stanford.edu: was a renowned 8th century Indian Buddhist and abbot of Nalanda.

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Śūnyatā

Śūnyatā (Sanskrit; Pali: suññatā), pronounced ‘shoonyataa’, translated into English most often as emptiness and sometimes voidness, is a Buddhist concept which has multiple meanings depending on its doctrinal context.

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Śramaṇa

Śramaṇa (Sanskrit: श्रमण; Pali: samaṇa) means "seeker, one who performs acts of austerity, ascetic".

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Bayesian probability

Bayesian probability is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief.

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Belief

Belief is the state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with factual certainty.

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Bellum omnium contra omnes

Bellum omnium contra omnes, a Latin phrase meaning "the war of all against all", is the description that Thomas Hobbes gives to human existence in the state of nature thought experiment that he conducts in De Cive (1642) and Leviathan (1651).

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Bhagavad Gita

The Bhagavad Gita (भगवद्गीता, in IAST,, lit. "The Song of God"), often referred to as the Gita, is a 700 verse Hindu scripture in Sanskrit that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata (chapters 23–40 of the 6th book of Mahabharata).

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Bhavacakra

The bhavachakra (Sanskrit; Pāli: bhavachakra; Tibetan: srid pa'i 'khor lo) is a symbolic representation of saṃsāra (or cyclic existence).

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Boole's expansion theorem

Boole's expansion theorem, often referred to as the Shannon expansion or decomposition, is the identity: F.

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Buddha-nature

Buddha-nature or Buddha Principle refers to several related terms, most notably tathāgatagarbha and buddhadhātu.

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Buddhahood

In Buddhism, buddhahood (buddhatva; buddhatta or italic) is the condition or rank of a buddha "awakened one".

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Business ethics

Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.

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Catholic probabilism

In Catholic moral theology, probabilism provides a way of answering the question about what to do when one does not know what to do.

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Characteristica universalis

The Latin term characteristica universalis, commonly interpreted as universal characteristic, or universal character in English, is a universal and formal language imagined by the German polymathic genius, mathematician, scientist and philosopher Gottfried Leibniz able to express mathematical, scientific, and metaphysical concepts.

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Chih

For the Celtic F.C. footballer, see Zheng Zhi There are many Chinese words whose pronunciation can be represented as "chih" (or, in the modern romanization, zhi) in Chinese.

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Christian anthropology

In the context of Christian theology, Christian anthropology refers to the study of the human ("anthropology") as it relates to God.

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Christian contemplation

Christian contemplation, from contemplatio (Latin; Greek θεωρία, Theoria), refers to several Christian practices which aim at "looking at", "gazing at", "being aware of" God or the Divine.

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Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) refers to a learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food) is paired with a previously neutral stimulus (e.g. a bell).

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Common sense

Common sense is sound practical judgment concerning everyday matters, or a basic ability to perceive, understand, and judge that is shared by ("common to") nearly all people.

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Communist society

In Marxist thought, communist society or the communist system is the type of society and economic system postulated to emerge from technological advances in the productive forces, representing the ultimate goal of the political ideology of Communism.

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Communitas perfecta

Communitas perfecta ("perfect community") or societas perfecta ("perfect society") is the Latin name given to one of several ecclesiological, canonical, and political theories of the Catholic Church.

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Compatibilism

Compatibilism is the belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent.

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Condorcet paradox

The Condorcet paradox (also known as voting paradox or the paradox of voting) in social choice theory is a situation noted by the Marquis de Condorcet in the late 18th century, in which collective preferences can be cyclic, even if the preferences of individual voters are not cyclic.

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Consensus decision-making

Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which group members develop, and agree to support a decision in the best interest of the whole.

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Consensus reality

Consensus reality is that which is generally agreed to be reality, based on a consensus view.

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Consequentialism

Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.

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Continental philosophy

Continental philosophy is a set of 19th- and 20th-century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe.

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Copula (linguistics)

In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or copulae; abbreviated) is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate (a subject complement), such as the word is in the sentence "The sky is blue." The word copula derives from the Latin noun for a "link" or "tie" that connects two different things.

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Correlation does not imply causation

In statistics, many statistical tests calculate correlations between variables and when two variables are found to be correlated, it is tempting to assume that this shows that one variable causes the other.

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Counterfactual conditional

A counterfactual conditional (abbreviated), is a conditional containing an if-clause which is contrary to fact.

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CrimethInc.

CrimethInc., also known as CWC, which stands for either "CrimethInc.

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Critique of the Kantian philosophy

"Critique of the Kantian philosophy" is a criticism Arthur Schopenhauer appended to the first volume of his The World as Will and Representation (1818).

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Dai Zhen

Dai Zhen (January 19, 1724 – July 1, 1777) was a prominent Chinese scholar of the Qing dynasty from Xiuning, Anhui.

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Dayi Daoxin

Dayi Daoxin (Chinese: 道信, pinyin: Dàoxìn, Wade–Giles: Tao-hsin) (Japanese: Dōshin) (580–651) was the fourth Chán Buddhist Patriarch, following Jianzhi Sengcan 僧璨 (died 606) (Wade–Giles: Chien-chih Seng-ts'an; Japanese: Kanchi Sosan) and preceding Hongren Chinese: 弘忍) (601–674). The earliest mention of Daoxin is in the Hsü kao-seng chuan (Further Biographies of Eminent Monks (645) (Pin-yin, Xu gao-seng zhuan; Japanese, Zoku kosoden) by Tao-hsuan (d. 667)) A later source, the Ch'üan fa pao chi (Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma-treasure), written around 712, gives further details of Daoxin's life. As with many of the very earliest Chan masters, the accuracy of the historical record is questionable and in some cases, contradictory in details. The following biography is the traditional story of Daoxin, culled from various sources, including the Wudeng Huiyuan (Compendium of Five Lamps), compiled in the early thirteenth century by the monk Dachuan Lingyin Puji (1179–1253).

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De (Chinese)

De is a key concept in Chinese philosophy, usually translated "inherent character; inner power; integrity" in Taoism, "moral character; virtue; morality" in Confucianism and other contexts, and "quality; virtue" (guna) or "merit; virtuous deeds" (punya) in Chinese Buddhism.

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Decision problem

In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a problem that can be posed as a yes-no question of the input values.

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Democratic republic

A democratic republic is a form of government operating on principles adopted from a republic and a democracy.

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Dependent and independent variables

In mathematical modeling, statistical modeling and experimental sciences, the values of dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables.

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Determinism

Determinism is the philosophical theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.

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Direct and indirect realism

The question of direct or naïve realism, as opposed to indirect or representational realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience;Lehar, Steve.

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Dissent

Dissent is a sentiment or philosophy of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea (e.g., a government's policies) or an entity (e.g., an individual or political party which supports such policies).

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Distribution (economics)

In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital).

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Divine madness

Divine madness, also known as theia mania and crazy wisdom, refers to unconventional, outrageous, unexpected, or unpredictable behavior linked to religious or spiritual pursuits.

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Doctrine of the Mean

The Doctrine of the Mean or Zhongyong is both a doctrine of Confucianism and also the title of one of the Four Books of Confucian philosophy.

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Domain of discourse

In the formal sciences, the domain of discourse, also called the universe of discourse, universal set, or simply universe, is the set of entities over which certain variables of interest in some formal treatment may range.

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Dong Zhongshu

Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC) was a Han Dynasty Chinese scholar.

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Donghak

Donghak (lit. Eastern Learning) was an academic movement in Korean Neo-Confucianism founded in 1860 by Choe Je-u. The Donghak movement arose as a reaction to seohak (西學, "Western learning"), and called for a return to the "Way of Heaven".

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Doping in sport

In competitive sports, doping is the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs by athletic competitors.

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Double consciousness

Double consciousness is a term describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated groups in an oppressive society.

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East Asian Mādhyamaka

East Asian Madhyamaka refers to the Buddhist traditions in East Asia which represent the Indian Madhyamaka system of thought.

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Economic, social and cultural rights

Economic, social and cultural rights are socio-economic human rights, such as the right to education, right to housing, right to adequate standard of living, right to health and the right to science and culture.

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Emotion

Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.

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Empirical statistical laws

An empirical statistical law or (in popular terminology) a law of statistics represents a type of behaviour that has been found across a number of datasets and, indeed, across a range of types of data sets.

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Epicurus

Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος, Epíkouros, "ally, comrade"; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded a school of philosophy now called Epicureanism.

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Epiphenomenalism

Epiphenomenalism is a mind–body philosophy marked by the belief that basic physical events (sense organs, neural impulses, and muscle contractions) are causal with respect to mental events (thought, consciousness, and cognition).

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Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.

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Ernst Zermelo

Ernst Friedrich Ferdinand Zermelo (27 July 1871 – 21 May 1953) was a German logician and mathematician, whose work has major implications for the foundations of mathematics.

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Ethical relationship

An ethical relationship, in most theories of ethics that employ the term, is a basic and trustworthy relationship that one has to another human being, that cannot necessarily be characterized in terms of any abstraction other than trust and common protection of each other's body.

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Ethics of technology

Ethics in technology is a sub-field of ethics addressing the ethical questions specific to the Technology Age.

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Experience machine

The Experience Machine or Pleasure Machine is a thought experiment put forward by philosopher Robert Nozick in his 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia.

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Fallacy of the undistributed middle

The fallacy of the undistributed middle (Lat. non distributio medii) is a formal fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed in either the minor premise or the major premise.

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Feeling

Feeling is the nominalization of the verb to feel.

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Freedom (newspaper)

Freedom is a London-based anarchist website and biannual journal published by Freedom Press, which was formerly a monthly newspaper.

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Frequentist probability

Frequentist probability or frequentism is an interpretation of probability; it defines an event's probability as the limit of its relative frequency in a large number of trials.

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Gautama Buddha

Gautama Buddha (c. 563/480 – c. 483/400 BCE), also known as Siddhārtha Gautama, Shakyamuni Buddha, or simply the Buddha, after the title of Buddha, was an ascetic (śramaṇa) and sage, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.

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George Gurdjieff

George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (31 March 1866/ 14 January 1872/ 28 November 1877 – 29 October 1949) commonly known as G. I. Gurdjieff, was a mystic, philosopher, spiritual teacher, and composer of Armenian and Greek descent, born in Alexandrapol (now Gyumri), Armenia.

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George van Driem

George (Sjors) van Driem (born 1957) is a linguist at the University of Berne, where he holds the chair of Historical Linguistics and directs the Linguistics Institute.

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Glossary of French expressions in English

Around 45% of English vocabulary is of French origin, most coming from the Anglo-Norman spoken by the upper classes in England for several hundred years after the Norman Conquest, before the language settled into what became Modern English.

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Golden Rule

The Golden Rule (which can be considered a law of reciprocity in some religions) is the principle of treating others as one would wish to be treated.

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Good works

In Christian theology, good works, or simply works, are a person's (exterior) actions or deeds, in contrast to inner qualities such as grace or faith.

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Great Learning

The Great Learning or Daxue was one of the "Four Books" in Confucianism.

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Growth of knowledge

A term coined by Karl Popper in his work The Logic of Scientific Discovery to denote what he regarded as the main problem of methodology and the philosophy of science, i.e. to explain and promote the further growth of scientific knowledge.

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Guifeng Zongmi

Guifeng Zongmi (780–841) was a Tang dynasty Buddhist scholar and bhikkhu, installed as fifth patriarch of the Huayan school as well as a patriarch of the Heze school of Southern Chan Buddhism. Zongmi was deeply affected by both Chan and Huayan. He wrote a number of works on the contemporary situation of Buddhism in Tang China, including critical analyses of Chan and Huayan, as well as numerous scriptural exegeses. Zongmi was deeply interested in both the practical and doctrinal aspects of Buddhism. He was especially concerned about harmonizing the views of those that tended toward exclusivity in either direction. He provided doctrinal classifications of Buddhist teachings, accounting for the apparent disparities in doctrines by categorizing them according to their specific aims.

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Haecceity

"Haecceity" (from the Latin haecceitas, which translates as "thisness") is a term from medieval scholastic philosophy, first coined by followers of Duns Scotus to denote a concept that he seems to have originated: the discrete qualities, properties or characteristics of a thing that make it a particular thing.

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Hajime Tanabe

was a Japanese philosopher of the Kyoto School.

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Happiness

In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

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Hara Tanzan

Hara Tanzan (原坦山) (December 5, 1819 – July 27, 1892) was a Soto Buddhist monk, head monk at the Saijoji temple in Odawara and a professor of Philosophy at the University of Tokyo during the Bakumatsu and Meiji periods.

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Harry Binswanger

Harry Binswanger (born 1944) is an American philosopher.

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Henry More

Henry More (12 October 1614 – 1 September 1687) was an English philosopher of the Cambridge Platonist school.

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Hermeneutics

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.

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Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence

Hubert Dreyfus has been a critic of artificial intelligence research since the 1960s.

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Hyperuranion

HyperuranionKatherine Murphy, Richard Todd,, BRILL, 2008, p. 260.

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I Ching

The I Ching,.

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I know that I know nothing

The phrase "I know that I know nothing", "The only thing I know is that I know nothing" or "I know one thing; that I know nothing", "I know that all I know is that I do not know anything", called the Socratic paradox, is a well-known saying that is derived from Plato's account of the Greek philosopher Socrates.

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Ibn Taymiyyah

Taqī ad-Dīn Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Arabic: تقي الدين أحمد ابن تيمية, January 22, 1263 - September 26, 1328), known as Ibn Taymiyyah for short, was a controversial medieval Sunni Muslim theologian, jurisconsult, logician, and reformer.

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Id, ego and super-ego

The id, ego, and super-ego are three distinct, yet interacting agents in the psychic apparatus defined in Sigmund Freud's structural model of the psyche.

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Ideas y Valores

Ideas y Valores is an academic journal of philosophy edited and published by the National University of Colombia.

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In Praise of Folly

In Praise of Folly, also translated as The Praise of Folly, (Latin: Stultitiae Laus or Moriae Encomium (Greek title: Morias enkomion (Μωρίας ἐγκώμιον); Dutch title: Lof der Zotheid) is an essay written in Latin in 1509 by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam and first printed in June 1511. Inspired by previous works of the Italian humanist De Triumpho Stultitiae, it is a satirical attack on superstitions and other traditions of European society as well as on the Western Church. Erasmus revised and extended his work, which was originally written in the space of a week while sojourning with Sir Thomas More at More's house in Bucklersbury in the City of London. The title Moriae Encomium had a punning second meaning as In Praise of More. In Praise of Folly is considered one of the most notable works of the Renaissance and played an important role in the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation. "Although Erasmus himself would have denied it vehemently, later reformers found that In Praise of Folly had helped prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation.".

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Independence (probability theory)

In probability theory, two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the other.

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Inductivism

Inductivism is the traditional model of scientific method attributed to Francis Bacon, who in 1620 vowed to subvert allegedly traditional thinking.

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Infinite regress

An infinite regress in a series of propositions arises if the truth of proposition P1 requires the support of proposition P2, the truth of proposition P2 requires the support of proposition P3,...

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Infoshop

An infoshop is a place where alternative, subcultural or radical literature is distributed.

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Internalism and externalism

Internalism and externalism are two opposing ways of explaining various subjects in several areas of philosophy.

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International Association for Philosophy and Literature

The International Association for Philosophy and Literature (IAPL), founded in 1976, brought together thinkers and scholars working in a wide range of disciplines concerned with the study of philosophical, historical, critical, and theoretical issues.

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Intervening cause

An intervening cause is an event that occurs after a tortfeasor's initial act of negligence and causes injury/harm to a victim.

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Inverted spectrum

The inverted spectrum is the hypothetical concept of two people sharing their color vocabulary and discriminations, although the colors one sees — one's qualia — are systematically different from the colors the other person sees.

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Irony

Irony, in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event in which what appears, on the surface, to be the case, differs radically from what is actually the case.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

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Islam and secularism

The definition and application of secularism, especially the place of religion in society, varies among Muslim countries as it does among western countries.

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Jack Copeland

Brian Jack Copeland (born 1950) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, and author of books on the computing pioneer Alan Turing.

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Ji Kang

Ji Kang (223–262), sometimes referred to as Xi Kang, courtesy name Shuye, was a Chinese writer, poet, Taoist philosopher, musician and alchemist of the Three Kingdoms period.

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John Amos Comenius

John Amos Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský; Johann Amos Comenius; Latinized: Ioannes Amos Comenius; 28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian from the Margraviate of Moravia"Clamores Eliae" he dedicated "To my lovely mother, Moravia, one of her faithful son...". Clamores Eliae, p.69, Kastellaun/Hunsrück: A. Henn, 1977.

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Julius Evola

Baron Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola (19 May 1898–11 June 1974), better known as Julius Evola, was an Italian philosopher, painter, and esotericist.

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Kavka's toxin puzzle

Kavka's toxin puzzle is a thought experiment about the possibility of forming an intention to perform an act which, following from reason, is an action one would not actually perform.

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Kōtoku Shūsui

, better known by the nom de plume, was a Japanese socialist and anarchist who played a leading role in introducing anarchism to Japan in the early 20th century, particularly by translating the works of contemporary European and Russian anarchists, such as Peter Kropotkin, into Japanese.

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Kerry Wendell Thornley

Kerry Wendell Thornley (April 17, 1938 – November 28, 1998) is known as the co-founder (along with childhood friend Greg Hill) of Discordianism, in which context he is usually known as Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst or simply Lord Omar.

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Kripke semantics

Kripke semantics (also known as relational semantics or frame semantics, and often confused with possible world semantics) is a formal semantics for non-classical logic systems created in the late 1950s and early 1960s by Saul Kripke and André Joyal.

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Law of excluded middle

In logic, the law of excluded middle (or the principle of excluded middle) states that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true.

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Law of large numbers

In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a theorem that describes the result of performing the same experiment a large number of times.

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Löwenheim–Skolem theorem

In mathematical logic, the Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, named for Leopold Löwenheim and Thoralf Skolem, states that if a countable first-order theory has an infinite model, then for every infinite cardinal number κ it has a model of size κ. The result implies that first-order theories are unable to control the cardinality of their infinite models, and that no first-order theory with an infinite model can have a unique model up to isomorphism.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.

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Leslie Stephen

Sir Leslie Stephen (28 November 1832 – 22 February 1904) was an English author, critic, historian, biographer, and mountaineer, and father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell.

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Level of measurement

Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables.

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Liberation theology

Liberation theology is a synthesis of Christian theology and Marxist socio-economic analyses that emphasizes social concern for the poor and the political liberation for oppressed peoples.

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Libertarian paternalism

Libertarian paternalism is the idea that it is both possible and legitimate for private and public institutions to affect behavior while also respecting freedom of choice, as well as the implementation of that idea.

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Linguistic relativity

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition.

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List of anarchist periodicals

The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist and proto-anarchist periodicals.

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List of Russian philosophers

Russian philosophy includes a variety of philosophical movements.

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List of unsolved problems in philosophy

This is a list of some of the major unsolved problems in philosophy.

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List of works by Madhvacharya

The extant works of the Dvaita founder-philosopher, Madhvacharya, called the Sarvamūla Granthas, are many in number.

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List of works by Thomas Aquinas

The collected works of Thomas Aquinas are being edited in the Editio Leonina (established 1879).

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Litotes

In rhetoric, litotes is a figure of speech that uses understatement to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive, often incorporating double negatives for effect.

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Logical connective

In logic, a logical connective (also called a logical operator, sentential connective, or sentential operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the value of the compound sentence produced depends only on that of the original sentences and on the meaning of the connective.

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Logical consequence

Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic, which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements.

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Logical harmony

Logical harmony, a name coined by Sir Michael Dummett, is a supposed constraint on the rules of inference that can be used in a given logical system.

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Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues

Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues (6 August 1715 – 28 May 1747) was a minor French writer, a moralist.

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Mandate of Heaven

The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China.

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Master–slave morality

Master–slave morality is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche's works, in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality.

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Max Weber

Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.

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Max Weber bibliography

This is a chronological list of works by Max Weber.

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Mental representation

A mental representation (or cognitive representation), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the system does this".

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Mental substance

Mental substance is the idea held by dualists and idealists, that minds are made-up of non-physical substance.

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Method of analytic tableaux

In proof theory, the semantic tableau (plural: tableaux, also called 'truth tree') is a decision procedure for sentential and related logics, and a proof procedure for formulae of first-order logic.

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Michel Foucault

Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), generally known as Michel Foucault, was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, social theorist, and literary critic.

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Mitzvah

In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word (meaning "commandment",,, Biblical:; plural, Biblical:; from "command") refers to precepts and commandments commanded by God.

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Models of scientific inquiry

In the philosophy of science, models of scientific inquiry have two functions: first, to provide a descriptive account of how scientific inquiry is carried out in practice, and second, to provide an explanatory account of why scientific inquiry succeeds as well as it appears to do in arriving at genuine knowledge.

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Moral sense theory

Moral sense theory (also known as sentimentalism) is a theory in moral epistemology and meta-ethics concerning the discovery of moral truths.

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Mu (negative)

The Japanese and Korean term mu or Chinese wú, meaning "not have; without", is a key word in Buddhism, especially Zen traditions.

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Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi

Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariyyā-ye Rāzī, also known by his Latinized name Rhazes or Rasis) (854–925 CE), was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, and important figure in the history of medicine.

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Mulla Sadra

Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī, also called Mulla Sadrā (ملا صدرا; also spelled Molla Sadra, Mollasadra or Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin; صدرالمتألهین) (c. 1571/2 – 1640), was an Iranian Shia Islamic philosopher, theologian and ‘Ālim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century.

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Nakae Tōju

Nakae Tōju was a Japanese Confucian philosopher known as "the sage of Ōmi".

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Native Americans in popular culture

The portrayal of Native Americans in popular culture has oscillated between the fascination with the noble savage who lives in harmony with nature, and the stereotype of the uncivilized "bad guys" in the traditional Western genre.

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Naturalization of intentionality

According to Franz Brentano, intentionality refers to the "aboutness of mental states that cannot be a physical relation between a mental state and what is about (its object) because in a physical relation each of the relation must exist whereas the objects of mental states might not.

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Naval warfare

Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving major body of water such as a large lake or wide river.

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Necessity and sufficiency

In logic, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe an implicational relationship between statements.

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Norm (philosophy)

Norms are concepts (sentences) of practical import, oriented to effecting an action, rather than conceptual abstractions that describe, explain, and express.

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Norm of reciprocity

The norm of reciprocity requires that we repay in kind what another has done for us.

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Object (philosophy)

An object is a technical term in modern philosophy often used in contrast to the term subject.

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Omnipotence paradox

The omnipotence paradox is a family of paradoxes that arise with some understandings of the term 'omnipotent'.

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Opaque context

An opaque context or referentially opaque context is a linguistic context in which it is not always possible to substitute "co-referential" expressions (expressions referring to the same object) without altering the truth of sentences.

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Open formula

An open formula is a formula that contains at least one free variable.

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Optimism bias

Optimism bias (also known as unrealistic or comparative optimism) is a cognitive bias that causes a person to believe that they are at a lesser risk of experiencing a negative event compared to others.

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Oxford Movement

The Oxford Movement was a movement of High Church members of the Church of England which eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism.

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Pacific Street Films

Pacific Street Films is a documentary film production company founded in Brooklyn, New York in 1969 by anarchists Joel Sucher and Steven Fischler.

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Paracelsus

Paracelsus (1493/4 – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, and astrologer of the German Renaissance.

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Paradox

A paradox is a statement that, despite apparently sound reasoning from true premises, leads to an apparently self-contradictory or logically unacceptable conclusion.

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Partially ordered set

In mathematics, especially order theory, a partially ordered set (also poset) formalizes and generalizes the intuitive concept of an ordering, sequencing, or arrangement of the elements of a set.

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Philosophical razor

In philosophy, a razor is a principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate ("shave off") unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid unnecessary actions.

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Philosophical skepticism

Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.

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Philosophical zombie

A philosophical zombie or p-zombie in the philosophy of mind and perception is a hypothetical being that from the outside is indistinguishable from a normal human being but lacks conscious experience, qualia, or sentience.

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Philosophy in the Soviet Union

Philosophy in the Soviet Union was officially confined to Marxist–Leninist thinking, which theoretically was the basis of objective and ultimate philosophical truth.

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Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche developed his philosophy during the late 19th century.

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Philosophy of self

The philosophy of self defines, among other things, the conditions of identity that make one subject of experience distinct from all others.

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Philosophy of war

The philosophy of war is the area of philosophy devoted to examining issues such as the causes of war, the relationship between war and human nature, and the ethics of war.

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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865) was a French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy.

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Polysyllogism

A polysyllogism (also called multi-premise syllogism, sorites, climax, or gradatio) is a string of any number of propositions forming together a sequence of syllogisms such that the conclusion of each syllogism, together with the next proposition, is a premise for the next, and so on.

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Porphyrian tree

The Porphyrian tree, Tree of Porphyry or Arbor Porphyriana is a classic device for illustrating what is also called a "scale of being".

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Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar

Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (11 May 1922 – 21 October 1990), also known by his spiritual name, Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti (Ánanda Múrti.

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Preemption (computing)

In computing, preemption is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time.

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Primary/secondary quality distinction

The primary/secondary quality distinction is a conceptual distinction in epistemology and metaphysics, concerning the nature of reality.

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Principia Mathematica

The Principia Mathematica (often abbreviated PM) is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910, 1912, and 1913.

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Principle of sufficient reason

The principle of sufficient reason states that everything must have a reason or a cause.

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Probabilistic context-free grammar

Grammar theory to model symbol strings originated from work in computational linguistics aiming to understand the structure of natural languages.

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Propositional calculus

Propositional calculus is a branch of logic.

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Psychokinesis

Psychokinesis (from Greek ψυχή "mind" and κίνησις "movement"), or telekinesis (from τηλε- "far off" and κίνηση "movement"), is an alleged psychic ability allowing a person to influence a physical system without physical interaction. Psychokinesis experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability. There is no convincing evidence that psychokinesis is a real phenomenon, and the topic is generally regarded as pseudoscience.

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Qualia

In philosophy and certain models of psychology, qualia (or; singular form: quale) are defined to be individual instances of subjective, conscious experience.

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Quotient of a formal language

In mathematics and computer science, the right quotient (or simply quotient) of a formal language L_1 with a formal language L_2 is the language consisting of strings w such that wx is in L_1 for some string x in L_2.

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R. B. Braithwaite

Richard Bevan Braithwaite FBA (15 January 1900 – 21 April 1990), usually cited as R. B. Braithwaite, was an English philosopher who specialized in the philosophy of science, ethics, and the philosophy of religion.

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R. De Staningtona

R.

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R. Edward Freeman

R.

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R. G. Collingwood

Robin George Collingwood, FBA (22 February 1889 – 9 January 1943), was an English philosopher, historian and archaeologist.

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R. James Long

Raymond James Long (born December 15, 1938) is an American academic and professor emeritus of philosophy at Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut.

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R. Jay Wallace

R.

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R. M. Hare

Richard Mervyn Hare (21 March 1919 – 29 January 2002), usually cited as R. M. Hare, was an English moral philosopher who held the post of White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford from 1966 until 1983.

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R. R. Rockingham Gill

Richard Rowan Rockingham Gill, (born 1944, South Africa) was a lecturer of philosophy—in particular, logic—and is an author.

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Raïssa Maritain

Raïssa Maritain (née Oumansoff) (12 September 1883 in Rostov-on-Don – 4 November 1960 in Paris) was a Russian-born French poet and philosopher.

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Rabia of Basra

Rābiʿa al-ʿAdawiyya al-Qaysiyya (رابعة العدوية القيسية) (714/717/718 — 801 CE) was a Muslim saint and Sufi mystic.

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Rabindranath Tagore

Rabindranath Tagore FRAS, also written Ravīndranātha Ṭhākura (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Rabirius (Epicurean)

Rabirius was a 1st-century BC Epicurean associated with Amafinius and Catius as one of the early popularizers of the philosophy in Italy.

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Race (human categorization)

A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.

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Race to the bottom

The race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase which is used to describe government deregulation of the business environment, or reduction in tax rates, in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions.

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Rachel Elior

Rachel Elior (born 28 December 1949) is an Israeli professor of Jewish philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Jerusalem, Israel.

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Rachida Triki

Rachida Triki is a philosopher, art historian, and art curator, currently full Professor of Philosophy at Tunis University specialized in Aesthetics.

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Racialism

Racialism is the belief that the human species is naturally divided into races, that are ostensibly distinct biological categories.

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Racism

Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Rada Iveković

Rada Iveković (born 1945 in Zagreb, Yugoslavia) is a Croatian professor, philosopher, Indologist, and writer.

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Radical behaviorism

Radical behaviorism, or the conceptual analysis of behavior, was pioneered by B. F. Skinner and is his "philosophy of the science of behavior." It refers to the philosophy behind behavior analysis, and is to be distinguished from methodological behaviorism—which has an intense emphasis on observable behaviors—by its inclusion of thinking, feeling, and other private events in the analysis of human and animal psychology.

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Radical democracy

Radical democracy was articulated by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe in their book Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, written in 1985.

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Radical empiricism

Radical empiricism is a philosophical doctrine put forth by William James.

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Radical Evolution

Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies—and What It Means to Be Human is a book published in 2005 by Joel Garreau.

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Radical feminism

Radical feminism is a perspective within feminism that calls for a radical reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts.

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Radical interpretation

Radical interpretation is interpretation of a speaker, including attributing beliefs and desires to them and meanings to their words, from scratch—that is, without relying on translators, dictionaries, or specific prior knowledge of their mental states.

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Radical Philosophy

Radical Philosophy is a bimonthly academic journal of critical theory and philosophy.

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Radical Philosophy Review

The Radical Philosophy Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal sponsored by the Radical Philosophy Association.

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Radical skepticism

Radical skepticism or radical scepticism is the philosophical position that knowledge is most likely impossible.

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Radical translation

Radical translation is a thought experiment in Word and Object, a major philosophical work from American philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine.

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Radical unintelligibility

Radical Unintelligibility, a term coined by Bernard Lonergan, is the philosophical idea that we can act against our better judgment.

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Radio Libertaire

Radio Libertaire is an FM French radio station of the Anarchist Federation (FA) in Paris, France transmitting on 89.4 MHZ It was founded in 1981.

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Rado Riha

Rado Riha (born 8 October 1948) is a Slovene philosopher.

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Radovan Richta

Radovan Richta (June 6, 1924 – July 21, 1983) was a Czech philosopher who coined the term technological evolution; a theory about how societies diminish physical labour by increasing mental labour.

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Radulfus Ardens

Radulfus Ardens (Raoul Ardens) (died c. 1200) was a French theologian and early scholastic philosopher of the 12th century.

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Radulphus Brito

Radulphus Brito (c. 1270 - 1320) was an influential grammarian, based in Paris.

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Rafael Calvo Serer

Rafael Calvo Serer (born 6 October 1916 at Valencia, Spain, died 19 April 1988 at Pamplona, Navarra, Spain) was a Professor of History of Spanish Philosophy, a writer, essayist.

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Rafe Champion

Rafe Champion (born July 1945) is an Australian writer.

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Raghavan N. Iyer

Raghavan Narasimhan Iyer (born 10 March 1930) was an Indian academic, political theorist and philosopher.

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Raghunatha Siromani

Raghunatha Shiromani (রঘুনাথ শিরোমণি, IAST: Raghunātha Śiromaṇi) (c. 1477–1547) was an Indian philosopher and logician.

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Rahbani brothers

The Rahbani Brothers (Arabic: الأخوان رحباني), Assi Rahbani (Arabic: عاصي الرحباني; May 4, 1923 – June 21, 1986), and Mansour Rahbani (Arabic: منصور الرحباني; born 1925 – January 13, 2009) were Lebanese composers, musicians, songwriters, authors, playwrights/dramatists.

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Raili Kauppi

Raili Kauppi (1920–1995), professor of philosophy at the University of Tampere.

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Raimo Tuomela

Raimo Tuomela (born October 9, 1940 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish philosopher.

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Raimond Gaita

Raimond Gaita (born Raimund Gaita 14 May 1946, Dortmund, Germany) is an Australian philosopher and award-winning writer.

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Raimundo Teixeira Mendes

Raimundo Teixeira Mendes (5 January 1855 – 1927) was a Brazilian philosopher and mathematician.

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Rainer Forst

Rainer Forst (born August 15, 1964, Wiesbaden) is a German philosopher and political theorist, and was named the "most important political philosopher of his generation" in 2012, when he won the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize.

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Rainer Maria Rilke

René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian-Austrian poet and novelist.

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Rajas

Rajas (Sanskrit: रजस्) is one of the three Guṇas (tendencies, qualities, attributes), a philosophical and psychological concept developed by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.

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Ralph Barton Perry

Ralph Barton Perry (July 3, 1876 in Poultney, Vermont – January 22, 1957 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American philosopher.

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Ralph Cudworth

Ralph Cudworth (1617 – 26 June 1688) was a famed English classicist, theologian and philosopher, and a leading figure among the Cambridge Platonists.

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Ralph Johnson (philosopher)

Ralph Henry Johnson (born 1940) is a Canadian American philosopher, born in Detroit, Michigan.

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Ralph of Longchamp

Ralph of Longchamp (c. 1155 – c. 1215) was a scholastic philosopher of the 13th century, known also as a physician and natural philosopher.

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Ralph Strode

Ralph Strode (fl. 1350 – 1400), English schoolman, was probably a native of the West Midlands.

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Ralph Tyler Flewelling

Ralph Tyler Flewelling (born November 23, 1871, De Witt, Michigan; died March 31, 1960, Glendale, California) was an American philosophy professor.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882) was an American essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet who led the transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.

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Ralstonism

Ralstonism was a social movement in 19th century US.

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Ramanuja

Ramanuja (traditionally, 1017–1137 CE) was a Hindu theologian, philosopher, and one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism.

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Ramón J. Sender

Ramón José Sender Garcés (February 3, 1901 – January 16, 1982) was a Spanish novelist, essayist and journalist.

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Ramón Xirau

Ramón Xirau Subías (Barcelona, Spain, 20 January 1924 – Mexico City, 26 July 2017) was a Spanish-born Mexican poet, philosopher and literary critic.

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Ramchandra Gandhi

Ramchandra Gandhi (9 June 1937 – 13 June 2007) was an Indian philosopher.

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Rameau's Nephew

Rameau's Nephew, or the Second Satire (or The Nephew of Rameau, Le Neveu de Rameau ou La Satire seconde) is an imaginary philosophical conversation by Denis Diderot, written predominantly in 1761-2 and revised in 1773-4.

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Ramification problem

In philosophy and artificial intelligence (especially, knowledge based systems), the ramification problem is concerned with the indirect consequences of an action.

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Ramin Jahanbegloo

Ramin Jahanbegloo (رامین جهانبگلو., born 1956 in Tehran) is an Iranian philosopher and academic who is based in Canada.

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Ramism

Ramism was a collection of theories on rhetoric, logic, and pedagogy based on the teachings of Petrus Ramus, a French academic, philosopher, and Huguenot convert, who was murdered during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572.

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Ramon Llull

Ramon Llull, T.O.S.F. (c. 1232 – c. 1315; Anglicised Raymond Lully, Raymond Lull; in Latin Raimundus or Raymundus Lullus or Lullius) was a philosopher, logician, Franciscan tertiary and Spanish writer.

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Ramon Vila Capdevila

Ramon Vila Capdevila (2 April 1908 - 7 August 1963), sometimes known by various nicknames, including Caracremada (Catalan: "burnt-face"), was a Catalan anarchist, member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (Spanish: National Confederation of Labor), and guerrilla fighter.

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Ramsey Kanaan

Ramsey Kanaan is a Scottish-Lebanese businessman and publisher of anarchist literature, best known as the founder of AK Press, a distributor of anarchist and left-wing booksRamsey Kanaan, Jura Books, Sydney, 2005.

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Ramsey–Lewis method

The Ramsey–Lewis method is a method for defining terms found in theoretical frameworks (such as in scientific theories), credited to Frank P. Ramsey and David Lewis.

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Randal Marlin

Randal Marlin (born 1938 in Washington, D.C.) is a Canadian philosophy professor at Carleton University in Ottawa who specializes in the study of propaganda.

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Randall Auxier

Randall E. Auxier (born August 7, 1961) is a professor of philosophy and communication studies at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, a musician, environmental activist, union advocate, and candidate (2018) for the United States House of Representatives, nominated by the Green Party in the 12th Congressional District of Illinois.

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Randall Swingler

Randall Swingler MM (28 May 1909 – 1967) was an English poet, writing extensively in the 1930s in the communist interest.

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Randian hero

The Randian hero is a ubiquitous figure in the fiction of 20th-century novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand, most famously in the figures of The Fountainheads Howard Roark and Atlas Shruggeds John Galt.

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Random act of kindness

A random act of kindness is a nonpremeditated, inconsistent action designed to offer kindness towards the outside world.

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Randomness

Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events.

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Range (mathematics)

In mathematics, and more specifically in naive set theory, the range of a function refers to either the codomain or the image of the function, depending upon usage.

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Rangtong-Shentong

Rangtong and shentong are two distinctive views on emptiness (sunyata) and the two truths doctrine within Tibetan Buddhism.

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Ranjana Khanna

Ranjana Khanna is a literary critic and theorist recognized for her interdisciplinary, feminist and internationalist contributions to the fields of post-colonial studies, feminist theory, literature and political philosophy.

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Raoul Vaneigem

Raoul Vaneigem (born 1934) is a Belgian writer known for his 1967 book The Revolution of Everyday Life.

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Raphaël Enthoven

Raphaël Enthoven (born 9 November 1975) is a French philosophy teacher, radio host and television host.

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Raphael M. Robinson

Raphael Mitchel Robinson (November 2, 1911 – January 27, 1995) was an American mathematician.

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Raphael von Koeber

Raphael von Koeber (Рафаэль Густавович фон Кёбер, January 15, 1848 in Nizhny Novgorod - June 14, 1923 in Yokohama) was a notable Russian-German teacher of philosophy at the Tokyo Imperial University in Japan.

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Rasa (aesthetics)

A rasa (रस, രാസ്യം.) literally means "juice, essence or taste".

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Rate of exploitation

In Marxian economics, the rate of exploitation is the divergence between labor productivity and the wage rate.

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Rate of profit

In economics and finance, the profit rate is the relative profitability of an investment project, of a capitalist enterprise, or of the capitalist economy as a whole.

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Ratio (journal)

Ratio is a peer-reviewed academic journal of analytic philosophy, edited by David S. Oderberg (Reading University) and published by Wiley-Blackwell.

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Rational agent

In economics, game theory, decision theory, and artificial intelligence, a rational agent is an agent that has clear preferences, models uncertainty via expected values of variables or functions of variables, and always chooses to perform the action with the optimal expected outcome for itself from among all feasible actions.

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Rational animal

The term rational animal (Latin: animal rationale or animal rationabile) refers to a classical definition of humanity or human nature, associated with Aristotelianism.

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Rational choice theory

Rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior.

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Rational consequence relation

In logic, a rational consequence relation is a non-monotonic consequence relation satisfying certain properties listed below.

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Rational egoism

Rational egoism (also called rational selfishness) is the principle that an action is rational if and only if it maximizes one's self-interest.

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Rational fideism

Rational fideism is the philosophical view that considers faith to be precursor for any reliable knowledge.

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Rational ignorance

Rational ignorance is refraining from acquiring knowledge when the cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the potential benefit that the knowledge would provide.

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Rational love

Rational love is love based upon intellect, reason or spirituality rather than natural love which is based upon instinct, intuition or romance.

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Rational mysticism

Rational mysticism, which encompasses both rationalism and mysticism, is a term used by scholars, researchers, and other intellectuals, some of whom engage in studies of how altered states of consciousness or transcendence such as trance, visions, and prayer occur.

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Rational number

In mathematics, a rational number is any number that can be expressed as the quotient or fraction of two integers, a numerator and a non-zero denominator.

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Rational reconstruction

Rational reconstruction is a philosophical term with several distinct meanings.

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Rational Response Squad

The Rational Response Squad, or RRS, is an atheist activist group that confronts what it considers to be irrational claims, made by theists, particularly Christians.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification".

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Rationality

Rationality is the quality or state of being rational – that is, being based on or agreeable to reason.

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Rationalization (psychology)

In psychology and logic, rationalization or rationalisation (also known as making excuses) is a defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable—or even admirable and superior—by plausible means.

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Ratnatraya

Jainism emphasises that ratnatraya (triple gems of Jainism) — the right faith (Samyak Darshana), right knowledge (Samyak Gyana) and right conduct (Samyak Charitra) — constitutes the path to liberation.

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Ravachol

François Claudius Koenigstein, known as Ravachol (1859–1892), was a French anarchist.

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Raven paradox

The raven paradox, also known as Hempel's paradox, Hempel's ravens, or paradox of indoor ornithology, is a paradox arising from the question of what constitutes evidence for a statement.

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Ray Brassier

Raymond Brassier (born 1965) is a member of the philosophy faculty at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, known for his work in philosophical realism.

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Ray Jackendoff

Ray Jackendoff (born January 23, 1945) is an American linguist.

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Ray Monk

Ray Monk (born 15 February 1957) is a British philosopher.

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Raymond Aron

Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, and journalist. He is best known for his 1955 book The Opium of the Intellectuals, the title of which inverts Karl Marx's claim that religion was the opium of the people – Aron argues that in post-war France, Marxism was the opium of the intellectuals.

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Raymond Duncan

Raymond Duncan (November 1, 1874, San Francisco, California – August 14, 1966, Cavalaire-sur-Mer, France) was an American dancer, artist, poet, craftsman, and philosopher, and brother of dancer Isadora Duncan.

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Raymond Geuss

Raymond Geuss (born 1946), Emeritus Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Cambridge, is a political philosopher and scholar of 19th and 20th century European philosophy.

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Raymond Klibansky

Raymond Klibansky, (October 15, 1905 – August 5, 2005) was a German-Canadian historian of philosophy and art.

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Raymond Polin

Raymond Polin (July 7, 1910, Briançon, Hautes-Alpes – February 8, 2001) was a French philosopher.

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Raymond Ruyer

Raymond Ruyer (13 January 1902 – 1987) was a French philosopher in the late 20th century.

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Raymond Smullyan

Raymond Merrill Smullyan (May 25, 1919 – February 6, 2017) was an American mathematician, magician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist, and philosopher.

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Raymond Tallis

Raymond C. Tallis (born 10 October 1946) is a philosopher, poet, novelist, cultural critic and a retired medical physician and clinical neuroscientist.

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Rémi Brague

Rémi Brague (born 8 September 1947) is a French historian of philosophy, specializing in the Arabic, Jewish, and Christian thought of the Middle Ages.

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Rói Patursson

Rói Reynagarð Patursson (born 21 September 1947) is a Faroese writer and philosopher.

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Rüdiger Safranski

Rüdiger Safranski (born January 1, 1945) is a German philosopher and author.

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Rāja yoga

In Sanskrit texts, Rāja yoga refers to the goal of yoga (which is usually samadhi) and not a method of attaining it.

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Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı

Rıza Tevfik (Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı after the Turkish Surname Law of 1934; 1869 – 31 December 1949) was a Turkish philosopher, poet, politician of liberal signature and a community leader (for some members among the Bektashi community) of the late-19th-century and early-20th-century.

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Re.press

re.press is a Melbourne (Australia) based open access publisher of contemporary philosophy (and some theory and poetry).

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Reactionary

A reactionary is a person who holds political views that favor a return to the status quo ante, the previous political state of society, which they believe possessed characteristics (discipline, respect for authority, etc.) that are negatively absent from the contemporary status quo of a society.

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Reading Capital

Reading Capital (Lire le Capital) is a 1965 work of Marxist philosophy by Louis Althusser, Étienne Balibar, Roger Establet, Jacques Rancière, and Pierre Macherey.

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Real freedom

Real freedom is a term coined by the political philosopher and economist Philippe Van Parijs.

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Real number

In mathematics, a real number is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent a distance along a line.

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Real socialism

Real socialism (also actually existing socialism or developed socialism) was an ideological catchphrase popularized during the Brezhnev era within the Eastern Bloc countries and the Soviet Union.

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Realism (international relations)

Realism is a school of thought in international relations theory, theoretically formalising the Realpolitik statesmanship of early modern Europe.

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Reality

Reality is all of physical existence, as opposed to that which is merely imaginary.

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Reality in Buddhism

Reality in Buddhism is called dharma (Sanskrit) or dhamma (Pali).

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Reality principle

In Freudian psychology and psychoanalysis, the reality principle (Realitätsprinzip) is the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting on the pleasure principle.

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Reality tunnel

Reality tunnel is a theory that, with a subconscious set of mental filters formed from beliefs and experiences, every individual interprets the same world differently, hence "Truth is in the eye of the beholder".

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Realizability

In mathematical logic, realizability is a collection of methods in proof theory used to study constructive proofs and extract additional information from them.

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Really Really Free Market

The Really, Really Free Market (RRFM) movement is a horizontally organized collective of individuals who form a temporary market based on an alternative gift economy.

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Realphilosophie

The term Realphilosophie was first introduced by Hegel His Jenaer Realphilosophie of 1805/6 contains lectures "on the philosophy of nature and of the spirit".

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Reason

Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and verifying facts, applying logic, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information.

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Reason (argument)

A reason is a consideration which justifies or explains.

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Reason and Revolution

Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory is a 1941 book by the philosopher Herbert Marcuse, in which the author discusses the social theories of the philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Karl Marx.

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Reasonable doubt

Reasonable doubt is a term used in jurisdiction of common law countries.

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Reasonism

Reasonism (similar to rationalism) is an epistemological theory that holds that reliance on reason is the best guide for belief and action.

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Reasons and Persons

Reasons and Persons is a 1984 philosophical work by Derek Parfit, in which the author discusses ethics, rationality and personal identity.

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Rebecca Goldstein

Rebecca Newberger Goldstein (born February 23, 1950) is an American philosopher, novelist and public intellectual.

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Rebellion

Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order.

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Rebirth (Buddhism)

Rebirth in Buddhism refers to its teaching that the actions of a person lead to a new existence after death, in endless cycles called saṃsāra.

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Recall bias

In epidemiological research, recall bias is a systematic error caused by differences in the accuracy or completeness of the recollections retrieved ("recalled") by study participants regarding events or experiences from the past.

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Received view

A received view is any world view that is taken for granted or that is assumed to be true without further criticism by the part of the "receiver" – until he or she manages to "unhide" it, e.g. by getting to know another contrasting worldview.

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Received view of theories

The received view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that identifies a scientific theory with a set of propositions which are considered to be linguistic objects, such as axioms.

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Recherches husserliennes

Recherches husserliennes was a Belgian French-speaking journal devoted to Husserlian-style phenomenological philosophy.

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Rechtsstaat

Rechtsstaat is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originating in German jurisprudence.

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Reciprocal altruism

In evolutionary biology, reciprocal altruism is a behaviour whereby an organism acts in a manner that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation that the other organism will act in a similar manner at a later time.

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Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)

The social norm of reciprocity is the expectation that people will respond to each other in similar ways—responding to gifts and kindnesses from others with similar benevolence of their own, and responding to harmful, hurtful acts from others with either indifference or some form of retaliation.

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Recognition (sociology)

Recognition in sociology is public acknowledgement of person's status or merits (achievements, virtues, service, etc.). In the field of psychology, it is understood that a person who seeks excessive recognition could themselves be exhibiting traits of a narcissistic personality disorder.

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Reconstructivism

Reconstructivism is a philosophical theory holding that societies should continually reform themselves in order to establish more perfect governments or social networks.

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Rectification of names

Rectification of Names.

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Recuperation (politics)

Recuperation, in the sociological sense, is the process by which politically radical ideas and images are twisted, co-opted, absorbed, defused, incorporated, annexed and commodified within media culture and bourgeois society, and thus become interpreted through a neutralized, innocuous or more socially conventional perspective.

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Recurrence relation

In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation that recursively defines a sequence or multidimensional array of values, once one or more initial terms are given: each further term of the sequence or array is defined as a function of the preceding terms.

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Recursion

Recursion occurs when a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type.

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Recursion (computer science)

Recursion in computer science is a method of solving a problem where the solution depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem (as opposed to iteration).

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Recursive language

In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language (a set of finite sequences of symbols taken from a fixed alphabet) is called recursive if it is a recursive subset of the set of all possible finite sequences over the alphabet of the language.

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Recursively enumerable language

In mathematics, logic and computer science, a formal language is called recursively enumerable (also recognizable, partially decidable, semidecidable, Turing-acceptable or Turing-recognizable) if it is a recursively enumerable subset in the set of all possible words over the alphabet of the language, i.e., if there exists a Turing machine which will enumerate all valid strings of the language.

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Red Emma's

Red Emma's Bookstore Coffeehouse is a radical infoshop located in Baltimore, Maryland, USA and run by a worker-owner collective.

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Red pill and blue pill

The red pill and its opposite, the blue pill, are a popular cultural meme, a metaphor representing the choice between.

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Redintegration

Redintegration refers to the restoration of the whole of something from a part of it.

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Reduct

In universal algebra and in model theory, a reduct of an algebraic structure is obtained by omitting some of the operations and relations of that structure.

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Reductio ad absurdum

In logic, reductio ad absurdum ("reduction to absurdity"; also argumentum ad absurdum, "argument to absurdity") is a form of argument which attempts either to disprove a statement by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous, absurd, or impractical conclusion, or to prove one by showing that if it were not true, the result would be absurd or impossible.

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Reductio ad Hitlerum

Reductio ad Hitlerum (pseudo-Latin for "reduction to Hitler"; sometimes argumentum ad Hitlerum, "argument to Hitler", ad Nazium, "to Nazism"), or playing the Nazi card, is an attempt to invalidate someone else's position on the basis that the same view was held by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party, for example: "Hitler was against tobacco smoking, X is against tobacco smoking, therefore X is a Nazi".

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Reductionism

Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.

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Redundancy (linguistics)

In linguistics, redundancy refers to information that is expressed more than once.

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Redundancy theory of truth

According to the redundancy theory of truth (or the disquotational theory of truth), asserting that a statement is true is completely equivalent to asserting the statement itself.

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Reed–Muller expansion

In Boolean logic, a Reed–Muller expansion (or Davio expansion) is a decomposition of a Boolean function.

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Reference

Reference is a relation between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to, another object.

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Referential transparency

Referential transparency and referential opacity are properties of parts of computer programs.

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Reflection principle

In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a reflection principle says that it is possible to find sets that resemble the class of all sets.

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Reflections on the Revolution in France

Reflections on the Revolution in France is a political pamphlet written by the Irish statesman Edmund Burke and published in November 1790.

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Reflective disclosure

Reflective disclosure is a model of social criticism proposed and developed by philosopher Nikolas Kompridis.

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Reflective equilibrium

Reflective equilibrium is a state of balance or coherence among a set of beliefs arrived at by a process of deliberative mutual adjustment among general principles and particular judgments.

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Reflectivism

Reflectivism is a broad umbrella label, used primarily in International Relations theory, for a range of theoretical approaches which oppose rational-choice accounts of social phenomena and, perhaps, positivism more generally.

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Reflexive monism

Reflexive monism is a philosophical position developed by Max Velmans, in his books Understanding Consciousness (2000, 2009) and Toward a Deeper Understanding of Consciousness (2017), to address the problems of consciousness.

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Reflexive relation

In mathematics, a binary relation R over a set X is reflexive if every element of X is related to itself.

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Reflexivity (social theory)

In epistemology, and more specifically, the sociology of knowledge, reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect, especially as embedded in human belief structures.

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Reform

Reform (reformo) means the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc.

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Reform Judaism

Reform Judaism (also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism) is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of the faith, the superiority of its ethical aspects to the ceremonial ones, and a belief in a continuous revelation not centered on the theophany at Mount Sinai.

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Reformational philosophy

Reformational philosophy is a Neo-Calvinistic movement pioneered by Herman Dooyeweerd and D. H. Th. Vollenhoven that seeks to develop philosophical thought in a radically Protestant Christian direction.

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Reformed epistemology

In the philosophy of religion, Reformed epistemology is a school of philosophical thought concerning the nature of knowledge (epistemology) as it applies to religious beliefs.

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Reformism

Reformism is a political doctrine advocating the reform of an existing system or institution instead of its abolition and replacement.

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Refusal of work

Refusal of work is behavior in which a person refuses to adapt to regular employment.

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Regeneración

Regeneración was a Mexican anarchist newspaper that functioned as the official organ of the Mexican Liberal Party.

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Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange

Réginald Marie Garrigou-Lagrange, O.P. (February 21, 1877 – February 15, 1964) was a French Catholic theologian.

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Reginald Hackforth

Reginald Hackforth, FBA (17 August 1887 – 6 May 1957) was an English classical scholar, known mainly for his work on Plato, and from 1939 to 1952 was the second Laurence Professor of Ancient Philosophy at Cambridge University.

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Reginald Ray

Reginald "Reggie" Ray (born 1942) is an American Buddhist academic and teacher.

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Regionalism (art)

American Regionalism is an American realist modern art movement that included paintings, murals, lithographs, and illustrations depicting realistic scenes of rural and small-town America primarily in the Midwest and Deep South.

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Regress argument

The regress argument (also known as the diallelus (Latin) or diallelon, from Greek di allelon "through or by means of one another") is a problem in epistemology and, in general, a problem in any situation where a statement has to be justified.

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Regression analysis

In statistical modeling, regression analysis is a set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables.

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Regression fallacy

The regression (or regressive) fallacy is an informal fallacy.

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Regular grammar

In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular grammar is a formal grammar that is right-regular or left-regular.

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Regular language

In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular language (also called a rational language) is a formal language that can be expressed using a regular expression, in the strict sense of the latter notion used in theoretical computer science (as opposed to many regular expressions engines provided by modern programming languages, which are augmented with features that allow recognition of languages that cannot be expressed by a classic regular expression).

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Regular modal logic

In modal logic, a regular modal logic L is a modal logic closed under the duality of the modal operators: \Diamond A \equiv \lnot\Box\lnot A and the rule (A\land B)\to C \vdash (\Box A\land\Box B)\to\Box C. Every regular modal logic is classical, and every normal modal logic is regular and hence classical.

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Regular tree grammar

In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular tree grammar (RTG) is a formal grammar that describes a set of directed trees, or terms.

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Regulation of science

The regulation of science refers to use of law, or other ruling, by academic or governmental bodies to allow or restrict science from performing certain practices, or researching certain scientific areas.

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Reification (fallacy)

Reification (also known as concretism, hypostatization, or the fallacy of misplaced concreteness) is a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete real event or physical entity.

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Reification (Marxism)

In Marxism, reification (Verdinglichung, literally: "making into a thing") is the process by which social relations are perceived as inherent attributes of the people involved in them, or attributes of some product of the relation, such as a traded commodity.

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Reincarnation

Reincarnation is the philosophical or religious concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death.

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Reinhart Maurer

Reinhart Klemens Maurer (born 1935) is a philosopher and professor from Xanten, Germany.

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Reinhold Niebuhr

Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (June 21, 1892June 1, 1971) was an American theologian, ethicist, commentator on politics and public affairs, and professor at Union Theological Seminary for more than 30 years.

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Reism

Reism or concretism is a philosophical theory of Tadeusz Kotarbiński, based on the ontology of Stanislaw Lesniewski, specifically, his "calculus of names".

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Relation (history of concept)

The concept of relation as a term used in general philosophy has a long and complicated history.

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Relation of Ideas

In philosophy, a relation is a type of fact that is true or false of two things.

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Relational quantum mechanics

Relational quantum mechanics (RQM) is an interpretation of quantum mechanics which treats the state of a quantum system as being observer-dependent, that is, the state is the relation between the observer and the system.

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Relational space

The relational theory of space is a metaphysical theory according to which space is composed of relations between objects, with the implication that it cannot exist in the absence of matter.

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Relational theory

In physics and philosophy, a relational theory is a framework to understand reality or a physical system in such a way that the positions and other properties of objects are only meaningful relative to other objects.

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Relationalism

Relationalism is any theoretical position that gives importance to the relational nature of things.

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Relations of production

Relations of production (German: Produktionsverhältnisse) is a concept frequently used by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in their theory of historical materialism and in Das Kapital.

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Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner

The ideas of 19th-century German philosophers Max Stirner and Friedrich Nietzsche have often been compared, and many authors have discussed apparent similarities in their writings, sometimes raising the question of influences.

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Relationship between religion and science

Various aspects of the relationship between religion and science have been addressed by philosophers, theologians, scientists, and others.

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Relativism

Relativism is the idea that views are relative to differences in perception and consideration.

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Relativist fallacy

The relativist fallacy, also known as the subjectivist fallacy, is claiming that something is true for one person but not true for someone else.

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Relevance

Relevance is the concept of one topic being connected to another topic in a way that makes it useful to consider the second topic when considering the first.

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Relevance logic

Relevance logic, also called relevant logic, is a kind of non-classical logic requiring the antecedent and consequent of implications to be relevantly related.

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Relevance theory

Relevance theory is framework for understanding utterance interpretation first proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson and used within cognitive linguistics and pragmatics.

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Relevant alternatives theory

Relevant alternatives theory (RAT) is an epistemological theory of knowledge, according to which to know some proposition p one must be able to rule out all the relevant alternatives to p.

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Reliabilism

Reliabilism, a category of theories in the philosophical discipline of epistemology, has been advanced as a theory both of justification and of knowledge.

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Religio Medici

Religio Medici (The Religion of a Doctor) by Sir Thomas Browne is a spiritual testament and an early psychological self-portrait.

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Religion

Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, world views, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.

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Religion & Ethics Newsweekly

Religion & Ethics Newsweekly was an American weekly television news-magazine program which aired on PBS.

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Religion and abortion

Many religious traditions have taken a stance on abortion, and these stances span a broad spectrum, as highlighted below.

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Religion and agriculture

Religion and agriculture have been closely associated since neolithic times and the development of early Orphic religions based upon fertility and the seasons.

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Religion of Humanity

Religion of Humanity (from French Religion de l'Humanité or église positiviste) is a secular religion created by Auguste Comte, the founder of positivist philosophy.

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Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason

Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason (Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft) is a 1793 book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant.

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Religious communism

Religious communism is a form of communism that incorporates religious principles.

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Religious democracy

Religious democracy is a form of government where the values of a particular religion affect laws and rules.

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Religious experience

A religious experience (sometimes known as a spiritual experience, sacred experience, or mystical experience) is a subjective experience which is interpreted within a religious framework.

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Religious humanism

Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with congregational but non-theistic rituals and community activity which center on human needs, interests, and abilities.

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Religious intellectualism in Iran

Religious intellectualism in Iran (روشنفکری دينی) reached its apogee during the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11).

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Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory

Since the emergence of the Big Bang theory as the dominant physical cosmological paradigm, there have been a variety of reactions by religious groups regarding its implications for religious cosmologies.

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Religious law

Religious law refers to ethical and moral codes taught by religious traditions.

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Religious liberalism

Religious liberalism is a conception of religion (or of a particular religion) which emphasizes personal and group liberty and rationality.

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Religious naturalism

Religious naturalism (RN) combines a naturalist worldview with perceptions and values commonly associated with religions.

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Religious philosophy

Religious philosophy is philosophical thinking that is inspired and directed by a particular religion.

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Religious pluralism

Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society.

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Religious skepticism

Religious skepticism is a type of skepticism relating to religion.

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Religious views of Samuel Johnson

The religious views of Samuel Johnson are expressed in both his moralistic writings and his sermons.

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Religious views on suicide

There are a variety of religious views on suicide.

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Remigius of Auxerre

Remigius (Remi) of Auxerre (Remigius Autissiodorensis; c. 841 – 908) was a Benedictine monk during the Carolingian period, a teacher of Latin grammar, and a prolific author of commentaries on classical Greek and Latin texts.

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Reminiscence

Reminiscence is the act of recollecting past experiences or events.

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Remo Bodei

Remo Bodei (born in Cagliari, 3 August 1938) is an Italian philosopher.

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Remorse

Remorse is a distressing emotion experienced by a person who regrets actions which they deem to be shameful, hurtful, or violent.

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Ren Jiyu

Ren Jiyu (born April 15, 1916 - died July 11, 2009) in Pingyuan County, Shandong Province was a philosopher, scholar in religious studies, historian, member of the Chinese Communist Party, and honorary director of the National Library of China.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Renaissance humanism

Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

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Renaissance philosophy

The designation Renaissance philosophy is used by scholars of intellectual history to refer to the thought of the period running in Europe roughly between 1355 and 1650 (the dates shift forward for central and northern Europe and for areas such as Spanish America, India, Japan, and China under European influence).

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Renate Holub

Renate Holub (born 6 October 1946 in Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany) is a political philosopher and critical social theorist.

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Renato Janine Ribeiro

Renato Janine Ribeiro is a Brazilian political philosopher and full professor of ethics and political philosophy at the University of São Paulo.

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René Descartes

René Descartes (Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.

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René Girard

René Noël Théophile Girard (25 December 1923 – 4 November 2015) was a French historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science whose work belongs to the tradition of anthropological philosophy.

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René Guénon

René-Jean-Marie-Joseph Guénon (15 November 1886 – 7 January 1951), also known as ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Yaḥyá, was a French author and intellectual who remains an influential figure in the domain of metaphysics, having written on topics ranging from sacred science and traditional studies, to symbolism and initiation.

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René Viénet

René Viénet (born 6 February 1944 in Le Havre) is a French sinologist who is famous as a situationist writer and filmmaker.

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Renewing the Anarchist Tradition

Renewing the Anarchist Tradition is an annual conference of anarchist intellectuals.

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Renn Hampden

Renn Dickson Hampden (1793 – 23 April 1868) was an English Anglican clergyman.

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Rentier capitalism

Rentier capitalism is a Marxist term currently used to describe the belief in economic practices of monopolization of access to any (physical, financial, intellectual, etc.) kind of property, and gaining significant amounts of profit without contribution to society.

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Renzo Novatore

Abele Rizieri Ferrari (May 12, 1890 – November 29, 1922), better known by the pen name Renzo Novatore, was an Italian individualist anarchist, illegalist and anti-fascist poet, philosopher and militant, now mostly known for his posthumously published book Toward the Creative Nothing (Verso il nulla creatore) and associated with ultra-modernist trends of futurism.

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Repertorium der Nederlandse Wijsbegeerte

Repertorium der Nederlandse Wijsbegeerte is one of the major works of Professor Dr.

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Repetition (Kierkegaard book)

Repetition (Gentagelsen) is an 1843 book by Søren Kierkegaard and published under the pseudonym Constantin Constantius to mirror its titular theme.

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Representation (arts)

Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else.

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Representation theorem

In mathematics, a representation theorem is a theorem that states that every abstract structure with certain properties is isomorphic to another (abstract or concrete) structure.

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Representative democracy

Representative democracy (also indirect democracy, representative republic or psephocracy) is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.

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Reprobation

Reprobation, in Christian theology, is a corollary to the Calvinistic or broadly Augustinian doctrine of unconditional election which teaches that some of mankind (the elect) are predestined by God for salvation, and the remainder, the reprobate, are left to be condemned to damnation in the "lake of fire".

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Reproducibility

Reproducibility is the closeness of the agreement between the results of measurements of the same measurand carried out under changed conditions of measurement.

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Reproduction (economics)

In Marxian economics, economic reproduction refers to recurrent (or cyclical) processes.

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Reproductive technology

Reproductive technology encompasses all current and anticipated uses of technology in human and animal reproduction, including assisted reproductive technology, contraception and others.

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Reprogenetics

Reprogenetics is the use of reproductive and genetic technologies to select and genetically modify embryos with germinal choice technology for the purpose of human enhancement.

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Republic (Plato)

The Republic (Πολιτεία, Politeia; Latin: Res Publica) is a Socratic dialogue, written by Plato around 380 BC, concerning justice (δικαιοσύνη), the order and character of the just, city-state, and the just man.

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Republicanism

Republicanism is an ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty.

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Res extensa

Res extensa is one of the three substances described by René Descartes in his Cartesian ontology (often referred to as "radical dualism"), alongside res cogitans and God.

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Research

Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications." It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories.

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Resentment

Resentment (also called ranklement or bitterness) is a mixture of disappointment, anger and fear.

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Resistentialism

Resistentialism is a jocular theory to describe "seemingly spiteful behavior manifested by inanimate objects", where objects that cause problems (like lost keys or a runaway bouncy ball) are said to exhibit a high degree of malice toward humans.

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Resolution (logic)

In mathematical logic and automated theorem proving, resolution is a rule of inference leading to a refutation theorem-proving technique for sentences in propositional logic and first-order logic.

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Resources for clinical ethics consultation

Clinical ethics support services initially developed in the United States of America, following court cases such as the Karen Ann Quinlan case, which stressed the need for mechanisms to resolve ethical disputes within health care.

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Respect

Respect is a positive feeling or action shown towards someone or something considered important, or held in high esteem or regard; it conveys a sense of admiration for good or valuable qualities; and it is also the process of honoring someone by exhibiting care, concern, or consideration for their needs or feelings.

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Response bias

Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions.

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Ressentiment

Ressentiment is the French translation of the English word resentment (from Latin intensive prefix re-, and sentir "to feel").

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Restorative justice

Restorative justice is an approach to justice in which the response to a crime is to organize a mediation between the victim and the offender, and sometimes with representatives of a wider community as well.

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Resurrection

Resurrection is the concept of coming back to life after death.

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Retention and protention

Retention and protention (Retention und Protention) are key aspects of Edmund Husserl's phenomenology of temporality.

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Reterritorialization

Reterritorialization (reterritorialisation) is the restructuring of a place or territory that has experienced deterritorialization.

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Rethinking "Gnosticism"

Rethinking "Gnosticism": An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category, is a 1996 book by Michael Allen Williams.

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Retributive justice

Retributive justice is a theory of justice that holds that the best response to a crime is a punishment proportional to the offense, inflicted because the offender deserves the punishment.

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Retrocausality

Retrocausality or Backwards causation is a concept of cause and effect where the effect precedes its cause in time.

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Retrospective determinism

Retrospective determinism is the informal fallacy that because something happened under some circumstances, it was therefore bound to happen due to those circumstances; the term was coined by the French philosopher Henri Bergson.

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Revelation

In religion and theology, revelation is the revealing or disclosing of some form of truth or knowledge through communication with a deity or other supernatural entity or entities.

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Revenge

Revenge is a form of justice enacted in the absence or defiance of the norms of formal law and jurisprudence.

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Reverence for Life

The phrase Reverence for Life is a translation of the German phrase: "Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben".

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Reverse Turing test

A reverse Turing test is a Turing test in which the objective or roles between computers and humans have been reversed.

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Review of Philosophy and Psychology

The Review of Philosophy and Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Springer that focuses on philosophical and foundational issues in cognitive science.

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Revisionism (Marxism)

Within the Marxist movement, the word revisionism is used to refer to various ideas, principles and theories that are based on a significant revision of fundamental Marxist premises.

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Revolt Against the Modern World

Revolt Against the Modern World: Politics, Religion, and Social Order in the Kali Yuga (Rivolta contro il mondo moderno) is a book by Julius Evola, first published in Italy, in 1934.

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Revolution

In political science, a revolution (Latin: revolutio, "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolt against the government, typically due to perceived oppression (political, social, economic).

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Revolutionary Anarchist Bowling League

The Revolutionary Anarchist Bowling League (RABL) was an anarchist group, founded in 1987 and based in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

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Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine

The Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine (Революційна Повстанська Армія України), also known as the Black Army or simply as Makhnovshchyna (Махновщина.), was an anarchist army formed largely of Ukrainian peasants and workers under the command of the famous anarchist Nestor Makhno during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922.

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Revolutionary integrationism

Revolutionary Integrationism is an analysis, philosophy, and program for resolving the "black question"—the problem of the superoppression of blacks, and their liberation—in the United States.

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Revolutionary spontaneity

Revolutionary spontaneity (also known as spontaneism) is a tendency to believe that social revolution can and should occur spontaneously from below, without the aid or guidance of a vanguard party, and that it cannot and should not be brought about by the actions of individuals or parties who might attempt to foment such a revolution.

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Revolutions in Mathematics

Revolutions in Mathematics is a collection of essays in the history and philosophy of mathematics.

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Revue de métaphysique et de morale

The Revue de métaphysique et de morale is a French philosophy journal co-founded in 1893 by Léon Brunschvicg, Xavier Léon and Élie Halévy.

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Revue de synthèse

The journal Revue de synthèse was created by Henri Berr in 1900 under the title Revue de synthèse historique.

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Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger

The Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger is an academic journal founded by Théodule-Armand Ribot in 1876.

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Revue Philosophique de Louvain

The Revue Philosophique de Louvain was founded in 1894 by Désiré Mercier as the Revue Néoscolastique.

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Rewriting

In mathematics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of (potentially non-deterministic) methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms.

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Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of discourse, wherein a writer or speaker strives to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations.

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Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle's Rhetoric (Rhētorikḗ; Ars Rhetorica) is an ancient Greek treatise on the art of persuasion, dating from the 4th century BC.

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Rhetoric of science

Rhetoric of science is a body of scholarly literature exploring the notion that the practice of science is a rhetorical activity.

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Rhetoric of social intervention model

The "rhetoric of social intervention" (RSI) model is a systemic communication theory of how human beings symbolically constitute, maintain, and change social systems (e.g., organizations, societies, and cultures).

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Rhetoric to Alexander

The Rhetoric to Alexander (also widely known by its title in Rhetorica ad Alexandrum; Τέχνη ῥητορική) is a treatise traditionally attributed to Aristotle.

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Rhetorical criticism

Rhetorical criticism analyzes the symbolic artifacts of discourse — the words, phrases, images, gestures, performances, texts, films, etc.

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Rhetorical reason

Rhetorical reason is the faculty of discovering the crux of the matter.

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Rhizome (philosophy)

Rhizome is a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972–1980) project.

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Rhyme

A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (or the same sound) in two or more words, most often in the final syllables of lines in poems and songs.

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Rhythmanalysis

Rhythmanalysis is a collection of essays by Marxist sociologist and urbanist philosopher Henri Lefebvre.

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Ricardo Rozzi

Ricardo Rozzi (born October 6, 1960, in Santiago) is a Chilean ecologist and philosopher who is professor at the University of North Texas (UNT) and the Universidad de Magallanes (UMAG).

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Richard A. Macksey

Richard A. Macksey (born 1931) is Professor of Humanities and Co-founder and longtime Director of the Humanities Center at The Johns Hopkins University, where he has taught critical theory, comparative literature, and film studies.

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Richard Aaron

Richard Ithamar Aaron (6 November 1901 – 29 March 1987) was a Welsh philosopher who became an authority on the work of John Locke.

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Richard Alan Cross

Richard Alan Cross is Rev.

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Richard Arneson

Richard Arneson is an American philosopher specializing in political philosophy who has taught at the University of California, San Diego since 1973.

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Richard Avenarius

Richard Ludwig Heinrich Avenarius (November 19, 1843 – August 18, 1896) was a German-Swiss philosopher.

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Richard Bach

Richard David Bach (born June 23, 1936) is an American writer.

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Richard Baron (philosopher)

Richard Baron (born 1958) is a philosopher living in London.

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Richard Bentley

Richard Bentley (27 January 1662 – 14 July 1742) was an English classical scholar, critic, and theologian.

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Richard Boyd

Richard Newell Boyd (born 19 May 1942, Washington, D.C.) is an American philosopher.

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Richard Brandt

Richard Booker Brandt (17 October 1910 – 10 September 1997) was an American philosopher working in the utilitarian tradition in moral philosophy.

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Richard Brinkley

Richard Brinkley (died c.1379) was an English Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Richard Burthogge

Richard Burthogge (1637/38–1705) (alias Borthoge, Burthog, Latinized to Burthoggius) of Devon, England, was a physician, magistrate and philosopher.

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Richard Carrier

Richard Cevantis Carrier (born December 1, 1969) is an American historian, atheist activist, author, public speaker and blogger.

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Richard Cumberland (philosopher)

Richard Cumberland (15 July 1631 (or 1632) – 9 October 1718) was an English philosopher, and Bishop of Peterborough from 1691.

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Richard Dawkins

Clinton Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is an English ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and author.

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Richard Dedekind

Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (6 October 1831 – 12 February 1916) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), axiomatic foundation for the natural numbers, algebraic number theory and the definition of the real numbers.

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Richard E. Flathman

Richard E. Flathman (August 6, 1934 – September 6, 2015) was the George Armstrong Kelly Professor of Political Science, Emeritus, at Johns Hopkins University.

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Richard Ferrybridge

Richard Ferrybridge was an English Scholastic logician of the fourteenth century.

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Richard Grathoff

Richard Helmut Grathoff was a phenomenologist and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Sociology at Bielefeld University, Germany.

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Richard Gregg (social philosopher)

Richard Bartlett Gregg (1885–1974) was an American social philosopher said to be "the first American to develop a substantial theory of nonviolent resistance" and an influence on the thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr, Aldous Huxley, civil-rights theorist Bayard Rustin, and pacifist and socialist reformer Jessie Wallace Hughan.

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Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane

Richard Burdon Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane, (30 July 1856 – 19 August 1928) was an influential Scottish Liberal and later Labour imperialist politician, lawyer and philosopher.

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Richard Hanley

Richard Hanley is a Zambian-born Australian philosopher.

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Richard Hönigswald

Richard Hönigswald (18 July 1875 in Magyar-Óvár in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (the present Mosonmagyaróvár in Hungary) – 11 June 1947 in New Haven, Connecticut) was a well-known philosopher belonging to the wider circle of Neo-Kantianism.

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Richard Hooker

Richard Hooker (March 25, 1554 – 3 November 1600) was an English priest in the Church of England and an influential theologian.

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Richard J. Bernstein

Richard Jacob Bernstein (born May 14, 1932) is an American philosopher who teaches at The New School for Social Research, and has written extensively about a broad array of issues and philosophical traditions including Classical American Pragmatism, Neopragmatism, Critical Theory, Deconstruction, Social Philosophy, Political Philosophy, and Hermeneutics.

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Richard J. F. Day

Richard J. F. Day (born c. 1964) is a Canadian political philosopher and sociologist.

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Richard Jeffrey

Richard Carl Jeffrey (August 5, 1926 – November 9, 2002) was an American philosopher, logician, and probability theorist.

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Richard Kearney

Richard Kearney (born 1954, Cork, Ireland) is an Irish philosopher and public intellectual specializing in contemporary continental philosophy.

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Richard Kilvington

Richard Kilvington (c. 1302-1361) was an English scholastic philosopher at the University of Oxford.

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Richard Kirkham

Richard Ladd Kirkham (born June 18, 1955) is an American philosopher.

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Richard Kroner

__notoc__ Richard Kroner (8 March 1884 in Breslau – 2 November 1974 in Mammern) was a German neo-Hegelian philosopher, known for his Von Kant bis Hegel (1921/4), a classic history of German idealism written from the neo-Hegelian point of view.

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Richard Lewis Nettleship

Richard Lewis Nettleship (17 December 1846 – 25 August 1892) was an English philosopher.

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Richard M. Weaver

Richard Malcolm Weaver, Jr (March 3, 1910 – April 1, 1963) was an American scholar who taught English at the University of Chicago.

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Richard McKeon

Richard McKeon (April 26, 1900 – March 31, 1985) was an American philosopher and longtime professor at the University of Chicago.

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Richard Meltzer

Richard Meltzer (born May 10, 1945, New York City) is a rock critic, performer and writer.

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Richard Milton Martin

Richard Milton Martin (1916, Cleveland, Ohio – 22 November 1985, Milton, Massachusetts) was an American logician and analytic philosopher.

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Richard Montague

Richard Merritt Montague (September 20, 1930 – March 7, 1971) was an American mathematician and philosopher.

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Richard of Campsall

Richard of Campsall (Ricardus de Campsalle) (c.1280-c.1350) was an English theologian and scholastic philosopher, at the University of Oxford.

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Richard of Middleton

Richard of Middleton (Medieval Latin: Richardus de Mediavilla) (c.1249–c.1308) was a member of the Franciscan Order, a theologian, and scholastic philosopher.

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Richard of Saint Victor

Richard of Saint Victor, C.R.S.A. (died 1173) was a Medieval Scottish philosopher and theologian and one of the most influential religious thinkers of his time.

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Richard Overton (Leveller)

Richard Overton (fl. 1640–1664) was an English pamphleteer and Leveller during the Civil War and Interregnum (England).

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Richard Payne Knight

(Richard) Payne Knight (11 February 1751 – 23 April 1824) of Downton Castle in Herefordshire, and of 5 Soho Square,History of Parliament biography London, England, was a classical scholar, connoisseur, archaeologist and numismatist best known for his theories of picturesque beauty and for his interest in ancient phallic imagery.

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Richard Popkin

Richard Henry Popkin (December 27, 1923 – April 14, 2005) was an academic philosopher who specialized in the history of enlightenment philosophy and early modern anti-dogmatism.

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Richard Price

Richard Price (23 February 1723 – 19 April 1791) was a British moral philosopher, nonconformist preacher and mathematician.

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Richard Rorty

Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher.

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Richard Rudolf Walzer

Richard Rudolf Walzer, FBA (14 July 1900 in Berlin – 16 April 1975 in Oxford) was a German-born British expert on Greek philosophy.

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Richard Rufus

Richard Raymond Rufus (born 12 January 1975) is an English former football player, who spent his entire career at Charlton Athletic.

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Richard Rufus of Cornwall

Richard Rufus (Ricardus Rufus, "Richard the Red") was a Cornish Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Richard Sault

Richard Sault (died 1702) was an English mathematician, editor and translator, one of The Athenian Society.

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Richard Schacht

Richard Schacht (born 1941) is an American philosopher and professor emeritus at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

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Richard Shusterman

Richard Shusterman is an American pragmatist philosopher.

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Richard Sorabji

Sir Richard Rustom Kharsedji Sorabji, (born 8 November 1934) is a British historian of ancient Western philosophy and Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at King's College London.

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Richard Swinburne

Richard G. Swinburne (born 26 December 1934) is a British philosopher.

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Richard Swineshead

Richard Swineshead (also Suisset, Suiseth, etc.; fl. c. 1340 – 1354) was an English mathematician, logician, and natural philosopher.

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Richard Sylvan

Richard Sylvan (13 December 1935 – 16 June 1996) was a philosopher, logician, and environmentalist.

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Richard Tarnas

Richard Theodore Tarnas (born February 21, 1950) is a cultural historian known for his books The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View and Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View.

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Richard Taylor (philosopher)

Richard Taylor (November 5, 1919 – October 30, 2003), born in Charlotte, Michigan, was an American philosopher renowned for his dry wit and his contributions to metaphysics.

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Richard Thomas Nolan

The Rev.

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Richard von Mises

Richard Edler von Mises (19 April 1883 – 14 July 1953) was a scientist and mathematician who worked on solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, aerodynamics, aeronautics, statistics and probability theory.

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Richard von Schubert-Soldern

Richard Ritter von Schubert-Soldern (14 December 1852, Prague - 19 October 1924) was a Czech-born German philosopher.

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Richard W. Miller

Richard W. Miller is a political philosopher and the Wyn and William Y. Hutchinson Professor in Ethics and Public Life at Cornell University.

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Richard Wahle

Richard Wahle (February 14, 1857, Vienna – October 21, 1935, Vienna) was professor of philosophy at the Universities of Czernowitz and Vienna.

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Richard Walker (philosopher)

Richard Walker (1679–1764) was a professor of moral philosophy at the University of Cambridge, noted as a supporter of Richard Bentley in his long legal battle with the fellowship of Trinity College.

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Richard Whately

Richard Whately (1 February 1787 – 8 October 1863) was an English rhetorician, logician, economist, academic and theologian who also served as a reforming Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin.

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Richard Wilton

Richard Wilton (died December 21, 1239) was an English scholastic philosopher.

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Richard Wolin

Richard Wolin (born 1952) is an American intellectual historian.

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Richard Wollheim

Richard Arthur Wollheim (5 May 1923 – 4 November 2003) was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting.

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Richard's paradox

In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy of set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905.

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Richards controller

The Richards controller is a method of implementing a finite state machine using simple integrated circuits and combinational logic.

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Rick Lewis (journalist)

Rick Lewis is the founder and editor of Philosophy Now, and thereby one of the main initiators of the popular philosophy movement in the English speaking world.

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Rick Turner (philosopher)

Richard Turner (25 September 1941, in Stellenbosch – 8 January 1978, in Durban), known as Rick Turner, was a South African academic and anti-apartheid activist who was very probably assassinated by the apartheid state in 1978.

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Rieko

is a feminine Japanese given name.

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Rifa'a al-Tahtawi

Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (also spelt Tahtawy; رفاعة رافع الطهطاوي / ALA-LC: Rifā‘ah Rāf‘i al-Ṭahṭāwī; 1801–1873) was an Egyptian writer, teacher, translator, Egyptologist and renaissance intellectual.

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Right Hegelians

The Right Hegelians (Rechtshegelianer), Old Hegelians (Althegelianer), or the Hegelian Right (die Hegelsche Rechte), were those followers of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in the early 19th century who took his philosophy in a politically and religiously conservative direction.

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Right of revolution

In political philosophy, the right of revolution (or right of rebellion) is the right or duty of the people of a nation to overthrow a government that acts against their common interests and/or threatens the safety of the people without cause.

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Right to exist

The right to exist is said to be an attribute of nations.

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Right-libertarianism

Right-libertarianism (or right-wing libertarianism) refers to libertarian political philosophies that advocate negative rights, natural law and a major reversal of the modern welfare state.

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Righteousness

Righteousness is defined as "the quality of being morally correct and justifiable." It can also be considered synonymous with "rightness".

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Rights

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.

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Rights of Englishmen

The rights of Englishmen are the perceived traditional rights of citizens of England.

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Rights of Man

Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people.

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Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995

The Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995 (NT) was a controversial law legalising euthanasia in the Northern Territory, which was passed by the Parliament of the Northern Territory of Australia in 1995.

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Rigid designator

In modal logic and the philosophy of language, a term is said to be a rigid designator or absolute substantial term when it designates (picks out, denotes, refers to) the same thing in all possible worlds in which that thing exists and does not designate anything else in those possible worlds in which that thing does not exist.

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Rigour

Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness.

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Rigpa

In Dzogchen teaching, rigpa (Skt. vidyā; "knowledge") is the knowledge of the ground.

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Rinchen Zangpo

(Lochen) Rinchen Zangpo (958–1055), also known as Mahaguru, was a principal lotsawa or translator of Sanskrit Buddhist texts into Tibetan during the second diffusion of Buddhism in Tibet (or the New Translation School or New Mantra School period).

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Ring of Gyges

The Ring of Gyges (Γύγου Δακτύλιος) is a mythical magical artifact mentioned by the philosopher Plato in Book 2 of his Republic (2:359a–2:360d).

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Rising Tide North America

Rising Tide North America is a grassroots network of groups and individuals in North America organizing action against the root causes of climate change and work towards a non-carbon society.

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Risk

Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value.

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Risk assessment

Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative estimate of risk related to a well-defined situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard).

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Ritual

A ritual "is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and performed according to set sequence".

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Ritual purification

Ritual purification is the purification ritual prescribed by a religion by which a person about to perform some ritual is considered to be free of uncleanliness, especially prior to the worship of a deity, and ritual purity is a state of ritual cleanliness.

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Rival Lovers

The Lovers (Ἐρασταί; Amatores) is a Socratic dialogue included in the traditional corpus of Plato's works, though its authenticity has been doubted.

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Road to Freedom

Road to Freedom was a monthly anarchist political journal published by Hippolyte Havel.

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Robbins algebra

In abstract algebra, a Robbins algebra is an algebra containing a single binary operation, usually denoted by \lor, and a single unary operation usually denoted by \neg.

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Robert A. McDermott

Robert McDermott is professor of Philosophy and Religion at the California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco.

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Robert Adamson (philosopher)

Robert Adamson (19 January 1852 – 8 February 1902) was a Scottish philosopher and Professor of Logic at Glasgow.

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Robert Alexy

Robert Alexy (born September 9, 1945 in Oldenburg, Germany) is a jurist and a legal philosopher.

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Robert Allinson

Robert Elliott Allinson (born 1942) is Professor of Philosophy and the former Director of Humanities at Soka University of America (SUA).

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Robert Alyngton

Robert Alyngton (a.k.a. Arlyngton; died September 1398), was an English philosopher who developed new logical, semantic, metaphysical, and ontological theories in 14th century thought.

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Robert Arrington

Robert L. Arrington (October 19, 1938 - June 20, 2015) was an American philosopher, specialising in moral philosophy, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and the philosophy of psychology.

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Robert Audi

Robert Audi (born November 1941) is an American philosopher whose major work has focused on epistemology, ethics – especially on ethical intuitionism – and the theory of action.

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Robert B. Pippin

Robert Buford Pippin (born September 14, 1948) is an American philosopher.

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Robert Balfour (philosopher)

Robert Balfour (c. 1553–1621; known also as Balforeus) was a Scottish philosopher.

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Robert Bernasconi

Robert L. Bernasconi (born 1950) is Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Philosophy at Pennsylvania State University.

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Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.

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Robert Brandom

Robert Boyce Brandom (born March 13, 1950) is an American philosopher who teaches at the University of Pittsburgh.

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Robert Bruce Raup

Robert Bruce Raup (March 21, 1888 – April 13, 1976), was a Professor in the Philosophy of Education, Teachers College, Columbia University.

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Robert C. Solomon

Robert C. Solomon (September 14, 1942 – January 2, 2007) was an American professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at Austin, where he taught for more than 30 years.

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Robert Cowton

Robert Cowton was a Franciscan theologian active at the University of Oxford early in the fourteenth century.

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Robert Cummings Neville

Robert Cummings Neville (born May 1, 1939 in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.) is an American systematic philosopher and theologian, author of numerous books and papers, and ex-Dean of the Boston University School of Theology.

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Robert F. Almeder

Robert F. Almeder (born December 11, 1939) is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Georgia State University.

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Robert Feys

Robert Feys (19 December 1889 – 13 April 1961) was a Belgian logician and philosopher, who worked at the University of Leuven (Belgium).

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Robert Filmer

Sir Robert Filmer (c. 1588 – 26 May 1653) was an English political theorist who defended the divine right of kings.

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Robert Flint

Robert Flint (1838–1910) was a Scottish theologian and philosopher who wrote also on sociology.

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Robert Fludd

Robert Fludd, also known as Robertus de Fluctibus (17 January 1574 – 8 September 1637), was a prominent English Paracelsian physician with both scientific and occult interests.

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Robert Frodeman

Robert Frodeman Professor and former Chair, Dept of Philosophy and Religion Studies, University of North Texas, previously at the University of Colorado, is Director of UNT's Center for the Study of Interdisciplinarity.

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Robert Graham (historian)

Robert Graham (born 1958) is a Canadian anarchist historian and writer.

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Robert Grosseteste

Robert Grosseteste (Robertus Grosseteste; – 9 October 1253) was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln.

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Robert Grudin

Robert Grudin (born 1938) is an American writer and philosopher.

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Robert Holcot

Robert Holcot, OP, (c.1290-1349) was an English Dominican scholastic philosopher, theologian and influential Biblical scholar.

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Robert J. Zydenbos

Robert J. Zydenbos (born 1957, Toronto) is a Dutch-Canadian scholar who has doctorate degrees in Indian philosophy and Dravidian studies.

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Robert Joseph Pothier

Robert Joseph Pothier (9 January 1699 – 2 March 1772) was a French jurist.

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Robert Kane (philosopher)

Robert Hilary Kane (born 1938, Boston) is an American philosopher.

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Robert Kilwardby

Robert Kilwardby (c. 1215 – 11 September 1279) was an Archbishop of Canterbury in England and a cardinal.

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Robert Kirk (philosopher)

Robert Kirk is an emeritus professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Nottingham.

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Robert Kowalski

Robert Anthony "Bob" Kowalski (born 15 May 1941) is a logician and computer scientist, who has spent most of his career in the United Kingdom.

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Robert L. Holmes

Robert L. Holmes is a professor of philosophy at the University of Rochester, and an expert on issues of peace and nonviolence.

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Robert Lawson Vaught

Robert Lawson Vaught (April 4, 1926 – April 2, 2002) was a mathematical logician, and one of the founders of model theory.

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Robert Leslie Ellis

Robert Leslie Ellis (25 August 1817 – 12 May 1859) was an English polymath, remembered principally as a mathematician and editor of the works of Francis Bacon.

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Robert M. Pirsig

Robert Maynard Pirsig (September 6, 1928 – April 24, 2017) was an American writer and philosopher.

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Robert M. Solovay

Robert Martin Solovay (born December 15, 1938) is an American mathematician specializing in set theory.

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Robert Magliola

Roberto Rino Magliola (born 1940) is an Italian-American academic specializing in European hermeneutics and deconstruction, in comparative philosophy, and in inter-religious dialogue.

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Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford

Maximilian de Gaynesford (born 1968) is an English philosopher and the author of (Oxford, 2017).

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Robert Merrihew Adams

Robert Merrihew Adams (born September 8, 1937), known to intimates as "Bob", is an American analytic philosopher of metaphysics, religion and morality.

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Robert Nozick

Robert Nozick (November 16, 1938 – January 23, 2002) was an American philosopher.

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Robert of Melun

Robert of Melun (c. 1100 – 27 February 1167) was an English scholastic Christian theologian who taught in France, and later became Bishop of Hereford in England.

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Robert P. Crease

Robert P. Crease (born 22 October 1953 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a philosopher and historian of science.

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Robert P. George

Robert Peter George (born July 10, 1955) is an American legal scholar, political philosopher, and public intellectual who serves as the McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence and Director of the James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions at Princeton University.

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Robert Paul Wolff

Robert Paul Wolff (born December 27, 1933) is an American political philosopher and professor emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Robert Pullen

Robert Pullen (surname also rendered as Polenius, Pullan, Pullein, Pullenus, Pullus, Pully, and La Poule) (c. 1080 – c. 1146) was an English theologian and official of the Roman Catholic Church, often considered to be one of the founders of Oxford University.

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Robert Redeker

Robert Redeker is a French writer and philosophy teacher.

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Robert Rowland Smith

Robert Rowland Smith is a British author and philosopher.

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Robert S. Boyer

Robert Stephen Boyer, aka Bob Boyer, is a retired professor of computer science, mathematics, and philosophy at The University of Texas at Austin.

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Robert S. Corrington

Robert S. Corrington (born May 30, 1950) is an American philosopher and author of many books exploring human interpretation of the universe as well as biographies on C.S. Peirce and Wilhelm Reich.

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Robert S. Hartman

Robert Schirokauer Hartman (January 27, 1910 – September 20, 1973) was a logician and philosopher.

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Robert Saitschick

Robert Saitschick or Robert Saitschik (April 24, 1868, Mstsislau, Russian Empire – February 23, 1965, Horgen) was a Swiss philosopher.

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Robert Spaemann

Robert Spaemann (born 5 May 1927) is a German Roman Catholic philosopher.

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Robert Stalnaker

Robert C. Stalnaker (born 1940) is an American philosopher, who is Laurence S. Rockefeller Professor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Robert T. Pennock

Robert T. Pennock is a philosopher working on the Avida digital organism project at Michigan State University where he has been full professor since 2000.

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Robert Todd Carroll

Robert Todd Carroll (May 18, 1945 – August 25, 2016) was an American writer and academic.

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Robert Trundle

Robert Christner Trundle, Jr. (born 1943) is an American philosopher, author, and college professor.

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Robert Vischer

Robert Vischer (22 February 1847, Tübingen – 25 March 1933, Vienna) was a German philosopher who invented the term Einfühlung (esthetic sympathy, later translated in English as empathy), which was to be promoted by Theodor Lipps, Freud's admired philosopher.

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Robert von Zimmermann

Robert von Zimmermann or Robert Zimmermann (November 2, 1824, Prague – September 1, 1898, Prague) was a Czech-born Austrian philosopher.

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Robert Wardy

Robert Wardy is reader in Classics at the University of Cambridge, and Director of Studies in Philosophy and Classics at St Catharine's College, Cambridge.

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Roberto Ardigò

Roberto Felice Ardigò (28 January 1828 – 15 September 1920) was an Italian philosopher.

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Roberto Carifi

Roberto Carifi (born 1948 in Pistoia), is an Italian poet, philosopher, and translator.

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Roberto Freire (psychiatrist)

Roberto Freire (São Paulo, b. January 18, 1927; São Paulo, d. May 23, 2008) was a medical psychiatrist and Brazilian writer, who created somatherapy (Portuguese: somaterapia), also referred to as SOMA, an anarchist therapy based on the then radical new ideas of Wilhelm Reich, as well as the Brazilian martial art Capoeira Angola.

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Roberto Mangabeira Unger

Roberto Mangabeira Unger (born 24 March 1947) is a philosopher and politician.

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Roberto Refinetti

Roberto Refinetti (born November 19, 1957) is a behavioral physiologist and higher-education administrator.

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Roberto Torretti

Roberto Torretti (born February 15, 1930 in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean philosopher, author and academic who is internationally renowned for his contributions to the history of philosophy, physics and mathematics.

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Robin Attfield

Robin Attfield, MA (Oxon), PhD (Wales) has been Professor of Philosophy at Cardiff University since 1992.

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Robin Collins

Robin Collins is an American philosopher.

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Robin Gandy

Robin Oliver Gandy (22 September 1919 – 20 November 1995) was a British mathematician and logician.

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Robin Hahnel

Robin Eric Hahnel (born March 25, 1946) is an American economist and professor of economics at Portland State University.

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Robin Le Poidevin

Robin Le Poidevin (born 1962) is a Professor of Metaphysics at the University of Leeds whose special interests include agnosticism, philosophy of religion and metaphysics.

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Robot

A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer— capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically.

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Robot ethics

Robot ethics, sometimes known by the short expression "roboethics", concerns ethical problems that occur with robots, such as whether robots pose a threat to humans in the long or short run, whether some uses of robots are problematic (such as in healthcare or as 'killer robots' in war), and how robots should be designed such as they act 'ethically' (this last concern is also called machine ethics).

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Rod Coronado

Rodney Adam Coronado (born July 3, 1966) is a Native American (Pascua Yaqui) eco-anarchist and animal rights activist.

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Rod L. Evans

Rod L. Evans is an American philosopher, author, and lecturer who writes and speaks on ethics, religion, political philosophy, and English usage.

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Roderick Chisholm

Roderick Milton Chisholm (November 27, 1916 – January 19, 1999) was an American philosopher known for his work on epistemology, metaphysics, free will, value theory, and the philosophy of perception.

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Roderick T. Long

Roderick Tracy Long (born February 4, 1964) is an American professor of philosophy at Auburn University and libertarian blogger.

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Rodolfo Mondolfo

Rodolfo Mondolfo (August 20, 1877 – July 15, 1976) was an Italian philosopher who lived in Italy and Argentina.

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Rodolphe Gasché

Rodolphe Gasché (born 1938, Luxembourg) holds the Eugenio Donato Chair of Comparative Literature at the University at Buffalo, State University of New York.

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Rodolphus Agricola

Rodolphus Agricola (Rudolphus Agricola Phrisius; August 28, 1443 or February 17, 1444 – October 27, 1485) was a pre-Erasmian humanist of the northern Low Countries, famous for his supple Latin and one of the first north of the Alps to know Greek well.

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Roger Bacon

Roger Bacon (Rogerus or Rogerius Baconus, Baconis, also Rogerus), also known by the scholastic accolade Doctor, was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empiricism.

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Roger Caillois

Roger Caillois (3 March 1913 – 21 December 1978) was a French intellectual whose idiosyncratic work brought together literary criticism, sociology, and philosophy by focusing on diverse subjects such as games, play as well as the sacred.

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Roger de Piles

Roger de Piles (7 October 1635 – 5 April 1709) was a French painter, engraver, art critic and diplomat.

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Roger Fry

Roger Eliot Fry (14 December 1866 – 9 September 1934) was an English painter and critic, and a member of the Bloomsbury Group.

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Roger Garaudy

Roger Garaudy, later Ragaa Garaudy (17 July 1913 – 13 June 2012) was a French philosopher, French resistance fighter and a prominent communist author.

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Roger Joseph Boscovich

Roger Joseph Boscovich (Ruđer Josip Bošković,, Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich, Rodericus Iosephus Boscovicus; 18 May 1711 – 13 February 1787) was a Ragusan physicist, astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, diplomat, poet, theologian, Jesuit priest, and a polymath, Fairchild University website.

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Roger Marston

Roger Marston (Rogerus de Marston) (died c. 1303) was an English Franciscan scholastic philosopher and theologian.

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Roger North (biographer)

Roger North, KC (3 September 16531 March 1734) was an English lawyer, biographer, and amateur musician.

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Roger Penrose

Sir Roger Penrose (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science.

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Roger Scruton

Sir Roger Vernon Scruton (born 27 February 1944) is an English philosopher and writer who specialises in aesthetics and political philosophy, particularly in the furtherance of traditionalist conservative views.

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Roger-Pol Droit

Roger-Pol Droit (born 1949) is a French academic and philosopher.

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Rogerian argument

Rogerian argument (or Rogerian rhetoric) is a conflict-solving technique based on seeking common ground instead of polarizing debate.

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Rogers Albritton

Rogers Garland Albritton (August 15, 1923 – May 21, 2002) was a chair of the Harvard and UCLA philosophy departments, and considered by his peers to be one of the finest philosophical minds of the 20th century.

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Roland Barthes

Roland Gérard Barthes (12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic, and semiotician.

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Roland Fraïssé

Roland Fraïssé (12 March 1920 – 30 March 2008) was a French mathematical logician.

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Roland of Cremona

Roland of Cremona (1178–1259) was a Dominican theologian and an early scholastic philosopher.

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Rolf Sattler

Rolf Sattler, Ph.D., D.Sc.

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Rolf Schock

Rolf Schock (5 April 1933 – 5 December 1986) was Swedish–American philosopher and artist, born in Cap-d'Ail, France of German parents.

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Rolf Schock Prizes

The Rolf Schock Prizes were established and endowed by bequest of philosopher and artist Rolf Schock (1933–1986).

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Roman Ingarden

Roman Witold Ingarden (February 5, 1893 – June 14, 1970) was a Polish philosopher who worked in phenomenology, ontology and aesthetics.

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Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

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Roman philosophy

Roman philosophy was the philosophical thought in ancient Rome, from the Republic of Rome to the Roman Empire.

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Romanas Plečkaitis

Romanas Plečkaitis (August 11, 1933 – August 17, 2009, Vilnius, Lithuania) - Lithuanian philosopher, logic, philosophy, history researcher, Doctor habil, Professor.

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Romanian philosophy

Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.

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Romantic realism

Romantic realism is an aesthetic term that usually refers to art which combines elements of both romanticism and realism.

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Romanticism

Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.

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Ron McClamrock

Ronald Albert McClamrock, usually known as Ron McClamrock, is an associate professor of philosophy at the University at Albany, The State University of New York.

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Ronald de Sousa

Ronald Bon de Sousa Pernes (born 1940 Switzerland) is a Canadian philosopher and academic.

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Ronald Dworkin

Ronald Myles Dworkin, FBA (December 11, 1931 – February 14, 2013) was an American philosopher, jurist, and scholar of United States constitutional law.

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Ronald Giere

Ronald Giere is an American philosopher of science who is an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Minnesota.

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Ronald Jensen

Ronald Björn Jensen (born April 1, 1936) is an American mathematician active in Europe, primarily known for his work in mathematical logic and set theory.

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Ronald Loui

Ronald Prescott Loui is an American computer scientist and philosopher identified as "Frederick" in U.S. President Barack Obama's Dreams From My Father memoir, the first classmate the ten-year-old Obama meets at Punahou School.

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Ronald Paulson

Ronald Paulson (born May 27, 1930 in Bottineau, North Dakota), is an American professor of English, a specialist in English 18th-century art and culture, and English artist William Hogarth.

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Root cause

A root cause is an initiating cause of either a condition or a causal chain that leads to an outcome or effect of interest.

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Rosa Luxemburg

Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg; also Rozalia Luxenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish Marxist theorist, philosopher, economist, anti-war activist, and revolutionary socialist who became a naturalized German citizen at the age of 28.

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Rosalind Hursthouse

Mary Rosalind Hursthouse (born 10 November 1943) is a British-born New Zealand moral philosopher noted for her work on virtue ethics.

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Roscellinus

Roscelin of Compiègne, better known by his Latinized name Roscellinus Compendiensis or Rucelinus, was a French philosopher and theologian, often regarded as the founder of nominalism.

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Roscoe Pound

Nathan Roscoe Pound (October 27, 1870 – June 30, 1964) was a distinguished American legal scholar and educator.

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Rose Pesotta

Rose Pesotta (1896–1965) was an anarchist, feminist labor organizer and vice president within the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.

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Rose Rand

Rose Rand (June 14, 1903 – July 28, 1980) was an Austrian-American logician and philosopher.

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Rosminians

The Rosminians, officially the Institute of Charity or Societas a charitate nuncupata (postnominal initials of I.C.), are a Roman Catholic religious institute founded by Antonio Rosmini and first organised in 1828.

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Ross Winn

Ross Winn (August 25, 1871 – August 8, 1912) was an American anarchist writer and publisher from Texas who was mostly active within the Southern United States.

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Rota Fortunae

In medieval and ancient philosophy the Wheel of Fortune, or Rota Fortunae, is a symbol of the capricious nature of Fate.

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Rotation method

In philosopher Søren Kierkegaard's Either/Or, the rotation method is the mechanism used by higher level aesthetes in order to avoid boredom.

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Round square copula

The "round square copula" is a common example of the dual copula strategy used in reference to the problem of nonexistent objects as well as their relation to problems in modern philosophy of language.

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Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy is an encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998.

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Roy Bhaskar

Ram Roy Bhaskar (15 May 1944 – 19 November 2014) was a British philosopher best known as the initiator of the philosophical movement of critical realism (CR).

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Roy Wood Sellars

Roy Wood Sellars (1880, Seaforth, Ontario – September 5, 1973, Ann Arbor) was a Canadian philosopher of critical realism and religious humanism, and a proponent of evolutionary naturalism.

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Royal Institute of Philosophy

The Royal Institute of Philosophy, founded in 1925, is a charity organisation that offers lectures and conferences on philosophical topics.

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Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow

The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow is a learned society established in 1802 "for the improvement of the Arts and Sciences" in the city of Glasgow, Scotland.

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Rudolf Arnheim

Rudolf Arnheim (July 15, 1904 – June 9, 2007) was a German-born author, art and film theorist, and perceptual psychologist.

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Rudolf Bultmann

Rudolf Karl Bultmann (20 August 1884 – 30 July 1976) was a German Lutheran theologian and professor of New Testament at the University of Marburg.

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Rudolf Carnap

Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was a German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter.

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Rudolf Christoph Eucken

Rudolf Christoph Eucken (5 January 1846 – 15 September 1926) was a German philosopher.

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Rudolf Haym

Rudolf Haym (5 October 1821 – 27 August 1901) was a German philosopher.

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Rudolf Hermann

Rudolf Hermann was a Czechoslovakian luger who competed during the 1930s.

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Rudolf Lingens

Rudolph Lingens is a fictional character often used by contemporary analytic philosophers as a placeholder name in a hypothetical scenario which illustrates some feature of the indexicality of natural language.

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Rudolf Maria Holzapfel

Rudolf Maria Holzapfel (April 26, 1874, Cracow – February 8, 1930, Muri (Kanton Bern)) was a Poland-born Austrian psychologist, philosopher.

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Rudolf Otto

Rudolf Otto (25 September 1869 – 6 March 1937) was an eminent German Lutheran theologian, philosopher, and comparative religionist.

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Rudolf Rocker

Johann Rudolf Rocker (March 25, 1873 – September 19, 1958) was an anarchist writer and activist.

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Rudolf Schottlaender

Rudolf Schottlaender (August 5, 1900 in Berlin, German Empire – January 4, 1988 in East Berlin, East Germany) was a German philosopher, classical philologist, translator and political publicist of Jewish descent.

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Rudolf Seydel

Rudolf Seydel (May 27, 1835 – December 8, 1892) was a German philosopher and theologian born in Dresden.

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Rudolf Steiner

Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 (or 25) February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher, social reformer, architect and esotericist.

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Rudolf von Jhering

Caspar Rudolph Ritter von Jhering (also Ihering) (22 August 1818 – 17 September 1892) was a German jurist.

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Rudolph Goclenius

Rudolph Goclenius the Elder (Rudolphus Goclenius; born Rudolf Gockel or Göckel; 1 March 1547 – 8 June 1628) was a German scholastic philosopher who lived from March 1, 1547 to June 8, 1628.

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Rufus Jones (writer)

Rufus Matthew Jones (January 25, 1863 – June 16, 1948) was an American religious leader, writer, magazine editor, philosopher, and college professor.

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Ruhollah Khomeini

Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini (سید روح‌الله موسوی خمینی; 24 September 1902 – 3 June 1989), known in the Western world as Ayatollah Khomeini, was an Iranian Shia Islam religious leader and politician.

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Rule by decree

Rule by decree is a style of governance allowing quick, unchallenged creation of law by a single person or group, and is used primarily by dictators, absolute monarchs and military leaders.

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Rule egoism

Rule egoism is the doctrine under which an individual evaluates the optimal set of rules according to whether conformity to those rules bring the most benefit to himself.

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Rule of inference

In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule or transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion (or conclusions).

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Rule of law

The rule of law is the "authority and influence of law in society, especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior; (hence) the principle whereby all members of a society (including those in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes".

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Rule of recognition

A central part of H.L.A. Hart's theory on legal positivism, in any legal system, the rule of recognition is a master meta-rule underlying any legal system that defines the common identifying test for legal validity (or "what counts as law") within that system.

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Rule of Rescue

The Rule of Rescue is a term coined by A.R. Jonsen in 1986 that is used in a variety of bioethics contexts.

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Rule of Three (Wicca)

The Rule of Three (also Three-fold Law or Law of Return) is a religious tenet held by some Wiccans/Pagans and occultists.

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Rule utilitarianism

Rule utilitarianism is a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good, or that "the rightness or wrongness of a particular action is a function of the correctness of the rule of which it is an instance".

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Rules for the Direction of the Mind

In 1628 or a few years earlier, René Descartes began work on an unfinished treatise regarding the proper method for scientific and philosophical thinking entitled Regulae ad directionem ingenii, or Rules for the Direction of the Mind.

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Rules of passage (logic)

In mathematical logic, the rules of passage govern how quantifiers distribute over the basic logical connectives of first-order logic.

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Ruling class

The ruling class is the social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political agenda.

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Rune Slagstad

Rune Slagstad (born 22 February 1945) is a Norwegian historian, philosopher, legal theorist, professor and journal editor.

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Rupert Read

Rupert Read (born 1966) is an academic and a Green Party politician in England.

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Rush Rhees

Rush Rhees (19 March 1905 – 22 May 1989) was an American philosopher.

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Rushworth Kidder

Rushworth Moulton Kidder (May 8, 1944 – March 5, 2012) was an author, ethicist, and professor.

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Russ Shafer-Landau

Russ Shafer-Landau (born 1963) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, where he is also Director of the Parr Center for Ethics.

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Russell Kirk

Russell Amos Kirk (October 19, 1918 – April 29, 1994) was an American political theorist, moralist, historian, social critic, and literary critic, known for his influence on 20th-century American conservatism.

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Russell's paradox

In the foundations of mathematics, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy), discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901, showed that some attempted formalizations of the naïve set theory created by Georg Cantor led to a contradiction.

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Russell's teapot

Russell's teapot is an analogy, formulated by the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), to illustrate that the philosophic burden of proof lies upon a person making unfalsifiable claims, rather than shifting the burden of disproof to others.

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Russian cosmism

Russian cosmism is a philosophical and cultural movement that emerged in Russia in the early 20th century.

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Russian formalism

Russian formalism was a school of literary criticism in Russia from the 1910s to the 1930s.

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Ruth Abbey

Ruth Abbey is an Australian political philosopher with interests in contemporary political theory, history of political thought and feminist political thought.

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Ruth Barcan Marcus

Ruth Barcan Marcus (born Ruth C. Barcan; August 2, 1921 – February 19, 2012) was an American philosopher and logician who developed the Barcan formula.

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Ruth Macklin

Ruth Macklin is an American philosopher and professor of bioethics.

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Ruth Millikan

Ruth Garrett Millikan (born 1933) is a leading American philosopher of biology, psychology, and language who spent most of her career at the University of Connecticut.

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Ruth Nanda Anshen

Ruth Nanda Anshen (June 14, 1900 – December 2, 2003) was an American philosopher, author and editor.

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Ryle's regress

In philosophy, Ryle's regress is a classic argument against cognitivist theories, and concludes that such theories are essentially meaningless as they do not explain what they purport to.

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S. Barry Cooper

S.

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S. Morris Engel

S.

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S5 (modal logic)

In logic and philosophy, S5 is one of five systems of modal logic proposed by Clarence Irving Lewis and Cooper Harold Langford in their 1932 book Symbolic Logic.

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Saadia Gaon

Rabbi Sa'adiah ben Yosef Gaon (سعيد بن يوسف الفيومي / Saʻīd bin Yūsuf al-Fayyūmi, Sa'id ibn Yusuf al-Dilasi, Saadia ben Yosef aluf, Sa'id ben Yusuf ra's al-Kull; רבי סעדיה בן יוסף אלפיומי גאון' or in short:; alternative English Names: Rabeinu Sa'adiah Gaon ("our Rabbi Saadia Gaon"), RaSaG, Saadia b. Joseph, Saadia ben Joseph or Saadia ben Joseph of Faym or Saadia ben Joseph Al-Fayyumi; 882/892 – 942) was a prominent rabbi, Jewish philosopher, and exegete of the Geonic period who was active in the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Saṃbhogakāya

The Saṃbhogakāya (Sanskrit: "body of enjoyment", Tib: longs spyod rdzog pa'i sku) is the second mode or aspect of the Trikaya.

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Saṃsāra

Saṃsāra is a Sanskrit word that means "wandering" or "world", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change.

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Saṃsāra (Buddhism)

Saṃsāra (Sanskrit, Pali; also samsara) in Buddhism is the beginning-less cycle of repeated birth, mundane existence and dying again.

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Saṃsāra (Jainism)

Saṃsāra (transmigration) in Jain philosophy, refers to the worldly life characterized by continuous rebirths and reincarnations in various realms of existence.

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Saṅkhāra

(Pali; Sanskrit) is a term figuring prominently in Buddhism.

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Sacco & Vanzetti (1971 film)

Sacco & Vanzetti (Italian: Sacco e Vanzetti) is an Italian docudrama written and directed by Giuliano Montaldo that premiered in Italy on 16 March 1971.

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Sacco and Vanzetti

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian-born American anarchists who were controversially convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during the April 15, 1920 armed robbery of the Slater and Morrill Shoe Company in Braintree, Massachusetts, United States.

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Sacco and Vanzetti (2006 film)

Sacco and Vanzetti is a 2006 documentary film directed by Peter Miller.

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Sacrament

A sacrament is a Christian rite recognized as of particular importance and significance.

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Sacred

Sacred means revered due to sanctity and is generally the state of being perceived by religious individuals as associated with divinity and considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspiring awe or reverence among believers.

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Sacred language

A sacred language, "holy language" (in religious context) or liturgical language is any language that is cultivated and used primarily in religious service or for other religious reasons by people who speak another, primary language in their daily life.

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Sacrifice

Sacrifice is the offering of food, objects or the lives of animals to a higher purpose, in particular divine beings, as an act of propitiation or worship.

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Sadaqah

or Sadaka (صدقة,, "charity", "benevolence", plural صدقات) in the modern context has come to signify "voluntary charity".

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Sadayoshi Fukuda

was a Japanese social philosopher and critic.

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Sadiq Jalal al-Azm

Sadiq Jalal Al-Azm (صادق جلال العظم Ṣādiq Jalāl al-‘Aẓm; 1934 – December 11, 2016) was a Professor Emeritus of Modern European Philosophy at the University of Damascus in Syria and was, until 2007, a visiting professor in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University.

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Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi

Ṣadr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Isḥāq b. Muḥammad b. Yūnus Qūnawī, (صدر الدین قونوی), (Turkish: Sadreddin Konevî), (1207-1274 CE/605-673 AH), was one of the most influential thinkers in mystical or Sufi philosophy.

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Safety

Safety is the state of being "safe" (from French sauf), the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable outcomes.

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Sage (philosophy)

A sage (σοφός, sophos), in classical philosophy, is someone who has attained the wisdom which a philosopher seeks.

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Saguna brahman

Saguna Brahman (lit. "The Absolute with qualities") came from the Sanskrit (सगुण) "with qualities, gunas" and Brahman (ब्रह्मन्) "The Absolute", close to the concept of immanence, the manifested divine presence.

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Sahotra Sarkar

Sahotra Sarkar (born 1962) is a philosopher of science and conservation biologist at the University of Texas at Austin.

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Sail Mohamed

Sail Mohamed Ameriane ben Amerzaine (October 14, 1894 – April 1953) was an Algerian and French anarchist who fought in the Spanish Civil War.

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Saint Genet

Saint Genet, Actor and Martyr (Saint Genet, comédien et martyr) is a book by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre about the writer Jean Genet especially on his The Thief's Journal.

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Saint-Simonianism

Saint-Simonianism was a French political and social movement of the first half of the 19th century, inspired by the ideas of Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825).

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Saints and Revolutionaries

Saints and Revolutionaries is a non-fiction work by the writer and philosopher Olaf Stapledon, published by Heinemann in 1939.

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Sakadagami

In Buddhism, the Sakadāgāmin (Pali; Sanskrit: Sakṛdāgāmin), "returning once" or "once-returner," is a partially enlightened person, who has cut off the first three chains with which the ordinary mind is bound, and significantly weakened the fourth and fifth.

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Sakae Ōsugi

was a radical Japanese anarchist.

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Sallustius of Emesa

Sallustius (Σαλούστιος; fl. 5th century) of Emesa was a Cynic philosopher, who lived in the latter part of the 5th century AD.

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Salomon Maimon

Salomon Maimon (שלמה מימון‎; 1753 – 22 November 1800) was a German-speaking philosopher, born of Jewish parentage in present-day Belarus.

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Salon Mazal

Salon Mazal (סלון מזל) was an infoshop in Tel Aviv, Israel.

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Salva veritate

The literal translation of the Latin "salva veritate" is "with (or by) unharmed truth", using ablative of manner: "salva" meaning "rescue," "salvation," or "welfare," and "veritate" meaning "reality" or "truth".

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Salvador Seguí

Salvador Seguí (23 December 1886 in Tornabous, Lleida Province – 10 March 1923 in Barcelona), known as El noi del sucre ("the sugar boy" in Catalan) for his habit of eating the sugar cubes served him with his coffee, was a Catalan anarcho-syndicalist in the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions active in Catalonia.

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Salvation

Salvation (salvatio; sōtēría; yāšaʕ; al-ḵalaṣ) is being saved or protected from harm or being saved or delivered from a dire situation.

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Sam Dolgoff

Sam Dolgoff (1902–1990) was an anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist from Russia who grew up and lived and was active in the United States.

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Sam Gillespie

Sam Gillespie (September 1, 1970 – August 8, 2003) was a philosopher with a particular interest in the work of Alain Badiou, a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) who wrote about being, truth and the subject in a way that, he claims, is neither postmodern nor simply a repetition of modernity.

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Sam Harris

Sam Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author, philosopher, neuroscientist, critic of religion, blogger, and podcast host.

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Sam Keen

Sam Keen (born 1931) is an American author, professor, and philosopher who is best known for his exploration of questions regarding love, life, wonder, religion, and being a male in contemporary society.

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Sam Mainwaring

Samuel "Sam" Mainwaring (15 December 1841 – 29 September 1907) was a Welsh machinist and socialist political activist who was a founding member and key leader of the Socialist League, one of the first socialist political parties in Britain.

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Samadhi

Samadhi (Sanskrit: समाधि), also called samāpatti, in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and yogic schools refers to a state of meditative consciousness.

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Samaritan's dilemma

The Samaritan's dilemma is a dilemma in the act of charity.

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Samatha

Samatha (Pāli) or śamatha (शमथ; zhǐ) is the Buddhist practice (bhāvanā भावना) of calming the mind (citta चित्त) and its 'formations' (saṅkhāra संस्कार).

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Samayasāra

Samayasāra (The Nature of the Self) is a famous Jain text composed by Acharya Kundakunda in 439 verses.

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Sami Nair

Sami Nair (born 23 August 1946 in Tlemcen) is an Algerian-born French political philosopher who coined the term "codevelopment".

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Samkhya

Samkhya or Sankhya (सांख्य, IAST) is one of the six āstika schools of Hindu philosophy.

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Samkhya Pravachana Sutra

The Samkhya Pravachana Sutra (Sāṁkhyapravacanasūtra) is a collection of major Sanskrit texts of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.

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Samkhyakarika

The Samkhyakarika (सांख्यकारिका) is the earliest surviving text of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.

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Sampling bias

In statistics, sampling bias is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.

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Samuel Alexander

Samuel Alexander OM, FBA (6 January 185913 September 1938) was an Australian-born British philosopher.

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Samuel Bailey

Samuel Bailey (5 July 1791 – 18 January 1870) was a British philosopher, economist and writer.

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Samuel Bowles (economist)

Samuel Stebbins Bowles (born January 6, 1939), is an American economist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he continues to teach courses on microeconomics and the theory of institutions.

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Samuel Butler (novelist)

Samuel Butler (4 December 1835 – 18 June 1902) was the iconoclastic English author of the Utopian satirical novel Erewhon (1872) and the semi-autobiographical Bildungsroman The Way of All Flesh, published posthumously in 1903.

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Samuel Cabanchik

Samuel Manuel Cabanchik (born August 18, 1958) is an Argentine philosopher, academic and politician.

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Samuel Clarke

Samuel Clarke (11 October 1675 – 17 May 1729) was an English philosopher and Anglican clergyman.

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Samuel de Sorbiere

Samuel (de) Sorbière (1615–1670) was a French physician and man of letters, a philosopher and translator, who is best known for his promotion of the works of Thomas Hobbes and Pierre Gassendi, in whose view of physics he placed his support, though unable to refute René Descartes, but who developed a reputation in his own day for a truculent and disputatious nature.

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Samuel Guttenplan

Samuel D. Guttenplan (born July 26, 1944 in New York City) is a professor in philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London.

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Samuel ibn Seneh Zarza

Samuel ibn Seneh Zarza (Hebrew: שמואל אבן סנה) was a Spanish philosopher who lived at Valencia in the second half of the 14th century.

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Samuel Johnson

Samuel Johnson LL.D. (18 September 1709 – 13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr.

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Samuel Johnson (pamphleteer)

Samuel Johnson (1649–1703) was an English clergyman and political writer, sometimes called "the Whig" to distinguish him from the author and lexicographer of the same name.

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Samuel Maximilian Rieser

Samuel Maximilian (Max) Rieser (1893–1981) was an Austrian-born American lawyer and philosopher.

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Samuel Ramos

Samuel Ramos Magaña, Ph.D. (1897 – June 20, 1959), was a Mexican philosopher and writer.

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge (21 October 177225 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets.

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Samuel Todes

Samuel Todes (June 27, 1927 – October 21, 1994) was an American philosopher who made notable contributions to existentialism, phenomenology, and philosophy of mind.

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Samuel von Pufendorf

Freiherr Samuel von Pufendorf (8 January 1632 – 13 October 1694) was a German jurist, political philosopher, economist and historian.

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Samvriti

In Buddhist context, saṁvṛiti or saṁvṛiti-satya (Sanskrit) refers to the conventional (saṁvṛiti), as opposed to absolute, truth or reality (satya).

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San Diego free speech fight

The San Diego free speech fight in San Diego, California, in 1912–1913 was one of the most famous of the "free speech fights", class conflicts over the free speech rights of labor unions.

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Sandhi

SandhiThe pronunciation of the word "sandhi" is rather diverse among English speakers.

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Sandie Lindsay, 1st Baron Lindsay of Birker

Alexander Dunlop Lindsay, 1st Baron Lindsay of Birker (born 14 May 1879 in Glasgow, Scotland; died 18 March 1952), known as Sandie Lindsay, was a Scottish academic and peer.

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Sandra Bartky

Sandra Lee Bartky (née Schwartz; May 5, 1935 – October 17, 2016) was a professor of philosophy and gender studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago.

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Sandra Harding

Sandra G. Harding (born 1935) is an American philosopher of feminist and postcolonial theory, epistemology, research methodology, and philosophy of science.

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Sandra Laugier

Sandra Laugier is a French philosopher, working on moral philosophy, political philosophy, philosophy of language, philosophy of action and philosophy of science.

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Sandra Mitchell

Sandra D. Mitchell (born 1951) is an American philosopher of science and historian of ideas.

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Saneatsu Mushanokōji

was a Japanese novelist, playwright, poet, artist, and philosopher active during the late Taishō and Shōwa periods of Japan.

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Sanjaya Belatthiputta

Sanjaya Belatthiputta (literally, "Sanjaya of the Belattha clan"), also referred as Sanjaya Vairatiputra was an Indian ascetic teacher who lived around the 6th century BCE in the region of Magadha.

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Sante Geronimo Caserio

Sante Geronimo Caserio (8 September 187316 August 1894) was an Italian anarchist and the assassin of Marie François Sadi Carnot, President of the French Third Republic.

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Sapere aude

Sapere aude is the Latin phrase meaning “Dare to know”; and also is loosely translated as “Dare to be wise”, or even more loosely as "Dare to think for yourself!" Originally used in the First Book of Letters (20 BCE), by the Roman poet Horace, the phrase Sapere aude became associated with the Age of Enlightenment, during the 17th and 18th centuries, after Immanuel Kant used it in the essay, “Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?” (1784).

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Sarah Coakley

Sarah Anne Coakley (born 10 September 1951) is an English Anglican systematic theologian and philosopher of religion with interdisciplinary interests.

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Sarah Kofman

Sarah Kofman (September 14, 1934 – October 15, 1994) was a French philosopher, born in Paris.

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Sarane Alexandrian

Sarane Alexandrian (15 June 1927, Baghdad – 11 September 2009, Ivry-sur-Seine) was a French philosopher, essayist, and art critic.

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Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Dr.

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Sarye pyeollam

Sarye pyeollam is a kind of practical guide written by Korean scholar Yi Jae (李縡 1680 ∼ 1746) of the Joseon Dynasty, which that records and describes important rites and ceremonies based on Neo-Confucianism.

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Sascha Altman DuBrul

Sascha Altman DuBrul, Sascha DuBrul or Sascha Scatter, (born 1974) is an American activist, writer, farmer and punk rock musician known as the bass player of the classic 90s ska-punk band Choking Victim.

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Sascha Schapiro

Alexander "Sascha" Schapiro (Александр Шапиро; – 1942), also known by the noms de guerre Alexander Tanarov, Sascha Piotr, and Sergei, was an anarchist revolutionary and father of eminent 20th century mathematician Alexander Grothendieck.

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Sat (Sanskrit)

Sat (सत्) is a Sanskrit word meaning "the true essence and that "which is unchangeable" of an entity, species or existence.

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Satcitananda

Satchitananda (IAST: Satcitānanda) or Sacchidānanda representing "existence, consciousness, and bliss" or "truth, consciousness, bliss", is an epithet and description for the subjective experience of the ultimate, unchanging reality in Hinduism called Brahman.

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Sathya Sai Baba

Sathya Sai Baba (born Sathyanarayana Raju; 23 November 192624 April 2011) was an Indian guru, a cult leader, and philanthropist.

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Satisfiability

In mathematical logic, satisfiability and validity are elementary concepts of semantics.

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Satisficing

Satisficing is a decision-making strategy or cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met.

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Satori

(오 o; ngộ) is a Japanese Buddhist term for awakening, "comprehension; understanding".

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Saturday Club (Boston, Massachusetts)

The Saturday Club, established in 1855, was an informal monthly gathering in Boston, Massachusetts, of writers, scientists, philosophers, historians, and other notable thinkers of the mid-Nineteenth Century.

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Satya

Satya is the Sanskrit word for truth.

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Satyagraha

Satyagraha सत्याग्रह; satya: "truth", graha: "insistence" or "holding firmly to") or holding onto truth or truth force – is a particular form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948). He deployed satyagraha in the Indian independence movement and also during his earlier struggles in South Africa for Indian rights. Satyagraha theory influenced Martin Luther King Jr.'s and James Bevel's campaigns during the Civil Rights Movement in the United States, and many other social justice and similar movements. Someone who practices satyagraha is a satyagrahi.

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Satyrus the Peripatetic

Satyrus (Σάτυρος) of Callatis was a distinguished peripatetic philosopher and historian, whose biographies (Lives) of famous people are frequently referred to by Diogenes Laërtius and Athenaeus.

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Saul Kripke

Saul Aaron Kripke (born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician.

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Saul Yanovsky

Saul Yanovsky (1864-1939) was an American Jewish anarchist and activist.

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Sautrāntika

The Sautrāntika were an early Buddhist school generally believed to be descended from the Sthavira nikāya by way of their immediate parent school, the Sarvāstivādins.

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Saving the Appearances: A Study in Idolatry

Saving the Appearances: A Study in Idolatry, a book by British philosopher Owen Barfield, is concerned with physics, the evolution of consciousness, pre-history, ancient Greece, ancient Israel, the medieval period, the scientific revolution, Christianity, Romanticism, and much else.

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Savior sibling

A savior baby or savior sibling is a child who is born to provide an organ or cell transplant to a sibling that is affected with a fatal disease, such as cancer or Fanconi anemia, that can best be treated by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

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Sayyid Al-Qemany

Sayyid Al-Qemany (سيد محمد القمني, also al-Qimni, born March 13, 1947 in Beni Suef) is an Egyptian secular writer and thinker.

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Sayyid Qutb

Sayyid Qutb (or;,; سيد قطب Sayyid Quṭb; also spelled Said, Syed, Seyyid, Sayid, Sayed; Koteb, Qutub, Kotb, Kutb; 9 October 1906 – 29 August 1966) was an Egyptian author, educator, Islamic theorist, poet, and the leading member of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and 1960s.

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Sébastien Faure Century

The Sébastien Faure Century was the French/Italian contingent of the Durruti Column during the Spanish Civil War, named for the anarchist of the same name.

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Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, poet, social critic and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.

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Søren Kierkegaard bibliography

This article is a list of works by Søren Kierkegaard.

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Søren Kierkegaard Research Center

Søren Kierkegaard Research Center (Søren Kierkegaard Forskningscentret) at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark is an independent foundation headed by Dr.

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Scalar implicature

In pragmatics, scalar implicature, or quantity implicature, is an implicature that attributes an implicit meaning beyond the explicit or literal meaning of an utterance, and which suggests that the utterer had a reason for not using a more informative or stronger term on the same scale.

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Scarlat Callimachi

Scarlat Callimachi or Calimachi (nicknamed Prinţul Roşu, "the Red Prince"; September 20, 1896–June 2, 1975) was a Romanian journalist, essayist, futurist poet, trade unionist, and communist activist, a member of the Callimachi family of boyar and Phanariote lineage.

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Scepticism and Animal Faith

Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923) is a later work by Spanish-born American philosopher George Santayana.

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Schadenfreude

Schadenfreude ('harm-joy') is the experience of pleasure, joy, or self-satisfaction that comes from learning of or witnessing the troubles, failures, or humiliation of another.

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Schema (Kant)

In Kantian philosophy, a transcendental schema (plural: schemata; from σχῆμα, "form, shape, figure") is the procedural rule by which a category or pure, non-empirical concept is associated with a sense impression.

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Scheme (linguistics)

In linguistics, scheme is a figure of speech that relies on the structure of the sentence, unlike the trope, which plays with the meanings of words.

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Schizoanalysis

Schizoanalysis (schizanalyse; schizo- from Greek σχίζειν skhizein, meaning "to split") is a concept created by philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst Félix Guattari and first expounded in their book Anti-Oedipus (1972).

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Scholarch

A scholarch (σχολάρχης, scholarchēs) was the head of a school in ancient Greece.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism is a method of critical thought which dominated teaching by the academics ("scholastics", or "schoolmen") of medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700, and a program of employing that method in articulating and defending dogma in an increasingly pluralistic context.

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School for Ethics and Global Leadership

Located in Washington, D.C., The School for Ethics and Global Leadership (SEGL) is a selective, semester-long residential program for intellectually motivated high school juniors from across the United States.

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School of Brentano

The School of Brentano was a group of philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano and were essentially influenced by him.

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School of Names

The Logicians or School of Names was a school of Chinese philosophy that grew out of Mohism during the Warring States period in 479–221 BCE.

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School of Saint Victor

The school of St Victor was the medieval monastic school at the Augustinian abbey of St Victor.

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School of Salamanca

The School of Salamanca (Escuela de Salamanca) is the Renaissance of thought in diverse intellectual areas by Spanish and Portuguese theologians, rooted in the intellectual and pedagogical work of Francisco de Vitoria.

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School of thought

A school of thought (or intellectual tradition) is a collection or group of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlook of a philosophy, discipline, belief, social movement, economics, cultural movement, or art movement.

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Schröder–Bernstein theorem

In set theory, the Schröder–Bernstein theorem states that, if there exist injective functions and between the sets and, then there exists a bijective function.

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Schrödinger equation

In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is a mathematical equation that describes the changes over time of a physical system in which quantum effects, such as wave–particle duality, are significant.

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Science

R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.

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Science and Christian Belief

Science and Christian Belief is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by Paternoster Press on behalf of Christians in Science and the Victoria Institute.

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Science of Logic

Science of Logic (SL; Wissenschaft der Logik, WL), first published between 1812 and 1816, is the work in which Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel outlined his vision of logic.

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Science of man

The science of man (or the science of human nature) is a topic in David Hume's 18th century experimental philosophy A Treatise of Human Nature (1739).

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Scientific communism

Scientific communism was one of the three major elements of Marxism–Leninism as taught in the Soviet Union in all institutions of higher education and pursued in the corresponding research institutions and departments.

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Scientific essentialism

Scientific essentialism, a view espoused by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam, maintains that there exist essential properties that objects possess (or instantiate) necessarily.

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Scientific instrument

A scientific instrument is, broadly speaking, a device or tool used for scientific purposes, including the study of both natural phenomena and theoretical research.

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Scientific law

A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the universe.

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Scientific method

Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.

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Scientific misconduct

Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research.

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Scientific modelling

Scientific modelling is a scientific activity, the aim of which is to make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge.

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Scientific progress

Scientific progress is the idea that science increases its problem-solving ability through the application of the scientific method.

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Scientific realism

Scientific realism is the view that the universe described by science is real regardless of how it may be interpreted.

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Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

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Scientific theory

A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can be repeatedly tested, in accordance with the scientific method, using a predefined protocol of observation and experiment.

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Scientism

Scientism is the ideology of science.

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Scientistic materialism

Scientistic materialism is a philosophical stance which posits a limited definition of consciousness to that which is observable and subject to the scientific method.

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Scientists for Global Responsibility

Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR) in the United Kingdom promotes the ethical practice and use of science and technology.

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SCIgen

SCIgen is a computer program that uses context-free grammar to randomly generate nonsense in the form of computer science research papers.

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Scotism

Scotism is the name given to the philosophical and theological system or school named after Blessed John Duns Scotus.

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Scott Buchanan

Scott Milross Buchanan (March 17, 1895 – March 25, 1968) was an American philosopher, educator, and foundation consultant.

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Scott Soames

Scott Soames (born August 11, 1946) is a professor of philosophy at the University of Southern California.

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Scottish common sense realism

Scottish Common Sense Realism, also known as the Scottish School of Common Sense, is a school of philosophy that originated in the ideas of Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart during the 18th century Scottish Enlightenment.

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Screaming

A scream, shout, yell, shriek, hoot, holler, vociferation, outcry, bellow, or raising one's voice is a loud vocalization in which air is passed through the vocal folds with greater force than is used in regular or close-distance vocalisation.

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Scudder Klyce

Scudder Klyce (born November 7, 1879 in Friendship, Tennessee; died January 28, 1933 in Winchester, Massachusetts) was an American philosopher, scientist and naval officer.

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Scythianus

Scythianus was a supposed Alexandrian religious teacher who visited India around 50 CE.

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Sea of Beauty

The Sea of Beauty is one of many analogies and similes employed to describe a high vision of reality.

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Search for a Method

Search for a Method or The Problem of Method (Questions de méthode) is a 1957 essay by Jean-Paul Sartre, in which he attempts to reconcile Marxism with existentialism.

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Sebastian Miczyński

Sebastian Miczynski was a 16th/17th century Polish academic.

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Sebastian Petrycy

Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno (1554–1626) was a Polish philosopher and physician.

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Sebastian Shaumyan

Sebastian Konstantinovich Shaumyan (Սեբաստյան Շահումյան; February 27, 1916 – January 21, 2007) was an Armenian American theoretician of linguistics and an outspoken adherent of structuralist analysis.

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Sebastiano Maffettone

Sebastiano Maffettone (1948) is University Professor and Dean of the Political Science Department at LUISS Guido Carli University of Rome, where he teaches Political Philosophy and Theories of Globalization.

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Sebastián Fox Morcillo

Sebastian Fox Morcillo (1526?-1559?), a Spanish scholar and philosopher, was born in Seville between 1526 and 1528.

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Second Alcibiades

The Second Alcibiades or Alcibiades II (Ἀλκιβιάδης βʹ) is a dialogue traditionally ascribed to Plato.

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Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time.

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Second Letter (Plato)

The Second Letter of Plato, also called Epistle II or Letter II, is an epistle that tradition has ascribed to Plato, though some scholars consider it a forgery.

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Second scholasticism

Second scholasticism (or late scholasticism) is the period of revival of scholastic system of philosophy and theology, in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Second-order logic

In logic and mathematics second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic.

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Second-order predicate

In mathematical logic, a second-order predicate is a predicate that takes a first-order predicate as an argument.

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Secondary antisemitism

Secondary antisemitism is a distinct kind of antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II.

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Secondary reference

Secondary reference points to the representation as a necessary part in granting a meaning to a (part of a) sentence.

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Sectarian democracy

Sectarian democracies are multiethnic/multifactional countries where the ethnic group with the greatest power has a democratic government that does not allow minorities to participate in the democratic process of that nation.There are several countries that highlight this sort of government.The opposite of sectarian democracy is consociationalistic democracy.

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Secular ethics

Secular ethics is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties such as logic, empathy, reason or moral intuition, and not derived from supernatural revelation or guidance—the source of ethics in many religions.

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Secular humanism

Secular humanism is a philosophy or life stance that embraces human reason, ethics, and philosophical naturalism while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision making.

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Secular saint

The term, secular saint, which has no strict definition, generally refers to someone venerated and respected for contributions to a noble cause, but not recognized as a canonical saint by a religion.

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Secular theology

The field of secular theology, a subfield of liberal theology advocated by Anglican bishop John A. T. Robinson somewhat paradoxically combines secularism and theology.

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Secularism

Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).

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Secularization

Secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification and affiliation with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.

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Secundum quid

Secundum quid (also called secundum quid et simpliciter, meaning " in a certain respect and absolutely") is a type of informal fallacy that occurs when the arguer fails to recognize the difference between rules of thumb (soft generalizations, heuristics that hold true as a general rule but leave room for exceptions) and categorical propositions, rules that hold true universally.

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Secundus the Silent

Secundus the Silent (fl. 2nd century AD) was a Cynic or Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in Athens in the early 2nd century, who had taken a vow of silence.

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Security

Security is freedom from, or resilience against, potential harm (or other unwanted coercive change) from external forces.

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Sediq Afghan

Sediq Afghan (Dari-Persian) is an Afghan philosopher and mathematician.

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Sefer ha-Ikkarim

Sefer ha-Ikkarim ("Book of Principles") is a fifteenth-century work by rabbi Joseph Albo, a student of Hasdai Crescas.

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Sefer ha-Qabbalah

Sefer ha-Qabbalah (Hebrew: ספר הקבלה, "Book of Tradition") was a book written by Abraham ibn Daud around 1160–1161.

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Segundo Blanco

Segundo Blanco González (Gijón 1899 – Mexico 1957) was a Spanish anarchist.

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Seiichi Hatano

was a Japanese philosopher, best known for his work in the philosophy of religion dealing mostly with western religion and also western philosophical thoughts in theological aspects of Christianity.

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Selective perception

Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs.

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Self-awareness

Self-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals.

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Self-compassion

Self-compassion is extending compassion to one's self in instances of perceived inadequacy, failure, or general suffering.

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Self-concept

One's self-concept (also called self-construction, self-identity, self-perspective or self-structure) is a collection of beliefs about oneself.

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Self-consciousness

Self-consciousness is a heightened sense of self-awareness.

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Self-control

Self-control, an aspect of inhibitory control, is the ability to regulate one's emotions, thoughts, and behavior in the face of temptations and impulses.

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Self-deception

Self-deception is a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance, significance, or importance of opposing evidence and logical argument.

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Self-defeating prophecy

A self-defeating prophecy (self-destroying or self-denying in some sources) is the complementary opposite of a self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction that prevents what it predicts from happening.

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Self-determination

The right of people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms.

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Self-efficacy

Self-efficacy is an individual’s belief in his or her innate ability to achieve goals.

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Self-esteem

Self-esteem reflects an individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth.

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Self-evidence

In epistemology (theory of knowledge), a self-evident proposition is a proposition that is known to be true by understanding its meaning without proof, and/or by ordinary human reason.

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Self-fulfilling prophecy

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

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Self-indication assumption

The self-indication assumption (SIA)Nick Bostrom originally used the term SIA in a slightly different way.

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Self-Indication Assumption Doomsday argument rebuttal

The Self-Indication Assumption Doomsday argument rebuttal is an objection to the Doomsday argument (that there is only a 5% chance of more than twenty times the historic number of humans ever being born) by arguing that the chance of being born is not one, but is an increasing function of the number of people who will be born.

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Self-love

Self-love has often been seen as a moral flaw, akin to vanity and selfishness.

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Self-organization

Self-organization, also called (in the social sciences) spontaneous order, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system.

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Self-preservation

Self-preservation is a behavior that ensures the survival of an organism.

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Self-realization

Self-realization is an expression used in Western psychology, philosophy, and spirituality; and in Indian religions.

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Self-reference

Self-reference occurs in natural or formal languages when a sentence, idea or formula refers to itself.

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Self-reference puzzle

A self-reference puzzle is a type of logical puzzle where the question in the puzzle refers to the attributes of the puzzle itself.

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Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal

Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttals attempt to refute the Doomsday argument (that there is a credible link between the brevity of the human race's existence and its expected extinction) by applying the same reasoning to the lifetime of the Doomsday argument (DA) itself.

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Self-refuting idea

Self-refuting ideas or self-defeating ideas are ideas or statements whose falsehood is a logical consequence of the act or situation of holding them to be true.

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Self-Reliance

"Self-Reliance" is an 1841 essay written by American transcendentalist philosopher and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson.

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Self-serving bias

A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner.

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Selfishness

Selfishness is being concerned excessively or exclusively, for oneself or one's own advantage, pleasure, or welfare, regardless of others.

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Semantic externalism

In the philosophy of language, semantic externalism (the opposite of semantic internalism) is the view that the meaning of a term is determined, in whole or in part, by factors external to the speaker.

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Semantic holism

Semantic holism is a theory in the philosophy of language to the effect that a certain part of language, be it a term or a complete sentence, can only be understood through its relations to a (previously understood) larger segment of language.

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Semantic primes

Semantic primes or semantic primitives are a set of semantic concepts that are innately understood but cannot be expressed in simpler terms.

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Semantic theory of truth

A semantic theory of truth is a theory of truth in the philosophy of language which holds that truth is a property of sentences.

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Semantic view of theories

The semantic view of theories is a position in the philosophy of science that holds that a scientific theory can be identified with a collection of models.

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Semantics

Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.

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Semantics encoding

A semantics encoding is a translation between formal languages.

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Semi-Thue system

In theoretical computer science and mathematical logic a string rewriting system (SRS), historically called a semi-Thue system, is a rewriting system over strings from a (usually finite) alphabet.

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Semiautomaton

In mathematics and theoretical computer science, a semiautomaton is a deterministic finite automaton having inputs but no output.

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Seminars of Jacques Lacan

From 1952 to 1980 French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Jacques Lacan gave an annual seminar in Paris.

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Semiosis

Semiosis (from the σημείωσις, sēmeíōsis, a derivation of the verb σημειῶ, sēmeiô, "to mark") is any form of activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, including the production of meaning.

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Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce began writing on semiotics, which he also called semeiotics, meaning the philosophical study of signs, in the 1860s, around the time that he devised his system of three categories.

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Semiotics

Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the study of meaning-making, the study of sign process (semiosis) and meaningful communication.

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Semyon Frank

Semyon Lyudvigovich Frank (Семён Лю́двигович Франк; 1877–1950) was a Russian philosopher.

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Seneca the Younger

Seneca the Younger AD65), fully Lucius Annaeus Seneca and also known simply as Seneca, was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and—in one work—satirist of the Silver Age of Latin literature.

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Seneca's Consolations

Seneca's Consolations refers to Seneca’s three Consolatory works, De Consolatione ad Marciam, De Consolatione ad Polybium, De Consolatione ad Helviam, written around 40–45 AD.

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Sengzhao

Sengzhao (or Seng-Chao) (僧肇, Sōjō; 384–414) was a Chinese Buddhist philosopher from Later Qin around 384-417 at Chang'an.

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Seniority

Seniority is the concept of a person or group of people taking precedence over another person or group because the former is either older than the latter or has occupied a particular position longer than the latter.

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Sensationalism

Sensationalism is a type of editorial bias in mass media in which events and topics in news stories and pieces are overhyped to present biased impressions on events, which may cause a manipulation to the truth of a story.

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Sense

A sense is a physiological capacity of organisms that provides data for perception.

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Sense and reference

In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892 (in his paper "On Sense and Reference"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"), reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning.

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Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)

Sense and Sensibilia (or On Sense and the Sensible, On Sense and What is Sensed, On Sense Perception; Greek: Περὶ αἰσθήσεως καὶ αἰσθητῶν; Latin: De sensu et sensibilibus, De sensu et sensili, De sensu et sensato) is one of the short treatises by Aristotle that make up the Parva Naturalia.

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Sense and Sensibilia (Austin)

Sense and Sensibilia is a landmark 1962 work of ordinary language philosophy by J. L. Austin, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford.

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Sense data

In the philosophy of perception, the theory of sense data was a popular view held in the early 20th century by philosophers such as Bertrand Russell, C. D. Broad, H. H. Price, A. J. Ayer, and G. E. Moore.

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Sense of agency

The sense of agency (SA), or sense of control, is the subjective awareness of initiating, executing, and controlling one's own volitional actions in the world.

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Sensibility

Sensibility refers to an acute perception of or responsiveness toward something, such as the emotions of another.

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Sensorium

A sensorium (/sɛnˈsɔːrɪəm/) (plural: sensoria) is the sum of an organism's perception, the "seat of sensation" where it experiences and interprets the environments within which it lives.

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Sensualism

Sensualism is the persistent or excessive pursuit of sensual pleasures and interests.

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Sentence (linguistics)

In non-functional linguistics, a sentence is a textual unit consisting of one or more words that are grammatically linked.

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Sentences

The Four Books of Sentences (Libri Quattuor Sententiarum) is a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the 12th century.

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Sentience

Sentience is the capacity to feel, perceive or experience subjectively.

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Sentimental poetry

Sentimental poetry is a melodramatic poetic form.

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Senya Fleshin

Senya Fleshin (19 December 1894, in Kiev, Russian Empire – 19 June 1981, in Mexico City, Mexico) was an anarchist revolutionary and photographer.

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Seo Gyeongdeok

Seo Gyeongdeok (1489–1546) was a Korean Neo-Confucianist philosopher during the Joseon Dynasty.

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Seosan

Seosan is a city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea, with a population of roughly 175, 000 according to the 2017 census.

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Sequent calculus

Sequent calculus is, in essence, a style of formal logical argumentation where every line of a proof is a conditional tautology (called a sequent by Gerhard Gentzen) instead of an unconditional tautology.

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Sequential logic

In digital circuit theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends not only on the present value of its input signals but on the sequence of past inputs, the input history.

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Serge Moscovici

Serge Moscovici (June 14, 1925 in Brăila, Romania as Srul Herş Moscovici – November 15, 2014 in Paris) was a Romanian-born French social psychologist, director of the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale ("European Laboratory of Social Psychology"), which he co-founded in 1974 at the Maison des sciences de l'homme in Paris.

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Sergei Adian

Sergei Ivanovich Adian, also Adyan (Սերգեյ Իվանովիչ Ադյան; Серге́й Ива́нович Адя́н, born 1 January 1931), is a Soviet and Russian mathematician.

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Sergei Bulgakov

Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov (Серге́й Никола́евич Булга́ков; – 13 July 1944) was a Russian Orthodox Christian theologian, philosopher, and economist.

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Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy

Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy (1862–1905) was a Russian religious philosopher.

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Sergio Panunzio

Sergio Panunzio (July 20, 1886 – October 8, 1944) was an Italian theoretician of national syndicalism.

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Serial-position effect

Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.

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Set (mathematics)

In mathematics, a set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.

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Set theory

Set theory is a branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections of objects.

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Seth Benardete

Seth Benardete (April 4, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was an American classicist and philosopher, long a member of the faculties of New York University and The New School.

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Seth Material

The Seth Material is a collection of writing dictated by Jane Roberts to her husband from late 1963 until her death in 1984.

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Seven deadly sins

The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings.

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Seven Factors of Enlightenment

In Buddhism, the Seven Factors of Enlightenment (Pali: satta bojjhagā or satta sambojjhagā; Skt.: sapta bodhyanga) are.

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Seven Life Lessons of Chaos

Seven Life Lessons of Chaos: Spiritual Wisdom From the Science of Change is a book by Western Connecticut State University English Professor John Briggs and Physicist F. David Peat (who also co-authored Turbulent Mirror).

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Seven Sages of Greece

The Seven Sages (of Greece) or Seven Wise Men (Greek: οἱ ἑπτὰ σοφοί hoi hepta sophoi) was the title given by classical Greek tradition to seven philosophers, statesmen, and law-givers of the 6th century BC who were renowned for their wisdom.

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Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove (also known as the Seven Worthies of the Bamboo Grove) were a group of Chinese scholars, writers, and musicians of the 3rd century CE.

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Seven Sins of Medicine

The Seven Sins of Medicine, by Richard Asher, are a perspective on medical ethics first published in The Lancet in 1949.

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Seven virtues

The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines virtue as "a habitual and firm disposition to do the good." Traditionally, the seven Christian virtues or heavenly virtues combine the four classical cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance and courage (or fortitude) with the three theological virtues of faith, hope and charity.

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Seventeen Rules of Enjuin

The Seventeen Rules of Enjuin　(延寿院医則十七ヶ条) are a code of conduct developed for students of the Japanese Ri-shu school of medicine in the 16th century CE.

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Seventh Letter

The Seventh Letter of Plato is an epistle that tradition has ascribed to Plato.

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Sex and Character

Sex and Character (Geschlecht und Charakter) is a book published in 1903 by Otto Weininger.

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Sex, Ecology, Spirituality

Sex, Ecology, Spirituality: The Spirit of Evolution is integral philosopher Ken Wilber's 1995 magnum opus.

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Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on a person's sex or gender.

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Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus (Σέξτος Ἐμπειρικός; c. 160 – c. 210 CE, n.b., dates uncertain), was a physician and philosopher, who likely lived in Alexandria, Rome, or Athens.

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Sextus of Chaeronea

Sextus of Chaeronea (Σέξστος ὁ Χαιρωνεύς, fl. c. 160 AD) was a philosopher, a nephew or grandson of Plutarch, and one of the teachers of the emperor Marcus Aurelius.

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Sexual attraction

Sexual attraction is attraction on the basis of sexual desire or the quality of arousing such interest.

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Sexual ethics

Sexual ethics or sex ethics (also called sexual morality) is the study of human sexuality and the expression of human sexual behavior.

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Sexual harassment

Sexual harassment is bullying or coercion of a sexual nature, or the unwelcome or inappropriate promise of rewards in exchange for sexual favors.

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Sexual Morality and the Law

Sexual Morality and the Law is the transcription of a 1978 radio conversation in Paris between philosopher Michel Foucault, playwright/actor/lawyer Jean Danet, and novelist/gay activist Guy Hocquenghem, debating the idea of abolishing age of consent laws in France.

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Seyla Benhabib

Seyla Benhabib (born September 9, 1950) is a Turkish-Sephardic-American philosopher.

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Shabda

Shabda, or, is the Sanskrit word for "speech sound".

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Shadworth Hodgson

Shadworth Hollway Hodgson, FBA (1832-1912) was an English philosopher.

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Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi

"Shahāb ad-Dīn" Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardī (شهاب‌الدین سهروردی, also known as Sohrevardi) (1154-1191) was a PersianC.

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Shakespeare's Politics (book)

Shakespeare's Politics is a 1964 book co-authored by Allan Bloom and Harry V. Jaffa.

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Shakti

Shakti (Devanagari: शक्ति, IAST: Śakti;.lit “power, ability, strength, might, effort, energy, capability”), is the primordial cosmic energy and represents the dynamic forces that are thought to move through the entire universe in Hinduism and Shaktism.

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Shaktism

Shaktism (Sanskrit:, lit., "doctrine of energy, power, the Goddess") is a major tradition of Hinduism, wherein the metaphysical reality is considered feminine and the Devi (goddess) is supreme.

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Shalva Nutsubidze

Shalva Nutsubidze (შალვა ნუცუბიძე; December 14, 1888 – January 6, 1969) was a Georgian philosopher, translator and public benefactor, one of founders of the Tbilisi State University (TSU), founder of Alethology, one of founders of the scientific school in the field of history of Georgian philosophy, Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Meritorious Scientific Worker of Georgia, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor.

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Shamanism

Shamanism is a practice that involves a practitioner reaching altered states of consciousness in order to perceive and interact with what they believe to be a spirit world and channel these transcendental energies into this world.

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Shame

Shame is a painful, social emotion that can be seen as resulting "...from comparison of the self's action with the self's standards...". but which may equally stem from comparison of the self's state of being with the ideal social context's standard.

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Shang Yang

Shang Yang, or Wei YangAntonio S. Cua (ed.), 2003, p. 362, Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy (born with the surname Gongsun in Wey, Zhou Kingdom; c. 390 – 338 BCE), was a statesman and reformer of the State of Qin during the Warring States period of ancient China.

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Shangdi

Shangdi, also written simply, "Emperor", is the Chinese term for "Supreme Deity" or "Highest Deity" in the theology of the classical texts, especially deriving from Shang theology and finding an equivalent in the later Tian ("Heaven" or "Great Whole") of Zhou theology.

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Shannon Bell

Shannon Bell (born 5 July 1955) is a Canadian performance philosopher who lives and writes philosophy-in-action, experimental philosophy.

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Shantideva

Shantideva (Sanskrit: Śāntideva;;; Шантидэва гэгээн; Tịch Thiên) was a 8th-century Indian Buddhist monk and scholar at Nalanda.

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Shao Yong

Shao Yong (1011–1077), courtesy name Yaofu (堯夫), named Shào Kāngjié (邵康節) after death, was a Song dynasty Chinese philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian who greatly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism in China.

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Sharia

Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law (شريعة) is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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Sharps waste

Sharps waste is a form of biomedical waste composed of used "sharps", which includes any device or object used to puncture or lacerate the skin.

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Sharyn Clough

Sharyn Clough (born 14 May 1965) is Professor of Philosophy at Oregon State University.

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Shastrartha

Shastrartha (Sanskrit शास्त्रार्थ) was a kind of philosophical and religious contests in ancient India in which scholars participated to reveal the inner meaning (Artha - अर्थ) of scriptures (shastra - शास्त्र).

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Shaun Gallagher

Shaun Gallagher is an Irish-American philosopher who works on embodied cognition, social cognition, agency and the philosophy of psychopathology.

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Shaun Nichols

Shaun Nichols is a professor in the Philosophy department at the University of Arizona.

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Sheffer stroke

In Boolean functions and propositional calculus, the Sheffer stroke, named after Henry M. Sheffer, written ↑, also written | (not to be confused with "||", which is often used to represent disjunction), or Dpq (in Bocheński notation), denotes a logical operation that is equivalent to the negation of the conjunction operation, expressed in ordinary language as "not both".

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Shelly Kagan

Shelly Kagan is Clark Professor of Philosophy at Yale University, where he has taught since 1995.

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Shem Mishmuel

Shem Mishmuel (שם משמואל) is a nine-volume collection of homiletical teachings on the Torah and Jewish holidays delivered by Rabbi Shmuel Bornsztain, the second Sochatchover Rebbe, between the years 1910-1926.

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Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera

Shem-Tov ben Joseph ibn Falaquera, also spelled Palquera (1225 – c. 1290) (Hebrew: שם טוב בן יוסף אבן פלקירה) was a Spanish Jewish philosopher and poet and commentator.

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Shemariah of Negropont

Shemariah ben Elijah Ikriti of Negropont (born c. 1275, died c. 1355) (Hebrew: שמריה בן אליהו האיקריטי) was a Greek-Jewish philosopher and Biblical exegete, contemporary of Dante and Immanuel the Roman.

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Shen (Chinese religion)

Shen is the Chinese word for "god", "deity", "spirit" or theos.

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Shen Buhai

The Chinese statesman Shen Buhai (c. 400c. 337) was Chancellor of the Han state under Marquis Zhao of Han for fifteen years, from 354 BC to 337 BC.

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Shen Dao

Shen Dao (c. 350c. 275BC) was a "Chinese Legalist" theoretician most remembered for his influence on Han Fei with regards to the concept of shi 勢 (circumstantial advantage, power, or authority), though most of his book concerns the concept of fa 法 (administrative methods & standards) more commonly shared among "Legalists".

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Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (1031–1095), courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁),Yao (2003), 544.

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Shenhui

Heze Shenhui (Chinese:菏泽神會/神会; Wade–Giles: Shen-hui; Japanese: Kataku Jinne, 684-758) was a Chinese Buddhist monk of the so-called "Southern School" of Zen and the dharma heir of Huineng.

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Sherman Austin

Sherman Martin Austin (born April 10, 1983) is an American anarchist and musician who was arrested for inflammatory content on his website and subsequently convicted.

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Sherrilyn Roush

Sherrilyn Roush is Professor of Philosophy at King's College London specializing in the Philosophy of Science and Epistemology.

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Sherry L. Ackerman

Sherry L. Ackerman is an American academic and dressage clinician.

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Sherwin Wine

Sherwin Theodore Wine (January 25, 1928 – July 21, 2007) was a rabbi and a founding figure in Humanistic Judaism.

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Shibui

Shibui (渋い) (adjective), shibumi (渋み) (noun), or shibusa (渋さ) (noun) are Japanese words which refer to a particular aesthetic of simple, subtle, and unobtrusive beauty.

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Shin'ichi Hisamatsu

was a philosopher, Zen Buddhist scholar, and Japanese tea ceremony (sadō or chadō, 茶道, "the way of tea") master.

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Shin-hanga

was an art movement in early 20th-century Japan, during the Taishō and Shōwa periods, that revitalized traditional ukiyo-e art rooted in the Edo and Meiji periods (17th–19th century).

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Shinran

Popular Buddhism In Japan: Shin Buddhist Religion & Culture by Esben Andreasen, pp.

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Shinto

or kami-no-michi (among other names) is the traditional religion of Japan that focuses on ritual practices to be carried out diligently to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient past.

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Ship of State

The Ship of State is a famous and oft-cited metaphor put forth by Plato in Book VI of the Republic (488a–489d).

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Ship of Theseus

In the metaphysics of Identity, the ship of Theseus (or Theseus's paradox) is a thought experiment that raises the question of whether a ship—standing for an object in general—that has had all of its components replaced remains fundamentally the same object.

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Shiva

Shiva (Sanskrit: शिव, IAST: Śiva, lit. the auspicious one) is one of the principal deities of Hinduism.

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Shizuteru Ueda

is a Japanese philosopher specializing in philosophy of religion.

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Shmuel Alexandrov

Rabbi Shmuel Alexandrov of Bobruisk (שמואל אלכסנדרוב; 1865–1941) was a prominent student of the Volozhin Yeshiva, who became close to the tradition of Chabad Hasidism.

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Sholom Gherman

Sholom Gherman (born 1920) is a philosopher from Russia.

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Shoshin

Shoshin (初心) is a word from Zen Buddhism meaning "beginner's mind." It refers to having an attitude of openness, eagerness, and lack of preconceptions when studying a subject, even when studying at an advanced level, just as a beginner would.

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Shu Han

Shu or Shu Han (221–263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280).

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Shunpei Ueyama

was a Japanese philosopher associated with the postwar Kyoto School.

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Shunsuke Tsurumi

was a Japanese historian and philosopher.

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Siddhanta

Siddhānta, a Sanskrit term denoting the established and accepted view of any particular school within Indian philosophy.

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Sidney Hook

Sidney Hook (December 20, 1902 – July 12, 1989) was an American philosopher of the Pragmatist school known for his contributions to the philosophy of history, the philosophy of education, political theory, and ethics.

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Sidney Morgenbesser

Sidney Morgenbesser (September 22, 1921 – August 1, 2004) was a philosopher and professor at Columbia University.

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Siegfried Kracauer

Siegfried Kracauer (February 8, 1889 – November 26, 1966) was a German writer, journalist, sociologist, cultural critic, and film theorist.

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Sienese School

The Sienese School of painting flourished in Siena, Italy, between the 13th and 15th centuries.

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Siger of Brabant

Siger of Brabant (Sigerus, Sighier, Sigieri or Sygerius de Brabantia; c. 1240 – before 10 November 1284) was a 13th-century philosopher from the southern Low Countries who was an important proponent of Averroism.

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Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

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Sign

A sign is an object, quality, event, or entity whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else.

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Sign (semiotics)

In semiotics, a sign is anything that communicates a meaning that is not the sign itself to the interpreter of the sign.

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Significant other

Significant other (SO) colloquially used as a gender-neutral term for a person's partner in an intimate relationship without disclosing or presuming anything about marital status, relationship status, or sexual orientation.

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Sikh art and culture

The Sikhs are adherents to Sikhism the fifth largest organized religion in the world, with around 27 million adherents.

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Sikh philosophy

The philosophy of Sikhism is covered in great detail in the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy text.

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Silhak

Silhak was a Korean Confucian social reform movement in late Joseon Dynasty.

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Silver machine

In set theory, Silver machines are devices used for bypassing the use of fine structure in proofs of statements holding in L. They were invented by set theorist Jack Silver as a means of proving global square holds in the constructible universe.

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Silvio Ceccato

Silvio Ceccato (Montecchio Maggiore, Italy 25 January 1914 – Milan, 2 December 1997) was an Italian philosopher and linguist.

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Simeon ben Zemah Duran

Simeon ben Zemah Duran, also Tzemach Duran (1361–1444), known as Rashbatz or Tashbatz was a Rabbinical authority, student of philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and especially of medicine, which he practised for a number of years at Palma (de Majorca).

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Simion Bărnuțiu

Simion Bărnuțiu (21 July 1808 – 28 May 1864) was a Transylvanian, later Romanian historian, academic, philosopher, jurist, and liberal politician.

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Simmias of Syracuse

Simmias (early 3rd century BC) of Syracuse is mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius as a pupil, first of Aristotle of Cyrene, and afterwards of Stilpo, the Megarian philosopher.

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Simmias of Thebes

Simmias of Thebes (Σιμμίας Θηβαῖος; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates, and a friend of Cebes.

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Simon Blackburn

Simon Blackburn (born 12 July 1944) is an English academic philosopher known for his work in metaethics, where he defends quasi-realism, and in the philosophy of language; more recently, he has gained a large general audience from his efforts to popularise philosophy.

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Simon Critchley

Simon Critchley (born 27 February 1960) is an English philosopher and Hans Jonas Professor of Philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York City.

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Simon Foucher

Simon Foucher (1 March 1644 – 27 April 1696) was a French polemic philosopher.

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Simon of Faversham

Simon of Faversham (also Simon Favershamensis, Simon de Faverisham, Simon von Faversham, or Simon Anglicus; c.1260–1306) was an English medieval scholastic philosopher and later a university chancellor.

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Simon of Tournai

Simon of Tournai (c. 1130–1201) was a professor at the University of Paris in the late twelfth century.

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Simon Oosterman

Simon Oosterman is a New Zealand political activist, trade unionist, and anarchist.

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Simon Soloveychik

Simon L'vovich Soloveychik (1930-1996) was a Russian publicist, educator and social philosopher.

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Simon the Shoemaker

Simon the Shoemaker (Σίμων Ἀθηναῖος, σκυτοτόμος; fl. c. late 5th century BC) was an associate of Socrates, and a 'working-philosopher'.

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Simone de Beauvoir

Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (or;; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist.

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Simone Porzio

Simone Porzio (Simon Portius) (1496–1554) was an Italian philosopher, born and died in Naples.

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Simone Weil

Simone Weil (3 February 1909 – 24 August 1943) was a French philosopher, mystic, and political activist. The mathematician Andre Weil was her brother. After her graduation from formal education, Weil became a teacher. She taught intermittently throughout the 1930s, taking several breaks due to poor health and to devote herself to political activism, work that would see her assisting in the trade union movement, taking the side of the Anarchists known as the Durruti Column in the Spanish Civil War, and spending more than a year working as a labourer, mostly in auto factories, so she could better understand the working class. Taking a path that was unusual among twentieth-century left-leaning intellectuals, she became more religious and inclined towards mysticism as her life progressed. Weil wrote throughout her life, though most of her writings did not attract much attention until after her death. In the 1950s and 1960s, her work became famous in continental Europe and throughout the English-speaking world. Her thought has continued to be the subject of extensive scholarship across a wide range of fields. A meta study from the University of Calgary found that between 1995 and 2012 over 2,500 new scholarly works had been published about her. Albert Camus described her as "the only great spirit of our times".

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Simple (philosophy)

In contemporary mereology, a simple is any thing that has no proper parts.

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Simple commodity production

Simple commodity production (also known as "petty commodity production"; the German original phrase is einfache Warenproduktion) is a term coined by Frederick Engels to describe productive activities under the conditions of what Marx had called the "simple exchange" of commodities, where independent producers trade their own products.

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Simplicity

Simplicity is the state or quality of being simple.

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Simplicius of Cilicia

Simplicius of Cilicia (Σιμπλίκιος ὁ Κίλιξ; c. 490 – c. 560) was a disciple of Ammonius Hermiae and Damascius, and was one of the last of the Neoplatonists.

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Simpson's paradox

Simpson's paradox, or the Yule–Simpson effect, is a phenomenon in probability and statistics, in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined.

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Simulacra and Simulation

Simulacra and Simulation (Simulacres et Simulation) is a 1981 philosophical treatise by Jean Baudrillard, in which he seeks to examine the relationships among reality, symbols, and society, in particular the significations and symbolism of culture and media that are involved in constructing an understanding of shared existence.

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Simulacrum

A simulacrum (plural: simulacra from simulacrum, which means "likeness, similarity") is a representation or imitation of a person or thing.

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Simulated reality

Simulated reality is the hypothesis that reality could be simulated—for example by quantum computer simulation—to a degree indistinguishable from "true" reality.

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Simulation

Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system.

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Simulation hypothesis

The simulation hypothesis proposes that all of reality, including the earth and the universe, is in fact an artificial simulation, most likely a computer simulation.

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Simultaneity

Simultaneity is the relation between two events assumed to be happening at the same time in a frame of reference.

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Sin

In a religious context, sin is the act of transgression against divine law.

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Sincerity

Sincerity is the virtue of one who communicates and acts in accordance with their feelings, beliefs, thoughts, and desires.

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Sincerity and Authenticity

Sincerity and Authenticity is a 1972 book by Lionel Trilling, based on a series of lectures he delivered in 1970 as Charles Eliot Norton Professor at Harvard University.

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Sine qua non

Sine qua non or condicio sine qua non (plural: condiciones sine quibus non) is an indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient.

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Singleton (mathematics)

In mathematics, a singleton, also known as a unit set, is a set with exactly one element.

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Singular term

A singular term is a paradigmatic referring device in a language.

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Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet

Major-general Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet KCB (27 May 1761 – 6 July 1827) was a Scottish soldier and colonial administrator.

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Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet

Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet FRSE DD FSAS (8 March 1788 – 6 May 1856) was a Scottish metaphysician.

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Siro the Epicurean

Siro (also Syro, Siron, or Syron; fl. c. 50 BC) was an Epicurean philosopher who lived in Naples.

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Sissela Bok

Sissela Bok (born Sissela Myrdal on 2 December 1934) is a Swedish-born American philosopher and ethicist, the daughter of two Nobel Prize winners: Gunnar Myrdal who won the Economics prize with Friedrich Hayek in 1974, and Alva Myrdal who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1982.

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Sisyphus (dialogue)

The Sisyphus (Σίσυφος) is purported to be one of the dialogues of Plato.

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Sittlichkeit

Sittlichkeit is the concept of "ethical life" or "ethical order" furthered by philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in his 1807 work Phenomenology of Spirit and his 1820/21 work Elements of the Philosophy of Right (PR).

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Situated ethics

Situated ethics, often confused with situational ethics, is a view of applied ethics in which abstract standards from a culture or theory are considered to be far less important than the ongoing processes in which one is personally and physically involved, e.g. climate, ecosystem, etc.

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Situation semantics

Situation semantics, pioneered by Jon Barwise and John Perry in the early 1980s, attempts to provide a solid theoretical foundation for reasoning about common-sense and real world situations, typically in the context of theoretical linguistics, philosophy, or applied natural language processing,.

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Situation theory

Situation theory provides the mathematical foundations to situation semantics, and was developed by writers such as Jon Barwise and Keith Devlin in the 1980s.

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Situational ethics

Situational ethics or situation ethics takes into account the particular context of an act when evaluating it ethically, rather than judging it according to absolute moral standards.

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Situationist International

The Situationist International (SI) was an international organization of social revolutionaries made up of avant-garde artists, intellectuals, and political theorists, prominent in Europe from its formation in 1957 to its dissolution in 1972.

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Situationist Times

The Situationist Times ran to six issues edited and published by Jacqueline de Jong between May 1962 and December 1964 in Hengelo (Netherlands), Copenhagen and Paris, in editions of between 1,000-2,000.

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Six Myths about the Good Life

Six Myths about the Good Life: Thinking about what has Value is a popular philosophical book by Joel J. Kupperman of the University of Connecticut.

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Skandha

Skandhas (Sanskrit) or khandhas (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings".

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Skepticism

Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English) is generally any questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief.

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Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions

Sketch for a Theory of the Emotions (Esquisse d'une théorie des émotions) is a 1939 book by Jean-Paul Sartre.

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Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice

Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice (SHARP) are anti-racist skinheads who oppose neo-fascists and other political racists, particularly if those racists identify themselves as skinheads.

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Skolem normal form

In mathematical logic, a formula of first-order logic is in Skolem normal form if it is in prenex normal form with only universal first-order quantifiers.

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Skolem's paradox

In mathematical logic and philosophy, Skolem's paradox is a seeming contradiction that arises from the downward Löwenheim–Skolem theorem.

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Slaughterhouse-Five

Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death (1969) is a science fiction-infused anti-war novel by Kurt Vonnegut about the World War II experiences and journeys through time of Billy Pilgrim, from his time as an American soldier and chaplain's assistant, to postwar and early years.

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Slavery

Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

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Slavoj Žižek

Slavoj Žižek (born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian continental philosopher.

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Slavoj Žižek bibliography

The philosopher and cultural theorist Slavoj Žižek is a prolific writer who has published in numerous languages.

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Slavophilia

Slavophilia was an intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history.

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Slingshot argument

In logic, a slingshot argument is one of a group of arguments claiming to show that all true sentences stand for the same thing.

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Slippery slope

A slippery slope argument (SSA), in logic, critical thinking, political rhetoric, and caselaw, is a consequentialist logical device in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect.

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Sloth (deadly sin)

Sloth is one of the seven capital sins.

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Slothful induction

Slothful induction, also called appeal to coincidence, is a fallacy in which an inductive argument is denied its proper conclusion, despite strong evidence for inference.

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Slowness (novel)

Slowness (La Lenteur), published in 1995 in France, is a novel written in French by Milan Kundera.

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Small Pieces Loosely Joined

Small Pieces Loosely Joined: A Unified Theory of the Web is a book by David Weinberger published by Perseus Publishing in 2002.

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Sobornost

Sobornost (p "Spiritual community of many jointly living people") is a term coined by the early Slavophiles, Ivan Kireyevsky and Aleksey Khomyakov, to underline the need for co-operation between people, at the expense of individualism, on the basis that the opposing groups focus on what is common between them.

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Social actions

In sociology, social action, also known as "Weberian social action", refers to an act which takes into account the actions and reactions of individuals (or 'agents').

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Social alienation

Social alienation is "a condition in social relationships reflected by a low degree of integration or common values and a high degree of distance or isolation between individuals, or between an individual and a group of people in a community or work environment".

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Social analytics

Social analytics is a philosophical perspective developed since the early 1980s by the Danish idea historian and philosopher Lars-Henrik Schmidt.

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Social Anarchism (journal)

Social Anarchism: A Journal of Theory and Practice is a biannual journal of "community self-reliance, direct participation in political decision-making, respect for nature, and nonviolent paths to peace and justice".

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Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism

Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm is a polemical essay by Murray Bookchin published as a book in 1995.

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Social change

Social change is an alteration in the social order of a society.

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Social Choice and Individual Values

Kenneth Arrow's monograph Social Choice and Individual Values (1951, 2nd ed., 1963) and a theorem within it created modern social choice theory, a rigorous melding of social ethics and voting theory with an economic flavor.

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Social choice theory

Social choice theory or social choice is a theoretical framework for analysis of combining individual opinions, preferences, interests, or welfares to reach a collective decision or social welfare in some sense.

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Social conflict theory

Social conflict theory is a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than consensus.

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Social conservatism

Social conservatism is the belief that society is built upon a fragile network of relationships which need to be upheld through duty, traditional values and established institutions.

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Social constructionism

Social constructionism or the social construction of reality (also social concept) is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.

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Social contract

In both moral and political philosophy, the social contract is a theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment.

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Social control

Social control is a concept within the disciplines of the social sciences.

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Social cost

Social cost in economics is the sum of the private costs resulting from a transaction and the costs imposed on the consumers as a consequence of being exposed to the md's transaction for which they are not compensated or charged.

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Social Darwinism

The term Social Darwinism is used to refer to various ways of thinking and theories that emerged in the second half of the 19th century and tried to apply the evolutionary concept of natural selection to human society.

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Social death

Social death is the condition of people not accepted as fully human by wider society.

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Social democracy

Social democracy is a political, social and economic ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within the framework of a liberal democratic polity and capitalist economy.

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Social determinism

Social determinism is the theory that social interactions and constructs alone determine individual behavior (as opposed to biological or objective factors).

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Social ecology

Social ecology is a critical social theory founded by American anarchist and libertarian socialist author Murray Bookchin.

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Social engineering (political science)

Social engineering is a discipline in social science that refers to efforts to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale, whether by governments, media or private groups in order to produce desired characteristics in a target population.

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Social epistemology

Social epistemology refers to a broad set of approaches that can be taken in the study of knowledge that construes human knowledge as a collective achievement.

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Social equality

Social equality is a state of affairs in which all people within a specific society or isolated group have the same status in certain respects, including civil rights, freedom of speech, property rights and equal access to certain social goods and services.

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Social exclusion

Social exclusion, or social marginalization, is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society.

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Social fact

In sociology, social facts are values, cultural norms, and social structures that transcend the individual and can exercise social control.

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Social insertion

Social insertion (inserción social, inserção social) is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by the FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro) and other South American anarchist organizations, the other being especifismo.

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Social justice

Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society.

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Social Justice in the Liberal State

Social Justice in the Liberal State is a book written by Bruce A. Ackerman.

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Social liberalism

Social liberalism (also known as modern liberalism or egalitarian liberalism) is a political ideology and a variety of liberalism that endorses a market economy and the expansion of civil and political rights while also believing that the legitimate role of the government includes addressing economic and social issues such as poverty, health care and education.

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Social medicine

The field of social medicine seeks to implement social care through.

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Social mobility

Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society.

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Social norm

From a sociological perspective, social norms are informal understandings that govern the behavior of members of a society.

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Social philosophy

Social philosophy is the study of questions about social behavior and interpretations of society and social institutions in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations.

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Social progress

Social progress is the idea that societies can or do improve in terms of their social, political, and economic structures.

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Social realism

Social realism is the term used for work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the everyday conditions of the working class and to voice the authors' critique of the social structures behind these conditions.

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Social reality

Social reality is distinct from biological reality or individual cognitive reality, representing as it does a phenomenological level created through social interaction and thereby transcending individual motives and actions.

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Social responsibility

Social responsibility is an ethical framework and suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at large.

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Social revolution

Social revolutions are sudden changes in the structure and nature of society.

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Social Revolutionary Anarchist Federation

The Social Revolutionary Anarchist Federation (SRAF) was a loose federation of American anarchists of different orientations.

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Social semiotics

Social semiotics is a branch of the field of semiotics which investigates human signifying practices in specific social and cultural circumstances, and which tries to explain meaning-making as a social practice.

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Social Statics

Social Statics, or The Conditions essential to Happiness specified, and the First of them Developed is an 1851 book by the British polymath Herbert Spencer.

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Social theory

Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena.

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Social Theory and Practice

Social Theory and Practice is an academic journal established in 1970 and covering the discussion of theoretical and applied questions in social, political, legal, economic, educational, and moral philosophy, including critical studies of classical and contemporary social philosophers.

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Socialism

Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.

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Socialist Revolutionary Anarchist Party

The Socialist Revolutionary Anarchist Party (Partito Socialista Anarchico Rivoluzionario) was a short-lived Italian political party.

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Socially necessary labour time

Socially necessary labour time in Marx's critique of political economy is what regulates the exchange value of commodities in trade and consequently constrains producers in their attempt to economise on labour.

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Socially responsible investing

Socially responsible investing (SRI), or social investment, also known as sustainable, socially conscious, "green" or ethical investing, is any investment strategy which seeks to consider both financial return and social/environmental good to bring about a positive change.

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Societal attitudes toward homosexuality

Societal attitudes toward homosexuality vary greatly in different cultures and different historical periods, as do attitudes toward sexual desire, activity and relationships in general.

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Societal attitudes towards abortion

Societal attitudes towards abortion have varied throughout different historical periods and cultures.

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Society

A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

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Society for Advancing Philosophical Enquiry and Reflection in Education

The Society for Advancing Philosophical Enquiry and Reflection in Education (SAPERE) is a charity that promotes Philosophy for Children as an educational methodology in the UK.

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Society for Exact Philosophy

The Society for Exact Philosophy (SEP) is a North American organisation that is devoted to the application of exact, rigorous methods in philosophy.

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Society for Philosophical Inquiry

The Society for Philosophical Inquiry (SPI) is a non-profit organization devoted to propagating a version of Socratic inquiry through the establishment of regular meetings.

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Society for Philosophy and Psychology

The Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SPP) is a professional organization in North America that promotes discussion and research at the intersection of philosophy, psychology and cognitive science.

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Society of Christian Philosophers

The Society of Christian Philosophers (SCP) was founded in 1978.

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Society of Mind

The Society of Mind is both the title of a 1986 book and the name of a theory of natural intelligence as written and developed by Marvin Minsky.

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Socinianism

Socinianism is a system of Christian doctrine named for Fausto Sozzini (Latin: Faustus Socinus), which was developed among the Polish Brethren in the Minor Reformed Church of Poland during the 16th and 17th centuries and embraced by the Unitarian Church of Transylvania during the same period.

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Sociobiology

Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution.

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Sociocultural evolution

Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or cultural evolution are theories of cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time.

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Sociolect

In sociolinguistics, a sociolect or social dialect is a variety of language (a register) used by a socioeconomic class, a profession, an age group or other social group.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.

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Sociology of knowledge

The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and of the effects prevailing ideas have on societies.

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Sociology of law

The sociology of law (or legal sociology) is often described as a sub-discipline of sociology or an interdisciplinary approach within legal studies.

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Socrates

Socrates (Sōkrátēs,; – 399 BC) was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought.

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Socrates Cafe

Socrates Café are gatherings around the world where people from different backgrounds get together and exchange philosophical perspectives based on their experiences, using the version of the Socratic Method developed by founder Christopher Phillips.

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Socrates of Constantinople

Socrates of Constantinople (Σωκράτης ὁ Σχολαστικός, b. c. 380; d. after 439), also known as Socrates Scholasticus, was a 5th-century Christian church historian, a contemporary of Sozomen and Theodoret.

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Socratic dialogue

Socratic dialogue (Σωκρατικὸς λόγος) is a genre of literary prose developed in Greece at the turn of the fourth century BCE.

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Socratic method

The Socratic method, also can be known as maieutics, method of elenchus, elenctic method, or Socratic debate, is a form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions.

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Socratic problem

The Socratic problem (or Socratic question) is a term used in historical scholarship concerning attempts at reconstructing a historical and philosophical image of Socrates based on the variable, and sometimes contradictory, nature of the existing sources on his life.

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Socratic Puzzles

Socratic Puzzles is a 1997 collection of essays by the philosopher Robert Nozick.

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Socratic questioning

Socratic questioning (or Socratic maieutics) was named after Socrates, who was a philosopher in c. 470 BCE–c.

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Socratici viri

Socratici viri is a Latin phrase which translates as "Socrates' men"—though it is more usually used to mean "disciples of Socrates" or "followers of Socrates".

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Soft ontology

The term soft ontology, coined by Eli Hirsch in 1993, refers to the embracing or reconciling of apparent ontological differences, by means of relevant distinctions and contextual analyses.

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Soft tyranny

Soft tyranny is an idea first coined by Alexis de Tocqueville in his 1835 work titled Democracy in America.

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Software

Computer software, or simply software, is a generic term that refers to a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built, that actually performs the work.

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Sokal affair

The Sokal affair, also called the Sokal hoax,Derrida (1997) was a scholarly publishing sting perpetrated by Alan Sokal, a physics professor at New York University and University College London.

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Soku hi

Soku-hi (即非) means "is and is not".

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Sol Garfunkel

Solomon "Sol" Garfunkel born 1943, in Brooklyn, New York, is an American mathematician who has dedicated his career to mathematics education.

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Solidaridad Obrera (historical union)

Solidaridad Obrera (Spanish, meaning "Workers' Solidarity"; originally, in Catalan, Solidaritat Obrera) was a labor federation in Spain.

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Solidaridad Obrera (periodical)

Solidaridad Obrera (Spanish for Workers' Solidarity) is a newspaper, published by the Catalan/Balearic regional section of the anarchist labor union Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), and mouthpiece of the CNT in Spain.

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Solidaridad Obrera (union)

Solidaridad Obrera (Labour Solidarity) is a small anarcho-syndicalist labour union federation that appeared in Madrid, Spain in 1990 as a split from the Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT), itself a split from the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), the Spanish member of the International Workers Association (IWA) (In Spanish: Asociación International de los Trabajadores or AIT).

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Solidarity

Solidarity is unity (as of a group or class) which produces or is based on unities of interests, objectives, standards, and sympathies.

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Solipsism

Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist.

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Solomon Feferman

Solomon Feferman (December 13, 1928 – July 26, 2016) was an American philosopher and mathematician with works in mathematical logic.

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Solomon ibn Gabirol

Solomon ibn Gabirol (also Solomon ben Judah; שלמה בן יהודה אבן גבירול Shlomo Ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol,; أبو أيوب سليمان بن يحيى بن جبيرول Abu Ayyub Sulayman bin Yahya bin Jabirul) was an 11th-century Andalusian poet and Jewish philosopher with a Neo-Platonic bent.

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Solvitur ambulando

Solvitur ambulando is a Latin phrase which means "it is solved by walking" and is used to refer to a problem which is solved by a practical experiment.

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Some Thoughts Concerning Education

Some Thoughts Concerning Education is a 1693 treatise on the education of gentlemen written by the English philosopher John Locke.

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Somnium Scipionis

The Dream of Scipio (Latin, Somnium Scipionis), written by Cicero, is the sixth book of De re publica, and describes a fictional dream vision of the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus, set two years before he oversaw the destruction of Carthage in 146 BC.

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Song Du-yul

Song Du-yul (born 12 October 1944) is a German-Korean professor in philosophy and sociology at the University of Münster, Germany.

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Sopater of Apamea

Sopater of Apamea (Σώπατρος ὁ Ἀπαμεύς; died before 337 AD), was a distinguished sophist and Neoplatonist philosopher.

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SOPHIA (European Foundation for the Advancement of Doing Philosophy with Children)

SOPHIA is a European Foundation for the Advancement of Doing Philosophy with Children.

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Sophia (journal)

Sophia is an academic journal devoted to professional pursuits in philosophy, metaphysics, religion and moral thinking, founded in 1962 by Max Charlesworth and Graeme de Graaf.

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Sophia (wisdom)

Sophia (wisdom) is a central idea in Hellenistic philosophy and religion, Platonism, Gnosticism, and Christian theology.

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Sophie's World

Sophie's World (Norwegian: Sofies verden) is a 1991 novel by Norwegian writer Jostein Gaarder.

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Sophiology

Sophiology (Софиология, by detractors also called Sophianism Софианство or Sophism Софизм) is a controversial school of thought in Russian Orthodoxy, concerned with the interpretation of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) as a feminine "fourth hypostasis".

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Sophismata

Sophismata (from the Greek word σόφισμα, 'sophisma', which also gave rise to the related term "sophism") in medieval philosophy are difficult or puzzling sentences presenting difficulties of logical analysis that must be solved.

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Sophist

A sophist (σοφιστής, sophistes) was a specific kind of teacher in ancient Greece, in the fifth and fourth centuries BC.

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Sophist (dialogue)

The Sophist (Σοφιστής; Sophista) is a Platonic dialogue from the philosopher's late period, most likely written in 360 BC.

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Sophistical Refutations

Sophistical Refutations (Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι; De Sophisticis Elenchis) is a text in Aristotle's Organon in which he identified thirteen fallacies.

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Sophocles

Sophocles (Σοφοκλῆς, Sophoklēs,; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41.

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Sophrosyne

Sophrosyne (σωφροσύνη) is an ancient Greek concept of an ideal of excellence of character and soundness of mind, which when combined in one well-balanced individual leads to other qualities, such as temperance, moderation, prudence, purity, and self-control.

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Sorites paradox

The sorites paradox (sometimes known as the paradox of the heap) is a paradox that arises from vague predicates.

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Sortal

Sortal is a concept that has been used by some philosophers in discussing issues of identity, persistence, and change.

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Sosigenes the Peripatetic

Sosigenes the Peripatetic (Σωσιγένης) was a philosopher living at the end of the 2nd century AD.

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Sosipatra

Sosipatra of Ephesus (Σωσιπάτρα) was a Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic who lived in the first half of the 4th century CE.

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Sotades

Sotades (Σωτάδης; 3rd century BC) was an Ancient Greek poet.

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Sotāpanna

In Buddhism, a sotāpanna (Pali), srotāpanna (Sanskrit;, Tibetan: རྒྱུན་ཞུགས་, Wylie: rgyun zhugs), "stream-winner", or "stream-entrant" is a person who has seen the Dharma and consequently, has dropped the first three fetters (saŋyojana) that bind a being to rebirth, namely self-view (sakkāya-ditthi), clinging to rites and rituals (sīlabbata-parāmāsa), and skeptical indecision (Vicikitsa).

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Sotion (Pythagorean)

Sotion (Σωτίων, gen.: Σωτίωνος; fl. 1st century), a native of Alexandria, was a Neopythagorean philosopher who lived in the age of Tiberius.

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Soul

In many religious, philosophical, and mythological traditions, there is a belief in the incorporeal essence of a living being called the soul. Soul or psyche (Greek: "psychē", of "psychein", "to breathe") are the mental abilities of a living being: reason, character, feeling, consciousness, memory, perception, thinking, etc.

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Soul dualism

Soul dualism or a dualistic soul concept is a range of beliefs that a person has two (or more) kinds of souls.

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Souleymane Bachir Diagne

Souleymane Bachir Diagne is a Senegalese philosopher, born in 1955 in Saint-Louis, Senegal.

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Sound bite

A sound bite is a short clip of speech or music extracted from a longer piece of audio, often used to promote or exemplify the full length piece.

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Sound poetry

Sound poetry is an artistic form bridging literary and musical composition, in which the phonetic aspects of human speech are foregrounded instead of more conventional semantic and syntactic values; "verse without words".

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Sound symbolism

In linguistics, sound symbolism, phonesthesia or phonosemantics is the idea that vocal sounds or phonemes carry meaning in and of themselves.

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Soundness

In mathematical logic, a logical system has the soundness property if and only if every formula that can be proved in the system is logically valid with respect to the semantics of the system.

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Sous rature

Sous rature is a strategic philosophical device originally developed by Martin Heidegger.

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South Park and Philosophy: Bigger, Longer, and More Penetrating

South Park and Philosophy: Bigger, Longer, and More Penetrating is a non-fiction book analyzing the philosophy and popular culture effects of South Park, published by Open Court.

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South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today

South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today is the first non-fiction book in Blackwell Publishing Company’s Philosophy & Pop Culture series and is edited by philosopher and ontologist, Robert Arp, at the time assistant professor of philosophy at Southwest Minnesota State University.

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Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

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Soviet democracy

Soviet democracy (sometimes council democracy) is a political system in which the rule of the population by directly elected soviets (Russian for "council") is exercised.

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Soviet Nonconformist Art

The term Soviet Nonconformist Art refers to Soviet art produced in the former Soviet Union from 1953 to 1986 (after the death of Joseph Stalin until the advent of Perestroika and Glasnost) outside of the rubric of Socialist Realism.

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Space

Space is the boundless three-dimensional extent in which objects and events have relative position and direction.

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Space art

"Space art" (also "astronomical art") is the term for a genre of modern artistic expression that strives to show the wonders of the Universe.

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Space Hijackers

The Space Hijackers is a group originating in the United Kingdom that defines itself as "an international band of anarchitects who battle to save our streets, towns and cities from the evils of urban planners, architects, multinationals and other hoodlums".

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Spaceship Earth

Spaceship Earth or Spacecraft Earth is a world view encouraging everyone on Earth to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good.

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Spacetime

In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.

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Spacing effect

The spacing effect is the phenomenon whereby learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same amount of content in a single session.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.

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Spanish Eclecticism

Spanish Eclecticism was a movement among Spanish painters from 1845 to 1890.

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Spanish Maquis

The Spanish Maquis were Spanish guerrillas exiled in France after the Spanish Civil War who continued to fight against the Spanish State until the early 1960s, carrying out sabotage, robberies (to help fund guerrilla activity), occupations of the Spanish Embassy in France and assassinations of Francoists, as well as contributing to the fight against Nazi Germany and the Vichy regime in France during World War II.

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Spanish Revolution of 1936

The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and more broadly libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country for two to three years, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Valencian Community.

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Spatial justice

Spatial justice links together social justice and space, most notably in the works of geographers David Harvey and Edward W. Soja.

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Spatial visualization ability

Spatial visualization ability or visual-spatial ability is the ability to mentally manipulate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional figures.

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Spatial–temporal reasoning

Spatial–temporal reasoning is an area of artificial intelligence which draws from the fields of computer science, cognitive science, and cognitive psychology.

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Special pleading

Special pleading is a form of fallacious argument that involves an attempt to cite something as an exception to a generally accepted rule, principle, etc.

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Special relativity

In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the generally accepted and experimentally well-confirmed physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time.

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Special senses

In medicine and anatomy, the special senses are the senses that have specialized organs devoted to them.

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Specialization (logic)

Specialisation, (or specialization) is an important way to generate propositional knowledge, by applying general knowledge, such as the theory of gravity, to specific instances, such as "when I release this apple, it will fall to the floor".

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Specialization of knowledge

A modern development and belief that the progress of knowledge is the result of distinct and independent spheres, and that knowledge in one discipline has little connection with knowledge in another discipline.

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Species

In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.

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Species (metaphysics)

Species, in metaphysics, is a specific genus-differentia defined item that is described first by its genus (genos) and then its differentia (diaphora).

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Species problem

The species problem is the set of questions that arises when biologists attempt to define what a species is.

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Speciesism

Speciesism involves the assignment of different values, rights, or special consideration to individuals solely on the basis of their species membership.

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Specious present

The specious present is the time duration wherein one's perceptions are considered to be in the present.

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Spectacle (critical theory)

The spectacle is a central notion in the Situationist theory, developed by Guy Debord in his 1967 book, The Society of the Spectacle.

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Specters of Marx

Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International (Spectres de Marx: l'état de la dette, le travail du deuil et la nouvelle Internationale) is a 1993 book by French philosopher Jacques Derrida.

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Speculative realism

Speculative realism is a movement in contemporary Continental-inspired philosophy that defines itself loosely in its stance of metaphysical realism against the dominant forms of post-Kantian philosophy (or what it terms "correlationism").

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Speculative reason

Speculative reason or pure reason is theoretical (or logical, deductive) thought (sometimes called theoretical reason), as opposed to practical (active, willing) thought.

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Speech act

A speech act in linguistics and the philosophy of language is an utterance that has performative function in language and communication.

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Spencer Heath

Spencer Heath (born 1876, Vienna, Virginia – died 1963, Leesburg, Virginia) was an American engineer, attorney, inventor, manufacturer, horticulturist, poet, philosopher of science and social thinker.

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Sperone Speroni

Sperone Speroni degli Alvarotti (1500–1588) was an Italian Renaissance humanist, scholar and dramatist.

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Speusippus

Speusippus (Σπεύσιππος; c. 408 – 339/8 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher.

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Sphaerus

Sphaerus (Σφαῖρος; c. 285 BC – c. 210 BC) of BorysthenesPlutarch, Cleomenes,.

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Sphere-world

The idea of a sphere-world was constructed by Henri Poincaré who, while pursuing his argument for conventionalism (see philosophy of space and time), offered a thought experiment about a sphere with strange properties.

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Sphoṭa

(Devanagari स्फोट, the Sanskrit for "bursting, opening", "spurt") is an important concept in the Indian grammatical tradition of Vyakarana, relating to the problem of speech production, how the mind orders linguistic units into coherent discourse and meaning.

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Spinoza: Practical Philosophy

Spinoza: Practical Philosophy (Spinoza: Philosophie pratique) (1970; second edition 1981) is a book by the philosopher Gilles Deleuze, in which the author examines Baruch Spinoza's philosophy, discussing Ethics (1677) and other works such as the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (1670), providing a lengthy chapter defining Spinoza's main concepts in dictionary form.

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Spinozism

Spinozism (also spelled Spinoza-ism or Spinozaism) is the monist philosophical system of Baruch Spinoza which defines "God" as a singular self-subsistent substance, with both matter and thought being attributes of such.

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Spirit

A spirit is a supernatural being, often but not exclusively a non-physical entity; such as a ghost, fairy, or angel.

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Spiritism

Spiritism is a spiritualistic religion codified in the 19th century by the French educator Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail, under the codename Allan Kardec; it proposed the study of "the nature, origin, and destiny of spirits, and their relation with the corporeal world".

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Spiritual evolution

Spiritual evolution is the philosophical, theological, esoteric or spiritual idea that nature and human beings and/or human culture evolve: either extending from an established cosmological pattern (ascent), or in accordance with certain pre-established potentials.

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Spiritual materialism

Spiritual materialism is a term coined by Chögyam Trungpa in his book Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism.

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Spiritual philosophy

Spiritual philosophy is a generic term for any philosophy or teaching that pertains to spirituality.

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Spirituality

Traditionally, spirituality refers to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man," oriented at "the image of God" as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world.

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Spomenka Hribar

Spomenka Hribar (born 25 January 1941) is a Slovenian author, philosopher, sociologist, politician, columnist, and public intellectual.

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Sportsmanship

Sportsmanship is an aspiration or ethos that a sport or activity will be enjoyed for its own sake, with proper consideration for fairness, ethics, respect, and a sense of fellowship with one's competitors.

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Spunk Library

The Spunk Library (also known as Spunk Press) was an anarchist Internet archive.

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Spurious relationship

In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are not causally related to each other, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they are, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "common response variable", "confounding factor", or "lurking variable").

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Square of opposition

The square of opposition is a diagram representing the relations between the four basic categorical propositions.

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Squatting

Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use.

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Sri Aurobindo

Sri Aurobindo (born Aurobindo Ghose; 15 August 1872 – 5 December 1950) was an Indian philosopher, yogi, guru, poet, and nationalist.

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St. Petersburg paradox

The St.

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Stages on Life's Way

Stages on Life's Way (Stadier på Livets Vej; historical orthography: Stadier paa Livets Vej) is a philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard written in 1845.

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Standard Model

The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, and not including the gravitational force) in the universe, as well as classifying all known elementary particles.

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users.

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Stanisław Brzozowski (writer)

Stanisław Brzozowski (28 June 1878 – 30 April 1911) was a Polish philosopher, writer, publicist, literary and theatre critic.

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Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz

Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz (24 February 188518 September 1939), commonly known as Witkacy, was a Polish writer, painter, philosopher, playwright, novelist, and photographer active in the interwar period.

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Stanisław Jaśkowski

Stanisław Jaśkowski (22 April 1906, Warsaw – 16 November 1965, Warsaw) was a Polish logician who made important contributions to proof theory and formal semantics.

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Stanisław Leśniewski

Stanisław Leśniewski (March 30, 1886 – May 13, 1939) was a Polish mathematician, philosopher and logician.

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Stanisław Staszic

Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman.

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Stanley Cavell

Stanley Louis Cavell (September 1, 1926 – June 19, 2018) was an American philosopher.

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Stanley Eveling

Stanley Eveling, or Harry Stanley Eveling (1925 in Newcastle upon Tyne – 24 December 2008 in Edinburgh) was an English playwright and academic, based in Scotland.

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Stanley Rosen

Stanley Rosen (July 29, 1929 – May 4, 2014) was Borden Parker Bowne Professor of Philosophy and Professor Emeritus at Boston University.

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Star height

In theoretical computer science, more precisely in the theory of formal languages, the star height is a measure for the structural complexity of regular expressions and regular languages.

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Star height problem

The star height problem in formal language theory is the question whether all regular languages can be expressed using regular expressions of limited star height, i.e. with a limited nesting depth of Kleene stars.

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Star-free language

A regular language is said to be star-free if it can be described by a regular expression constructed from the letters of the alphabet, the empty set symbol, all boolean operators – including complementation – and concatenation but no Kleene star.

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Stasys Šalkauskis

Stasys Šalkauskis (May 16, 1886 in Ariogala, Lithuania – December 4, 1941 in Šiauliai, Soviet Union) was a Lithuanian philosopher, educator, rector of Vytautas Magnus University.

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State capitalism

State capitalism is an economic system in which the state undertakes commercial (i.e. for-profit) economic activity and where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned business enterprises (including the processes of capital accumulation, wage labor and centralized management), or where there is otherwise a dominance of corporatized government agencies (agencies organized along business-management practices) or of publicly listed corporations in which the state has controlling shares.

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State function

In thermodynamics, a state function or function of state is a function defined for a system relating several state variables or state quantities that depends only on the current equilibrium state of the system, for example a gas, a liquid, a solid, crystal, or emulsion.

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State monopoly capitalism

The theory of state monopoly capitalism (also referred as stamocap) was initially a Marxist doctrine popularised after World War II.

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State of affairs (philosophy)

In philosophy, a state of affairs (Sachverhalt), also known as a situation, is a way the actual world must be in order to make some given proposition about the actual world true; in other words, a state of affairs (situation) is a truth-maker, whereas a proposition is a truth-bearer.

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State of affairs (sociology)

The state of affairs is the combination of circumstances applying within a society or group at a particular time.

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State of exception

A state of exception (Ausnahmezustand) is a concept in the legal theory of Carl Schmitt, similar to a state of emergency, but based in the sovereign's ability to transcend the rule of law in the name of the public good.

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State of nature

The state of nature is a concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence.

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State space

In the theory of discrete dynamical systems, a state space is the set of all possible configurations of a system.

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State transition table

In automata theory and sequential logic, a state transition table is a table showing what state (or states in the case of a nondeterministic finite automaton) a finite semiautomaton or finite state machine will move to, based on the current state and other inputs.

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State variable

A state variable is one of the set of variables that are used to describe the mathematical "state" of a dynamical system.

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Stateless society

A stateless society is a society that is not governed by a state, or, especially in common American English, has no government.

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Statement (logic)

In logic, the term statement is variously understood to mean either: In the latter case, a statement is distinct from a sentence in that a sentence is only one formulation of a statement, whereas there may be many other formulations expressing the same statement.

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Statements true in L

Here is a list of propositions that hold in the constructible universe (denoted L).

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Statesman (dialogue)

The Statesman (Πολιτικός, Politikos; Latin: Politicus), also known by its Latin title, Politicus, is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato.

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Statism and Anarchy

Statism and Anarchy (Государственность и анархия, Gosudarstvennost' i anarkhiia, literally "Statehood and Anarchy") was the last work by the Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin.

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Statistical physics

Statistical physics is a branch of physics that uses methods of probability theory and statistics, and particularly the mathematical tools for dealing with large populations and approximations, in solving physical problems.

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Statistics

Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data.

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Stative verb

In linguistics, a stative verb is one that describes a state of being, in contrast to a dynamic verb, which describes an action.

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Statolatry

Statolatry, which combines idolatry with the state, first appeared in Giovanni Gentile's Doctrine of Fascism, published in 1931 under Mussolini's name, and was also mentioned in Gramsci's Prison Notebooks (1971) sometime between 1931-1932, while he was imprisoned by Mussolini.

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Status quo bias

Status quo bias is an emotional bias; a preference for the current state of affairs.

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Stéphane Lupasco

Stéphane Lupasco (born Ştefan Lupaşcu; 11 August 1900 – 7 October 1988) was a Romanian philosopher who developed non-Aristotelian logic.

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Steampunk Magazine

SteamPunk Magazine is an online and print semi-annual magazine devoted to the steampunk subculture.

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Stefan Molyneux

Stefan Basil Molyneux (born September 24, 1966) is a Canadian podcaster and YouTuber.

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Stefan Pawlicki

Stefan Zachariasz Pawlicki (2 September 1839, Danzig (Gdańsk) – 28 April 1916, Kraków) was a Polish Catholic priest, philosopher, historian of philosophy, professor and rector of Kraków's Jagiellonian University.

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Stephan A. Hoeller

Stephan A. Hoeller (November 27, 1931) is an American author and scholar.

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Stephan Körner

Stephan Körner, FBA (26 September 1913 – 17 August 2000) was a British philosopher, who specialised in the work of Kant, the study of concepts, and in the philosophy of mathematics.

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Stephanus of Alexandria

Stephanus of Alexandria (Stephanus Alexandrinus, Stephanos of Alexandria) was a 7th-century Byzantine philosopher, astronomer and teacher.

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Stephanus pagination

Stephanus pagination is a system of reference and organization used in modern editions and translations of Plato (and less famously, Plutarch) based on the three volume 1578 edition of Plato's complete works translated by Joannes Serranus (Jean de Serres) and published by Henricus Stephanus (Henri Estienne) in Geneva.

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Stephen Batchelor (author)

Stephen Batchelor (born 7 April 1953) is a British author, teacher, and scholar, writing books and articles on Buddhist topics and leading meditation retreats throughout the world.

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Stephen Bronner

Stephen Eric Bronner (born 19 August 1949) is a political scientist and philosopher, Board of Governors Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States, and is the Director of Global Relations for the Center for the Study of Genocide and Human Rights.

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Stephen Cole Kleene

Stephen Cole Kleene (January 5, 1909 – January 25, 1994) was an American mathematician.

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Stephen David Ross

Stephen David Ross (born 1935) is an American philosopher, currently Distinguished Research Professor of Philosophy, Interpretation, and Culture and of Comparative Literature at Binghamton University.

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Stephen Gaukroger

Stephen Gaukroger (born 1950) is a British philosopher and intellectual historian.

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Stephen Hicks

Stephen Ronald Craig Hicks (born August 19, 1960) is a Canadian-American philosopher.

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Stephen Laurence

Stephen Laurence is a scientist and philosopher, currently at the University of Sheffield, whose primary areas of research interest are the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of language, and cognitive science.

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Stephen Law

Stephen Law is an English philosopher and reader in philosophy at Heythrop College, University of London.

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Stephen Menn

Stephen Menn (born 1964) is Professor of Philosophy at McGill University and, between 2011 and 2015, was Professor of Ancient and Contemporary Philosophy at Humboldt University of Berlin and the author of Descartes and Augustine about the origin of Descartes' cogito.

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Stephen Mulhall

Stephen Mulhall (born 1962) is a philosopher and Fellow of New College, Oxford.

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Stephen Mumford

Stephen Dean Mumford (born 31 July 1965) is a British philosopher, who is currently Professor of Metaphysics in the Department of Philosophy at Durham University.

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Stephen Neale

Stephen Roy Albert Neale (born 9 January 1958) is a British Analytic philosopher and specialist in the philosophy of language who has written extensively about meaning, information, interpretation, and communication, and more generally about issues at the intersection of philosophy and linguistics.

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Stephen Pearl Andrews

Stephen Pearl Andrews (March 22, 1812 – May 21, 1886) was an American individualist anarchist, linguist, political philosopher, outspoken abolitionist, and author of several books on the labor movement and Individualist anarchism.

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Stephen Pepper

Stephen C. Pepper (April 29, 1891 – May 1, 1972) was an American philosopher.

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Stephen R. L. Clark

Stephen Richard Lyster Clark (born 30 October 1945) is a British philosopher and professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Liverpool.

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Stephen R. Marquardt

Dr.

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Stephen Schiffer

Stephen Schiffer (born 1940) is an American philosopher and currently Silver Professor of Philosophy at New York University.

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Stephen Stich

Stephen P. Stich (born May 9, 1943) is a professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Rutgers University, as well as an Honorary Professor in Philosophy at the University of Sheffield.

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Stephen Toulmin

Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 – 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator.

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Stephen Yablo

Stephen Yablo is David W. Skinner Professor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and taught previously at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

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Steve Fuller (sociologist)

Steve William Fuller (born 12 July 1959) is an American philosopher-sociologist in the field of science and technology studies.

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Steven Best

Steven Best (born December 1955) is an American author, total liberation advocate, and associate professor of philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso.

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Steven Crowell

Steven Crowell is an American philosopher who has taught at Rice University since 1983 and is the department chair.

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Steven Heine

Steven Heine (born 1950), is a scholar in the field of Zen Buddhist history and thought, particularly the life and teachings of Zen Master Dōgen (1200–1253).

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Steven M. Rosen

Steven M. Rosen (born September 6, 1942) is an American philosopher and psychologist, currently based in Vancouver, British Columbia.

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Steven Nadler

Steven Nadler is an American philosopher.

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Steven Schwarzschild

Steven S. Schwarzschild (1924–1989) was a rabbi, philosopher, theologian, and editor.

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Steven T. Byington

Steven Tracy Byington (birthname Stephen) (December 10, 1869 – October 12, 1957) was a noted intellectual, translator, and American individualist anarchist.

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Steven T. Katz

Steven Theodore Katz (born August 24, 1944) is a Jewish philosopher and scholar.

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Steven Tainer

Steven A. Tainer (born July 26, 1947) is a respected scholar and instructor of contemplative traditions.

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Stewart Shapiro

Stewart Shapiro (born 1951) is O'Donnell Professor of Philosophy at the Ohio State University.

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Sthiramati

Sthiramati (Sanskrit; Chinese:安慧Tibetan: blo gros brtan pa) or Sāramati was a 6th-century Indian Buddhist scholar-monk.

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Stilpo

Stilpo (or Stilpon; Στίλπων, gen.: Στίλπωνος; c. 360 – c. 280 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the Megarian school.

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Stipulative definition

A stipulative definition is a type of definition in which a new or currently-existing term is given a new specific meaning for the purposes of argument or discussion in a given context.

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Stirrings Still (journal)

Stirrings Still: The International Journal of Existential Literature is an academic journal founded in 2004 by members of Binghamton University's English Department.

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Stoa Poikile

The Stoa Poikile (Ancient Greek: ἡ ποικίλη στοά) or Painted Porch, originally called the Porch of Peisianax (Ancient Greek: ἡ Πεισιανάκτειος στοά), was erected during the 5th century BC and was located on the north side of the Ancient Agora of Athens.

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Stochastic process

--> In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a collection of random variables.

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Stoic categories

The term Stoic categories refers to Stoic ideas regarding categories of being: the most fundamental classes of being for all things.

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Stoic passions

Stoic passions are various forms of emotional suffering in Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy.

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Stoic physics

Stoic physics is the natural philosophy adopted by the Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome used to explain the natural processes at work in the universe.

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Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC.

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Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta

Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta is a collection by Hans von Arnim of fragments and testimonia of the earlier Stoics, published in 1903–1905 as part of the Bibliotheca Teubneriana.

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Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras

In mathematics, Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras states that every Boolean algebra is isomorphic to a certain field of sets.

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Strabo

Strabo (Στράβων Strábōn; 64 or 63 BC AD 24) was a Greek geographer, philosopher, and historian who lived in Asia Minor during the transitional period of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

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Straight and Crooked Thinking

Straight and Crooked Thinking, first published in 1930 and revised in 1953, is a book by Robert H. Thouless which describes, assesses and critically analyses flaws in reasoning and argument.

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Straight face test

The straight face test (also laugh test or giggle test) is a test of whether something is legitimate or serious based on whether a given statement or legal argument can be made sincerely, without any compulsion to laugh.

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Strange loop

A strange loop is a cyclic structure that goes through several levels in a hierarchical system.

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Stranger in a Strange Land

Stranger in a Strange Land is a 1961 science fiction novel by American author Robert A. Heinlein.

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Strategic essentialism

Strategic essentialism, a major concept in postcolonial theory, was introduced in the 1980s by the Indian literary critic and theorist Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak.

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Strategy

Strategy (from Greek στρατηγία stratēgia, "art of troop leader; office of general, command, generalship") is a high-level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty.

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Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)

Max Scheler (1874–1928) was an early 20th-century German Continental philosopher in the phenomenological tradition.

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Strato of Lampsacus

Strato of Lampsacus (Στράτων ὁ Λαμψακηνός, Straton ho Lampsakenos, c. 335 – c. 269 BC) was a Peripatetic philosopher, and the third director (scholarch) of the Lyceum after the death of Theophrastus.

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Stratum (linguistics)

In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences, or is influenced by another through contact.

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Straw man

A straw man is a common form of argument and is an informal fallacy based on giving the impression of refuting an opponent's argument, while actually refuting an argument that was not presented by that opponent.

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Stream of consciousness (psychology)

Stream of consciousness refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious mind.

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Street poster art

Street poster art is a kind of graffiti, more specifically categorized as "street art".

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Strict conditional

In logic, a strict conditional is a conditional governed by a modal operator, that is, a logical connective of modal logic.

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Strict logic

Strict logic is essentially synonymous with relevant logic, though it can be characterized proof-theoretically as.

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Strike action

Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work.

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Stroganov School

Stroganov School (Строгановская школа in Russian) is a conventional name for the last major Russian icon-painting school, which thrived under the patronage of the fabulously rich Stroganov family of merchants in the late 16th and 17th century.

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Structural functionalism

Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability".

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Structural Marxism

Structural Marxism was an approach to Marxist philosophy based on structuralism, primarily associated with the work of the French philosopher Louis Althusser and his students.

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Structural pluralism

Structural pluralism is "the potential for political competition in communities".

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Structural rule

In proof theory, a structural rule is an inference rule that does not refer to any logical connective, but instead operates on the judgment or sequents directly.

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Structural violence

Structural violence is a term commonly ascribed to Johan Galtung, which he introduced in the article "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research" (1969).

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Structuralism

In sociology, anthropology, and linguistics, structuralism is the methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.

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Structuralism (philosophy of science)

Structuralism (also known as scientific structuralism or as the structuralistic theory-concept) is an active research program in the philosophy of science, which was first developed in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s by several analytic philosophers.

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Structuration theory

The theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based in the analysis of both structure and agents (see structure and agency), without giving primacy to either.

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Structure

Structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized.

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Stuart Christie

Stuart Christie (born 10 July 1946) is a Scottish anarchist writer and publisher.

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Stuart Hampshire

Sir Stuart Newton Hampshire (1 October 1914 – 13 June 2004) was an Oxford University philosopher, literary critic and university administrator.

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Stuart Wilde

Stuart Wilde (24 September 1946 – 1 May 2013) was a British writer.

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Stuckism

Stuckism is an international art movement founded in 1999 by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative painting as opposed to conceptual art.

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Studia Phaenomenologica

Studia Phaenomenologica is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to the study of phenomenology and hermeneutics.

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Study skills

Study skills, academic skill, or study strategies are approaches applied to learning.

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Stumbling block

A stumbling block or scandal in the Bible, or in politics (including history), is a metaphor for a behavior or attitude that leads another to sin or to destructive behaviour.

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Stupid (art movement)

Stupid was a short-lived grouping of constructivist artists, formed in Cologne in 1919.

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Sturgeon's law

Sturgeon's revelation (as originally expounded by Theodore Sturgeon), commonly referred to as Sturgeon's law, is an adage commonly cited as "ninety percent of everything is crap".

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Sturm und Drang

Sturm und Drang (literally "storm and drive", "storm and urge", though conventionally translated as "storm and stress") was a proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music that occurred between the late 1760s and the early 1780s.

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Style (visual arts)

In the visual arts, style is a "...distinctive manner which permits the grouping of works into related categories" or "...any distinctive, and therefore recognizable, way in which an act is performed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made".

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Su Song

Su Song (courtesy name: Zirong 子容) (1020–1101 AD) was a renowned Hokkien polymath who was described as a scientist, mathematician, statesman, astronomer, cartographer, horologist, medical doctor, pharmacologist, mineralogist, zoologist, botanist, mechanical and architectural engineer, poet, antiquarian, and ambassador of the Song Dynasty (960–1279).

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Sub specie aeternitatis

Sub specie aeternitatis (Latin for "under the aspect of eternity"), is, from Baruch Spinoza onwards, an honorific expression describing what is universally and eternally true, without any reference to or dependence upon the temporal portions of reality.

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Subadditivity effect

The subadditivity effect is the tendency to judge probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts.

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Subaltern

A subaltern is a primarily British military term for a junior officer.

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Subconscious

In psychology, the word subconscious is the part of consciousness that is not currently in focal awareness.

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Subhash Kak

Subhash Kak (born 26 March 1947 in Srinagar) is an Indian American computer scientist.

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Subject (philosophy)

A subject is a being who has a unique consciousness and/or unique personal experiences, or an entity that has a relationship with another entity that exists outside itself (called an "object").

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Subject matter expert Turing test

A subject matter expert Turing test is a variation of the Turing test where a computer system attempts to replicate an expert in a given field such as chemistry or marketing.

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Subject of labor

Subject of labor, or object of labor, is a concept in Marxist political economy that refers to "everything to which man's labor is applied." (Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1957) The subject of labor may be materials provided directly by nature like timber or coal, or materials that have been modified by labor.

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Subject-expectancy effect

The subject-expectancy effect, is a form of reactivity that occurs in scientific experiments or medical treatments when a research subject or patient expects a given result and therefore unconsciously affects the outcome, or reports the expected result.

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Subjective character of experience

The subjective character of experience is a term in psychology and the philosophy of mind denoting that all subjective phenomena are associated with a single point of view ("ego").

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Subjective consciousness

Subjective consciousness is a state of consciousness in which a person is constantly aware of his or her self as well as outside factors.

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Subjective expected utility

In decision theory, subjective expected utility is the attractiveness of an economic opportunity as perceived by a decision-maker in the presence of risk.

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Subjective idealism

Subjective idealism, or empirical idealism, is the monistic metaphysical doctrine that only minds and mental contents exist.

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Subjective logic

Subjective logic is a type of probabilistic logic that explicitly takes uncertainty and source trust into account.

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Subjectivism

Subjectivism is the doctrine that "our own mental activity is the only unquestionable fact of our experience.", instead of shared or communal, and that there is no external or objective truth.

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Subjectivity

Subjectivity is a central philosophical concept, related to consciousness, agency, personhood, reality, and truth, which has been variously defined by sources.

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Sublime (philosophy)

In aesthetics, the sublime (from the Latin sublīmis) is the quality of greatness, whether physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual, or artistic.

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Submission (2004 film)

Submission is a 2004 English-language Dutch short drama film produced and directed by Theo van Gogh, and written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali (a former member of the Dutch House of Representatives for the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy); it was shown on the Dutch public broadcasting network (VPRO) on 29 August 2004.

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Subset

In mathematics, a set A is a subset of a set B, or equivalently B is a superset of A, if A is "contained" inside B, that is, all elements of A are also elements of B. A and B may coincide.

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Subsidiarity

Subsidiarity is a principle of social organization that holds that social and political issues should be dealt with at the most immediate (or local) level that is consistent with their resolution.

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Subsistence economy

A subsistence economy is a non-monetary economy which relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs, through hunting, gathering, and subsistence agriculture.

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Substance theory

Substance theory, or substance attribute theory, is an ontological theory about objecthood, positing that a substance is distinct from its properties.

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Substantial form

A theory of substantial forms asserts that forms (or ideas) organize matter and make it intelligible.

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Substantive democracy

Substantive democracy is a form of democracy in which the outcome of elections is representative of the people.

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Substructural logic

In logic, a substructural logic is a logic lacking one of the usual structural rules (e.g. of classical and intuitionistic logic), such as weakening, contraction, exchange or associativity.

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Subversion and containment

Subversion and containment is a concept in literary studies introduced by Stephen Greenblatt in his 1988 essay "Invisible Bullets".

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Successions of Philosophers

Successions of Philosophers or Philosophers' Successions (Διαδοχὴ τῶν φιλοσόφων) was the name of several lost works from the Hellenistic era.

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Suffering

Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual.

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Sufi cosmology

Sufi cosmology (الكوزمولوجية الصوفية) is a Sufi approach to cosmology which discusses the creation of man and the universe, which according to mystics are the fundamental grounds upon which Islamic religious universe is based.

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Sufi metaphysics

Major ideas in Sufi metaphysics have surrounded the concept of weḥdah (وحدة) meaning "unity", or in Arabic توحيد tawhid.

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Sufi philosophy

Sufi philosophy includes the schools of thought unique to Sufism, a mystical branch within Islam, also termed as Tasawwuf or Faqr according to its adherents.

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Sufism

Sufism, or Taṣawwuf (personal noun: ṣūfiyy / ṣūfī, mutaṣawwuf), variously defined as "Islamic mysticism",Martin Lings, What is Sufism? (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15 "the inward dimension of Islam" or "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam",Massington, L., Radtke, B., Chittick, W. C., Jong, F. de, Lewisohn, L., Zarcone, Th., Ernst, C, Aubin, Françoise and J.O. Hunwick, “Taṣawwuf”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, edited by: P. Bearman, Th.

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Sui generis

Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its (his, her, their) own kind; in a class by itself; unique." A number of disciplines use the term to refer to unique entities.

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Sukhlal Sanghvi

Sukhlal Sanghvi (1880–1978), also known as Pandit Sukhlalji, was a Jain scholar and philosopher.

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Sum of Logic

The Summa Logicae ("Sum of Logic") is a textbook on logic by William of Ockham.

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Summa

Summa and its diminutive summula (plural summae and summulae, respectively) was a generic category of text popularized in the thirteenth century Europe.

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Summa contra Gentiles

The Summa contra Gentiles (also known as Liber de veritate catholicae fidei contra errores infidelium, "Book on the truth of the Catholic faith against the errors of the unbelievers") is one of the best-known books by St Thomas Aquinas, written during c. 1259–1265.

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Summa Theologica

The Summa Theologiae (written 1265–1274 and also known as the Summa Theologica or simply the Summa) is the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas (c. 1225–1274).

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Summum bonum

Summum bonum is a Latin expression meaning "the highest good", which was introduced by the Roman philosopher Cicero, to correspond to the Idea of the Good in ancient Greek philosophy.

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Sun Bin

Sun Bin (died 316 BC) was a military strategist who lived during the Warring States period of Chinese history.

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Sun Tzu

Sun Tzu (also rendered as Sun Zi; 孫子) was a Chinese general, military strategist, writer, and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China.

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Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen (12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925)Singtao daily.

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Supercombinator

A supercombinator is a mathematical expression which is fully bound and self-contained.

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Supererogation

Supererogation (Late Latin: supererogatio "payment beyond what is due or asked", from super "beyond" and erogare "to pay out, expend", itself from ex "out" and rogare "to ask") is the performance of more than is asked for; the action of doing more than duty requires.

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Superfiction

A superfiction is a visual or conceptual artwork which uses fiction and appropriation to mirror organizations, business structures, and/or the lives of invented individuals (Hill).

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Superflat

Superflat is a postmodern art movement, founded by the artist Takashi Murakami, which is influenced by manga and anime.

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Supermind (Integral yoga)

Supermind, in Sri Aurobindo's philosophy of Integral yoga, is the dynamic manifestation of the Absolute, and the intermediary between Spirit and the manifest world, which enables the transformation of common being into Divine being.

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Supernatural

The supernatural (Medieval Latin: supernātūrālis: supra "above" + naturalis "natural", first used: 1520–1530 AD) is that which exists (or is claimed to exist), yet cannot be explained by laws of nature.

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Superprofit

Superprofit (or surplus profit or extra surplus-value; in German: extra-Mehrwert), is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, subsequently elaborated by Lenin and other Marxist thinkers.

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Superrationality

In economics and game theory, a participant is considered to have superrationality (or renormalized rationality) if they have perfect rationality (and thus maximize their own utility) but assume that all other players are superrational too and that a superrational individual will always come up with the same strategy as any other superrational thinker when facing the same problem.

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Supertask

In philosophy, a supertask is a countably infinite sequence of operations that occur sequentially within a finite interval of time.

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Supervaluationism

In philosophical logic, supervaluationism is a semantics for dealing with irreferential singular terms and vagueness.

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Supervenience

In philosophy, supervenience is a relation used to describe cases where (roughly speaking) a system's upper-level properties are determined by its lower-level properties.

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Supposition theory

Supposition theory was a branch of medieval logic that was probably aimed at giving accounts of issues similar to modern accounts of reference, plurality, tense, and modality, within an Aristotelian context.

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Suppressed correlative

The fallacy of suppressed correlative is a type of argument that tries to redefine a correlative (one of two mutually exclusive options) so that one alternative encompasses the other, i.e. making one alternative impossible.

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Suprematism

Suprematism (Супремати́зм) is an art movement, focused on basic geometric forms, such as circles, squares, lines, and rectangles, painted in a limited range of colors.

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Supreme Being

Supreme Being is a term used by theologians and philosophers of many religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, Sikhism, Jainism, Deism and Zoroastrianism, often as an alternative to the term God.

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Sureśvara

Sureśvara (also known as Sureśvarācārya, c. 750 CE) was an Indian philosopher, who studied under Śankara.

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Surendranath Dasgupta

Surendranath Dasgupta (সুরেন্দ্রনাথ দাশগুপ্ত) (October 1887 – 18 December 1952) was a scholar of Sanskrit and philosophy.

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Surface roughness

Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface texture.

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Surplus product

Surplus product (German: Mehrprodukt) is an economic concept explicitly theorised by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.

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Surplus value

Surplus value is a central concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy.

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Surrealist automatism

Surrealist automatism is a method of art-making in which the artist suppresses conscious control over the making process, allowing the unconscious mind to have great sway.

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Susan Alice Buffett

Susan Alice Buffett (born July 30, 1953) is the daughter of Warren Buffett.

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Susan Bordo

Susan Bordo (born January 24, 1947) is a writer known for her contributions to the field of contemporary cultural studies, particularly in the area of "body studies".

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Susan Haack

Susan Haack (born 1945) is Distinguished Professor in the Humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, Professor of Philosophy, and Professor of Law at the University of Miami.

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Susan Hurley

Susan Lynn Hurley (September 16, 1954 – August 16, 2007) was appointed professor in the department of Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick in 1994, professor of philosophy at Bristol University from 2006 and the first woman fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.

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Susan Neiman

Susan Neiman (born March 27, 1955) is an American moral philosopher, cultural commentator, and essayist.

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Susan Oyama

Susan Oyama is a psychologist and philosopher of science, currently professor emerita at the John Jay College and CUNY Graduate Center in New York City.

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Susan R. Wolf

Susan Rose Wolf (born 1952) is an American moral philosopher and philosopher of action who is currently the Edna J. Koury Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

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Susan Sontag

Susan Sontag (January 16, 1933 – December 28, 2004) was an American writer, filmmaker, philosopher, teacher, and political activist.

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Susan Stebbing

Lizzie Susan Stebbing (2 December 1885 – 11 September 1943) was a British philosopher. She belonged to the 1930s generation of analytic philosophy, and was a founder in 1933 of the journal Analysis.

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Susanna Creperio Verratti

Susanna Creperio Verratti is an Italian political philosopher and journalist, whose views are influenced by classical liberalism and liberal conservatism.

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Susanne Langer

Susanne Katherina Langer (née Knauth; December 20, 1895 – July 17, 1985) was an American philosopher, writer, and educator and was well known for her theories on the influences of art on the mind.

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Suspect classification

In American jurisprudence, a suspect classification is any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

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Suspension of disbelief

The term suspension of disbelief or willing suspension of disbelief has been defined as a willingness to suspend one's critical faculties and believe something surreal; sacrifice of realism and logic for the sake of enjoyment.

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Suspension of judgment

Suspended judgment is a cognitive process and a rational state of mind in which one withholds judgments, particularly on the drawing of moral or ethical conclusions.

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Sutra

A sutra (Sanskrit: IAST: sūtra; Pali: sutta) is a religious discourse (teaching) in text form originating from the spiritual traditions of India, particularly Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

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Suzanne Briet

Renée-Marie-Hélène-Suzanne Briet (1 February 1894 in Paris, France - 1989 in Boulogne, France),Maack, Mary Niles.

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Suzuki Shōsan

was a Japanese samurai who served under the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu.

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Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction

The Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction is a doctrinal distinction made within Tibetan Buddhism between two stances regarding the use of logic and the meaning of conventional truth within the presentation of Madhyamaka.

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Sven Ove Hansson

Sven Ove Hansson (born 1951) is a professor of philosophy and chair of the Department of Philosophy and History of Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden.

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Swami Vivekananda

Swami Vivekananda (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the 19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna.

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Swamping problem

The swamping problem is a problem that appears in the context of epistemology that shows that the idea that knowledge has no additional value over true belief.

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Swampman

Swampman is the subject of a philosophical thought experiment introduced by Donald Davidson in his 1987 paper "Knowing One's Own Mind".

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Sweatshop

Sweatshop (or sweat factory) is a pejorative term for a workplace that has very poor, socially unacceptable working conditions.

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Sweet Dreams (book)

Sweet Dreams: Philosophical Obstacles to a Science of Consciousness is a 2005 book by the American philosopher Daniel Dennett, based on the text of the Jean Nicod lectures he gave in 2001.

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Swiss Center for Affective Sciences

The Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences (French title 'Centre Interfacultaire en Sciences Affectives' or 'CISA') is an interdisciplinary research centre based in Geneva.

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Sydney Shoemaker

Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931) is an American philosopher.

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Sydney Sparkes Orr

Sydney Sparkes Orr was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tasmania and the centre of the "Orr case", a celebrated academic scandal of the 1950s.

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Syed Ali Abbas Jalalpuri

Prof.

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Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas

Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali al-Attas (سيد محمد نقيب العطاس; born 5 September 1931) is a Malaysian Muslim philosopher.

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Syed Zafarul Hasan

Syed Zafarul Hasan (14 February 1885 – 19 June 1949) was a prominent twentieth-century Muslim philosopher.

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Syllogism

A syllogism (συλλογισμός syllogismos, "conclusion, inference") is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

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Syllogistic fallacy

Syllogistic fallacies are formal fallacies that occur in syllogisms.

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Sylvain Maréchal

Sylvain Maréchal (15 August 1750 – 18 January 1803) was a French essayist, poet, philosopher and political theorist, whose views presaged utopian socialism and communism.

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Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir

Sylvie Le Bon-de Beauvoir is the adoptive daughter of Simone de Beauvoir.

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Symbol

A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.

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Symbol (formal)

A logical symbol is a fundamental concept in logic, tokens of which may be marks or a configuration of marks which form a particular pattern.

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Symbol grounding problem

The symbol grounding problem is related to the problem of how words (symbols) get their meanings, and hence to the problem of what meaning itself really is.

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Symbolic interactionism

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images, normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.

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Symbolism (arts)

Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts.

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Symmetric relation

In mathematics and other areas, a binary relation R over a set X is symmetric if it holds for all a and b in X that a is related to b if and only if b is related to a. In mathematical notation, this is: Symmetry, along with reflexivity and transitivity, are the three defining properties of an equivalence relation.

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Symmetry

Symmetry (from Greek συμμετρία symmetria "agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement") in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance.

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Sympathy

Sympathy (from the Greek words syn "together" and pathos "feeling" which means "fellow-feeling") is the perception, understanding, and reaction to the distress or need of another life form.

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Symphony Way Pavement Dwellers

Symphony Way Informal Settlement was a small community of pavement dwellers (shack dwellers who live on the pavement) that lived on Symphony Way, a main road in Delft, South Africa, from February 2008 till late 2009.

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Symposium (Plato)

The Symposium (Συμπόσιον) is a philosophical text by Plato dated c. 385–370 BC.

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Symposium (Xenophon)

The Symposium (Συμπόσιον) is a Socratic dialogue written by Xenophon in the late 360's B.C. In it, Socrates and a few of his companions attend a symposium (a lighthearted dinner party at which Greek aristocrats could have discussions and enjoy entertainment) hosted by Kallias for the young man Autolykos.

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Symptom

A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease.

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Syncategorematic term

In scholastic logic, a syncategorematic term (or syncategorema) is a word that cannot serve as the subject or the predicate of a proposition, and thus cannot stand for any of Aristotle's categories, but can be used with other terms to form a proposition.

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Synchronicity

Synchronicity (Synchronizität) is a concept, first introduced by analytical psychologist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship yet seem to be meaningfully related.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought.

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Synderesis

Synderesis or synteresis, in scholastic moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition (habitus) of the practical reason to apprehend intuitively the universal first principles of human action.

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Syndicalism

Syndicalism is a proposed type of economic system, considered a replacement for capitalism.

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Syndicalist Party

The Syndicalist Party was a left-wing political party in Spain, formed by Ángel Pestaña in 1932.

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Synechism

Synechism (from Greek συνεχής synechḗs, "continuous" + -ism, from σύν syn, "together" + ἔχειν échein>, "to have", "to hold"), a philosophical term proposed by C. S. Peirce to express the tendency to regard things such as space, time, and law as continuous:See p. 115 in Reasoning and the Logic of Things, Ketner, ed., 1992, from Peirce's 1898 lectures.

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Synergism (theology)

In Christian theology, synergism is the position of those who hold that salvation involves some form of cooperation between divine grace and human freedom.

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Synergy

Synergy is the creation of a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts.

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Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.

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Synoecism

Synoecism or synecism (συνοικισμóς, sunoikismos), also spelled synoikism, was originally the amalgamation of villages in Ancient Greece into poleis, or city-states.

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Synonym

A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language.

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Synoptic philosophy

Synoptic philosophy comes from the Greek word συνοπτικός sunoptikos ("seeing everything together") and together with the word philosophy, means the love of wisdom emerging from a coherent understanding of everything together.

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Syntactic ambiguity

Syntactic ambiguity, also called amphiboly or amphibology, is a situation where a sentence may be interpreted in more than one way due to ambiguous sentence structure.

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Syntactic monoid

In mathematics and computer science, the syntactic monoid M(L) of a formal language L is the smallest monoid that recognizes the language L.

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Syntactic predicate

A syntactic predicate specifies the syntactic validity of applying a production in a formal grammar and is analogous to a semantic predicate that specifies the semantic validity of applying a production.

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Syntax

In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.

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Syntax (logic)

In logic, syntax is anything having to do with formal languages or formal systems without regard to any interpretation or meaning given to them.

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Synthese

Synthese is a scholarly periodical edited by Otávio Bueno, Wiebe van der Hoek, Gila Sher, and Catarina Dutilh Novaes specializing in papers in epistemology, methodology, and philosophy of science.

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Syrianus

Syrianus (Συριανός, Syrianos; died c. 437) was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, and head of Plato's Academy in Athens, succeeding his teacher Plutarch of Athens in 431/432.

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System

A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming an integrated whole.

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Systematic ideology

Systematic ideology is a study of ideologies founded in the late 1930s in and around London, England by Harold Walsby, George Walford and others.

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Systems analysis

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines system analysis as "the process of studying a procedure or business in order to identify its goals and purposes and create systems and procedures that will achieve them in an efficient way".

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Systems of Survival

Systems of Survival: A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics, is a book written by Jane Jacobs in 1992.

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Systems philosophy

Systems philosophy is a discipline aimed at constructing a new philosophy (in the sense of worldview) by using systems concepts.

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Systems theory

Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems.

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T'ai chi ch'uan philosophy

In many extant t'ai chi classic writings the dependence of t'ai chi ch'uan on Chinese philosophy is acknowledged.

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T-schema

The T-schema or truth schema (not to be confused with 'Convention T') is used to give an inductive definition of truth which lies at the heart of any realisation of Alfred Tarski's semantic theory of truth.

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T. A. Goudge

Thomas Anderson Goudge (January 19, 1910 – June 20, 1999) was a Canadian philosopher and university professor.

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T. Edward Damer

T.

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T. K. Seung

T.

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T. M. Scanlon

Thomas Michael "Tim" Scanlon (born June 28,1940), usually cited as T. M. Scanlon, is an American philosopher.

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Table of Opposites

The Table of Opposites (συστοιχία sustoichia) of Pythagoras is the oldest surviving of many such tables propounded by philosophers.

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Tabula rasa

Tabula rasa refers to the epistemological idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.

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Tachisme

Tachisme (alternative spelling: Tachism, derived from the French word tache, stain) is a French style of abstract painting popular in the 1940s and 1950s.

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Tacit assumption

A tacit assumption or implicit assumption is an assumption that includes the underlying agreements or statements made in the development of a logical argument, course of action, decision, or judgment that are not explicitly voiced nor necessarily understood by the decision maker or judge.

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Tacit knowledge

Tacit knowledge (as opposed to formal, codified or explicit knowledge) is the kind of knowledge that is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down or verbalizing it.

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Tacitean studies

Tacitean studies, centred on the work of Tacitus (&ndash) the Ancient Roman historian, constitute an area of scholarship extending beyond the field of history.

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Tad Schmaltz

Tad M. Schmaltz (born 1960) is a professor of philosophy at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

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Tadeusz Czeżowski

Tadeusz Czeżowski (July 26, 1889 – March 28, 1981) was a Polish philosopher and logician.

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Tadeusz Kotarbiński

Tadeusz Kotarbiński (31 March 1886 – 3 October 1981), was a Polish philosopher, logician and ethicist.

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Taftazani

Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani (سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی) also known as Al-Taftazani and Taftazani (1322–1390"Al-Taftazanni Sa'd al-Din Masud b. Umar b. Abdullah", in Encyclopedia Islam by W. Madelung, Brill. 2007) was a Muslim Persian polymath.

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Tage Lindbom

Tage Leonard Lindbom, who took the name Sidi Zayd later in life, (24 October 1909, Malmö - 2001), was early in his life the party theoretician and director of the archives of the Swedish Social Democratic Party 1938-1965.

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Taha Abdurrahman

Taha Abderrahmane, or Abdurrahman in a more transliterated form （born 1944） is a Moroccan philosopher, and one of the leading philosophers and thinkers in the Arab-Islamic world.

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Taiji (philosophy)

Taiji is a Chinese cosmological term for the "Supreme Ultimate" state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which Yin and Yang originate, can be compared with the old Wuji (無極, "without ridgepole").

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Takaaki Yoshimoto

also known as Ryūmei Yoshimoto, was a Japanese poet, literary critic, and philosopher from Tokyo.

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Takamure Itsue

was a Japanese poet, activist-writer, feminist, anarchist, ethnologist and historian.

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Takeshi Umehara

was born in Miyagi Prefecture in Tōhoku and graduated from the philosophical faculty of Kyoto University in 1948.

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Taketani Mitsuo

was a prominent Japanese physicist and Marxist.

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Takeuti's conjecture

In mathematics, Takeuti's conjecture is the conjecture of Gaisi Takeuti that a sequent formalisation of second-order logic has cut-elimination (Takeuti 1953).

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Taking Children Seriously

Taking Children Seriously (TCS) is a parenting movement and educational philosophy whose central idea is that it is possible and desirable to raise and educate children without either doing anything to them against their will, or making them do anything against their will.

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Taking Rights Seriously

Taking Rights Seriously is a 1977 book about the philosophy of law by Ronald Dworkin.

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Takis Fotopoulos

Takis Fotopoulos (Τάκης Φωτόπουλος born October 14, 1940) is a political philosopher and economist who founded the Inclusive Democracy movement, aiming at a synthesis of classical democracy with libertarian socialism and the radical currents in the new social movements.

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Takiyettin Mengüşoğlu

Takiyettin Mengusoglu (1905–1984) was a Turkish philosopher.

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Talcott Parsons

Talcott Parsons (December 13, 1902 – May 8, 1979) was an American sociologist of the classical tradition, best known for his social action theory and structural functionalism.

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Tamas (philosophy)

Tamas (Sanskrit: तमस् tamas "darkness") is one of the three Gunas (tendencies, qualities, attributes), a philosophical and psychological concept developed by the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.

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Tan Sitong

Tan Sitong (March 10, 1865 – September 28, 1898), courtesy name Fusheng (復生), pseudonym Zhuangfei (壯飛), was a well-known Chinese politician, thinker and reformist in the late Qing Dynasty (1636–1911); he was executed at the age of 33 when the Reformation Movement failed.

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Tang Chun-i

Tang Chun-I (17 January 1909 – 2 February 1978) was a Chinese philosopher, who was one of the leading exponents of New Confucianism.

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Tang Zhen

Tang Zhen (1630–1704), born Tang Dadao (唐大陶), courtesy name Zhuwan (铸万), was a Chinese philosopher and educator born in Dazhou during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

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Tantra

Tantra (Sanskrit: तन्त्र, literally "loom, weave, system") denotes the esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism that co-developed most likely about the middle of 1st millennium CE.

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Tantraloka

Tantrāloka (Sanskrit तन्त्रालोक) is the masterwork of Abhinavagupta on Kashmir Shaivism, who was in turn the most revered Kashmir Shaivism master.

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Tanya

The Tanya is an early work of Hasidic philosophy, by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of Chabad Hasidism, first published in 1797.

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Tao

Tao or Dao (from) is a Chinese word signifying 'way', 'path', 'route', 'road' or sometimes more loosely 'doctrine', 'principle' or 'holistic science' Dr Zai, J..

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Tao of Jeet Kune Do

File:TAO OF JEET KUNE DO.jpg| Tao of Jeet Kune Do is a book expressing Bruce Lee's martial arts philosophy and viewpoints, published posthumously (after Bruce Lee's death in 1973).

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Tao Te Ching

The Tao Te Ching, also known by its pinyin romanization Daodejing or Dao De Jing, is a Chinese classic text traditionally credited to the 6th-century BC sage Laozi.

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Taoism

Taoism, also known as Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also romanized as ''Dao'').

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Tara Smith (philosopher)

Tara A. Smith (born 1961) is an American philosopher.

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Taranatha

Tāranātha (1575–1634) was a Lama of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism.

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Taras Kermauner

Taras Kermauner (13 April 1930 – 11 June 2008) was a Slovenian literary historian, critic, philosopher, essayist, playwright and translator.

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Taras Voznyak

Taras Voznyak (born May 11, 1957 in the village of Svarychiv, Rozhnyativ rayon, Stanislav (currently Ivano-Frankivsk) oblast) – Ukrainian culture expert, political scientist, editor-in-chief and founder of, director of the Lviv National Art Gallery.

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Tarja Kallio-Tamminen

Tarja Kallio-Tamminen (b. Hyvinkää) is a Finnish researcher of philosophy, academic lecturer and science writer.

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Tarnac Nine

The Tarnac Nine are a French group of nine alleged anarchist saboteurs: Mathieu Burnel, Julien Coupat, Bertrand Deveaux, Manon Glibert, Gabrielle Hallez, Elsa Hauck, Yildune Lévy, Benjamin Rosoux and Aria Thomas.

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Tarner Lectures

The Tarner lectures are a series of public lectures in the philosophy of science given at Trinity College, Cambridge since 1916.

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Tarotology

Tarotology is the basis for the reading of Tarot cards, a subset of cartomancy, which is the practice of using cards to gain insight into the past, present or future by posing a question to the cards.

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Tarski's theorem about choice

In mathematics, Tarski's theorem, proved by, states that in ZF the theorem "For every infinite set A, there is a bijective map between the sets A and A\times A" implies the axiom of choice.

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Tarski's undefinability theorem

Tarski's undefinability theorem, stated and proved by Alfred Tarski in 1936, is an important limitative result in mathematical logic, the foundations of mathematics, and in formal semantics.

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Taruho Inagaki

was a Japanese writer.

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Tashi Tsering (Chenrezig Institute)

Kusho Lama Geshe Tashi Tsering (born 1937) is a highly respected Tibetan teacher, in the Gelug tradition, who has lived and taught in the West for many years throughout Australia and New Zealand as well as in India and Tibet.

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Tashi Tsering (Jamyang Buddhist Centre)

Tashi Tsering (born 1958) has been the resident Tibetan Buddhist teacher at Jamyang Buddhist Centre, London, since 1994.

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Tasos Zembylas

Tasos Zembylas (born 1962 in Cyprus) is a philosopher and social scientist with focus in aesthetics and cultural institution studies.

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Taste

Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory system.

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Taste (sociology)

In sociology, taste is an individual's personal and cultural patterns of choice and preference.

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Tathāgata

Tathāgata is a Pali and Sanskrit word; Gotama Buddha uses it when referring to himself in the Pāli Canon.

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Tathātā

Tathātā (tathātā; tathatā) is variously translated as "thusness" or "suchness".

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Tattva (Jainism)

Jain philosophy explains that seven tattvas (truths or fundamental principles) constitute reality.

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Tautology (logic)

In logic, a tautology (from the Greek word ταυτολογία) is a formula or assertion that is true in every possible interpretation.

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Tawhid

Tawhid (توحيد, meaning "oneness " also romanized as tawheed, touheed, or tevhid) is the indivisible oneness concept of monotheism in Islam.

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Taxonomy (general)

Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification.

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Tõnu Trubetsky

Tõnu Trubetsky (born 24 April 1963), also known as Tony Blackplait, is an Estonian punk rock/glam punk musician, film and music video director, and individualist anarchist.

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Türker Armaner

Türker Armaner (born April 7, 1968, Istanbul) is an Istanbul-based writer, philosopher, and translator.

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Teaching Philosophy

Teaching Philosophy is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the practical and theoretical discussion of teaching and learning philosophy, that is philosophy education.

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Teachings of Ramakrishna

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836–1886) is a famous nineteenth-century Bengali mystic.

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Techne

"Techne" is a term, etymologically derived from the Greek word τέχνη, that is often translated as "craftsmanship", "craft", or "art".

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Technics and Civilization

Technics and Civilization is a 1934 book by American philosopher and historian of technology Lewis Mumford.

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Technics and Time, 1

Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus (La technique et le temps, 1: La faute d'Épiméthée) is a book by the French philosopher Bernard Stiegler, first published by Galilée in 1994.

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Techniques of neutralization

Techniques of neutralization are a theoretical series of methods by which those who commit illegitimate acts temporarily neutralize certain values within themselves which would normally prohibit them from carrying out such acts, such as morality, obligation to abide by the law, and so on.

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Technocriticism

Technocriticism is a branch of critical theory devoted to the study of technological change.

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Technological determinism

Technological determinism is a reductionist theory that assumes that a society's technology determines the development of its social structure and cultural values.

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Technological rationality

Technological rationality or technical rationality is a philosophical idea postulated by the Frankfurt School philosopher Herbert Marcuse in his 1941 article, "Some Implications of Modern Technology", published first in the journal Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences, Vol.

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Technological somnambulism

Technological somnambulism is a concept used when talking about the philosophy of technology.

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Technology

Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument of those who pursue them".

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Technology assessment

Technology assessment (TA, German: Technikfolgenabschätzung, French: évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques) is a scientific, interactive, and communicative process that aims to contribute to the formation of public and political opinion on societal aspects of science and technology.

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Technorealism

Technorealism is an attempt to expand the middle ground between techno-utopianism and Neo-Luddism by assessing the social and political implications of technologies so that people might all have more control over the shape of their future.

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Technoromanticism (book)

Technoromanticism: Digital Narrative, Holism, and the Romance of the Real is a philosophical book written by Richard Coyne, published in 1999.

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Ted Honderich

Ted Honderich (born 30 January 1933) is a Canadian-born British philosopher, Grote Professor Emeritus of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic, University College London.

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Ted Kaczynski

Theodore John Kaczynski (born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber, is an American domestic terrorist.

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Ted Nelson

Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson (born June 17, 1937) is an American pioneer of information technology, philosopher, and sociologist.

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Tee (symbol)

The tee (⊤), also called down tack (as opposed to the up tack) or verum is a symbol used to represent.

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Telauges

Telauges (Τηλαύγης; fl. c. 500 BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher and, according to tradition, the son of Pythagoras and Theano.

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Telecles

Telecles (Τηλεκλῆς), of Phocis or Phocaea, was the pupil and successor of Lacydes, and was joint leader (scholarch) of the Academy at Athens together with Evander.

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Teleological argument

The teleological or physico-theological argument, also known as the argument from design, or intelligent design argument is an argument for the existence of God or, more generally, for an intelligent creator based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural world.

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Teleology

Teleology or finality is a reason or explanation for something in function of its end, purpose, or goal.

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Teleonomy

Teleonomy is the quality of apparent purposefulness and of goal-directedness of structures and functions in living organisms brought about by the exercise, augmentation, and, improvement of reasoning.

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Telepathy

Telepathy (from the Greek τῆλε, tele meaning "distant" and πάθος, pathos or -patheia meaning "feeling, perception, passion, affliction, experience") is the purported transmission of information from one person to another without using any known human sensory channels or physical interaction.

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Teles of Megara

Teles of Megara (Τέλης; fl. c. 235 BC), was a Cynic philosopher and teacher.

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Telescoping effect

In cognitive psychology, the telescoping effect (or telescoping bias) refers to the temporal displacement of an event whereby people perceive recent events as being more remote than they are and distant events as being more recent than they are.

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Telishment

Telishment is a term coined by John Rawls to illustrate a problem of the utilitarian view of punishment.

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Telos

A telos (from the Greek τέλος for "end", "purpose", or "goal") is an end or purpose, in a fairly constrained sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle.

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Telos (journal)

Telos is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal established in May 1968 to provide the New Left with a coherent theoretical perspective.

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Telos Institute

The Telos Institute is a 501(c) non-profit organization affiliated with the academic journal Telos.

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Temperance (virtue)

Temperance is defined as moderation or voluntary self-restraint.

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Temporal finitism

Temporal finitism is the doctrine that time is finite in the past.

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Temporal logic

In logic, temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time.

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Temporal paradox

A temporal paradox, time paradox, or time travel paradox is a paradox, an apparent contradiction, or a logical contradiction that is associated with the idea of time and time travel.

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Temporal parts

In contemporary metaphysics, temporal parts are the parts of an object that exist in time.

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Temporal single-system interpretation

The temporal single-system interpretation (TSSI) of Karl Marx's value theory emerged in the early 1980s in response to renewed allegations that his theory was "riven with internal inconsistencies," and that it must therefore be rejected or corrected.

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Temporality

In philosophy, temporality is traditionally the linear progression of past, present, and future.

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Temporary Autonomous Zone

T.A.Z.: The Temporary Autonomous Zone is a book by anarchist writer and poet Hakim Bey (Peter Lamborn Wilson) published in 1991 by Autonomedia and in 2011 by Pacific Publishing Studio.

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Temptation

Temptation is a desire to engage in short-term urges for enjoyment, that threatens long-term goals.

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Ten Commandments

The Ten Commandments (עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת, Aseret ha'Dibrot), also known as the Decalogue, are a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity.

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Ten Commandments for Drivers

On June 19, 2007, the Vatican, under the direction of Pope Benedict XVI and Cardinal Renato Martino, issued a 36-page document entitled Guidelines for the Pastoral Care of the Road, created by the curial Pontifical Council for Migrants and Itinerant People, under the leadership of Renato Raffaele Cardinal Martino, and intended for bishop conferences around the world.

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Ten Days That Shook the World

Ten Days That Shook the World (1919) is a book by the American journalist and socialist John Reed about the October Revolution in Russia in 1917, which Reed experienced firsthand.

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Ten realms

The ten realms, sometimes referred to as the ten worlds, are part of the belief of some forms of Buddhism that there are ten conditions of life which sentient beings are subject to, and which they experience from moment to moment.

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Tendency of the rate of profit to fall

The tendency of the rate of profit to fall (TRPF) is a hypothesis in economics and political economy, most famously expounded by Karl Marx in chapter 13 of Capital, Volume III.

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Tenth Letter (Plato)

The Tenth Letter of Plato, also known as Epistle X or Letter X, is an epistle that tradition has ascribed to Plato.

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Teodor Oizerman

Teodor Ilyich Oizerman (Теодо́р Ильи́ч Ойзерма́н; – 25 March 2017) was a Soviet and Russian philosopher and academician.

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Teorema (journal)

Teorema is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy, published in Spain.

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Terebinthus

Terebinthus (also Terebinthus of Turbo) was a suggested pupil of Scythianus, during the 1st-2nd century AD, according to the writings of Christian writer and anti-Manichaean polemicist Cyril of Jerusalem, and is mentioned earlier in the anonymously written, critical biography of Mani known as Acta Archelai.

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Terence Irwin

Terence Henry Irwin FBA (born 21 April 1947), usually cited as T. H. Irwin, is a scholar and philosopher specializing in ancient Greek philosophy and the history of ethics (i.e., the history of Western moral philosophy in ancient, medieval, and modern times).

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Terence McKenna

Terence Kemp McKenna (November 16, 1946 – April 3, 2000) was an American ethnobotanist, mystic, psychonaut, lecturer, author, and an advocate for the responsible use of naturally occurring psychedelic plants.

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Terence Parsons

Terence Parsons (born 1939) is an American contemporary philosopher of the analytic tradition.

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Terenzio, Count Mamiani della Rovere

Terenzio, Count Mamiani della Rovere (19 September 1799 – 21 May 1885) was an Italian writer and statesman.

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Teresa de Lauretis

Teresa de Lauretis (born 1938 in Bologna) is an Italian author and Distinguished Professor Emerita of the History of Consciousness at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

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Teresa of Ávila

Saint Teresa of Ávila, also called Saint Teresa of Jesus, baptized as Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada (28 March 15154 October 1582), was a prominent Spanish mystic, Roman Catholic saint, Carmelite nun and author during the Counter Reformation, and theologian of contemplative life through mental prayer.

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Term logic

In philosophy, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to logic that began with Aristotle and that was dominant until the advent of modern predicate logic in the late nineteenth century.

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Terminus post quem

Terminus post quem ("limit after which", often abbreviated to TPQ) and terminus ante quem ("limit before which", abbreviated to TAQ) specify the known limits of dating for events.

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Terpsion

Terpsion (Τερψίων, gen.: Τερψίωνος; fl. 5th–4th century BCE) of Megara, was one of the disciples of Socrates.

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Terri Schiavo case

The Terri Schiavo case was a right-to-die legal case in the United States from 1990 to 2005, involving Theresa Marie "Terri" Schiavo (December 3, 1963 – March 31, 2005), a woman in an irreversible persistent vegetative state.

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Territorial nationalism

Territorial nationalism describes a form of nationalism based on the belief that all inhabitants of a particular territory should share a common national identity, regardless of their ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and other differences.

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Terrorism

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.

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Tertullian

Tertullian, full name Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, c. 155 – c. 240 AD, was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.

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Testability

Testability, a property applying to an empirical hypothesis, involves two components.

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Testimony

In law and in religion, testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter.

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Tetractys

The tetractys (τετρακτύς), or tetrad, or the tetractys of the decad is a triangular figure consisting of ten points arranged in four rows: one, two, three, and four points in each row, which is the geometrical representation of the fourth triangular number.

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Tetrapharmakos

The Tetrapharmakos (τετραφάρμακος) "four-part remedy" is a summary of the first four of the Κύριαι Δόξαι (Kuriai Doxai, the forty Epicurean Principal Doctrines given by Diogenes Laertius in his Life of Epicurus) in Epicureanism, a recipe for leading the happiest possible life.

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Tetsuro Watsuji

(March 1, 1889 – December 26, 1960) was a Japanese moral philosopher, cultural historian, and intellectual historian.

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Tetsuzō Tanikawa

was a Japanese philosopher who promoted the concept of World Government for purposes of peace.

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Texas sharpshooter fallacy

The Texas sharpshooter fallacy is an informal fallacy which is committed when differences in data are ignored, but similarities are stressed.

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Thales of Miletus

Thales of Miletus (Θαλῆς (ὁ Μιλήσιος), Thalēs; 624 – c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer from Miletus in Asia Minor (present-day Milet in Turkey).

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Thaumaturgy

Thaumaturgy (from Greek θαῦμα thaûma, meaning "miracle" or "marvel" and ἔργον érgon, meaning "work" is the capability of a magician or a saint to work magic or miracles. Isaac Bonewits defined thaumaturgy as "the use of magic for nonreligious purposes; the art and science of 'wonder working;' using magic to actually change things in the physical world". It is sometimes translated into English as wonderworking. A practitioner of thaumaturgy is a thaumaturgus, thaumaturge, thaumaturgist or miracle worker.

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Théodicée

Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal ("Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil"), more simply known as Théodicée, is a book of philosophy by the German polymath Gottfried Leibniz.

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Théodore Eugène César Ruyssen

Théodore Eugène César Ruyssen (11 August 1868 - 5 May 1967) was a French historian of philosophy and pacifist.

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Théodore Simon Jouffroy

Théodore Simon Jouffroy (6 July 1796 – 4 February 1842) was a French philosopher.

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Théodule Meunier

Théodule Meunier (died 1907) was a French anarchist who, along with Emile Henry and Auguste Vaillant, was responsible for a series of bombings in Paris, France during early 1892.

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The 1 in 12 Club

The 1 in 12 Club refers to both a members' club and the building in which it is based, in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.

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The ABC of Communism

The ABC of Communism (Азбука коммунизма Azbuka Kommunizma) is a book written by Nikolai Bukharin and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky in 1919, during the Russian Civil War.

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The ABCs of Anarchism

The ABCs of Anarchism is an EP by Chumbawamba and Negativland.

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The Abolition of Work

"The Abolition of Work" is an essay written by Bob Black in 1985.

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The Absence of the Book

"The Absence of the Book" is an essay by French philosopher and literary theorist Maurice Blanchot which appeared in his 1993 collection The Infinite Conversation.

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The Adulterous Woman

"The Adulterous Woman" (La femme adultère) is a short story written in 1957.

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The Adventures of Tintin: Breaking Free

The Adventures of Tintin: Breaking Free is an anarchist parody of the popular The Adventures of Tintin series of comics.

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The Age of Reason

The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of Deism.

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The Age of Reason (novel)

The Age of Reason (L'âge de raison) is a 1945 novel by Jean-Paul Sartre.

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The American Scholar

"The American Scholar" was a speech given by Ralph Waldo Emerson on August 31, 1837, to the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard College at the First Parish in Cambridge in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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The Analysis of Beauty

The Analysis of Beauty is a book written by the 18th-century artist and writer William Hogarth, published in 1753, which describes Hogarth's theories of visual beauty and grace in a manner accessible to the common man of his day.

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The Anarchist Cookbook

The Anarchist Cookbook, first published in 1971, is a book that contains instructions for the manufacture of explosives, rudimentary telecommunications phreaking devices, and related weapons, as well as instructions for home manufacturing of illicit drugs, including LSD.

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The Anarchist's Wife

The Anarchist's Wife (La mujer del anarquista) is a 2008 Spanish-Franco-German film directed by Maria Noelle and Peter Sehr.

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The Anarchists (book)

The Anarchists is a 1964 history book about the history of anarchism by James Joll.

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The Antichrist (book)

The Antichrist (Der Antichrist) is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1895.

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The Archaeology of Knowledge

The Archaeology of Knowledge (L'archéologie du savoir) is a 1969 methodological and historiographical treatise by the French philosopher Michel Foucault, in which he promotes "archaeology" or the "archaeological method", an analytical method he implicitly used in his previous works Madness and Civilization (1961), The Birth of the Clinic (1963), and The Order of Things (1966).

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The Aristos

The Aristos: A Self-Portrait in Ideas is a 1964 collection of several hundred philosophical aphorisms by English author John Fowles.

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The Arousal

The Arousal was a Pakistani anarchist newsletter founded in 1988.

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The Art of Being Right

The Art of Being Right: 38 Ways to Win an Argument (also Eristic Dialectic: The Art of Winning an Argument; German: Eristische Dialektik: Die Kunst, Recht zu behalten; 1831) is an acidulous and sarcastic treatise written by the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in sardonic deadpan.

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The Art of Loving

The Art of Loving is a 1956 book by psychoanalyst and social philosopher Erich Fromm, which was published as part of the World Perspectives Series edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen.

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The Art of War

The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Spring and Autumn period.

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The Art of Worldly Wisdom

The Art of Worldly Wisdom (Oráculo Manual y Arte de Prudencia) is a book written in 1647 by Baltasar Gracián y Morales, better known as Baltasar Gracian.

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The Astonishing Hypothesis

The Astonishing Hypothesis is a 1994 book by scientist Francis Crick about consciousness.

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The Athenian Murders

The Athenian Murders is an historical mystery novel written by Spanish author José Carlos Somoza.

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The Bertrand Russell Case

The Bertrand Russell Case, edited by John Dewey and Horace M Kallen, is a collection of articles on the 1940 dismissal of Bertrand Russell as Professor of Philosophy from the College of the City of New York.

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The Birth of the Clinic

The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (Naissance de la clinique: une archéologie du regard médical) is a 1963 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault.

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The Birth of Tragedy

The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik) is an 1872 work of dramatic theory by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

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The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable

The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable is a book by the essayist, scholar, philosopher, and statistician Nassim Nicholas Taleb, released April 17, 2007 by Random House.

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The Blast (magazine)

The Blast was a semi-monthly anarchist periodical published by Alexander Berkman in San Francisco, California, USA from 1916 through 1917.

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The Blood of Others

The Blood of Others (Le Sang des autres) is a novel by the French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir first published in 1945 and depicting the lives of several characters in Paris leading up to and during the Second World War.

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The Bolshevik Myth

The Bolshevik Myth (Diary 1920–1922) is a book by Alexander Berkman describing his experiences in Bolshevist Russia from 1920 to 1922, where he saw the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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The Book of est

The Book of est is a fictional account of the training created by Werner Erhard, (est), or Erhard Seminars Training, first published in 1976 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

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The Book of Healing

The Book of Healing (Arabic: کتاب الشفاء Kitāb al-Šifāʾ, Latin: Sufficientia) is a scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) from ancient Persia, near Bukhara in Greater Khorasan.

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The Book of Lord Shang

The Book of Lord Shang is an ancient Chinese text from the 3rd century BC, regarded as a foundational work of "Chinese Legalism".

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The Book of Tea

by Okakura Kakuzō (1906) is a long essay linking the role of chadō (teaism) to the aesthetic and cultural aspects of Japanese life.

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The Book of the Apple

The Book of the Apple (Arabic: Risālat al-Tuffāha; Tractatus de pomo et morte incliti principis philosophorum Aristotelis) was a medieval neoplatonic Arabic work of unknown authorship.

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The Book on Adler

The Book on Adler (subtitle: The Religious Confusion of the Present Age, Illustrated by Magister Adler as a Phenomenon, A Mimical Monograph) is a work by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, written during his second authorship, and was published posthumously in 1872.

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The Bounds of Sense

The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is a 1966 book about Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) by the Oxford philosopher Peter Strawson, in which the author tries to separate what remains valuable in Kant's work from Kant's transcendental idealism, which he rejects.

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The British Society for the Philosophy of Religion

The British Society for the Philosophy of Religion (registered charity 1027548) was founded in 1993 and is the United Kingdom's main forum for the interchange of ideas in the philosophy of religion.

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The Call of the Marching Bell

The Call of the Marching Bell (بان٘گِ دَرا; Bang-e-Dara; published in Urdu in 1924) was the first Urdu philosophical poetry book by Allama Iqbal, one of the great poet-philosophers of the Indian subcontinent.

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The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy

The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy (1995; second edition 1999) is a dictionary of philosophy published by Cambridge University Press and edited by Robert Audi.

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The Case for God

The Case for God is a 2009 book by Karen Armstrong.

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The Case of the Speluncean Explorers

"The Case of the Speluncean Explorers" is an article by legal philosopher Lon L. Fuller first published in the Harvard Law Review in 1949.

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The Case of Wagner

The Case of Wagner (Der Fall Wagner) is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1888.

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The Castle (novel)

The Castle (Das Schloss, also spelled Das Schloß) is a 1926 novel by Franz Kafka.

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The Century (book)

The Century is a book about politics, philosophy and literature by Alain Badiou, first published in French by Éditions du Seuil in 2005; the English translation by Alberto Toscano was published by Polity Press in 2007.

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The Choice (philosophy book)

The Choice (2008) is a philosophy book, where the author Eliyahu M. Goldratt explains his way of thinking about reality and the consequences of thinking clearly.

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The Coming Insurrection

The Coming Insurrection is a French radical leftist, anarchist tract written by The Invisible Committee, the nom de plume of an anonymous author (or possibly authors).

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The Commonwealth of Oceana

The Commonwealth of Oceana, published 1656, is a composition of political philosophy written by the English politician and essayist, James Harrington (1611–1677).

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The Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto (originally Manifesto of the Communist Party) is an 1848 political pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

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The Concept of Anxiety

The Concept of Anxiety (Begrebet Angest): A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin, is a philosophical work written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1844.

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The Concept of Law

The Concept of Law is the most famous work of the legal philosopher H. L. A. Hart.

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The Concept of Mind

The Concept of Mind is a 1949 book by philosopher Gilbert Ryle, in which the author argues that "mind" is "a philosophical illusion hailing chiefly from René Descartes and sustained by logical errors and 'category mistakes' which have become habitual." The work has been cited as having "put the final nail in the coffin of Cartesian dualism" and has been seen as a founding document in the philosophy of mind, which received professional recognition as a distinct and important branch of philosophy only after 1950.

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The Concept of the Political

The Concept of the Political (German: Der Begriff des Politischen) is a 1932 work by the German philosopher and jurist Carl Schmitt, in which the author examines the fundamental nature of the "political" and its place in the modern world.

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The Conquest of Bread

The Conquest of Bread (La Conquête du Pain; Хлеб и воля) is an 1892 book by the Russian anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin.

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The Consolations of Philosophy

The Consolations of Philosophy is a nonfiction book by Alain de Botton.

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The Constitution of Liberty

The Constitution of Liberty is a book by Austrian economist and Nobel Prize recipient Friedrich A. Hayek.

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The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress

The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress (Krisen og en Krise i en Skuespillerindes Liv) was a series of articles written by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1847 and published in the Danish newspaper Fædrelandet (The Fatherland) in 1848 under the pseudonym Inter et Inter.

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The Crock of Gold (novel)

The Crock of Gold is a comic novel written by Irish author James Stephens and first published in 1912.

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The Dawn of Day

The Dawn of Day or Daybreak (Morgenröte – Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile; historical orthography: Morgenröthe – Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurtheile; English: The Dawn of Day/ Daybreak: Thoughts on the Prejudices of Morality) is an 1881 book by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

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The Death of Postmodernism and Beyond

The Death of Postmodernism and Beyond is an essay by the British cultural critic Alan Kirby.

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The Decline of the West

The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), or The Downfall of the Occident, is a two-volume work by Oswald Spengler, the first volume of which was published in the summer of 1918.

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The Denial of Death

The Denial of Death is a 1973 work of psychology and philosophy by Ernest Becker.

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The Development of Metaphysics in Persia

The Development of Metaphysics in Persia is the book form of Muhammad Iqbal's PhD thesis in philosophy at the University of Munich submitted in 1908 and published in the same year.

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The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy

The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy (Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems der Philosophie, 1801) was the first major work of Hegel's to break with Schelling.

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The Doctrine of Fascism

"The Doctrine of Fascism" ("La dottrina del fascismo") is an essay attributed to Benito Mussolini.

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The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated

The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity (1777) is one of the major metaphysical works of 18th-century British polymath Joseph Priestley.

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The Doomed City

The Doomed City (Град обреченный) is a 1975 science fiction novel by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, which is widely considered among the most philosophical of their novels.

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The Doors of Perception

The Doors of Perception is a philosophical essay, released as a book, by Aldous Huxley.

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The Educated Mind

The Educated Mind: How Cognitive Tools Shape Our Understanding is a 1997 book on educational theory by Kieran Egan.

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The Ego and Its Own

The Ego and Its Own (Der Einzige und sein Eigentum; meaningfully translated as The Individual and his Property, literally as The Unique and His Property) is an 1844 work by German philosopher Max Stirner.

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The Elements of Moral Philosophy

The Elements of Moral Philosophy, by James Rachels and Stuart Rachels, is an ethics textbook.

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The Emperor's New Mind

The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and The Laws of Physics is a 1989 book by mathematical physicist Sir Roger Penrose.

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The End of Faith

The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason is a 2004 book by Sam Harris, concerning organized religion, the clash between religious faith and rational thought, and the problems of tolerance towards religious fundamentalism.

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The End of the Soul

The End of the Soul: Scientific Modernity, Atheism, And Anthropology in France, 1876–1936 by Jennifer Michael Hecht was published in 2003 by Columbia University Press.

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The Essence of Christianity

The Essence of Christianity (Das Wesen des Christentums; historical orthography: Das Weſen des Chriſtenthums) is a book by Ludwig Feuerbach first published in 1841.

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The Establishment

The Establishment generally denotes a dominant group or elite that holds power or authority in a nation or organisation.

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The Ethics of Liberty

The Ethics of Liberty is a 1982 book by American philosopher and economist Murray N. Rothbard; in it, Rothbard expounds a libertarian political position.

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The Examined Life

The Examined Life is a 1989 collection of philosophical meditations by Robert Nozick.

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The Existential Negation Campaign

The Existential Negation Campaign was a former project of the now-defunct Flat Earth Society website (http://www.flat-earth.org).

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The Faces of Janus

The Faces of Janus is a book by A. James Gregor, in which the author argues that there are fundamental errors in Marxist analyses of fascism and that the political spectrum identifying the Left as progressive and the Right as reactionary was (in the words of Franklin Hugh Adler) a dishonest way of "privileging purported movements of the Left and demonizing movements of the Right".

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The Fall (Camus novel)

The Fall (La Chute) is a philosophical novel by Albert Camus.

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The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures

The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures Proved (Die falsche Spitzfindigkeit der vier syllogistischen Figuren erwiesen) is an essay published by Immanuel Kant in 1762.

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The Foundations of Arithmetic

The Foundations of Arithmetic (Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik) is a book by Gottlob Frege, published in 1884, which investigates the philosophical foundations of arithmetic.

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The Fountainhead

The Fountainhead is a 1943 novel by Russian-American author Ayn Rand, her first major literary success.

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The Freethinker (journal)

The Freethinker was a British secular humanist magazine, founded by G.W. Foote in 1881.

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The French Revolution: A History

The French Revolution: A History was written by the Scottish essayist, philosopher, and historian Thomas Carlyle.

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The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli

The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli (Il Funerale dell’anarchico Galli) is a painting by Italian painter Carlo Carrà.

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The Garden of Cyrus

The Garden of Cyrus, or The Quincuncial Lozenge, or Network Plantations of the Ancients, naturally, artificially, mystically considered, is a discourse written by Sir Thomas Browne.

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The Gay Science

The Gay Science (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft) or The Joyful Wisdom is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, first published in 1882 and followed by a second edition, which was published after the completion of Thus Spoke Zarathustra and Beyond Good and Evil, in 1887.

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The Geography of Thought

The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently...and Why is a book by social psychologist Richard Nisbett that was published by Free Press in 2003.

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The German Ideology

The German Ideology (German: Die deutsche Ideologie) is a set of manuscripts written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels around April or early May 1846.

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The Ghost in the Machine

The Ghost in the Machine is a 1967 book about philosophical psychology by Arthur Koestler.

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The Gift (book)

The Gift is a short book by the French sociologist Marcel Mauss that is the foundation of social theories of reciprocity and gift exchange.

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The Global Trap

Die Globalisierungsfalle: Der Angriff auf Demokratie und Wohlstand is a 1996 non-fiction book by Hans-Peter Martin (born 1957 in Bregenz, Austria), and Harald Schumann (born 1957 in Kassel, Germany), that describes possible implications of current trends in globalisation.

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The God Delusion

The God Delusion is a 2006 best-selling non-fiction book by English biologist Richard Dawkins, a professorial fellow at New College, Oxford and former holder of the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding of Science at the University of Oxford.

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The God Makers

The God Makers is a book and film highlighting the inner workings and perceived negative aspects of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

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The God Makers II

The God Makers II is a documentary-styled film produced by Ed Decker and Jeremiah Films in 1993.

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The God of the Machine

The God of the Machine is a book written by Isabel Paterson and published in 1943 in the United States.

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The Golden Ass

The Metamorphoses of Apuleius, which St. Augustine referred to as The Golden Ass (Asinus aureus), is the only ancient Roman novel in Latin to survive in its entirety.

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The golden verses of Pythagoras

The Golden Verses of Pythagoras (Χρύσεα Ἔπη, Chrysea Epê; Aurea Carmina) are a collection of moral exhortations.

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The Grammar of Science

The Grammar of Science is a book by Karl Pearson first published in hardback in 1892.

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The Guest

"The Guest" (L'Hôte) is a short story by the French writer Albert Camus.

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The Guide

The Guide is a 1958 novel written in English by the Indian author R. K. Narayan.

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The Guide for the Perplexed

The Guide for the Perplexed (מורה נבוכים, Moreh Nevukhim; دلالة الحائرين, dalālat al-ḥā’irīn, דלאל̈ת אלחאירין) is one of the three major works of Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, primarily known either as Maimonides or RAMBAM (רמב"ם).

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The Handmaid's Tale

The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood,.

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The Harvard Review of Philosophy

The Harvard Review of Philosophy is an academic journal of philosophy edited entirely by a student collective at Harvard University.

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The Hero with a Thousand Faces

The Hero with a Thousand Faces (first published in 1949) is a work of comparative mythology by American mythologist Joseph Campbell.

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The History of Sexuality

The History of Sexuality (L'Histoire de la sexualité) is a four-volume study of sexuality in the western world by the French historian and philosopher Michel Foucault, in which the author examines the emergence of "sexuality" as a discursive object and separate sphere of life and argues that the notion that every individual has a sexuality is a relatively recent development in Western societies.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered approximately 6 million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945.

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The Human Condition (book)

The Human Condition, first published in 1958, Hannah Arendt's account of how "human activities" should be and have been understood throughout Western history.

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The Illuminatus! Trilogy

The Illuminatus! Trilogy is a series of three novels written by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson first published in 1975.

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The Imaginary (Sartre)

The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination (L'Imaginaire: Psychologie phénoménologique de l'imagination), also published under the title The Psychology of the Imagination, is a 1940 book by Jean-Paul Sartre, in which he propounds his concept of the imagination and discusses what the existence of imagination shows about the nature of human consciousness.

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The Inclusion of the Other

The Inclusion of the Other (Die Einbeziehung des Anderen.) is 1996 book by German philosopher Jürgen Habermas.

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The Incoherence of the Incoherence

The Incoherence of the Incoherence (تهافت التهافت Tahāfut al-Tahāfut) by Andalusian Muslim polymath and philosopher Averroes (Arabic, ibn Rushd, 1126–1198) is an important Islamic philosophical treatise in which the author defends the use of Aristotelian philosophy within Islamic thought.

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The Incoherence of the Philosophers

The Incoherence of the Philosophers (تهافت الفلاسفة Tahāfut al-Falāsifaʰ in Arabic) is the title of a landmark 11th-century work by the Persian theologian Al-Ghazali and a student of the Asharite school of Islamic theology criticizing the Avicennian school of early Islamic philosophy.

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The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method

The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method was an influential series of monographs published from 1922 to 1965 under the general editorship of Charles Kay Ogden by Kegan Paul Trench & Trubner in London.

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The Internationale Hegel-Gesellschaft

The Internationale Hegelgesellschaft e.V. (International Hegel Society) claims to be Germany's oldest surviving Hegel Society.

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The Internationale Hegel-Vereinigung

The Internationale Hegel-Vereinigung (International Hegel Association) is a non-profit organization, founded in 1962.

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The Journal of Ethics

The Journal of Ethics is a philosophical academic journal focusing on ethics.

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The Judgment

"The Judgment" ("Das Urteil") is a short story written by Franz Kafka in 1912, concerning the relationship between a man and his father.

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The Kingdom of This World

The Kingdom of This World (El reino de este mundo) is a novel by Cuban author Alejo Carpentier, published in 1949 in his native Spanish and first translated into English in 1957.

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The Kyoto University Research Centre for the Cultural Sciences

is an institution for research into the humanities and ethno-ecological studies.

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The Last Messiah

Den sidste Messias (English: The Last Messiah), published in 1933, is one of Peter Wessel Zapffe's most significant essays as well as concepts, which sums up his own thoughts from his book, On the Tragic, and, as a theory describes a reinterpretation of Friedrich Nietzsche's Übermensch.

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The Last of the Masters

The Last of the Masters (also known as Protection Agency) is a science fiction novelette by Philip K. Dick.

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The Law (book)

The Law, original French title La Loi, is an 1850 book by Frédéric Bastiat.

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The Law of Peoples

The Law of Peoples is American philosopher John Rawls' work on international relations.

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The Laws of Thought

An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities by George Boole, published in 1854, is the second of Boole's two monographs on algebraic logic.

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The Legitimation of Power

The Legitimation of Power by David Beetham is a famous political theory text.

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The Life of Reason

The Life of Reason: The Phases of Human Progress is a book published in five volumes from 1905 to 1906, by Spanish-born American philosopher George Santayana (1863–1952).

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The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons

The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons is a highly influential work on Chinese literary aesthetics.

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The Logic of Scientific Discovery

The Logic of Scientific Discovery is a 1959 book about the philosophy of science by Karl Popper.

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The Logic of Sense

The Logic of Sense (Logique du sens) is a 1969 book by the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze.

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The Machiavellian Moment

The Machiavellian Moment is a work of intellectual history by J. G. A. Pocock (Princeton University Press, 1975).

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The Machine in the Garden

The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America is a 1964 work of literary criticism written by Leo Marx and published by Oxford University Press.

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The Machinery of Freedom

The Machinery of Freedom is a nonfiction book by David D. Friedman which advocates an anarcho-capitalist society from a utilitarian / consequentialist perspective.

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The Market for Liberty

The Market for Liberty is an anarcho-capitalist book written by Linda and Morris Tannehill, which according to Karl Hess has become "something of a classic." It was preceded by the self-published Liberty via the Market in 1969.

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The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is a book by the English poet and printmaker William Blake.

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The Master and His Emissary

The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World is a 2009 book written by Iain McGilchrist that deals with the specialist hemispheric functioning of the brain.

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The Master Key System

The Master Key System is a personal development book by Charles F. Haanel (1866–1949) that was originally published as a 24-week correspondence course in 1912, and then in book form in 1916.

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The Master of Go

The Master of Go is a novel by the Japanese author Yasunari Kawabata, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1968.

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The Meaning of Meaning

The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923) is a book by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards.

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The Meaning of Things

The Meaning of Things: Applying Philosophy to Life, published in the U.S. as Meditations for the Humanist: Ethics for a Secular Age, is a book by A. C. Grayling.

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The Mechanism of the Mind

The book The Mechanism of Mind by Edward de Bono details the underpinning model of mind that leads to the many thinking skills developed by its author, including lateral thinking.

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The Metamorphosis

The Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung) is a novella written by Franz Kafka which was first published in 1915.

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The Metaphysical Club

The Metaphysical Club was a conversational philosophical club that the future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., the philosopher and psychologist William James, and the philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce formed in January 1872 in Cambridge, Massachusetts and dissolved in December 1872.

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The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America

The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America is a Pulitzer Prize-winning 2001 book by Louis Menand, an American writer and legal scholar, which won the 2002 Pulitzer Prize for History.

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The Methods of Ethics

The Methods of Ethics is a book on ethics first published in 1874 by the English philosopher Henry Sidgwick.

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The Middle Way (Harold Macmillan book)

The Middle Way is a book on political philosophy written by Harold Macmillan (British Conservative Party politician and later prime minister of the United Kingdom).

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The Mind's I

The Mind's I: Fantasies and reflections on self and soul is a 1981 collection of essays and other texts about the nature of the mind and the self, edited with commentary by popular science writers Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett.

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The Missing Shade of Blue

"The Missing Shade of Blue" is an example introduced by the Scottish philosopher David Hume to show that it is at least conceivable that the mind can generate an idea without first being exposed to the relevant sensory experience.

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The Monist

The Monist: An International Quarterly Journal of General Philosophical Inquiry is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of philosophy.

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The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress

The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science-fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, about a lunar colony's revolt against rule from Earth.

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The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life

"The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life" was an essay by the philosopher William James, which he first delivered as a lecture to the Yale Philosophical Club, in 1891.

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The Moviegoer

The Moviegoer is the debut novel by Walker Percy, first published in the United States by Vintage in 1961.

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The Myth of Sisyphus

The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe) is a 1942 philosophical essay by Albert Camus.

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The Myth of the Machine

The Myth of the Machine is a two-volume book taking an in-depth look at the forces that have shaped modern technology since prehistoric times.

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The Myth of the Rational Voter

The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies is a 2007 book by Bryan Caplan, in which the author challenges the idea that voters are reasonable people that society can trust to make laws.

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The Natural History of Revolution

The Natural History of Revolution is a sociology treatise written by The Reverend Lyford P. Edwards, an American Episcopalian priest, in 1927.

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The Nature of Rationality

The Nature of Rationality is 1993 book by Robert Nozick, in which the author explores practical rationality.

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The Nature of Truth

The Nature of Truth is a novel by Sergio Troncoso first published in 2003 by Northwestern University Press.

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The Necessity of Atheism

"The Necessity of Atheism" is an essay on atheism by the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, printed in 1811 by Charles and William Phillips in Worthing while Shelley was a student at University College, Oxford.

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The New Church (Swedenborgian)

The New Church (or Swedenborgianism) is the name for several historically related Christian denominations that developed as a new religious movement, informed by the writings of scientist and Swedish Lutheran theologian Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772).

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The New Criterion

The New Criterion is a New York-based monthly literary magazine and journal of artistic and cultural criticism, edited by Roger Kimball (editor and publisher) and James Panero (executive editor).

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The New York Intellectuals

The New York Intellectuals were a group of American writers and literary critics based in New York City in the mid-20th century.

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The Old Market Autonomous Zone

The Old Market Autonomous Zone, or A-Zone, was founded in 1995, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada by local activists Paul Burrows and Sandra Drosdowech, who also co-founded Winnipeg's Mondragon Bookstore.

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The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God

The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God (Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes) is a book by Immanuel Kant, published in 1763.

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The Open Society and Its Enemies

The Open Society and Its Enemies is a work on political philosophy by the philosopher Karl Popper, in which the author presents a "defence of the open society against its enemies", and offers a critique of theories of teleological historicism, according to which history unfolds inexorably according to universal laws.

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The Order of Things

The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (Les mots et les choses: Une archéologie des sciences humaines) is a 1966 book by the French philosopher Michel Foucault.

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The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State: in the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan (Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staats) is an 1884 historical materialist treatise by Friedrich Engels.

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The Origin of the Work of Art

The Origin of the Work of Art (Der Ursprung des Kunstwerkes) is an essay by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger.

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The Origins of Virtue

The Origins of Virtue is a 1996 popular science book by Matt Ridley, which has been recognised as a classic in its field.

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The Outdatedness of Human Beings

The Outdatedness of Human Beings (German: Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen) is a two-volume work by philosopher and journalist Günther Anders.

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The Oxford Companion to Philosophy

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (1995; second edition 2005) is a reference work in philosophy edited by Ted Honderich and published by Oxford University Press.

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The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy

The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (1994; second edition 2008; third edition 2016) is a dictionary of philosophy by Simon Blackburn, published by Oxford University Press.

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The Perennial Philosophy

The Perennial Philosophy is a comparative study of mysticism by the British writer and novelist Aldous Huxley.

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The Phalanx

The Phalanx; or Journal of Social Science was a Fourierist journal published in New York City, edited by Albert Brisbane and Osborne Macdaniel from 1843 to 1845.

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The Phenomenology of Spirit

The Phenomenology of Spirit (Phänomenologie des Geistes) (1807) is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's most widely discussed philosophical work.

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The Phenomenon of Man

The Phenomenon of Man (Le phénomène humain) is a 1955 book written by the French philosopher, paleontologist and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.

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The Philosopher

The Philosopher is a learned, peer-reviewed journal that was established in 1923, in order to provide a forum for new ideas across the entire range of philosophical topics, in the clearest and plainest language.

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The Philosophers' Football Match

The Philosophers' Football Match is a Monty Python sketch depicting a football match in the Olympiastadion at the 1972 Munich Olympics between philosophers representing Greece and Germany.

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The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity

The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures (Der Philosophische Diskurs der Moderne: Zwölf Vorlesungen) is a 1985 book by Jürgen Habermas, in which the author reconstructs and deals in depth with a number of philosophical approaches to the critique of modern reason and the Enlightenment "project" since Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche, including the work of 20th century philosophers Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida, Cornelius Castoriadis and Niklas Luhmann.

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The Philosophical Forum

The Philosophical Forum is a philosophy journal published by Wiley-Blackwell.

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The Philosophical Lexicon

The Philosophical Lexicon is a humorous dictionary founded by philosopher Daniel Dennett and now edited by Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen.

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The Philosophical Library

The Philosophical Library (Philosophical and Religious Free Library) is a non-profit organization run entirely by volunteers and founded in 1963.

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The Philosophical Quarterly

The Philosophical Quarterly is a quarterly academic journal of philosophy established in 1950.

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The Philosophical Review

The Philosophical Review is a quarterly journal of philosophy edited by the faculty of the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University and published by Duke University Press (since September 2006).

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The Philosophical Society of England

The Philosophical Society of England was founded in 1913 by a group of largely amateur 'philosophers' concerned to provide an alternative to the formal university-based discipline.

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The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche

The Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche is a book by H. L. Mencken, the first edition in 1907.

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The Pigeon (novella)

The Pigeon (German: Die Taube) is a novella by Patrick Süskind about the fictional character Jonathan Noel, a solitary Parisian bank security guard who undergoes an existential crisis when a pigeon roosts in front of his one-room apartment's door, prohibiting him entrance to his private sanctuary.

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The Plague

The Plague (French: La Peste) is a novel by Albert Camus, published in 1947, that tells the story of a plague sweeping the French Algerian city of Oran.

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The Point of View of My Work as an Author

The Point of View For my Work as an Author (subtitle: A Direct Communication, Report to History) is an autobiographical account of the 19th century Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard's use of his pseudonyms.

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The Possessed (play)

The Possessed (in French Les Possédés) is a play written by Albert Camus in 1959.

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The Postmodern Condition

The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir) is a 1979 book by Jean-François Lyotard, in which Lyotard analyzes the notion of knowledge in postmodern society as the end of 'grand narratives' or metanarratives, which he considers a quintessential feature of modernity.

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The Poverty of Historicism

The Poverty of Historicism is a 1957 book by philosopher Karl Popper, in which the author argues that the idea of historicism is dangerous and bankrupt.

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The Poverty of Philosophy

The Poverty of Philosophy (French: Misère de la philosophie) is a book by Karl Marx published in Paris and Brussels in 1847, where he lived in exile from 1843 until 1849.

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The Prelude

The Prelude or, Growth of a Poet's Mind; An Autobiographical Poem is an autobiographical poem in blank verse by the English poet William Wordsworth.

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The President's Council on Bioethics

The President's Council on Bioethics (PCBE) was a group of individuals appointed by United States President George W. Bush to advise his administration on bioethics.

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The Primordial Tradition

The Primordial Tradition is a school of religious philosophy which holds its origins in the philosophia perennis, or perennial philosophy, which is in turn a development of the prisca theologia of the Middle Ages.

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The Prince

The Prince (Il Principe) is a 16th-century political treatise by the Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli.

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The Problem of Pain

The Problem of Pain is a 1940 book on the problem of evil by C. S. Lewis, in which Lewis argues that human pain, animal pain, and hell are not sufficient reasons to reject belief in a good and powerful God.

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The Problems of Philosophy

The Problems of Philosophy is a 1912 book by Bertrand Russell, in which Russell attempts to create a brief and accessible guide to the problems of philosophy.

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The Question Concerning Technology

The Question Concerning Technology (Die Frage nach der Technik) is a work by Martin Heidegger, in which the author discusses the essence of technology.

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The Range of Reason

The Range of Reason is a 1952 book of essays by Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain.

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The Raven: Anarchist Quarterly

The Raven: Anarchist Quarterly was a quarterly anarchist review founded in 1987 by Heiner Becker and consisting of 43 issues published by Freedom Press from 1987 to 2003.

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The Realms of Being

The Realms of Being (1942) is the last major work by Spanish-American philosopher George Santayana.

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The Reason of State

The Reason of State (Italian: Della Ragion di Stato) is a work of political philosophy by Italian Jesuit Giovanni Botero.

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The Rebel (book)

The Rebel (L'Homme révolté) is a 1951 book-length essay by Albert Camus, which treats both the metaphysical and the historical development of rebellion and revolution in societies, especially Western Europe.

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The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam

The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam is a compilation of lectures delivered by Muhammad Iqbal on Islamic philosophy and published in 1930.

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The Relativity of Wrong

The Relativity of Wrong is a collection of seventeen essays on science, written by Isaac Asimov.

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The Renegade (short story)

"The Renegade" (Fr. Le renégat) is a short story written in 1957.

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The Reprieve

The Reprieve (Le sursis) is a 1945 novel by Jean-Paul Sartre.

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The Republic (Zeno)

The Republic (Πολιτεία) was a work written by Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoic philosophy at the beginning of the 3rd century BC.

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The Review of Metaphysics

The Review of Metaphysics is a peer-reviewed academic journal of philosophy.

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The Rhetoric of Drugs

The Rhetoric of Drugs (Rhétorique de la drogue) in the original French title, is a 1990 work by French philosopher Jacques Derrida.

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The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle"

The Rhetoric of Hitler's "Battle" is an influential essay written by Kenneth Burke in 1939 which offered a rhetorical analysis of Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany.

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The Road to Serfdom

The Road to Serfdom (German: Der Weg zur Knechtschaft) is a book written between 1940 and 1943 by Austrian British economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek, in which the author " of the danger of tyranny that inevitably results from government control of economic decision-making through central planning." He further argues that the abandonment of individualism and classical liberalism inevitably leads to a loss of freedom, the creation of an oppressive society, the tyranny of a dictator, and the serfdom of the individual.

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The Roads to Freedom

The Roads to Freedom (Les chemins de la liberté) is a series of novels by Jean-Paul Sartre.

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The Rod of Moses

Zarb-i-Kalim ضربِ کلیم (or The Rod of Moses) is a philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal in Urdu, a poet-philosopher of the Indian subcontinent.

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The Roman Revolution

The Roman Revolution (1939) is a scholarly study of the final years of the ancient Roman Republic and the creation of the Roman Empire by Caesar Augustus.

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The Romantic Manifesto

The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature is a non-fiction work by Ayn Rand, a collection of essays regarding the nature of art.

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The Royal Way

The Royal Way ("La Voie Royale", 1930; also translated as The Way of the Kings) is an existentialist novel by André Malraux.

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The saying and the said

Emmanuel Levinas, in an attempt to overcome a certain naivety within his exploration of ethics as given in what he describes as the face-to-face encounter, attempts to introduce language into what had only been a "picture" of such an encounter.

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The Science of Good and Evil

The Science of Good and Evil: Why People Cheat, Gossip, Care, Share, and Follow the Golden Rule is a 2004 book by Michael Shermer on ethics and evolutionary psychology.

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The Sea, the Sea

The Sea, the Sea is a novel by Iris Murdoch.

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The Second Sex

The Second Sex (Le Deuxième Sexe) is a 1949 book by the French existentialist Simone de Beauvoir, in which the author discusses the treatment of women throughout history.

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The Secret of Hegel

The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin, Principle, Form and Matter is the full title of an important work on the philosophical system of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) by James Hutchison Stirling (1820-1909), a Scottish idealist philosopher.

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The Secrets of Selflessness

Rumuz-e-Bekhudi (رموز بیخودی; or The Secrets of Selflessness; published in Persian, 1918) is the second philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal, the national poet of Pakistan.

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The Secrets of the Self

Asrar-i-Khudi (اسرار خودی; or The Secrets of the Self; published in Persian, (1915) was the first philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal, the great poet-philosopher of Pakistan. This book deals mainly with the individual, while his second book Rumuz-i-Bekhudi discusses the interaction between the individual and society.

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The Selfish Genius

The Selfish Genius: How Richard Dawkins Rewrote Darwin's Legacy is a 2009 book by Fern Elsdon-Baker about the history of evolutionary theory, published to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.

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The Sickness Unto Death

The Sickness Unto Death (Sygdommen til Døden) is a book written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus.

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The Silent Men

"The Silent Men" (French: Les muets) is a short story written in 1957.

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The Simpsons and Philosophy

The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer is a non-fiction book analyzing the philosophy and popular culture effects of the American animated sitcom, The Simpsons, published by Open Court.

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The Situations and Names of Winds

The Situations and Names of Winds (Περὶ θέσεως ἀνέμων; Ventorum Situs) is a spurious work sometimes attributed to Aristotle.

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The Skeptic's Dictionary

The Skeptic's Dictionary is a collection of cross-referenced skeptical essays by Robert Todd Carroll, published on his website skepdic.com and in a printed book.

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The Sky Crawlers

is a Japanese novel series by Hiroshi Mori.

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The Social Contract

The Social Contract, originally published as On the Social Contract; or, Principles of Political Rights (Du contrat social; ou Principes du droit politique) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is a 1762 book in which Rousseau theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial society, which he had already identified in his Discourse on Inequality (1754).

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The Society of the Spectacle

The Society of the Spectacle (La société du spectacle) is a 1967 work of philosophy and Marxist critical theory by Guy Debord, in which the author develops and presents the concept of the Spectacle.

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The Solar Anus

The Solar Anus (L'anus solaire) is a short Surrealist text by the French writer Georges Bataille, written in 1927 and published with drawings by André Masson four years later.

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The Solitaire Mystery

The Solitaire Mystery (Kabalmysteriet) is a 1990 fantasy novel by Jostein Gaarder, the Norwegian author of the best-selling Sophie's World.

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The Soul of Man under Socialism

"The Soul of Man under Socialism" is an 1891 essay by Oscar Wilde in which he expounds a libertarian socialist worldview and a critique of charity.

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The State (book)

The State (Der Staat) is a book by German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer first published in Germany in 1908.

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The State and Revolution

The State and Revolution (1917), by Vladimir Lenin, describes the role of the State in society, the necessity of proletarian revolution, and the theoretic inadequacies of social democracy in achieving revolution to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.

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The Story of My Heart

The Story of My Heart is a book first published in 1883 by English nature writer, essayist, and journalist Richard Jefferies.

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The Story of Philosophy

The Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the Greater Philosophers is a 1926 book by Will Durant, in which he profiles several prominent Western philosophers and their ideas, beginning with Socrates and Plato and on through Friedrich Nietzsche.

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The Stranger (Camus novel)

L’Étranger (The Outsider, or The Stranger) is a 1942 novel by French author Albert Camus.

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The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere

The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit.) is a 1962 book by Jürgen Habermas.

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The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962; second edition 1970; third edition 1996; fourth edition 2012) is a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn.

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The Stuff of Thought

The Stuff of Thought: Language As a Window Into Human Nature is a 2007 book by experimental psychologist Steven Pinker.

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The Subjection of Women

The Subjection of Women is an essay by English philosopher, political economist and civil servant John Stuart Mill published in 1869, with ideas he developed jointly with his wife Harriet Taylor Mill.

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The Sublime Object of Ideology

The Sublime Object of Ideology is a 1989 book by Slovenian philosopher and cultural theorist Slavoj Žižek.

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The Sunday People

The Sunday People is a British tabloid Sunday newspaper, founded as The People on 16 October 1881.

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The survival lottery

The Survival Lottery is a thought experiment, proposed by the philosopher John Harris.

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The Survivors of the "Jonathan"

The Survivors of the "Jonathan", is a novel that was written (as Magellania) by Jules Verne in 1897.

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The Symbolic Species

The Symbolic Species is a 1997 book by biological anthropologist Terrence Deacon on the evolution of language.

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The System of Nature

The System of Nature or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World (Système de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral) is a work of philosophy by Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789).

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The Tao of Wu

The Tao of Wu is the second philosophical book written by Wu-Tang Clan member and producer, RZA.

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The Tao of Zen

The Tao of Zen is a nonfiction book by Ray Grigg, published by Charles E. Tuttle Company in 1994, and reprinted by Alva Press in 1999.

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The Theology of Aristotle

The Theology of Aristotle or Theologia Aristotelis (Thuyulujiya Aristu) is a paraphrase in Arabic of parts of Plotinus' Six Enneads along with Porphyry's commentary.

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The Theory of Moral Sentiments

The Theory of Moral Sentiments is a 1759 book by Adam Smith.

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The Theosophist

The Theosophist is the monthly journal of the international Theosophical Society based in Adyar, India.

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The Thief's Journal

The Thief's Journal (Journal du voleur) is a novel by Jean Genet.

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The Third Policeman

The Third Policeman is a novel by Irish writer Brian O'Nolan, writing under the pseudonym Flann O'Brien.

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The Third Wave (experiment)

The Third Wave was an experimental social movement created by California high school history teacher Ron Jones in 1967 to explain how the German population could accept the actions of the Nazi regime during the Second World War.

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The Threat to Reason

The Threat to Reason is a book by Dan Hind, published by Verso Books.

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The Three Types of Legitimate Rule

"The Three Types of Legitimate Rule" (Die drei reinen Typen der legitimen Herrschaft) is an essay written by Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist, explaining his tripartite classification of authority.

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The Transcendence of the Ego

The Transcendence of the Ego (La Transcendance de l'ego: Esquisse d'une description phénomenologique) is a philosophical and psychological essay written by Jean-Paul Sartre in 1934 and published in 1936.

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The Transcendentalist

The Transcendentalist is a lecture and essay by American writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emerson.

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The Treachery of Images

The Treachery of Images (La trahison des images, 1928–29, sometimes translated as The Treason of Images) also known as This Is Not a Pipe and The Wind and the Song, is a painting by the Belgian surrealist painter René Magritte.

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The True Word

The True Word (or Discourse, Account, Doctrine; Λόγος Ἀληθής, Logos Alēthēs) is a lost treatise in which the ancient Greek philosopher Celsus addressed many principal points of Early Christianity and refuted or argued against their validity.

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The Twenty-First Century City

The Twenty-First Century City: Resurrecting Urban America is a book by former Indianapolis mayor Stephen Goldsmith.

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The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars

The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars, also translated as The Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety, is a classic text of Confucian filial piety written by Guo Jujing (郭居敬)(郭居敬尤溪人。性至孝，事親，左右承順，得其歡心。嘗摭虞舜而下二十四人孝行之概序而詩之，名二十四孝詩，以訓童蒙。) Wang, Qi (王圻).

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The Two Cultures

The Two Cultures is the first part of an influential 1959 Rede Lecture by British scientist and novelist C. P. Snow.

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The Tyranny of Structurelessness

"The Tyranny of Structurelessness" is an influential essay by American feminist Jo Freeman inspired by her experiences in a 1960s women's liberation group that concerns power relations within radical feminist collectives.

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The Unbearable Lightness of Being

The Unbearable Lightness of Being (Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí) is a 1984 novel by Milan Kundera, about two women, two men, a dog and their lives in the 1968 Prague Spring period of Czechoslovak history.

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The Unreality of Time

"The Unreality of Time" is the best-known philosophical work of the Cambridge idealist J. M. E. McTaggart (1866–1925).

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The Value of Science

The Value of Science (La Valeur de la Science) is a book by the French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Henri Poincaré.

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The Varieties of Religious Experience

The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature is a book by Harvard University psychologist and philosopher William James.

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The Virtue of Selfishness

The Virtue of Selfishness: A New Concept of Egoism is a 1964 collection of essays by Ayn Rand and Nathaniel Branden.

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The Vision of the Anointed

The Vision of the Anointed (1995) is a book by economist and political columnist Thomas Sowell which brands the anointed as promoters of a worldview concocted out of fantasy impervious to any real-world considerations. Sowell asserts that these thinkers, writers, and activists continue to be revered even in the face of evidence disproving their positions. Sowell argues that American thought is dominated by a "prevailing vision" which seals itself off from any empirical evidence that is inconsistent with that vision.

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The Wealth of Nations

An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith.

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The Will to Believe

"The Will to Believe" is a lecture by William James, first published in 1896, which defends, in certain cases, the adoption of a belief without prior evidence of its truth.

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The Will to Power (manuscript)

The Will to Power (Der Wille zur Macht) is a book of notes drawn from the literary remains (or Nachlass) of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche by his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche and Peter Gast (Heinrich Köselitz).

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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (1935, Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit), by Walter Benjamin, is an essay of cultural criticism which proposes that the aura of a work of art is devalued by mechanical reproduction.

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The World (Descartes)

The World, also called Treatise on the Light (French title: Traité du monde et de la lumière), is a book by René Descartes (1596–1650).

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The World as Will and Representation

The World as Will and Representation (WWR; Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, WWV) is the central work of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer.

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The World of Null-A

The World of Null-A, sometimes written The World of Ā, is a 1948 science fiction novel by Canadian American writer A. E. van Vogt.

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Theaetetus (dialogue)

The Theaetetus (Θεαίτητος) is one of Plato's dialogues concerning the nature of knowledge, written circa 369 BC.

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Theaetetus (mathematician)

Theaetetus of Athens (Θεαίτητος; c. 417 – 369 BC), possibly the son of Euphronius of the Athenian deme Sunium, was a Greek mathematician.

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Theagenes of Patras

Theagenes (Θεαγένης; fl. c. 160 AD) of Patras, was a Cynic philosopher and close friend of Peregrinus Proteus.

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Theages

Theages (Θεάγης) is a dialogue attributed to Plato, featuring Demodocus, Socrates and Theages.

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Theano (philosopher)

Theano (Θεανώ; fl. 6th-century BC), or Theano of Crotone, is the name given to perhaps two Pythagorean philosophers.

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Theatre of the Absurd

The Theatre of the Absurd (théâtre de l'absurde) is a post–World War II designation for particular plays of absurdist fiction written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1950s, as well as one for the style of theatre which has evolved from their work.

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Theism

Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of the Supreme Being or deities.

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Theistic science

Theistic science, also referred to as theistic realism, is the pseudoscientific proposal that the central scientific method of requiring testability, known as methodological naturalism, should be replaced by a philosophy of science that allows in occasional supernatural explanations which are inherently untestable.

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Themista of Lampsacus

Themista of Lampsacus (Θεμίστη), the wife of Leonteus, was a student of Epicurus, early in the 3rd century BC.

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Themistius

Themistius (Θεμίστιος, Themistios; 317, Paphlagonia – c. 390 AD, Constantinople), named εὐφραδής (eloquent), was a statesman, rhetorician, and philosopher.

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Theobald Ziegler

Theobald Ziegler (9 February 1846 – 1 September 1918) was a German philosopher and educator born in Göppingen, Württemberg.

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Theodicy

Theodicy, in its most common form, is an attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil, thus resolving the issue of the problem of evil.

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Theodor Lessing

Theodor Lessing (8 February 1872, Hanover – 31 August 1933, Marienbad) was a German Jewish philosopher.

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Theodor Lipps

Theodor Lipps (28 July 1851 – 17 October 1914) was a German philosopher.

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Theodor Mundt

Theodor Mundt Theodor Mundt (September 19, 1808 – November 30, 1861) was a German critic and novelist.

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Theodor Sternberg

Theodor Hermann Sternberg (January 5, 1878 – April 18, 1950) was a German legal philosopher serving as a foreign advisor in Meiji period Japan, where he was an important contributor to the development of civil law in Japan.

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Theodor W. Adorno

Theodor W. Adorno (born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund; September 11, 1903 – August 6, 1969) was a German philosopher, sociologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society.

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Theodore de Laguna

Theodore de Laguna (July 22, 1876 – 1930) was an American philosopher who taught for years at Bryn Mawr College and was known as an early feminist.

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Theodore Drange

Theodore "Ted" Michael Drange (born 1934) is a philosopher of religion and Professor Emeritus at West Virginia University, where he taught philosophy from 1966 to 2001.

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Theodore Kisiel

Theodore J. Kisiel (born 1930), Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus of philosophy at Northern Illinois University, is a well-known translator of and commentator on the works of Martin Heidegger.

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Theodore Metochites

Theodore Metochites (Θεόδωρος Μετοχίτης; 1270–1332) was a Byzantine statesman, author, gentleman philosopher, and patron of the arts.

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Theodore Schick

Theodore Schick is an American author in the field of philosophy.

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Theodoric of Freiberg

Theodoric of Freiberg (–) was a German member of the Dominican order and a theologian and physicist.

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Theodorus of Asine

Theodorus of Asine (Θεόδωρος Ἀσιναῖος; fl. 3rd–4th century) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, and a native of one of the towns which bore the name of Asine, probably Asine in Laconia.

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Theodorus of Byzantium

Theodorus (Θεόδωρος) was a Greek sophist and orator of the late 5th century BC, born of Byzantium.

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Theodorus of Cyrene

Theodorus of Cyrene (Θεόδωρος ὁ Κυρηναῖος) was an ancient Libyan Greek and lived during the 5th century BC.

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Theodorus the Atheist

Theodorus the Atheist (Θεόδωρος ὁ ἄθεος; c. 340 – c. 250 BC), of Cyrene, was a philosopher of the Cyrenaic school.

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Theognostus of Alexandria

Theognostus (Θεόγνωστος; c. 210 – c. 270) was a late 3rd century Alexandrian theologian.

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Theological aesthetics

Theological aesthetics is the interdisciplinary study of theology and aesthetics, and has been defined as being "concerned with questions about God and issues in theology in the light of and perceived through sense knowledge (sensation, feeling, imagination), through beauty, and the arts".

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Theological determinism

Theological determinism is a form of predeterminism which states that all events that happen are pre-ordained, or predestined to happen, by a God, or that they are destined to occur given its omniscience.

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Theological noncognitivism

Theological noncognitivism is the position that religious language – specifically, words such as "God" – are not cognitively meaningful.

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Theological veto

The theological veto is the concept in philosophy of religion that philosophy and logic are impious and that God, not reason, is sovereign.

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Theological virtues

Theological virtues are virtues associated in Christian theology and philosophy with salvation resulting from the grace of God.

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Theology

Theology is the critical study of the nature of the divine.

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Theology of Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Kierkegaard's theology has been a major influence in the development of 20th century theology.

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Theon of Smyrna

Theon of Smyrna (Θέων ὁ Σμυρναῖος Theon ho Smyrnaios, gen. Θέωνος Theonos; fl. 100 CE) was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, whose works were strongly influenced by the Pythagorean school of thought.

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Theophilos Corydalleus

Theophilos Corydalleus (Θεόφιλος Κορυδαλ(λ)εύς, Theofilos Koryda(l)leus; 1563–1646), was a Greek Neo-Aristotelian philosopher.

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Theophrastus

Theophrastus (Θεόφραστος Theόphrastos; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos,Gavin Hardy and Laurence Totelin, Ancient Botany, 2015, p. 8.

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Theorem

In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proven on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems, and generally accepted statements, such as axioms.

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Theoretical definition

A theoretical definition is an abstract concept that defines a term in an academic discipline.

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Theoretical philosophy

The division of philosophy into a practical and a theoretical discipline has its origin in Aristotle's moral philosophy and natural philosophy categories.

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Theoreticism

In philosophy and particularly political philosophy, theoreticism is the preference for theory over practice (or, more broadly, abstract knowledge over concrete action), or a philosophical position which would lead to such a preference.

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Theoria (philosophy journal)

Theoria: A Swedish Journal of Philosophy and Psychology is a peer-reviewed academic journal publishing research in all areas of philosophy established in 1935 by Åke Petzäll (sv).

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Theories about religions

Sociological and anthropological theories about religion (or theories of religion) generally attempt to explain the origin and function of religion.

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Theories of humor

There are many theories of humor which attempt to explain what humor is, what social functions it serves, and what would be considered humorous.

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Theories of technology

There are a number of theories attempting to address technology, which tend to be associated with the disciplines of science and technology studies (STS) and communication studies.

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Theory

A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.

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Theory and Event

Theory and Event is an academic journal of political theory with an international editorial board, authors, and readership.

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Theory and Practice

Theory and Practice is a peer-reviewed academic journal specializing in music theory and analysis.

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Theory choice

Theory choice was a main problem in the philosophy of science in the early 20th century, and under the impact of the new and controversial theories of relativity and quantum physics, came to involve how scientists should choose between competing theories.

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Theory of criminal justice

The theory of criminal justice is the branch of philosophy of law that deals with criminal justice and in particular punishment.

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Theory of descriptions

The theory of descriptions is the philosopher Bertrand Russell's most significant contribution to the philosophy of language.

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Theory of everything (philosophy)

In philosophy, a theory of everything or ToE is an ultimate, all-encompassing explanation or description of nature or reality.

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Theory of forms

The theory of Forms or theory of Ideas is Plato's argument that non-physical (but substantial) forms (or ideas) represent the most accurate reality.

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Theory of justification

Theory of justification is a part of epistemology that attempts to understand the justification of propositions and beliefs.

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Theory of knowledge (IB course)

Theory of knowledge is a required subject in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme.

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Theory of mind

Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own.

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Theory of relativity

The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity.

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Theory-ladenness

In the philosophy of science, observations are said to be "theory‐laden" when they are affected by the theoretical presuppositions held by the investigator.

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Theory-theory

Theory-theory (or theory theory) is a scientific theory relating to the human development of understanding about the outside world.

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Theosophical Society

The Theosophical Society was an organization formed in 1875 by Helena Blavatsky to advance Theosophy.

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Theosophy (Blavatskian)

Theosophy is an esoteric religious movement established in the United States during the late nineteenth century.

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Theosophy (Boehmian)

Theosophy, also known as Christian theosophy and Boehmian theosophy, refers to a range of positions within Christianity which focus on the attainment of direct, unmediated knowledge of the nature of divinity and the origin and purpose of the universe.

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Therapeutic privilege

A therapeutic privilege (or therapeutic exception) refers to an uncommon situation whereby a physician may be excused from revealing information to a patient when disclosing it would pose a serious psychological threat, so serious a threat as to be medically contraindicated.

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Theravada

Theravāda (Pali, literally "school of the elder monks") is a branch of Buddhism that uses the Buddha's teaching preserved in the Pāli Canon as its doctrinal core.

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There are known knowns

"There are known knowns" is a phrase from a response United States Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld gave to a question at a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) news briefing on February 12, 2002 about the lack of evidence linking the government of Iraq with the supply of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist groups.

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Therefore sign

In logical argument and mathematical proof, the therefore sign (∴) is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.

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Theses on Feuerbach

The "Theses on Feuerbach" are eleven short philosophical notes written by Karl Marx as a basic outline for the first chapter of the book The German Ideology in 1845.

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Thesis

A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.

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Thesis, antithesis, synthesis

The triad thesis, antithesis, synthesis (These, Antithese, Synthese; originally: Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis) is often used to describe the thought of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

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Theurgy

Theurgy (from Greek θεουργία, Theourgia) describes the practice of rituals, sometimes seen as magical in nature, performed with the intention of invoking the action or evoking the presence of one or more gods, especially with the goal of achieving henosis (uniting with the divine) and perfecting oneself.

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Thick Black Theory

Thick Black Theory is a philosophical treatise written by Li Zongwu:zh:李宗吾 (1879–1943), a disgruntled politician and scholar born at the end of Qing dynasty.

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Thick concept

In philosophy, a thick concept (sometimes: thick normative concept, or thick evaluative concept) is a kind of concept that both has a significant degree of descriptive content and is evaluatively loaded.

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Thierry de Duve

Thierry de Duve (born 1944) is a Belgian professor of modern art theory and contemporary art theory, and both actively teaches and publishes books in the field.

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Thierry of Chartres

Thierry of Chartres (Theodoricus Chartrensis) or Theodoric the Breton (Theodericus Brito) (died before 1155, probably 1150) was a twelfth-century philosopher working at Chartres and Paris, France.

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Thieves in Black

The Thieves in Black is a media-coined name given to a supposed anarchist group responsible for numerous bank robberies in Athens, Greece.

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Thing-in-itself

The thing-in-itself (Ding an sich) is a concept introduced by Immanuel Kant.

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Think (journal)

Think: Philosophy for Everyone is an academic journal created to forge a direct link between contemporary philosophy and the general public.

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Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy

Think: A Compelling Introduction to Philosophy is a 1999 book by Simon Blackburn, intended to serve as an introduction to philosophy.

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Thinker's Library

The Thinker's Library was a series of 140 small hardcover books published between 1929 and 1951 for the Rationalist Press Association by Watts & Co., London, a company founded by Charles Albert Watts.

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Thinking about Consciousness

Thinking about Consciousness by David Papineau, is a book (published in 2002) about consciousness that describes what Papineau calls the 'Intuition of Distinctness'.

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Third camp

The third camp, also known as third camp socialism or third camp Trotskyism, is a branch of socialism which aims to oppose both capitalism and Stalinism by supporting the organised working class as a "third camp".

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Third eye

The third eye (also called the mind's eye, or inner eye) is a mystical and esoteric concept of a speculative invisible eye which provides perception beyond ordinary sight.

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Third man argument

The third man argument (commonly referred to as TMA; τρίτος ἄνθρωπος), first offered by Plato in his dialogue Parmenides (132a–b) wherein Parmenides (speaking to Socrates) uses the example of μέγεθος (mégethos; "greatness"), is a philosophical criticism of Plato's own theory of Forms.

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Third Position

Third Position is an ideology that was developed in the late 20th century by political parties including Terza Posizione in Italy and Troisième Voie in France.

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Third Way

The Third Way is a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of centre-right economic and centre-left social policies.

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Thirteen Classics

The Thirteen Classics is a term for the group of thirteen classics of Confucian tradition that became the basis for the Imperial Examinations during the Song dynasty and have shaped much of East Asian culture and thought.

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Thirtha prabandha

Thirtha Prabandha is one of the main Sanskrit works by Sri Vadiraja Swamy, the 16th century Dvaita philosopher and saint.

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Thiruvalluvar

Thiruvalluvar, also known as Valluvar, was a celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher.

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Thomas A. McCarthy

Thomas McCarthy (born 1940) is John Shaffer Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Northwestern University.

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Thomas Abbt

Thomas Abbt (25 November 1738 – 3 November 1766) was a German mathematician and writer.

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Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thomas à Kempis

Thomas à Kempis, CRSA (c. 1380 – 25 July 1471) was a German-Dutch canon regular of the late medieval period and the author of The Imitation of Christ, one of the most popular and best known Christian books on devotion.

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Thomas Baldwin (philosopher)

Thomas R. Baldwin (born 1947) is a British philosopher and professor of philosophy at the University of York.

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Thomas Bradwardine

Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury.

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Thomas Brown (philosopher)

Thomas Brown (9 January 1778 – 2 April 1820) was a Scottish philosopher and poet.

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Thomas Browne

Sir Thomas Browne (19 October 1605 – 19 October 1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric.

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Thomas Cajetan

Thomas Cajetan (20 February 1469 - 9 August 1534), also known as Gaetanus, commonly Tommaso de Vio or Thomas de Vio, was an Italian philosopher, theologian, cardinal (from 1517 until his death) and the Master of the Order of Preachers 1508-18.

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Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, translator, historian, mathematician, and teacher.

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Thomas Common

Thomas Common (1850–1919) was a translator and critic, who translated several books by Friedrich Nietzsche into English.

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Thomas Cooper (U.S. politician)

Thomas Cooper (October 22, 1759 – May 11, 1839) was an Anglo-American economist, college president and political philosopher.

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Thomas Davidson (philosopher)

Thomas Davidson (25 October 1840, Old Deer – 14 September 1900, Montreal) was a Scottish-American philosopher and lecturer.

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Thomas Gallus

Thomas Gallus of Vercelli (ca. 1200-1246), sometimes in early twentieth century texts called Thomas of St Victor, Thomas of Vercelli or Thomas Vercellensis, was a French theologian, a member of the School of St Victor.

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Thomas Gisborne

Thomas Gisborne (31 October 1758 – 24 March 1846) was an English Anglican priest and poet.

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Thomas Hastie Bell

Thomas Hastie Bell (1867–1942) was a Scottish anarchist.

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Thomas Henry Huxley

Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist specialising in comparative anatomy.

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Thomas Hill Green

Thomas Hill Green (7 April 1836 – 15 March 1882) was an English philosopher, political radical and temperance reformer, and a member of the British idealism movement.

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Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy.

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Thomas J. McKay

Thomas McKay is an American philosopher currently Professor of Philosophy and Director of Graduate Studies at the Department of Philosophy of Syracuse University.

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Thomas Jay Oord

Thomas Jay Oord (born November 10, 1965) is a theologian, philosopher, and scholar of multidisciplinary studies who teaches at Northwest Nazarene University in Nampa, Idaho.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, [O.S. April 2] 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Thomas Keell

Thomas Henry Keell (24 September 1866 – 26 June 1938) was an English compositor who edited the anarchist periodical Freedom.

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Thomas Kuhn

Thomas Samuel Kuhn (July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American physicist, historian and philosopher of science whose controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term paradigm shift, which has since become an English-language idiom.

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Thomas Metzinger

Thomas Metzinger (born 12 March 1958) is a German philosopher and professor of theoretical philosophy at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz.

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Thomas Molnar

Molnár Tamás, Thomas Molnar or Molnar, Thomas Steven (26 July 1921, in Budapest, Hungary – 20 July 2010, in Richmond, Virginia) was a Catholic philosopher, historian and political theorist.

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Thomas More

Sir Thomas More (7 February 14786 July 1535), venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist.

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Thomas Nagel

Thomas Nagel (born July 4, 1937) is an American philosopher and University Professor of Philosophy and Law Emeritus at New York University, where he taught from 1980 to 2016.

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Thomas of Sutton

Thomas of Sutton (died after 1315) was an English Dominican theologian, an early Thomist.

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Thomas of Villanova

St.

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Thomas of York (Franciscan)

Thomas of York (b. c. 1220; d. before 1269) was an English Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher of the thirteenth century.

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Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1. Paine's birth date, therefore, would have been before New Year, 1737. In the new style, his birth date advances by eleven days and his year increases by one to February 9, 1737. The O.S. link gives more detail if needed. – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary.

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Thomas Percival

Thomas Percival FRS FRSE FSA (1740–1804) was an English physician, health reformer, ethicist and author, best known for crafting perhaps the first modern code of medical ethics.

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Thomas Pogge

Thomas Winfried Menko Pogge (born 13 August 1953) is a German philosopher and is the Director of the Global Justice Program and Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University.

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Thomas Reid

Thomas Reid DD FRSE (26 April 1710 – 7 October 1796) was a religiously-trained British philosopher, a contemporary of David Hume as well as "Hume's earliest and fiercest critic".

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Thomas Robert Malthus

Thomas Robert Malthus (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834) was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography.

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Thomas Spencer Baynes

Thomas Spencer Baynes (24 March 1823 in Wellington – 31 May 1887 in London) was a philosopher.

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Thomas Talbott

Thomas Talbott is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Willamette University, Salem, Oregon.

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Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)

Thomas Taylor (15 May 17581 November 1835) was an English translator and Neoplatonist, the first to translate into English the complete works of Aristotle and of Plato, as well as the Orphic fragments.

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Thomas Tymoczko

A.

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Thomas V. Morris

Thomas V. Morris, also known as Tom Morris and, on social media, tomvmorris (born 1952), is an American philosopher.

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Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)

Thomas Vaughan (1621 − 27 February 1666) was a Welsh philosopher and alchemist, who wrote in English.

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Thomas White (scholar)

Thomas White (1593–1676) was an English Roman Catholic priest and scholar, known as a theologian, censured by the Inquisition, and also as a philosopher contributing to scientific and political debates.

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Thomas Wilton

Thomas Wilton (active from 1288 to 1322) was an English theologian and scholastic philosopher, a pupil of Duns Scotus,Harjeet Singh Gill, Signification in language and culture, Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 2002, p. 109.

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Thomas-Institut

The Thomas-Institut is a research Institute whose function it is to serve the study of medieval philosophy by preparing critical editions and historical and systematic studies of medieval authors.

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Thomé H. Fang

Thomé H. Fang was a Chinese philosopher.

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Thomism

Thomism is the philosophical school that arose as a legacy of the work and thought of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), philosopher, theologian, and Doctor of the Church.

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Thomistic sacramental theology

Thomistic sacramental theology is St. Thomas Aquinas's theology of the sacraments of the Catholic Church.

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Thoralf Skolem

Thoralf Albert Skolem (23 May 1887 – 23 March 1963) was a Norwegian mathematician who worked in mathematical logic and set theory.

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Thought

Thought encompasses a “goal oriented flow of ideas and associations that leads to reality-oriented conclusion.” Although thinking is an activity of an existential value for humans, there is no consensus as to how it is defined or understood.

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Thought experiment

A thought experiment (Gedankenexperiment, Gedanken-Experiment or Gedankenerfahrung) considers some hypothesis, theory, or principle for the purpose of thinking through its consequences.

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Thought of Thomas Aquinas

This article contains a selection of thoughts of Thomas Aquinas on various topics.

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Thoughts on Machiavelli

Thoughts on Machiavelli is a book by Leo Strauss first published in 1958.

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Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces

Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces is Immanuel Kant's first published work.

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Thrasymachus

Thrasymachus (Θρασύμαχος Thrasýmachos; c. 459 – c. 400 BC) was a sophist of ancient Greece best known as a character in Plato's Republic.

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Thrasymachus of Corinth

Thrasymachus (Θρασύμαχος; fl. 4th century BCE) of Corinth, was a philosopher of the Megarian school.

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Three Critics of the Enlightenment

Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder is a collection of essays in the history of philosophy by 20th century philosopher and historian of ideas Isaiah Berlin.

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Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous

Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, or simply Three Dialogues, is a 1713 book on metaphysics and idealism written by George Berkeley.

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Three marks of existence

In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaa; Sanskrit: trilakaa) of all existence and beings, namely impermanence (anicca), unsatisfactoriness or suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anattā).

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Three men make a tiger

"Three men make a tiger" is a Chinese proverb or chengyu (four-character idiom).

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Three Principles of the People

The Three Principles of the People, also translated as Three People's Principles, San-min Doctrine, or Tridemism is a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation.

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Three sided football

Three-sided football (often referred to as 3SF) is a variation of association football played with three teams instead of the usual two.

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Three Treasures (Taoism)

The Three Treasures or Three Jewels are basic virtues in Taoism.

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Three Worlds Theory

The Three Worlds Theory, by Mao Zedong, is a theory of international relations, which proposes three politico-economic worlds: the first world consisting of superpowers, the second world of developing powers, and the third world of exploited nations.

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Three-valued logic

In logic, a three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which there are three truth values indicating true, false and some indeterminate third value.

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Threefold Training

The Buddha identified the threefold training (sikkhā) as training in.

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Thrownness

Thrownness is a concept introduced by German philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) to describe humans' individual existences as "being thrown" (geworfen) into the world.

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Thubten Gyatso (Australian monk)

Thubten Gyatso (born Adrian Feldmann) is an Australian monk and was ordained by Lama Thubten Yeshe in the 1970s and was one of the first Westerners to become a monk in the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism.

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Thucydides

Thucydides (Θουκυδίδης,, Ancient Attic:; BC) was an Athenian historian and general.

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Thumos

Thumos (also commonly spelled thymos; θυμός) is a Greek word expressing the concept of "spiritedness" (as in "spirited stallion" or "spirited debate").

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Thus Spoke Zarathustra

Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen, also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra) is a comedic philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed in four parts between 1883 and 1885 and published between 1883 and 1891.

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Ti (concept)

Ti is the Chinese word for substance or body.

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Tian

Tiān (天) is one of the oldest Chinese terms for heaven and a key concept in Chinese mythology, philosophy, and religion.

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Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism is the form of Buddhist doctrine and institutions named after the lands of Tibet, but also found in the regions surrounding the Himalayas and much of Central Asia.

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Tibor Machan

Tibor Richard Machan (18 March 1939 – 24 March 2016) was a Hungarian-American philosopher.

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Ticking time bomb scenario

The ticking time bomb scenario is a thought experiment that has been used in the ethics debate over whether torture can ever be justified.

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Tilman Pesch

Tilman Pesch (1 February 1836, at Cologne – 18 October 1899, at Valkenburg, Limburg, the Netherlands), was a German Jesuit philosopher.

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Tim Crane

Timothy Martin Crane (born 17 October 1962) is a philosopher who works mostly on the philosophy of mind and metaphysics.

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Tim Dean

Tim Dean is a British philosopher, author, notable in the field of contemporary queer theory, and author of several works on the subject: Gary Snyder and the American Unconscious (1991), Beyond Sexuality (2000), and Unlimited Intimacy: Reflections on the Subculture of Barebacking (2009), all published by the University of Chicago Press, and a co-editor of Homosexuality and Psychoanalysis (2001).

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Timaeus (dialogue)

Timaeus (Timaios) is one of Plato's dialogues, mostly in the form of a long monologue given by the title character Timaeus of Locri, written c. 360 BC.

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Timaeus of Locri

Timaeus of Locri (Tímaios ho Lokrós; Timaeus Locrus) is a character in two of Plato's dialogues, Timaeus and Critias.

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Timaeus the Sophist

Timaeus the Sophist (Τίμαιος ὁ Σοφιστής) was a Greek philosopher who lived sometime between the 1st and 4th centuries.

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Time

Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.

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Time and Free Will

Time and Free Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of Consciousness (French: Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience) is Henri Bergson's doctoral thesis, first published in 1889.

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Time loop

A time loop or temporal loop is a plot device in which periods of time are repeated and re-experienced by the characters, and there is often some hope of breaking out of the cycle of repetition.

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Time preference

In economics, time preference (or time discounting, delay discounting, temporal discounting) is the current relative valuation placed on receiving a good at an earlier date compared with receiving it at a later date.

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Time travel

Time travel is the concept of movement between certain points in time, analogous to movement between different points in space by an object or a person, typically using a hypothetical device known as a time machine.

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Timeline of Eastern philosophers

This is a wide-ranging alphabetical list of philosophers from the Eastern traditions of philosophy, with special interest in Indo-Chinese philosophy.

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Timeline of Niccolò Machiavelli

This timeline lists important events relevant to the life of the Italian diplomat, writer and political philosopher Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (1469–1527).

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Timeline of philosophers

No description.

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Timeline of Western philosophers

This is a list of philosophers from the Western tradition of philosophy.

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Timo Airaksinen

Timo Airaksinen (born 25 April 1947 in Vaasa, Finland) is Professor of Moral Philosophy in the Discipline of Social and Moral Philosophy at Helsinki University.

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Timocrates of Lampsacus

Timocrates of Lampsacus (Τιμοκράτης) was a renegade Epicurean who made it his life's mission to spread slander about Epicurus' philosophy and way of life.

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Timolaus of Cyzicus

Timolaus of Cyzicus (Τιμόλαος Κυζικηνός) was one of Plato's students.

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Timon of Phlius

Timon of Phlius (Τίμων ὁ Φλιάσιος, gen.: Τίμωνος; c. 320 BC – c. 235 BC) was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher, a pupil of Pyrrho, and a celebrated writer of satirical poems called Silloi (Σίλλοι).

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Timothy Chambers

Timothy Chambers is a philosopher who has written a number of articles which have appeared in the journals Mind, the Monist (1998), Philosophy (2001), the (2000), and Ratio (1999).

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Timothy Smiley

Timothy John Smiley FBA (born 13 November 1930) is a British philosopher, appointed Emeritus Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy at Clare College, Cambridge University.

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Timothy Sprigge

Timothy Lauro Squire Sprigge (14 January 1932 – 11 July 2007) was a British idealist philosopher who spent the latter portion of his career at the University of Edinburgh, where he was Professor of Logic and Metaphysics, and latterly an Emeritus Fellow.

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Timothy Williamson

Timothy Williamson, (born 6 August 1955) is a British philosopher whose main research interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of language, epistemology and metaphysics.

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Timycha

Timycha of Sparta (Τιμύχα Λακεδαιμονία; early 4th century BC), along with her husband Myllias of Croton (Μυλλίας Κροτωνιάτης), was a member of a group of Pythagorean pilgrims, who were attacked by Syracusian soldiers on their way to Metapontum, because they had rejected the friendship of the tyrant Dionysius the elder.

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Tine Hribar

Tine Hribar (born 28 January 1941 as Velentin Hribar) is a Slovenian philosopher and public intellectual, notable for his interpretations of Heidegger and his role in the democratization of Slovenia between 1988 and 1990, known as the Slovenian Spring.

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Tiqqun

Tiqqun is the name of a French philosophical journal, founded in 1999 with an aim to "recreate the conditions of another community." It was created by various writers, before dissolving in Venice, Italy in 2001 following the attacks of September 11, 2001.

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Tirukkuṛaḷ

The Tirukkural or Thirukkural (திருக்குறள், literally Sacred Verses), or shortly the Kural, is a classic Tamil text consisting of 1,330 couplets or Kurals, dealing with the everyday virtues of an individual.

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Tisias

Tisias (Τεισίας; fl. 5th century BC), along with Corax of Syracuse, was one of the founders of ancient Greek rhetoric.

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Titoism

Titoism is described as the post-World War II policies and practices associated with Josip Broz Tito during the Cold War, characterized by an opposition to the Soviet Union.

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Titus Albucius

Titus Albucius (praetor c. 105 BC) was a noted orator of the late Roman Republic.

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Titus Brandsma

Titus Brandsma (23 February 1881 - 26 July 1942), was a Dutch Carmelite friar, Catholic priest and professor of philosophy.

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Titus Pomponius Atticus

Titus Pomponius Atticus (– 31 March 32 BC; also known as Quintus Caecilius Pomponianus) is best known for his correspondence and close friendship with prominent Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero.

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Todd May

Todd Gifford May (born 1955 in New York City, New York) is a political philosopher who writes on topics of anarchism, poststructuralism, and post-structuralist anarchism.

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Toleration

Toleration is the acceptance of an action, object, or person which one dislikes or disagrees with, where one is in a position to disallow it but chooses not to.

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Tolstoyan movement

The Tolstoyan movement is a social movement based on the philosophical and religious views of Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910).

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Tom Beauchamp

Tom L. Beauchamp is an American philosopher specializing in philosophy of David Hume, moral philosophy, bioethics, and animal ethics.

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Tom Gerety

Tom Gerety, a lawyer, philosopher, is the former president of both Trinity College (Connecticut) (1989-1994) and Amherst College (1994–2003).

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Tom Polger

Tom Polger is a professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Cincinnati in the United States.

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Tom Regan

Tom Regan (November 28, 1938 – February 17, 2017) was an American philosopher who specialized in animal rights theory.

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Tom Stoneham

Tom Stoneham is a British philosopher, Professor of Philosophy at the University of York, England.

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Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, sometimes anglicised to Thomas Masaryk (7 March 1850 – 14 September 1937), was a Czech politician, statesman, sociologist and philosopher.

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Tomer Devorah

Tomer Devorah (Hebrew: תומר דבורה, English: The Palm Tree of Deborah) was written in Hebrew in the middle of the 16th century by Moses Cordovero, a Jewish kabbalist in Safed, Israel.

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Tommaso Campanella

Tommaso Campanella OP (5 September 1568 – 21 May 1639), baptized Giovanni Domenico Campanella, was a Dominican friar, Italian philosopher, theologian, astrologer, and poet.

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Tommaso Maria Zigliara

Tommaso Maria Zigliara, OP (baptismal name: Francesco) (end of October 1833 – 11 May 1893) was a Roman Catholic priest of the Dominican Order, a theologian, philosopher and a cardinal.

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Tomonobu Imamichi

(November 19, 1922 – October 13, 2012) was a Japanese philosopher who studied Chinese philosophy.

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Tony Honoré

Anthony Maurice (Tony) Honoré (born 30 March 1921) is a British lawyer and jurist, known for his work on ownership, causation and Roman law.

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Tony McWalter

Tony McWalter (born 20 March 1945 in Worksop) is a politician in the United Kingdom.

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Toothpaste tube theory

There are different theories in different formulations, which each have been popularly called the toothpaste tube theory. These theories usually are based on the observation that when one squeezes one end of the toothpaste tube, toothpaste is inevitably extruded from the other end.

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Top-down parsing language

Top-Down Parsing Language (TDPL) is a type of analytic formal grammar developed by Alexander Birman in the early 1970s in order to study formally the behavior of a common class of practical top-down parsers that support a limited form of backtracking.

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Topical logic

Topical logic is the logic of topical argument, a branch of rhetoric developed in the Late Antique period from earlier works, such as Aristotle's Topics and Cicero's Topica.

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Topics (Aristotle)

The Topics (Τοπικά; Topica) is the name given to one of Aristotle's six works on logic collectively known as the Organon: The Topics constitutes Aristotle's treatise on the art of dialectic—the invention and discovery of arguments in which the propositions rest upon commonly held opinions or endoxa (ἔνδοξα in Greek).

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Torbjörn Tännsjö

Torbjörn Tännsjö (born 1946 in Västerås) is a Swedish professor of philosophy and public intellectual.

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Tore Nordenstam

Tore Nordenstam (born 1934) is a Swedish philosopher, with higher degrees from Gothenburg (M.A. 1961, fil. lic. 1961) and the University of Khartoum (Ph.D. 1965); he also studied at Uppsala and Oxford.

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Torgny T:son Segerstedt

Torgny Torgnysson Segerstedt (11 August 1908, Mellerud, Dalsland – 28 January 1999) was a Swedish philosopher and sociologist.

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Toronto School of communication theory

The Toronto School is a school of thought in communication theory and literary criticism, the principles of which were developed chiefly by scholars at the University of Toronto.

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Torquato Accetto

Torquato Accetto (1590/98 to 1640) was an Italian writer in the first half of the 17th century born in NaplesGarzanti p. 2 He is particularly remembered for his book on conformity and hypocrisy, titled Della dissimulazione onesta.

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Torsti Lehtinen

Torsti Lehtinen, Finnish writer and philosopher, was born in Helsinki in 1942.

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Torture

Torture (from the Latin tortus, "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim.

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Tory corporatism

Tory corporatism is a corporatist political culture that is distinct from fascist corporatism in that rather than having a dictatorship impose order through force, the Tory corporatist culture is already settled and ongoing.

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Total order

In mathematics, a linear order, total order, simple order, or (non-strict) ordering is a binary relation on some set X, which is antisymmetric, transitive, and a connex relation.

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Totalism

Totalism is a style of art music that arose in the 1980s and 1990s as a response to minimalism.

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Totalitarian democracy

Totalitarian democracy, or anarcho-monarchism, is a term popularized by Israeli historian J. L. Talmon to refer to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government.

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Totalitarianism

Benito Mussolini Totalitarianism is a political concept where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.

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Tottenham outrage

The Tottenham outrage of 23 January 1909 was a wages theft in Tottenham, north London, that resulted in a two-hour chase between the police and armed criminals over a distance of, with an estimated 400 rounds of ammunition fired by the thieves.

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Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration

Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration is an interfaith declaration (full title: Declaration Toward a Global Ethic), at The Parliament of the World's Religions drafted initially by Hans Küng, President of the Foundation for a Global Ethic (Stiftung Weltethos), in cooperation with the Council for a Parliament of the World's Religions staff and Trustees and experts.

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Trace (deconstruction)

Trace (trace) is one of the most important concepts in Derridian deconstruction.

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Trace monoid

In computer science, a trace is a set of strings, wherein certain letters in the string are allowed to commute, but others are not.

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Trace theory

In mathematics and computer science, trace theory aims to provide a concrete mathematical underpinning for the study of concurrent computation and process calculi.

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Tractatus coislinianus

Tractatus coislinianus is an ancient Greek manuscript outlining a theory of comedy in the tradition of Aristotle's Poetics.

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Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione

Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione (TIE) or On the Improvement of the Understanding is a seventeenth-century unfinished work of philosophy by the 17th century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, published posthumously in 1677.

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Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (TLP) (Latin for "Logico-Philosophical Treatise") is the only book-length philosophical work published by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his lifetime.

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Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (6.5)

In the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Proposition 6.5 seeks to ground his philosophy of action (Proposition 7: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent").

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Tractatus Theologico-Politicus

Written by the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (TTP) or Theologico-Political Treatise was one of the most controversial texts of the early modern period.

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Trademark argument

The trademark argument is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by French philosopher and mathematician, René Descartes.

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Tradition

A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.

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Traditionalist conservatism

Traditionalist conservatism, also known as classical conservatism and traditional conservatism, is a political philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of a transcendent moral order, manifested through certain natural laws to which society ought to conform in a prudent manner.

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Traditionalist School

The Traditionalist School is a group of 20th- and 21st-century thinkers concerned with what they consider to be the demise of traditional forms of knowledge, both aesthetic and spiritual, within Western society.

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Traducianism

In Christian theology, traducianism is a doctrine about the origin of the soul (or synonymously, "spirit"), holding that this immaterial aspect is transmitted through natural generation along with the body, the material aspect of human beings.

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Tragedy

Tragedy (from the τραγῳδία, tragōidia) is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences.

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Tragedy of the commons

The tragedy of the commons is a term used in social science to describe a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action.

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Tragic Week (Catalonia)

Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) (25 July – 2 August 1909) is the name used for a series of violent confrontations between the Spanish army and radicals of the working classes of Barcelona and other cities of Catalonia (Spain), assisted by anarchists, socialists and republicans, during the last week of July 1909.

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Trail ethics

Trail ethics deals with ethics as it applies to the use of trails.

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Trailokya

Trailokya (त्रैलोक्य; tiloka) has been translated as "three worlds,"Fischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 230, entry for "Triloka." Here, synonyms for triloka include trailokya and traidhātuka.

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Trairūpya

Trairūpya (Sanskrit; English: "the triple-character of inferential sign") is a conceptual tool of Buddhist logic.

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Trait ascription bias

Trait ascription bias is the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much more predictable in their personal traits across different situations.

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Tran Duc Thao

Trần Đức Thảo (Từ Sơn, Bắc Ninh, 26 September 1917 – Paris, 24 April 1993) was a Vietnamese philosopher.

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Transaction logic

Transaction Logic is an extension of predicate logic that accounts in a clean and declarative way for the phenomenon of state changes in logic programs and databases.

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Transcendence (philosophy)

In philosophy, transcendence conveys the basic ground concept from the word's literal meaning (from Latin), of climbing or going beyond, albeit with varying connotations in its different historical and cultural stages.

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Transcendence (religion)

In religion, transcendence refers to the aspect of a god's nature and power which is wholly independent of the material universe, beyond all known physical laws.

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Transcendent theosophy

Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’li (حكمت متعالي), the doctrine and philosophy developed by Persian philosopher Mulla Sadra, is one of two main disciplines of Islamic philosophy that is currently live and active.

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Transcendental apperception

In philosophy, Kantian transcendental apperception is that which Immanuel Kant thought makes experience possible.

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Transcendental argument for the existence of God

The Transcendental Argument for the Existence of God (TAG) is the argument that attempts to prove God's existence by arguing that logic, morals, and science ultimately presuppose a supreme being, and that God must be the source of logic and morals.

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Transcendental arguments

A transcendental argument is a deductive philosophical argument which takes a manifest feature of experience as granted, and articulates which must be the case so that experience as such is possible.

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Transcendental idealism

Transcendental idealism is a doctrine founded by German philosopher Immanuel Kant in the 18th century.

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Transcendental number

In mathematics, a transcendental number is a real or complex number that is not algebraic—that is, it is not a root of a nonzero polynomial equation with integer (or, equivalently, rational) coefficients.

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Transcendental perspectivism

Transcendental perspectivism is a hybrid philosophy developed by German-born philosopher, Werner Krieglstein.

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Transcendental realism

Initially developed by Roy Bhaskar in his book A Realist Theory of Science (1975), transcendental realism is a philosophy of science that was initially developed as an argument against epistemic realism of positivism and hermeneutics.

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Transcendental Students

Transcendental Students (TS) was a student activist and anarchist group created in 1969 at NYU in New York City.

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Transcendental theology

Transcendental theology is a term invented by Immanuel Kant to describe a method of discerning theological concepts.

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Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States.

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Transcendentals

The transcendentals (transcendentalia) are the properties of being that correspond to three aspects of the human field of interest and are their ideals; science (truth), the arts (beauty) and religion (goodness).

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Transferable utility

Transferable utility is a concept in cooperative game theory and in economics.

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Transfinite induction

Transfinite induction is an extension of mathematical induction to well-ordered sets, for example to sets of ordinal numbers or cardinal numbers.

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Transfinite number

Transfinite numbers are numbers that are "infinite" in the sense that they are larger than all finite numbers, yet not necessarily absolutely infinite.

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Transformation problem

In 20th-century discussions of Karl Marx's economics, the transformation problem is the problem of finding a general rule by which to transform the "values" of commodities (based on their socially necessary labour content, according to his labour theory of value) into the "competitive prices" of the marketplace.

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Transformational grammar

In linguistics, transformational grammar (TG) or transformational-generative grammar (TGG) is part of the theory of generative grammar, especially of natural languages.

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Transformative justice

Transformative justice is a general philosophical strategy for responding to conflicts.

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Transhumanism

Transhumanism (abbreviated as H+ or h+) is an international intellectual movement that aims to transform the human condition by developing and making widely available sophisticated technologies to greatly enhance human intellect and physiology.

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Transitional demand

In Marxist theory, a transitional demand either is a partial realisation of a maximum demand after revolution or an agitational demand made by a socialist organisation with the aim of linking the current situation to progress towards their goal of a socialist society.

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Transitive closure

In mathematics, the transitive closure of a binary relation R on a set X is the smallest relation on X that contains R and is transitive.

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Transitive relation

In mathematics, a binary relation over a set is transitive if whenever an element is related to an element and is related to an element then is also related to.

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Translating "law" to other European languages

The translation of "law" to other European languages faces several difficulties.

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Translation

Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.

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Transmodernism

Transmodernism is a philosophical and cultural movement which was founded by Argentinian-Mexican philosopher Enrique Dussel.

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Transmodernity

Transmodernity is a philosophical concept used by the Spanish philosopher and feminist Rosa María Rodríguez Magda in her 1989 essay La sonrisa de Saturno: Hacia una teoría transmoderna.

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Transparency (linguistic)

Linguistic transparency is a phrase which is used in multiple, overlapping subjects in the fields of linguistics and the philosophy of language.

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Transparency (philosophy)

In epistemology, transparency is a property of epistemic states defined as follows: An epistemic state E is weakly transparent to a subject S if and only if when S is in state E, S can know that S is in state E; an epistemic state E is strongly transparent to a subject S if and only if when S is in state E, S can know that S is in state E, AND when S is not in state E, S can know S is not in state E. Pain is usually considered to be strongly transparent: when someone is in pain, he knows immediately that he is in pain, and if he is not in pain, he will know he is not.

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Transparent Intensional Logic

Transparent Intensional Logic (frequently abbreviated as TIL) is a logical system created by Pavel Tichý.

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Transposition (logic)

In propositional logic, transposition is a valid rule of replacement that permits one to switch the antecedent with the consequent of a conditional statement in a logical proof if they are also both negated.

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Transtheism

Transtheism is a term coined by either philosopher Paul Tillich or Indologist Heinrich ZimmerIn published writings, the term appears in 1952 for Tillich and in 1953 for Zimmer.

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Transubstantiation

Transubstantiation (Latin: transsubstantiatio; Greek: μετουσίωσις metousiosis) is, according to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church, the change of substance or essence by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist during the Mass, become, in reality, the body and blood of Jesus Christ.

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Transvaluation of values

The revaluation of all values or "Transvaluation" is a concept from the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Transworld identity

Transworld Identity is the idea that objects exist in multiple possible worlds.

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Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich

Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich (15 September 1880, in Stettin (Szczecin) – 28 July 1949, in Tübingen) was a German religious psychologist and philosopher.

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Treatise

A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject, generally longer and treating it in greater depth than an essay, and more concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject.

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Trenton Merricks

Trenton Merricks is Commonwealth Professor of Philosophy at the University of Virginia.

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Triage

Triage is the process of determining the priority of patients' treatments based on the severity of their condition.

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Trial of Socrates

The trial of Socrates (399 BC) was held to determine the philosopher’s guilt of two charges: asebeia (impiety) against the pantheon of Athens, and corruption of the youth of the city-state; the accusers cited two impious acts by Socrates: “failing to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges” and “introducing new deities”.

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Trial of the Thirty

The Trial of the Thirty (French: Procès des trente) was a trial in 1894 in Paris, France, aimed at legitimizing the lois scélérates passed in 1893–94 against the anarchist movement and restricting press freedom by proving the existence of an effective association between anarchists.

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Trialism

Trialism in philosophy was introduced by John Cottingham as an alternative interpretation of the mind–body dualism of Rene Descartes.

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Trichotomy (philosophy)

A trichotomy is a three-way classificatory division.

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Trikaya

The Trikāya doctrine (Sanskrit, literally "three bodies") is a Mahayana Buddhist teaching on both the nature of reality and the nature of Buddhahood.

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Trilemma

A trilemma is a difficult choice from three options, each of which is (or appears) unacceptable or unfavourable.

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Trinity

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from Greek τριάς and τριάδα, from "threefold") holds that God is one but three coeternal consubstantial persons or hypostases—the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit—as "one God in three Divine Persons".

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Tripiṭaka

The Tripiṭaka (Sanskrit) or Tipiṭaka (Pali), is the traditional term for the Buddhist scriptures.

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Tripp York

Fred "Tripp" York is a religious studies scholar and Mennonite writer (B.A., Trevecca Nazarene University; M.T.S., Duke University; Ph.D., Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary).

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Triune continuum paradigm

The Triune continuum paradigm is a paradigm for general system modeling published in 2002.

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Trivial objections

Trivial objections (also referred to as hair-splitting, nothing but objections, barrage of objections and banal objections) is an informal logical fallacy where irrelevant and sometimes frivolous objections are made to divert the attention away from the topic that is being discussed.

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Trivialism

Trivialism is the logical theory that all statements (also known as propositions) are true and that all contradictions of the form "p and not p" (e.g. the ball is red and not red) are true.

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Trolley problem

The trolley problem is a thought experiment in ethics.

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Trope (philosophy)

The term "trope" is both a term which denotes figurative and metaphorical language and one which has been used in various technical senses.

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Troubled Sleep

Troubled Sleep (La mort dans l'âme) is a 1949 novel by Jean-Paul Sartre.

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True name

A true name is a name of a thing or being that expresses, or is somehow identical to, its true nature.

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True self and false self

True self (also known as real self, authentic self, original self and vulnerable self) and false self (also known as fake self, idealized self, superficial self and pseudo self) are psychological concepts often used in connection with narcissism.

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True-believer syndrome

True-believer syndrome is an informal or rhetorical term used by M. Lamar Keene in his 1976 book The Psychic Mafia.

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Truism

A truism is a claim that is so obvious or self-evident as to be hardly worth mentioning, except as a reminder or as a rhetorical or literary device, and is the opposite of falsism.

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Truman G. Madsen

Truman Grant Madsen (13 December 1926 – 28 May 2009) was an emeritus professor of religion and philosophy at Brigham Young University and director of the Brigham Young University Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies.

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Trumbullplex

The Trumbullplex is a housing collective and showspace in the Woodbridge neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan, USA.

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Trust (emotion)

In a social context, trust has several connotations.

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Truth

Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or standard.

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Truth and Method

Truth and Method (Wahrheit und Methode) is a 1960 book by Hans-Georg Gadamer, his major philosophical work.

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Truth by consensus

In philosophy, truth by consensus is the process of taking statements to be true simply because people generally agree upon them.

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Truth claim (photography)

Truth claim, in photography, is a term Tom Gunning uses to describe the prevalent belief that traditional photographs accurately depict reality.

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Truth condition

In semantics and pragmatics, a truth condition is the condition under which a sentence is true.

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Truth function

In logic, a truth function is a function that accepts truth values as input and produces a truth value as output, i.e., the input and output are all truth values.

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Truth predicate

In formal theories of truth, a truth predicate is a fundamental concept based on the sentences of a formal language as interpreted logically.

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Truth table

A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, boolean functions, and propositional calculus—which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables (Enderton, 2001).

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Truth value

In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth.

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Truth-bearer

A truth-bearer is an entity that is said to be either true or false and nothing else.

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Truth-conditional semantics

Truth-conditional semantics is an approach to semantics of natural language that sees meaning (or at least the meaning of assertions) as being the same as, or reducible to, their truth conditions.

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Truth-value link

The principle of truth-value links is a concept in metaphysics discussed in debates between philosophical realism and anti-realism.

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Truth-value semantics

In formal semantics, truth-value semantics is an alternative to Tarskian semantics.

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Truthiness

Truthiness is the belief or assertion that a particular statement is true based on the intuition or perceptions of some individual or individuals, without regard to evidence, logic, intellectual examination, or facts.

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Truthmaker theory

Truthmaker theory is "the branch of metaphysics that explores the relationships between what is true and what exists." A truthmaker for a truthbearer is that entity in virtue of which the truthbearer is true.

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Tsang Lap Chuen

Tsang Lap Chuen (Chinese: 曾立存) is a Chinese philosopher in the analytic tradition.

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Tschandala

Tschandala (old German transcription of chandala) is a term Friedrich Nietzsche borrowed from the Indian caste system, where a Tschandala is a member of the lowest social class.

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Tsunashima Ryōsen

was a Japanese author and philosopher.

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Tu quoque

Tu quoque (Latin for "you also") or the appeal to hypocrisy is an informal fallacy that intends to discredit the opponent's argument by asserting the opponent's failure to act consistently in accordance with its conclusion(s).

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Tudor Vianu

Tudor Vianu (January 8, 1898 – May 21, 1964) was a Romanian literary critic, art critic, poet, philosopher, academic, and translator.

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Tuesdays with Morrie

Tuesdays with Morrie is a memoir by American writer Mitch Albom.

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Tui (intellectual)

The German modernist theatre practitioner Bertolt Brecht invented the term and used it in a range of critical and creative projects, including the material that he developed in the mid-1930s for his so-called Tui-Novel—an unfinished satire on intellectuals in the German Empire and Weimar Republic—and his epic comedy from the early 1950s, Turandot or the Whitewashers' Congress.

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Tuli Kupferberg

Naphtali "Tuli" Kupferberg (September 28, 1923 – July 12, 2010) was an American counterculture poet, author, singer, cartoonist, pacifist anarchist, publisher, and co-founder of the band the Fugs.

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Tullia d'Aragona

Tullia d'Aragona (c. 1510 – 1556) was a 16th-century Italian poet, author and philosopher.

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Tulpa

Tulpa is a concept in mysticism and the paranormal of a being or object which is created through spiritual or mental powers.

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Turing degree

In computer science and mathematical logic the Turing degree (named after Alan Turing) or degree of unsolvability of a set of natural numbers measures the level of algorithmic unsolvability of the set.

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Turing machine

A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that defines an abstract machine, which manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules.

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Turing machine equivalents

A Turing machine is a hypothetical computing device, first conceived by Alan Turing in 1936.

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Turing reduction

In computability theory, a Turing reduction from a problem A to a problem B, is a reduction which solves A, assuming the solution to B is already known (Rogers 1967, Soare 1987).

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Turing test

The Turing test, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.

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Turtles all the way down

"Turtles all the way down" is an expression of the problem of infinite regress.

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Tusculanae Disputationes

The Tusculanae Disputationes (also Tusculanae Quaestiones; English: Tusculanes or Tusculan Disputations) is a series of five books written by Cicero, around 45 BC, attempting to popularise Greek philosophy in Ancient Rome, including Stoicism.

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Twardowski

Twardowski (feminine: Twardowska, plural: Twardowscy) is a Polish surname.

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Twelfth Letter

The Twelfth Letter of Plato, also known as Epistle XII or Letter XII, is an epistle that tradition has ascribed to Plato, though it is almost certainly a literary forgery.

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Twelve Nidānas

The Twelve Nidānas (Pali: dvādasanidānāni, Sanskrit: dvādaśanidānāni, from dvāvaśa ("twelve") + nidānāni (plural of "nidāna", "cause, motivation, link")) is a doctrine of Buddhism where each link is asserted as a primary causal relationship between the connected links.

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Twilight Club

The Twilight Club was a dinner club in New York City that operated from 1883 until 1904.

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Twilight of the Idols

Twilight of the Idols, or, How to Philosophize with a Hammer (Götzen-Dämmerung, oder, Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert) is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, written in 1888, and published in 1889.

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Twin Earth thought experiment

Twin Earth is a thought experiment by philosopher Hilary Putnam, first in his paper "Meaning and Reference" (1973), and then in his paper "The Meaning of 'Meaning (1975), to illustrate his argument for semantic externalism, or the view that the meanings of words are ultimately not purely psychological.

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Two Ages: A Literary Review

Two Ages: A Literary Review (En literair Anmeldelse af S. Kierkegaard) is the first book in Søren Kierkegaard's second authorship and was published on March 30, 1846.

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Two Concepts of Liberty

"Two Concepts of Liberty" was the inaugural lecture delivered by the liberal philosopher Isaiah Berlin before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958.

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Two Dogmas of Empiricism

"Two Dogmas of Empiricism" is a paper by analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951.

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Two Treatises of Government

Two Treatises of Government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government) is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke.

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Two truths doctrine

The Buddhist doctrine of the two truths differentiates between two levels of satya (Sanskrit), meaning truth or "really existing" in the discourse of the Buddha: the "conventional" or "provisional" truth, and the "ultimate" truth.

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Two wrongs make a right

In rhetoric and ethics, "two wrongs make a right" and "two wrongs don't make a right" are phrases that denote philosophical norms.

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Two-level utilitarianism

Two-level utilitarianism (sometimes Government House utilitarianism) is a utilitarian theory of ethics developed by R. M. Hare.

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Tychism

Tychism (τύχη "chance") is a thesis proposed by the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce that holds that absolute chance, or indeterminism, is a real factor operative in the universe.

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Tyco International

Tyco International plc was a security systems company incorporated in the Republic of Ireland, with operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey, United States (Tyco International (US) Inc.). Tyco International was composed of two major business segments: Security Solutions and Fire Protection.

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Tyler Burge

Tyler Burge (born 1946) is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at UCLA.

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Type physicalism

Type physicalism (also known as reductive materialism, type identity theory, mind–brain identity theory and identity theory of mind) is a physicalist theory, in the philosophy of mind.

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Type theory

In mathematics, logic, and computer science, a type theory is any of a class of formal systems, some of which can serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation for all mathematics.

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Type–token distinction

The type–token distinction is used in disciplines such as logic, linguistics, metalogic, typography, and computer programming to clarify what words mean.

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Types of democracy

Types of democracy refers to kinds of governments or social structures which allow people to participate equally, either directly or indirectly.

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Typification

Typification is a process of creating standard (typical) social construction based on standard assumptions.

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Tyranny of the majority

Tyranny of the majority (or tyranny of the masses) refers to an inherent weakness of direct democracy and majority rule in which the majority of an electorate can and does place its own interests above, and at the expense of, those in the minority.

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Tzvetan Todorov

Tzvetan Todorov (Цветан Тодоров; March 1, 1939 – February 7, 2017) was a Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist and geologist.

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U. G. Krishnamurti

Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti (9 July 1918 – 22 March 2007), known as U. G. Krishnamurti, was an Indian philosopher who questioned enlightenment.

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Ubasute

is the mythical practice of senicide in Japan, whereby an infirm or elderly relative was carried to a mountain, or some other remote, desolate place, and left there to die.

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Ubuntu philosophy

Ubuntu is a Nguni Bantu term meaning "humanity".

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Uchiyama Gudō

was a Sōtō Zen Buddhist priest and anarcho-socialist activist executed in the High Treason Incident.

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UCLA Department of Philosophy

The UCLA Department of Philosophy is a constituent department of the Division of Humanities in the UCLA College of Letters and Science.

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Udana

The Udana (udāna) is a Buddhist scripture, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism.

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Udayana

Udayana, also known as Udayanācārya (Udyanacharya, or Master Udayana), was a very important Hindu logician of the tenth century who attempted to reconcile the views held by the two major schools of logic (Nyaya and Vaisheshika).

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Udyotakara

Udyotakara (or Uddyotakara) (c. 6th century CE) was a philosopher of the Nyaya school of Indian philosophy.

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Ugly duckling theorem

The Ugly Duckling theorem is an argument asserting that classification is impossible without some sort of bias.

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Ugo Spirito

Ugo Spirito (September 9, 1896, Arezzo – April 28, 1979, Rome) was an Italian philosopher; at first, a fascist political philosopher and subsequently an idealist thinker.

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Uisang

Uisang (625–702) was one of the most eminent early Silla Korean scholar-monks, a close friend of Wonhyo (元曉).

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Uku Masing

Uku Masing (born Hugo Albert Masing, 11 August 1909 – 25 April 1985) was an Estonian philosopher.

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Ullin Place

Ullin Thomas Place (1924–2000), usually cited as U. T. Place, was a British philosopher and psychologist.

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Ulrich Libbrecht

Ulrich Libbrecht (10 July 1928, Avelgem – 15 May 2017) was a Belgian philosopher and author in the field of comparative philosophy.

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Ulrich of Strasburg

Ulrich of Strasburg (c. 1225–1277) was a German Dominican theologian and scholastic philosopher from Strasbourg, Alsace.

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Ulrik Huber

Ulrik Huber (March 13, 1636 in Dokkum – November 8, 1694 in Franeker), also known as Ulrich Huber or Ulricus Huber, was a professor of law at the University of Franeker and a political philosopher.

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Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit

The Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit is a counter-argument to modern versions of the argument from design for the existence of God.

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Ultimate fate of the universe

The ultimate fate of the universe is a topic in physical cosmology, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the evolution and ultimate fate of the universe to be described and evaluated.

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Ultra-imperialism

Ultra-imperialism, or occasionally hyperimperialism and formerly super-imperialism, is a potential, comparatively peaceful phase of capitalism, meaning "after" or "beyond" imperialism.

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Ultrafinitism

In the philosophy of mathematics, ultrafinitism, also known as ultraintuitionism, strict-finitism, actualism, and strong-finitism, is a form of finitism.

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Umanità Nova

Umanità Nova is an Italian anarchist newspaper founded in 1920.

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Umberto Eco

Umberto Eco (5 January 1932 – 19 February 2016) was an Italian novelist, literary critic, philosopher, semiotician, and university professor.

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Umberto Eco bibliography

This is a list of works published by Umberto Eco.

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Unabomber for President

Unabomber for President was a political campaign with the overt aim of electing "The Unabomber" as a write-in candidate in the 1996 presidential election.

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Unattractiveness

Unattractiveness or ugliness is the degree to which a person's physical features are considered aesthetically unfavorable.

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Uncertainty

Uncertainty has been called "an unintelligible expression without a straightforward description".

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Uncertainty principle

In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle) is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known.

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Unconscious mind

The unconscious mind (or the unconscious) consists of the processes in the mind which occur automatically and are not available to introspection, and include thought processes, memories, interests, and motivations.

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Unconsciousness

Unconsciousness is a state which occurs when the ability to maintain an awareness of self and environment is lost.

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Unconventional Action

Unconventional Action is an anarchist and anti-authoritarian organization formed in the United States with the purposes of engaging in direct action in opposition to the 2008 Democratic and Republican National Conventions.

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Uncountable set

In mathematics, an uncountable set (or uncountably infinite set) is an infinite set that contains too many elements to be countable.

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Undecidable problem

In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is known to be impossible to construct a single algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer.

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Underconsumption

In underconsumption theory in economics, recessions and stagnation arise due to inadequate consumer demand relative to the amount produced.

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Underdetermination

In the philosophy of science, underdetermination refers to situations where the evidence available is insufficient to identify which belief one should hold about that evidence.

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Understanding

Understanding is a psychological process related to an abstract or physical object, such as a person, situation, or message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object.

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Understanding Consciousness

Understanding Consciousness (2000) is a book by Max Velmans, Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths, University of London, which combines an account of scientific studies of consciousness with a perspective from the philosophy of mind.

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Undoing Gender

Undoing Gender is a 2004 book by the philosopher Judith Butler.

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Unequal exchange

Unequal exchange is a much disputed concept which is used primarily in Marxist economics, but also in ecological economics, to denote forms of exploitation hidden in or underwriting trade.

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Unexpected hanging paradox

The unexpected hanging paradox or hangman paradox is a paradox about a person's expectations about the timing of a future event which they are told will occur at an unexpected time.

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Unified Science

"Unified Science" can refer to any of three related strands in contemporary thought.

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Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act

The Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act (1985, revised 1989), was recommended as a Uniform Act in the United States.

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Uniformitarianism

Uniformitarianism, also known as the Doctrine of Uniformity,, "The assumption of spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws is by no means unique to geology since it amounts to a warrant for inductive inference which, as Bacon showed nearly four hundred years ago, is the basic mode of reasoning in empirical science.

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Unione Sindacale Italiana

Unione Sindacale Italiana (USI; Italian Syndicalist Union or Italian Workers' Union) is an anarcho-syndicalist trade union.

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Unique name assumption

The unique name assumption is a simplifying assumption made in some ontology languages and description logics.

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Uniquely inversible grammar

A uniquely inversible grammar is a formal grammar where no two distinct productions give the same result.

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Uniqueness quantification

In mathematics and logic, the phrase "there is one and only one" is used to indicate that exactly one object with a certain property exists.

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Unit-point atomism

According to some twentieth-century philosophers, Unit-point atomism was invoked in order to make sense of a statement ascribed to Zeno of Elea in Plato's Parmenides: "these writings of mine were meant to protect the arguments of Parmenides against those who make fun of him.

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Unitarianism

Unitarianism (from Latin unitas "unity, oneness", from unus "one") is historically a Christian theological movement named for its belief that the God in Christianity is one entity, as opposed to the Trinity (tri- from Latin tres "three") which defines God as three persons in one being; the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

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Unitary urbanism

Unitary urbanism (UU) was the critique of status quo "urbanism", employed by the Letterist International and then further developed by the Situationist International between 1953 and 1960.

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Unity in diversity

Unity in diversity is a concept of "unity without uniformity and diversity without fragmentation" that shifts focus from unity based on a mere tolerance of physical, cultural, linguistic, social, religious, political, ideological and/or psychological differences towards a more complex unity based on an understanding that difference enriches human interactions.

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Unity of opposites

The unity of opposites is the central category of dialectics, said to be related to the notion of non-duality in a deep sense.

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Unity of science

The unity of science is a thesis in philosophy of science that says that all the sciences form a unified whole.

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Unity of the proposition

In philosophy, the unity of the proposition is the problem of explaining how a sentence in the indicative mood expresses more than just what a list of proper names expresses.

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Universal (metaphysics)

In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities.

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Universal class

Universal class is a category derived from the philosophy of Hegel, redefined and popularized by Karl Marx.

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Universal code (ethics)

In ethics, a "universal code of ethics" is a system of ethics that can apply to every sentient being.

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Universal dialectic

Universal dialectic is an ontological idea which is closely related to the Taoist and Neo-Confucian concept of taiji or "supreme ultimate." In the West, dialecticians including Hegel explored themes that some see as remarkably similar, laying the groundwork for unification.

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Universal generalization

In predicate logic, generalization (also universal generalization or universal introduction, GEN) is a valid inference rule.

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Universal grammar

Universal grammar (UG) in linguistics, is the theory of the genetic component of the language faculty, usually credited to Noam Chomsky.

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Universal instantiation

In predicate logic universal instantiation (UI; also called universal specification or universal elimination, and sometimes confused with dictum de omni) is a valid rule of inference from a truth about each member of a class of individuals to the truth about a particular individual of that class.

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Universal language

Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population.

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Universal law

In law and ethics, universal law or universal principle refers as concepts of legal legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings' conduct which are most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be most legitimate.

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Universal mind

Universal mind or universal consciousness is a concept that tries to address the underlying essence of all being and becoming in the universe.

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Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven

Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels) is a work written and published anonymously by Immanuel Kant in 1755, based on a 1750 work by English astronomer Thomas Wright.

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Universal pragmatics

Universal pragmatics, more recently placed under the heading of formal pragmatics, is the philosophical study of the necessary conditions for reaching an understanding through communication.

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Universal prescriptivism

Universal prescriptivism (often simply called prescriptivism) is the meta-ethical view which claims that, rather than expressing propositions, ethical sentences function similarly to imperatives which are universalizable—whoever makes a moral judgment is committed to the same judgment in any situation where the same relevant facts obtain.

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Universal quantification

In predicate logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any" or "for all".

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Universal reason

The idea of a Universal reason implies an underpinning system of perception and conception of all forms of complexity.

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Universal science

Universal science (Universalwissenschaft; scientia generalis, scientia universalis) is a branch of metaphysics.

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Universal value

A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people.

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Universalism

Universalism is a theological and philosophical concept that some ideas have universal application or applicability.

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Universality (philosophy)

In philosophy, universality is the idea that universal facts exist and can be progressively discovered, as opposed to relativism.

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Universalizability

The concept of universalizability was set out by the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant as part of his work Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals.

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Universe

The Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.

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University of Constantinople

The Imperial University of Constantinople, sometimes known as the University of the Palace Hall of Magnaura (Πανδιδακτήριον τῆς Μαγναύρας), can trace its corporate origins to 425 AD, when the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor Theodosius II founded the Pandidakterion (Πανδιδακτήριον).

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University Philosophical Society

The University Philosophical Society (UPS), commonly known as The Phil, is a student paper-reading and debating society in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.

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Universology

Universology literally means "the science of the universe." Popularizing universologic science was a life's work for 19th century intellectual Stephen Pearl Andrews, a futurist utopian.

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Univocity of being

Univocity of being is the idea that words describing the properties of God mean the same thing as when they apply to people or things, even if God is vastly different in kind.

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Unmoved mover

The unmoved mover (that which moves without being moved) or prime mover (primum movens) is a concept advanced by Aristotle as a primary cause or "mover" of all the motion in the universe.

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Unobservable

An unobservable (also called impalpable) is an entity whose existence, nature, properties, qualities or relations are not directly observable by humans.

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Unorganisation

Unorganisation is an approach to organisational structure and design that consciously removes or avoids layers of management and bureaucracy, eschews job titles, and instead attempts to operate with the minimum of formal structure so as to become as flexible and effective as possible.

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Unrestricted grammar

In formal language theory, an unrestricted grammar is a formal grammar on which no restrictions are made on the left and right sides of the grammar's productions.

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Untimely Meditations

Untimely Meditations (Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen), also translated as Unfashionable Observations and Thoughts Out Of Season) consists of four works by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, started in 1873 and completed in 1876. The work comprises a collection of four (out of a projected 13) essays concerning the contemporary condition of European, especially German, culture. A fifth essay, published posthumously, had the title "We Philologists", and gave as a "Task for philology: disappearance". Glenn W. Most,, HyperNietzsche, 2003-11-09 Nietzsche here began to discuss the limitations of empirical knowledge, and presented what would appear compressed in later aphorisms. It combines the naivete of The Birth of Tragedy with the beginnings of his more mature polemical style. It was Nietzsche's most humorous work, especially for "David Strauss: the confessor and the writer.".

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Unweaving the Rainbow

Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder is a 1998 book by Richard Dawkins, in which the author discusses the relationship between science and the arts from the perspective of a scientist.

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Up Against the Wall Motherfucker

Up Against the Wall Motherfucker, often shortened as The Motherfuckers or UAW/MF, was an anarchist affinity group based in New York City.

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Upadhi

Upadhi (Sanskrit: "imposition" or "limitation") is a term in Hindu philosophy.

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Upanishads

The Upanishads (उपनिषद्), a part of the Vedas, are ancient Sanskrit texts that contain some of the central philosophical concepts and ideas of Hinduism, some of which are shared with religious traditions like Buddhism and Jainism.

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Upaya

Upaya (Sanskrit:, expedient means, pedagogy) is a term used in Mahayana Buddhism to refer to an aspect of guidance along the Buddhist Paths to liberation where a conscious, voluntary action is driven by an incomplete reasoning about its direction.

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Upekkha

Upekkhā (in Pali: upekkhā उपेक्खा; Sanskrit: upekṣā उपेक्षा), is the Buddhist concept of equanimity.

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Urban secession

Urban secession is a city's secession from its surrounding region, to form a new political unit.

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Urbano González Serrano

Urbano González Serrano (Navalmoral de la Mata; 1848 – Madrid; 1904) was a Spanish philosopher, psychologist, educator, and literary critic of the late 19th century.

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Urdoxa

Urdoxa is a portmanteau of the German prefix ur- and the Ancient Greek δόξα (doxa), meaning "primary" or "first" doctrine.

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Uri Gordon

Uri Gordon (אורי גורדון; born August 30, 1976) is an Israeli anarchist theorist and activist.

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Uriel da Costa

Uriel da Costa (c. 1585 – April 1640) or Uriel Acosta (from the Latin form of his Portuguese surname, Costa, or da Costa) was a Jewish philosopher and skeptic who questioned the Catholic and Rabbinic institutions of his time.

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Urso of Calabria

Urso of Calabria also Urso of Salerno, Ursus Salernitanus, Urso di Calabria.

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Ursula Wolf

Ursula Wolf (born 4 November 1951 in Karlsruhe) is a German philosophy teacher and writer.

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Uruguayan Anarchist Federation

Federación Anarquista Uruguaya, commonly known as FAU or Uruguayan Anarchist Federation, is a Uruguayan anarchist organization founded in 1956.

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Use value

Use value (German: Gebrauchswert) or value in use is the utility of consuming a good—the want-satisfying power of a good or service in classical political economy.

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Use–mention distinction

The use–mention distinction is a foundational concept of analytic philosophy, according to which it is necessary to make a distinction between using a word (or phrase) and mentioning it,Devitt and Sterelny (1999) pp.

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Useless rules

In theoretical computer science, in particular in the theory of formal languages, useless rules of a formal grammar are those rules of symbol production that are unreachable or unproductive, that is, that can or need never be applied.

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User illusion

The user illusion is the illusion created for the user by a human–computer interface, for example the visual metaphor of a desktop used in many graphical user interfaces.

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Usury

Usury is, as defined today, the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender.

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Utah Phillips

Bruce Duncan "Utah" Phillips (May 15, 1935 – May 23, 2008), KVMR, Nevada City, California, May 24, 2008.

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Utamakura

is a rhetorical concept in Japanese poetry.

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Utilitarian bioethics

Utilitarian bioethics is a branch of utilitarian ethics and bioethics that recommends directing medical resources where they will have most long-term effect for good.

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Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility.

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Utilitarianism (book)

John Stuart Mill's book Utilitarianism is a classic exposition and defence of utilitarianism in ethics.

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Utility

Within economics the concept of utility is used to model worth or value, but its usage has evolved significantly over time.

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Utility monster

The utility monster is a thought experiment in the study of ethics created by philosopher Robert Nozick in 1974 as a criticism of utilitarianism.

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Utopia

A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens.

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Utpaladeva

Utpaladeva (ca. AD 900–950) was one of the great teachers of the philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism.

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Utterance

In spoken language analysis, an utterance is the smallest unit of speech.

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V (character)

V is the title character of the comic book series V for Vendetta, created by Alan Moore and David Lloyd.

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V for Vendetta

V for Vendetta is a British graphic novel written by Alan Moore and illustrated by David Lloyd (with additional art by Tony Weare).

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V. Y. Mudimbe

Valentin-Yves Mudimbe (born 8 December 1941, Jadotville, Belgian Congo) is a Congolese philosopher, professor, and author of poems, novels, as well as books and articles on African culture and intellectual history.

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Vacuous truth

In mathematics and logic, a vacuous truth is a statement that asserts that all members of the empty set have a certain property.

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Vagbhatananda

Vagbhatananda (1885 – October 1939) was a social reformer in British India.

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Vagrant predicate

Vagrant predicates are logical constructions that exhibit an inherent limit to conceptual knowledge.

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Vagueness

In analytic philosophy and linguistics, a concept may be considered vague if its extension is deemed lacking in clarity, if there is uncertainty about which objects belong to the concept or which exhibit characteristics that have this predicate (so-called "border-line cases"), or if the Sorites paradox applies to the concept or predicate.

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Vaisheshika

Vaisheshika or (वैशेषिक) is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy (Vedic systems) from ancient India.

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Val Plumwood

Val Plumwood (11 August 1939 – 29 February 2008) was an Australian philosopher and ecofeminist known for her work on anthropocentrism.

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Valentin A. Bazhanov

Valentin A. Bazhanov (born 10 January 1953 in Kazan, Russia) is a professor, chairperson of Philosophy Department at Ulyanovsk State University, Russia.

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Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus

Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus (Валенти́н Фердина́ндович А́смус; 1894 – 1975) was a Russian philosopher.

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Valentinianism

Valentinianism was one of the major Gnostic Christian movements.

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Valentinus (Gnostic)

Valentinus (also spelled Valentinius; 100 – 160 AD) was the best known and for a time most successful early Christian gnostic theologian.

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Valeriano Orobón Fernández

Valeriano Orobón Fernández (1901-1936) was a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist theoretician, trade-union activist, translator and poet, who wrote the lyrics of the revolutionary song A Las Barricadas.

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Validity

In logic, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false.

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VALIS

VALIS is a 1981 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick.

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Vallabha

Vallabhacharya (1479–1531 CE), also known as Vallabha, was a devotional philosopher, who founded the Krishna-centered Pushti sect of Vaishnavism in the Braj region of India, and the philosophy of Shuddha advaita (Pure Nondualism).

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Valorisation

In Marxism, the valorisation or valorization of capital is the increase in the value of capital assets through the application of value-forming labour in production.

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Value (ethics)

In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions.

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Value added

In business, the difference between the sale price and the production cost of a product is the unit profit.

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Value judgment

A value judgment (or value judgement) is a judgment of the rightness or wrongness of something or someone, or of the usefulness of something or someone, based on a comparison or other relativity.

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Value of control

The value of control is a quantitative measure of the value of controlling the outcome of an uncertain variable.

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Value of Earth

The Value of Earth, i.e. the net worth of our planet, is a debated concept both in terms of the definition of value, as well as the scope of "earth".

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Value of information

Value of information (VOI or VoI) is the amount a decision maker would be willing to pay for information prior to making a decision.

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Value of life

The value of life is an economic value used to quantify the benefit of avoiding a fatality.

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Value pluralism

In ethics, value pluralism (also known as ethical pluralism or moral pluralism) is the idea that there are several values which may be equally correct and fundamental, and yet in conflict with each other.

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Value product

The value product (VP) is an economic concept formulated by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy during the 1860s, and used in Marxian social accounting theory for capitalist economies.

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Value theory

Value theory is a range of approaches to understanding how, why, and to what degree persons value things; whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else.

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Value-form

The value-form or form of value (Wertform) is a concept in Karl Marx's critique of political economy, Marxism, the Frankfurt School and post-Marxism.

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Vancouver system

The Vancouver system, also known as Vancouver reference style or the author–number system, is a citation style that uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the reference list.

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Vanishing mediator

A vanishing mediator is a concept that exists to mediate between two opposing ideas, as a transition occurs between them.

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Vanity

Vanity is the excessive belief in one's own abilities or attractiveness to others.

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Vanja Sutlić

Vanja Sutlić (18 February 1925 – 15 December 1989) was a Croatian philosopher.

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Varadaraja V. Raman

Varadaraja V. Raman (born May 28, 1932) is Emeritus Professor of Physics and Humanities at the Rochester Institute of Technology.

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Varlam Cherkezishvili

Prince Varlam Cherkezishvili (ვარლამ ჩერქეზიშვილი) (15 September 1846 in Tiflis – 18 August 1925 in London) was a Georgian politician and journalist, involved in anarchist communist movement, and later in the Georgian national liberation movement.

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Vasili Yakovlevich Zinger

Vasili Yakovlevich Zinger (Василий Яковлевич Цингер) (February 11, 1836 – March 2, 1907) was a prominent Russian mathematician, botanist and philosopher.

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Vasily Nalimov

Vasiliy Vasilievich Nalimov (Васи́лий Васи́льевич Нали́мов; 4 November 1910 – 19 January 1997) was a Russian philosopher and humanist and wrote on Transpersonal Psychology.

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Vasily Rozanov

Vasily Vasilievich Rozanov (Васи́лий Васи́льевич Рóзанов; – 5 February 1919) was one of the most controversial Russian writers and philosophers of the pre-revolutionary epoch.

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Vasubandhu

Vasubandhu (Sanskrit) (fl. 4th to 5th century CE) was a very influential Buddhist monk and scholar from Gandhara.

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Vazgen I

Vazgen I also Vazken I of Bucharest,, born Levon Garabed Baljian (Լևոն Կարապետ Աբրահամի Պալճյան; September 20, 1908 – August 18, 1994) was the Catholicos of All Armenians between 1955 and 1994, for a total of 39 years, the 4th longest reign in the history of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

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Václav Bělohradský

Václav Bělohradský (born January 17, 1944 Prague) is a Czech philosopher and sociologist.

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Vācaspati Miśra

Vachaspati Mishra was a 9th- or 10th-century CE Indian philosopher.

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Vāsanā

Vāsanā (Sanskrit; Devanagari: वासना) is a behavioural tendency or karmic imprint which influences the present behaviour of a person.

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Vātsyāyana

Vātsyāyana is the name of an ancient Indian philosopher, known for writing the Kama Sutra, the most famous book in the world on human sexuality.

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Vedanta

Vedanta (Sanskrit: वेदान्त, IAST) or Uttara Mīmāṃsā is one of the six orthodox (''āstika'') schools of Hindu philosophy.

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Vedas

The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the ''Atharvaveda''. The Vedas (Sanskrit: वेद, "knowledge") are a large body of knowledge texts originating in the ancient Indian subcontinent.

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Vegan Outreach

Vegan Outreach is an American grassroots animal advocacy group working to promote veganism through the widespread distribution of printed informational booklets.

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Vegetarianism

Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, and the flesh of any other animal), and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter.

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Veil of ignorance

The "veil of ignorance" is a method of determining the morality of political issues proposed in 1971 by American philosopher John Rawls in his "original position" political philosophy.

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Venn diagram

A Venn diagram (also called primary diagram, set diagram or logic diagram) is a diagram that shows all possible logical relations between a finite collection of different sets.

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Vergangenheitsbewältigung

Vergangenheitsbewältigung ("struggle to overcome the past" or “working through the past”) is a German term describing processes that since the late 20th century have become key in the study of post-1945 German literature, society, and culture.

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Verification and validation

Verification and validation are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose.

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Verificationism

Verificationism, also known as the verification idea or the verifiability criterion of meaning, is the philosophical doctrine that only statements that are empirically verifiable (i.e. verifiable through the senses) are cognitively meaningful, or else they are truths of logic (tautologies).

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Verisimilitude

Verisimilitude (or truthlikeness) is a philosophical concept that distinguishes between the relative and apparent (or seemingly so) truth and falsity of assertions and hypotheses.

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Veritatis splendor

Veritatis splendor (Latin: The Splendor of the Truth) is an encyclical by Pope John Paul II.

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Veritism

Veritism was a socio-philosophical ideology promoted by the "Veritism Foundation" (apparently now defunct).

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Vernon Lee

Vernon Lee was the pseudonym of the British writer Violet Paget (14 October 1856 – 13 February 1935).

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Verstehen

Verstehen (literally: "to understand") in the context of German philosophy and social sciences in general, has been used since the late 19th century – in English as in German – with the particular sense of the "interpretive or participatory" examination of social phenomena.

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Vianney Décarie

Joseph Fernand Lionel Vianney Décarie,, was a Canadian philosopher.

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Vice

Vice is a practice, behaviour, or habit generally considered immoral, sinful, criminal, rude, taboo, depraved, or degrading in the associated society.

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Vicious circle principle

The vicious circle principle is a principle that was endorsed by many predicativist mathematicians in the early 20th century to prevent contradictions.

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Victor Basch

Basch Viktor Vilém, or Victor-Guillaume Basch (18 August 1863/1865, Budapest – 10 January 1944) was a French politician and professor of germanistics and philosophy at the Sorbonne descending from Hungary.

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Victor Cousin

Victor Cousin (28 November 179214 January 1867) was a French philosopher.

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Victor d'Hupay

Joseph Alexandre Victor d'Hupay (1746–1818) was a French writer and philosopher.

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Victor Dave

Victor Dave (1847–1922) was a Belgian editor and journalist best known for his work on anarchist publications and in the International Workers' Association.

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Victor Kraft

Victor Kraft (4 July 1880 – 3 January 1975) was an Austrian philosopher, best known for being a member of the Vienna Circle.

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Victor Ovcharenko

Victor Ovcharenko (Ви́ктор Ива́нович Овчаре́нко; February 5, 1943 – May 5, 2009) was a Russian philosopher, sociologist, historian and psychologist.

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Victor Reppert

Victor Reppert (born 1953) is an American philosopher best known for his development of the "argument from reason".

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Victor Robinson

Victor Robinson (16 August 1886, in Ukraine – 15 January 1947) was a physician and medical journalist.

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Victoria Camps

Victoria Camps (born 1941, Barcelona) is a Spanish philosopher and professor of ethics.

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Victoria Institute

The Victoria Institute, or Philosophical Society of Great Britain, was founded in 1865, as a response to the publication of On the Origin of Species and Essays and Reviews.

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Victoria, Lady Welby

Victoria, Lady Welby (1837–1912), more correctly Lady Welby-Gregory, was a self-educated English philosopher of language, musician and water-colour artist.

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Vienna Circle

The Vienna Circle (Wiener Kreis) of Logical Empiricism was a group of philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of Vienna, chaired by Moritz Schlick.

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Vigdis Songe-Møller

Vigdis Songe-Møller (born 1 April 1949) is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Bergen.

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Vijnanabhiksu

Vijñānabhikṣu (also spelled Vijnanabhikshu) was a Hindu philosopher from Bihar, variously dated to the 15th or 16th century, known for his commentary on various schools of Hindu philosophy, particularly the Yoga text of Patanjali.

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Viktor Afanasyev (politician)

Viktor Grigoryevich Afanasyev (Ви́ктор Григо́рьевич Афана́сьев; 18 November 1922 – 10 April 1994) was a Soviet public figure, remembered for his work as a philosophy academic, politician, and news editor.

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Vilém Flusser

Vilém Flusser (May 12, 1920 – November 27, 1991) was a Czech-born philosopher, writer and journalist.

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Vilfredo Pareto

Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto (born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 15 July 1848 – 19 August 1923) was an Italian engineer, sociologist, economist, political scientist, and philosopher, now also known for the 80/20 rule, named after him as the Pareto principle.

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Vilhjálmur Árnason

Vilhjálmur Árnason (born in Neskaupstaður, Iceland 1953) is professor of philosophy at the University of Iceland.

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Villa Amalia (Athens)

Villa Amalia is the common name of the building that hosted the former 2nd High School of Athens in Greece.

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Vincent Cespedes

Vincent Cespedes (born 14 September 1973 in Aubervilliers, Seine-Saint-Denis) is a French philosopher, writer and composer.

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Vincent Descombes

Vincent Descombes (born 1943) is a French philosopher.

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Vincent F. Hendricks

Vincent Fella Rune Møller Hendricks (born 6 March 1970), is a Danish philosopher and logician.

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Vincent Ferrer

Dominican mystics Vincent Ferrer, O.P. (Sant Vicent Ferrer; 23 January 1350 – 5 April 1419) was a Valencian Dominican friar, who gained acclaim as a missionary and a logician.

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Vincent Miceli

Vincent Peter Miceli, S.J. (1915 – June 2, 1991) was a Catholic priest, theologian, and philosopher.

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Vincenzo Gioberti

Vincenzo Gioberti (5 April 1801 – 26 October 1852) was an Italian philosopher, publicist and politician.

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Vincible ignorance

Vincible ignorance is, in Catholic ethics, ignorance that a person could remove by applying reasonable diligence in the given set of circumstances.

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Violence

Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation," although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of "the use of power" in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word.

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Vipassana movement

The Vipassanā movement, also called the Insight Meditation Movement, refers to a number of branches of modern Theravāda Buddhism which stress insight into the three marks of existence as the main means to attain awakening and become a stream-enterer.

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Vipassanā

Vipassanā (Pāli) or vipaśyanā (विपश्यन) in the Buddhist tradition means insight into the true nature of reality.

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Vipāka

Vipāka (Sanskrit and Pāli) is a Buddhist term that refers to the ripening or maturation of karma (Pāli kamma), or intentional actions.

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Virgil Aldrich

Virgil Charles Aldrich (September 13, 1903 in Narsinghpur, India – May 28, 1998 in Salt Lake City, Utah), was an American philosopher of art, language, and religion.

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Virtù

Virtù is a concept theorized by Niccolò Machiavelli, centered on the martial spirit and ability of a population or leader, but also encompassing a broader collection of traits necessary for maintenance of the state and "the achievement of great things." In a secondary development, the same word came to mean an object of art.

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Virtuality (philosophy)

Virtuality is a concept in philosophy elaborated by French thinker.

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Virtue

Virtue (virtus, ἀρετή "arete") is moral excellence.

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Virtue epistemology

Virtue epistemology is a contemporary philosophical approach to epistemology that stresses the importance of intellectual, and specifically epistemic virtues.

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Virtue ethics

Virtue ethics (or aretaic ethics, from Greek ἀρετή (arete)) are normative ethical theories which emphasize virtues of mind and character.

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Virtue jurisprudence

In the philosophy of law, virtue jurisprudence is the set of theories of law related to virtue ethics.

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Virtuous circle and vicious circle

The terms virtuous circle and vicious circle (also referred to as virtuous cycle and vicious cycle) refer to complex chains of events that reinforce themselves through a feedback loop.

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Virtus

Virtus was a specific virtue in Ancient Rome.

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Vishishtadvaita

Vishishtadvaita (IAST; विशिष्टाद्वैत) is one of the most popular schools of the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy.

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Vishnu

Vishnu (Sanskrit: विष्णु, IAST) is one of the principal deities of Hinduism, and the Supreme Being in its Vaishnavism tradition.

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Vision (spirituality)

A vision is something seen in a dream, trance, or religious ecstasy, especially a supernatural appearance that usually conveys a revelation.

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Visions of Order

Visions of Order (1964) is a posthumously-published work by conservative scholar Richard M. Weaver which argues that Western culture is in decline because many of its intellectuals refuse to believe in an underlying order of things—in the way things are, irrespective of beliefs about them.

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Vissarion Belinsky

Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky (vʲɪsərʲɪˈon grʲɪˈgorʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bʲɪˈlʲinskʲɪj; –) was a Russian literary critic of Westernizing tendency.

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Visual arts

The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, and architecture.

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Visual ethics

Visual ethics is an emerging interdisciplinary field of scholarship that brings together religious studies, philosophy, photo and video journalism, visual arts, and cognitive science in order to explore the ways human beings relate to others ethically through visual perception.

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Visual literacy

Visual literacy is the ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of an image, extending the meaning of literacy, which commonly signifies interpretation of a written or printed text.

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Visual modularity

In cognitive neuroscience, visual modularity is an organizational concept concerning how vision works.

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Visual perception

Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the visible spectrum reflected by the objects in the environment.

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Visual reasoning

Visual reasoning is the process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms.

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Visual rhetoric

Visual Rhetoric is a means of communication through the use of visual images and texts.

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Vital du Four

Vital du Four (Bazas, 1260-Avignon, 1327) was a French Franciscan theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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Vitalism

Vitalism is the belief that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things".

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Vitello

Witelo (also Erazmus Ciołek Witelo; Witelon; Vitellio; Vitello; Vitello Thuringopolonis; Vitulon; Erazm Ciołek); born ca.

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Vittorio Hösle

Vittorio Hösle (born June 25, 1960) is an Italian-born German philosopher.

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Vittorio Vettori

Vittorio Vettori (1920–2004) was an Italian poet, writer and humanist, passionate spokesperson of ‘’Toscana Europea’’.

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Vivekachudamani

The Vivekachudamani (Sanskrit: विवेकचूडामणि) is an introductory treatise to Advaita Vedanta tradition of Hinduism.

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Vladimir Dvorniković

Vladimir Dvorniković (28 July 1888 – 1956) was a Croatian and Yugoslav philosopher, ethno-psychologist, and a strong proponent of a Yugoslav ethnicity.

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Vladimir Hütt

Vladimir Hütt (Владимир Платонович Хютт, Vladimir Platonivich Khyutt; 18 April 1936 in Leningrad – 4 June 1997) was an Estonian philosopher.

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Vladimir Jankélévitch

Vladimir Jankélévitch (31 August 1903 – 6 June 1985) was a French philosopher and musicologist.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin (22 April 1870According to the new style calendar (modern Gregorian), Lenin was born on 22 April 1870. According to the old style (Old Julian) calendar used in the Russian Empire at the time, it was 10 April 1870. Russia converted from the old to the new style calendar in 1918, under Lenin's administration. – 21 January 1924), was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Vladimir Odoyevsky

Prince Vladimir Fyodorovich Odoyevsky (p; –) was a prominent Russian philosopher, writer, music critic, philanthropist and pedagogue.

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Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)

Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Влади́мир Серге́евич Соловьёв; –) was a Russian philosopher, theologian, poet, pamphleteer, and literary critic.

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Vojin Rakić

Vojin B. Rakic (born 1967 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia) is a philosopher and political scientist.

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Volcano School

The Volcano School refers to a group of non-native Hawaiian artists who painted dramatic nocturnal scenes of Hawaii's erupting volcanoes.

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Volin

Vsevolod Mikhailovich Eikhenbaum (Все́волод Миха́йлович Эйхенба́ум, Vsevolod Mikhaïlovitch Eichenbaum; 11 August 188218 September 1945), known in later life as Volin or (the spelling he used himself) Voline (Во́лин), was a leading Russian anarchist who participated in the Russian and Ukrainian Revolutions before being forced into exile by the Bolshevik Party government.

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Volition (psychology)

Volition or will is the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action.

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Volker Zotz

Volker Helmut Manfred Zotz (born October 28, 1956) is an eminent Austrian philosopher, religious studies scholar, Buddhologist and a prolific author.

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Voltaire

François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), known by his nom de plume Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on Christianity as a whole, especially the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of speech and separation of church and state.

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Voltairine de Cleyre

Voltairine de Cleyre (November 17, 1866June 20, 1912) was an American anarchist, known for being a prolific writer and speaker, and opposing capitalism, the state, marriage, and the domination of religion over sexuality and women's lives.

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Voluntarism (action)

Voluntarism, sometimes referred to as voluntary action, is the principle that individuals are free to choose goals and how to achieve them within the bounds of certain societal and cultural constraints, as opposed to actions that are coerced or predetermined.

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Voluntarism (philosophy)

Voluntarism is "any metaphysical or psychological system that assigns to the will (Latin: voluntas) a more predominant role than that attributed to the intellect", or, equivalently, "the doctrine that will is the basic factor, both in the universe and in human conduct".

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Voluntary compliance

Voluntary compliance is one of possible ways of practicing corporate social responsibility.

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Voluntary euthanasia

Voluntary euthanasia is the practice of ending a life in a painless manner.

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Voluntary Socialism

Voluntary Socialism is a work of nonfiction by the American mutualist (1867–1913).

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Voluntaryism

Voluntaryism (. Collins English Dictionary.; sometimes voluntarism) is a philosophy which holds that all forms of human association should be voluntary, a term coined in this usage by Auberon Herbert in the 19th century, and gaining renewed use since the late 20th century, especially among libertarians.

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Von Restorff effect

The von Restorff effect, also known as the "isolation effect", predicts that when multiple homogeneous stimuli are presented, the stimulus that differs from the rest is more likely to be remembered.

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Voodoo Science

Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud is a book published in 2000 by physics professor Robert L. Park, critical of research that falls short of adhering to the scientific method.

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Vulnerability

Vulnerability refers to the inability (of a system or a unit) to withstand the effects of a hostile environment.

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Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)

Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov (Вячесла́в Ива́нович Ива́нов; – 16 July 1949) was a Russian poet and playwright associated with the Russian Symbolist movement.

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Vyasa

Vyasa (व्यास, literally "Compiler") is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions.

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Vyasatirtha

Vyasatirtha (c. 1460–c. 1539), also called Vyasaraja, Vyasaraya, Chandrikacharya and Tathacharya was Royal Priest of king of Vijayanagara Empire Krishnadevaraya, Vyasatirtha was at the forefront of a golden age in Dvaita which saw new developments in dialectical thought, flowering of the Haridasa literature under bards like his disciples Dhanicharya and Manicharya and an amplified spread of Dvaita across the subcontinent.

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Vydūnas

Wilhelm Storost, artistic name Vilius Storostas-Vydūnas (22 March 1868 – 20 February 1953), mostly known as Vydūnas, was a Prussian-Lithuanian teacher, poet, humanist, philosopher and Lithuanian writer and philosopher, a leader of the Prussian Lithuanian national movement in Lithuania Minor, and one of leaders of the theosophical movement in East Prussia.

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W. B. Gallie

Walter Bryce Gallie (5 October 1912 – 31 August 1998) was a Scottish social theorist, political theorist, and philosopher.

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W. D. Ross

Sir William David Ross KBE FBA (15 April 1877 – 5 May 1971), known as David Ross but usually cited as W. D. Ross, was a Scottish philosopher who is known for his work in ethics.

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W. Hugh Woodin

William Hugh Woodin (born April 23, 1955) is an American mathematician and set theorist at Harvard University.

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W. K. C. Guthrie

William Keith Chambers Guthrie, FBA (1 August 1906 – 17 May 1981), usually cited as W. K. C. Guthrie, was a Scottish classical scholar, best known for his History of Greek Philosophy, published in six volumes between 1962 and his death.

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W. W. Bartley III

William Warren Bartley III (October 2, 1934 – February 5, 1990), known as W. W. Bartley III, was an American philosopher specializing in 20th century philosophy, language and logic, and the Vienna Circle.

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Wabi-sabi

In traditional Japanese aesthetics, is a world view centered on the acceptance of transience and imperfection.

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Wacker von Wackenfels

Johannes Matthaeus Wacker von Wackenfels (1550–1619) was an active diplomat, scholar and author, with an avid interest in history and philosophy.

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Wage labour

Wage labour (also wage labor in American English) is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, where the worker sells his or her labour under a formal or informal employment contract.

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Wage slavery

Wage slavery is a term used to draw an analogy between slavery and wage labor by focusing on similarities between owning and renting a person.

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Wagnerism

Wagnerism has a number of meanings.

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Waiting for Godot

Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which two characters, Vladimir (Didi) and Estragon (Gogo), wait for the arrival of someone named Godot who never arrives, and while waiting they engage in a variety of discussions and encounter three other characters.

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Waking Life

Waking Life is a 2001 American adult animated docufiction film, directed by Richard Linklater.

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Walda Heywat

Walda Heywat (fl. 17th century), also called Metku, was an Ethiopian philosopher.

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Walden

Walden (first published as Walden; or, Life in the Woods) is a book by noted transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau.

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Walking Stewart

John "Walking" Stewart (19 February 1747 – 20 February 1822) was an English traveller and philosopher.

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Walpola Rahula

Walpola Rahula (1907–1997) was a Sri Lankan Buddhist monk, scholar and writer.

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Walsall Anarchists

The Walsall Anarchists were a group of anarchists arrested on explosive charges in Walsall in 1892.

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Walter Benjamin

Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist.

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Walter Berns

Walter Berns (May 3, 1919 – January 10, 2015) was an American constitutional law and political philosophy professor.

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Walter Burley

Walter Burley (or Burleigh) (c. 1275–1344/5) was a medieval English scholastic philosopher and logician with at least 50 works attributed to him.

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Walter Charleton

Walter Charleton (2 February 1619 – 24 April 1707) was a natural philosopher and English writer.

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Walter Chatton

Walter Chatton (c. 1290–1343) was an English Scholastic theologian and philosopher who regularly sparred philosophically with William of Ockham, who is well known for Ockham's razor.

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Walter Dubislav

Walter Dubislav (20 September 1895 – 17 September 1937) was a German logician and philosopher of science (Wissenschaftstheoretiker).

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Walter Ehrlich

Walter Ehrlich (16 May 1896 in Berlin – 26 December 1968 in Bad Ragaz, Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland) was a German philosopher.

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Walter Goodnow Everett

Walter Goodnow Everett (b. Rowe, Massachusetts, on August 21, 1860 – 1937) was a professor of Latin, philosophy, and natural theology from 1890 to 1930 at Brown University.

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Walter J. Ong

Walter Jackson Ong (November 30, 1912–August 12, 2003) was an American Jesuit priest, professor of English literature, cultural and religious historian and philosopher.

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Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)

Walter Arnold Kaufmann (July 1, 1921 – September 4, 1980) was a German-American philosopher, translator, and poet.

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Walter of Bruges

Walter of Bruges (Gualterus Brugensis OFM, Gualterus de Brugge, Gauthier de Bruges OM, Gualterus de Brugis, Gualterus de Brüge, Walter von Brügge) was a Franciscan theologian, who flourished at the University of Paris 1267-9.

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Walter of Mortagne

Walter of Mortagne (b. Mortagne, Flanders, c. 1100; d. Laon, 1174) was a Scholastic philosopher, and theologian.

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Walter of Saint Victor

Walter of St Victor (d. c. 1180) was a mystic philosopher and theologian, and an Augustinian canon of Paris.

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Walter of Winterburn

Walter of Winterburn (13th century – August 26, 1305) was an English Dominican, cardinal, orator, poet, philosopher, and theologian.

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Walter Pater

Walter Horatio Pater (4 August 1839 – 30 July 1894) was an English essayist, literary and art critic, and fiction writer, regarded as one of the great stylists.

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Walter Pitts

Walter Harry Pitts, Jr. (23 April 1923 – 14 May 1969) was a logician who worked in the field of computational neuroscience.

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Walter S. Gamertsfelder

Walter Sylvester Gamertsfelder, Ph.D., LL.D. (1885 – 1967) was a professor of philosophy, dean and thirteenth president of Ohio University, serving during the final years of World War II from 1943 to 1945.

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Walter Schulz

Walter Schulz (November 18, 1912, in Gnadenfeld/Oberschlesien – June 12, 2000, in Tübingen) was a German philosopher.

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Walter Terence Stace

Walter Terence Stace (17 November 1886 – 2 August 1967) was a British civil servant, educator, public philosopher and epistemologist, who wrote on Hegel, mysticism, and moral relativism.

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Wang Bi

Wang Bi (226–249), courtesy name Fusi, was a Chinese neo-Daoist philosopher.

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Wang Chong

Wang Chong (27–c. 100 AD), courtesy name Zhongren (仲任), was a Chinese meteorologist, astronomer, and philosopher active during the Han Dynasty.

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Wang Fu (Han dynasty)

Wang Fu (about 82 A.D.-167A.D.), courtesy name Jiexin, was a Chinese political commentator, ideologue, and philosopher during the Eastern Han Dynasty.

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Wang Fuzhi

Wang Fuzhi, 1619–1692) courtesy name Ernong (而農), pseudonym Chuanshan (船山), was a Chinese philosopher of the late Ming, early Qing dynasties.

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Wang Ruoshui

Wang Ruoshui (1926–2002), was a Chinese journalist and philosopher, major exponent of Marxist humanism and of Chinese liberalism.

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Wang Yangming

Wang Yangming (26 October 1472 – 9 January 1529), courtesy name Bo'an, was a Chinese idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general during the Ming dynasty.

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War and Peace

War and Peace (pre-reform Russian: Война и миръ; post-reform translit) is a novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy.

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War in the Age of Intelligent Machines

War in the Age of Intelligent Machines (1991) is a book by Manuel DeLanda, in which he traces the history of warfare and the history of technology.

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War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization

The War of Anti-Christ with the Church and Christian Civilization is a book written in 1885 by an Irishman, Msgr George F. Dillon, DD.

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Ward Jones

Ward E. Jones is a scholar at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa, where he is a professor of philosophy.

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Warren Ashby

Dr.

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Warren Buffett

Warren Edward Buffett (born August 30, 1930) is an American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist who serves as the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway.

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Warren Goldfarb

Warren David Goldfarb (born 1949) is a philosopher and mathematician with a specialization in the history of analytic philosophy and in logic, most notably his work on the classical decision problem (see his book on the subject, The decision problem: Solvable classes of quantificational formulas, with Burton Dreben).

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Warren Shibles

Warren A. Shibles was an American philosopher, historian and professor.

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Warwick Fox

Warwick Fox (born 1954) is an Australian philosopher and ethicist.

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Watchmaker analogy

The watchmaker analogy or watchmaker argument is a teleological argument which states, by way of an analogy, that a design implies a designer.

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Waterland (novel)

Waterland is a 1983 novel by Graham Swift.

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Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki

Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki (Laurentius Grimaldius Goslicius; between 1530 and 1540 – 31 October 1607) was a Polish nobleman, Bishop of Poznań (1601–1607), political thinker and philosopher best known for his book De optimo senatore (1568).

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Waynflete Professorship

The Waynflete Professorships are four professorial fellowships at the University of Oxford endowed by Magdalen College and named in honour of the college founder William of Waynflete, who had a great interest in science.

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Władysław Heinrich

Władysław Heinrich (Warsaw, 1 January 1869 – 30 June 1957, Kraków, Poland) was a Polish historian of philosophy, psychologist, professor at Kraków University and member of the Polish Academy of Learning.

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Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski

Władysław Mieczysław Kozłowski (November 17, 1858 in Kiev – April 25, 1935 in Konstancin-Jeziorna) was a Polish philosopher.

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Władysław Tatarkiewicz

Władysław Tatarkiewicz (3 April 1886, Warsaw – 4 April 1980, Warsaw) was a Polish philosopher, historian of philosophy, historian of art, esthetician, and ethicist.

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Władysław Weryho

Władysław Weryho (1868–1916) was a Polish social activist, popularizer of learning, especially of philosophy and psychology, and organizer of learned life in partitioned Poland.

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We the Living

We the Living is the debut novel of the Russian American novelist Ayn Rand.

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We will bury you

"We will bury you!" (translit) is a phrase that was used by Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow on November 18, 1956.

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Weak ontology

In computer science, a weak ontology is an ontology that is not sufficiently rigorous to allow software to infer new facts without intervention by humans (the end users of the software system).

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Weber–Fechner law

The Weber–Fechner law refers to two related laws in the field of psychophysics, known as Weber's law and Fechner's law.

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Wei Wu Wei

Terence James Stannus Gray (14 September 1895 – 5 January 1986), was a theatre producer who created the Cambridge Festival Theatre as an experimental theatre in Cambridge.

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Welfare

Welfare is a government support for the citizens and residents of society.

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Welfare economics

Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being (welfare) at the aggregate (economy-wide) level.

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Welfarism

Welfarism is a form of consequentialism.

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Well travelled road effect

The well travelled road effect is a cognitive bias in which travellers will estimate the time taken to traverse routes differently depending on their familiarity with the route.

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Well-being

Well-being, wellbeing, or wellness is a general term for the condition of an individual or group.

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Well-formed formula

In mathematical logic, propositional logic and predicate logic, a well-formed formula, abbreviated WFF or wff, often simply formula, is a finite sequence of symbols from a given alphabet that is part of a formal language.

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Well-founded phenomenon

Well-founded phenomena (phenomena bene fundata), in the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz, are ways in which the world falsely appears to us, but which are grounded in the way the world is (as opposed to dreams or hallucinations, which are false appearances that are not thus grounded).

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Well-order

In mathematics, a well-order (or well-ordering or well-order relation) on a set S is a total order on S with the property that every non-empty subset of S has a least element in this ordering.

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Wendell Berry

Wendell Erdman Berry (born August 5, 1934) is an American novelist, poet, environmental activist, cultural critic, and farmer.

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Wenzi

The Wenzi is a Daoist classic allegedly written by the a disciple of Laozi.

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Werner Erhard (book)

Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, The Founding of est is a biography of Werner Erhard by philosophy professor William Warren Bartley, III.

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Werner Hamacher

Werner Hamacher ((1948–2017) was a German literary critic and theorist influenced by deconstruction. Hamacher studied philosophy, comparative literature and religious studies at the Free University of Berlin and the École Normale Supérieure (Paris), where he met and came to know Jacques Derrida. Faculty Webpage at European Graduate School. Biography and bibliography. From 1998 to 2013 he was a Professor in the University of Frankfurt's Institute for General and Comparative Literature (Institut für Allgemeine und Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft), and since 2003 he was on the faculty of the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. He was previously Professor of German and the Humanities at Johns Hopkins University and taught for a number of years at New York University. He is the author of "Pleroma—Dialectics and Hermeneutics in Hegel" and "Premises: Essays on Philosophy from Kant to Celan" and the editor of the series Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics, published by Stanford University Press. He translated a selection of essays by Paul de Man into German.

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Werner Heisenberg

Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics.

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Werner Krieglstein

Werner Josef Krieglstein (born October 31, 1941), a Fulbright Scholar and University of Chicago fellow, is an award winning and internationally recognized scholar, director and actor.

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Wesley C. Salmon

Wesley C. Salmon (August 9, 1925 – April 22, 2001) was an American philosopher of science renowned for his work on the nature of scientific explanation.

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Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld

Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld (8 August 1879, Oakland, California21 October 1918, Alameda, California) was an American jurist.

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Wesleyan Philosophical Society

The Wesleyan Philosophical Society (WPS) is an academic society largely represented by academic institutions affiliated with Christian denominations in the Wesleyan tradition.

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Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign

The Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign is a non-racial popular movement made up of poor and oppressed communities in Cape Town, South Africa.

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Western painting

The history of Western painting represents a continuous, though disrupted, tradition from antiquity until the present time.

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Western philosophy

Western philosophy is the philosophical thought and work of the Western world.

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Wetware (brain)

Wetware is a term drawn from the computer-related idea of hardware or software, but applied to biological life forms.

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What I Believe

"What I Believe" is the title of two essays espousing humanism, one by Bertrand Russell (1925) and one by E. M. Forster (1938).

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What Is Art?

What is Art? (Что такое искусство? Chto takoye iskusstvo?) is a book by Leo Tolstoy.

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What Is Literature?

What Is Literature? (Qu'est-ce que la littérature?), also published as Literature and Existentialism) is an essay by French philosopher and novelist Jean-Paul Sartre, published by Gallimard in 1948. Initially published in freestanding essays across French literary journals Les Temps modernes, Situations I and Situations II, essays "What is Writing?" and "Why Write?" were translated into English and published by the Paris-based literary journal Transition 1948. The English translation by Bernard Frechtman was published in 1950.

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What Is Property?

What Is Property?: or, An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government (Qu'est-ce que la propriété ? ou Recherche sur le principe du Droit et du Gouvernement) is a work of nonfiction on the concept of property and its relation to anarchist philosophy by the French anarchist and mutualist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, first published in 1840.

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What Is This Thing Called Science?

What Is This Thing Called Science? is a best-selling textbook by Alan Chalmers.

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What Is Your Dangerous Idea?

What Is Your Dangerous Idea?: Today's Leading Thinkers on the Unthinkable is a book edited by John Brockman, which deals with "dangerous" ideas, or ideas that some people would react to in ways that suggest a disruption of morality and ethics.

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What Should then be Done O People of the East

Pas Chih Bayad Kard ay Aqwam-i-Mashriq (or What should then be done O people of the East) was a philosophical poetry book of Allama Iqbal in Persian, a poet-philosopher of the Indian subcontinent.

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What the Tortoise Said to Achilles

"What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", written by Lewis Carroll in 1895 for the philosophical journal Mind, is a brief allegorical dialogue on the foundations of logic.

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What We Believe But Cannot Prove

What We Believe But Cannot Prove: Today's Leading Thinkers on Science in the Age of Certainty is a non-fiction book edited by literary agent John Brockman with an introduction by novelist Ian McEwan and published by Harper Perennial.

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When a white horse is not a horse

When A White Horse Is Not A Horse, also known as the White Horse Dialogue, is a famous paradox in Chinese philosophy.

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Where Mathematics Comes From

Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being (hereinafter WMCF) is a book by George Lakoff, a cognitive linguist, and Rafael E. Núñez, a psychologist.

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Whistleblower

A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person who exposes any kind of information or activity that is deemed illegal, unethical, or not correct within an organization that is either private or public.

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White's Professor of Moral Philosophy

The White's Chair of Moral Philosophy was endowed in 1621 by Thomas White (c. 1550–1624), DD, Canon of Christ Church at the University of Oxford.

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Whiteway Colony

Whiteway Colony was a residential community in the Cotswolds in the parish of Miserden near Stroud, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.

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Whitny Braun

Whitny Braun is an American bioethicist who has been featured on NPR and the National Geographic Channel television program "Taboo".

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Why I Am Not a Christian

Why I Am Not a Christian is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell.

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Why Truth Matters

Why Truth Matters is a book by Ophelia Benson and Jeremy Stangroom published by Continuum Books in 2006.

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Widow's Walk (novel)

Widow's Walk (2002) is a detective novel by American crime writer Robert B. Parker, the 29th in his Spenser series.

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Wiener Moderne

The Wiener Moderne or Viennese Modern Age is a term describing the culture of Vienna in the period between approximately 1890 and 1910.

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Wilbur Marshall Urban

Wilbur Marshall Urban (1873–1952) was an American philosopher of language, influenced by Ernst Cassirer.

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Wild law

The term ‘wild law’ was first coined by Cormac Cullinan, to refer to human laws that are consistent with Earth jurisprudence.

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Wildness

Wildness, in its literal sense, is the quality of being wild or untamed.

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Wilfrid Desan

Wilfrid Desan (1908– 14 January 2001) was a professor in philosophy best known for introducing French existentialism and especially the thought of Jean-Paul Sartre to the United States.

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Wilfrid Sellars

Wilfrid Stalker Sellars (May 20, 1912 – July 2, 1989) was an American philosopher and prominent developer of critical realism, who "revolutionized both the content and the method of philosophy in the United States".

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Wilhelm Dilthey

Wilhelm Dilthey (19 November 1833 – 1 October 1911) was a German historian, psychologist, sociologist, and hermeneutic philosopher, who held G. W. F. Hegel's Chair in Philosophy at the University of Berlin.

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Wilhelm Gottlieb Tennemann

Wilhelm Gottlieb Tennemann (7 December 1761 – 30 September 1819) was a German historian of philosophy.

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Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder

Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder (13 July 1773 – 13 February 1798) was a German jurist and writer.

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Wilhelm Homberg

Wilhelm Homberg (January 8, 1652 – September 24, 1715), also known as Guillaume Homberg in French, was a Dutch natural philosopher.

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Wilhelm Jerusalem

Wilhelm Jerusalem (October 11, 1854 in Drenitz/Drenic (Dřenice u Chrudimi), Bohemia – July 15, 1923 in Vienna) was an Austrian Jewish philosopher and pedagogue.

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Wilhelm Ostwald

Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (2 September 1853 – 4 April 1932) was a German chemist.

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Wilhelm Reich

Wilhelm Reich (24 March 1897 – 3 November 1957) was an Austrian doctor of medicine and psychoanalyst, a member of the second generation of analysts after Sigmund Freud.

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Wilhelm Schuppe

Ernst Julius Wilhelm Schuppe (5 May 1836 – 29 March 1913) was a German positivist philosopher, born in Brieg, Silesia.

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Wilhelm Traugott Krug

Wilhelm Traugott Krug (22 June 1770 – 12 January 1842) was a German philosopher and writer.

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Wilhelm von Humboldt

Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a Prussian philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin, which was named after him in 1949 (and also after his younger brother, Alexander von Humboldt, a naturalist).

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Wilhelm Windelband

Wilhelm Windelband (11 May 1848 – 22 October 1915) was a German philosopher of the Baden School.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 – 31 August 1920) was a German physician, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology.

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Will (philosophy)

Will, generally, is that faculty of the mind which selects, at the moment of decision, the strongest desire from among the various desires present.

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Will Durant

William James "Will" Durant (November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was an American writer, historian, and philosopher.

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Will Kymlicka

Will Kymlicka (born 1962) is a Canadian political philosopher best known for his work on multiculturalism and animal ethics.

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Will to live

The will to life or Wille zum Leben is a psychological force to fight for self-preservation seen as an important and active process of conscious and unconscious reasoning.

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Will to power

The will to power (der Wille zur Macht) is a prominent concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Willard Van Orman Quine

Willard Van Orman Quine (known to intimates as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century." From 1930 until his death 70 years later, Quine was continually affiliated with Harvard University in one way or another, first as a student, then as a professor of philosophy and a teacher of logic and set theory, and finally as a professor emeritus who published or revised several books in retirement.

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Willem B. Drees

Willem Bernard "Wim" Drees (born 20 April 1954) is a Dutch philosopher.

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William A. Earle

William A. Earle (1919 – October 16, 1988) was a twentieth-century American philosopher.

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William Alston

William Payne Alston (November 29, 1921 – September 13, 2009) was an American philosopher.

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William Alvin Howard

William Alvin Howard (born 1926) is a proof theorist best known for his work demonstrating formal similarity between intuitionistic logic and the simply typed lambda calculus that has come to be known as the Curry–Howard correspondence.

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William Angus Knight

William Angus Knight (1836–1916) was a British writer, born at Mordington, Scotland, and educated at the University of Edinburgh.

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William Barrett (philosopher)

William Christopher Barrett (1913–1992) was a professor of philosophy at New York University from 1950 to 1979.

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William Bechtel

William Bechtel (born 1951) is a professor of philosophy in the Department of Philosophy and the Science Studies Program at the University of California, San Diego.

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William Blackstone

Sir William Blackstone (10 July 1723 – 14 February 1780) was an English jurist, judge and Tory politician of the eighteenth century.

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William Buwalda

William Buwalda (1869–1946) a United States soldier (private first-class) who gained national attention for converting to anarchism in the early 1900s after attending a speech by anarchist Emma Goldman.

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William C. Dowling

William C. Dowling (born April 5, 1944 in Warner, New Hampshire) is University Distinguished Professor of English and American Literature emeritus at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, specializing in 18th-century English literature, literature of the early American Republic, and Literary Theory.

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William C. Wimsatt

William C. Wimsatt (born May 27, 1941) is professor emeritus in the Department of Philosophy, the Committee on Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science (previously Conceptual Foundations of Science), and the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago.

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William Chillingworth

William Chillingworth (12 October 1602 – 30 January 1644) was a controversial English churchman.

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William Chittick

William C. Chittick (born 1943) is a philosoper, writer, translator and interpreter of classical Islamic philosophical and mystical texts.

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William Cleghorn

William Cleghorn (1718 – August 1754) was a British philosopher.

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William Craig (philosopher)

William Craig (November 13, 1918 – January 13, 2016) was an American academic and philosopher, who taught at the University of California, Berkeley, in Berkeley, California.

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William Crathorn

William Crathorn (fl. c. 1330) was an English Dominican philosopher, from Oxford.

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William de la Mare

William de La Mare (fl. 1272–1279) was an English Franciscan theologian.

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William Desmond (philosopher)

William Desmond (born 1951) is an Irish philosopher who has written on ontology, metaphysics, ethics, and religion.

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William Drummond of Logiealmond

Sir William James Charles Maria Drummond of Logiealmond FRS FRSE DCL (c. 1770 – 1828) was a Scottish diplomat and Member of Parliament, poet and philosopher.

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William Duncan (philosopher)

William Duncan (1717 in Aberdeen – 1760 in Aberdeen) was a Scottish natural philosopher and classicist, professor of natural philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen.

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William E. Connolly

William Eugene Connolly is a political theorist known for his work on democracy and pluralism.

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William E. Kaufman

William E. Kaufman is an American Conservative Jewish rabbi, theologian and author.

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William Ernest Hocking

William Ernest Hocking (August 10, 1873, Cleveland, Ohio – June 12, 1966, Madison, New Hampshire) was an American idealist philosopher at Harvard University.

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William Ernest Johnson

William Ernest Johnson (23 June 1858 – 14 January 1931), usually cited as W. E. Johnson, was a British philosopher and logician mainly remembered for his Logic (1921–1924), in 3 volumes.

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William F. Vallicella

William F. Vallicella is an American philosopher.

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William Fontaine

William Thomas Valerio Fontaine (born William Thomas Fontaine; December 2, 1909 – December 29, 1968) was an American philosopher.

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William Frankena

William Klaas Frankena (June 21, 1908 – October 22, 1994) was an American moral philosopher.

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William Galston

William Galston (born January 17, 1946) holds the Ezra K. Zilkha Chair in Governance Studies and senior fellow at the Brookings Institution.

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William Godwin

William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist.

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William Graham Sumner

William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was a classical liberal American social scientist.

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William Hare (philosopher)

William Hare (born February 7, 1944, Leicester, UK) is a philosopher whose writings deal primarily with problems in philosophy of education.

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William Hatcher Davis

William Hatcher Davis (January 5, 1939 – May 13, 2017) was Professor of Philosophy at Auburn University, where he taught for 47 years and served as Chair of the Department of Philosophy.

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William Herbert Dray

William Herbert Dray (23 June 1921, in Montreal – 6 August 2009, in Toronto) was a Canadian philosopher of history.

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William Hirstein

William Hirstein is an American philosopher primarily interested in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, metaphysics, cognitive science, and analytic philosophy.

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William Inge (priest)

William Ralph Inge (6 June 1860 – 26 February 1954) was an English author, Anglican priest, professor of divinity at Cambridge, and Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, which provided the appellation by which he was widely known, Dean Inge.

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William Irwin (philosopher)

William Irwin (born 1970) is Professor of Philosophy at King's College in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and is best known for originating the "philosophy and popular culture" book genre with Seinfeld and Philosophy: A Book about Everything and Nothing in 1999 and The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer in 2001.

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William Irwin Thompson

William Irwin Thompson (born 16 July 1938) is known primarily as a social philosopher and cultural critic, but he has also been writing and publishing poetry throughout his career and received the Oslo International Poetry Festival Award in 1986.

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William J. Richardson

William John Richardson, S.J. (2 November 1920 – 10 December 2016) was an American philosopher, who was among the very first to write a comprehensive study of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, featuring an important preface by Heidegger himself.

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William James

William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.

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William James Lectures

The William James Lectures are a series of invited lectureships at Harvard University sponsored by the Departments of Philosophy and Psychology, who alternate in the selection of speakers.

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William K. Wimsatt

William Kurtz Wimsatt Jr. (November 17, 1907 – December 17, 1975) was an American professor of English, literary theorist, and critic.

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William Kingdon Clifford

William Kingdon Clifford FRS (4 May 1845 – 3 March 1879) was an English mathematician and philosopher.

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William Kneale

William Calvert Kneale (22 June 1906 – 24 June 1990) was an English logician best known for his 1962 book The Development of Logic, a history of logic from its beginnings in Ancient Greece written with his wife Martha.

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William L. Reese

William L. Reese (1921 - September 22, 2017) was a faculty member in the Department of Philosophy, State University of New York at Albany.

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William L. Rowe

William Leonard Rowe (July 26, 1931 – August 22, 2015) was a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialized in the philosophy of religion.

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William Lane Craig

William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American analytic philosopher and Christian theologian.

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William Law

William Law (1686 – 9 April 1761) was a Church of England priest who lost his position at Emmanuel College, Cambridge when his conscience would not allow him to take the required oath of allegiance to the first Hanoverian monarch, George I. Previously William Law had given his allegiance to the House of Stuart and is sometimes considered a second-generation non-juror (an earlier generation of non-jurors included Thomas Ken).

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William Lawvere

Francis William Lawvere (born February 9, 1937) is a mathematician known for his work in category theory, topos theory and the philosophy of mathematics.

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William Lee Bradley

The Reverend Doctor William Lee Bradley (September 6, 1918 – April 29, 2007, born in Oakland, California), was a scholar of comparative religion, ethics, and theology, as well as a philanthropist.

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William Lowe Bryan

William Lowe Bryan (November 11, 1860 – November 21, 1955) was the 10th president of Indiana University, serving from 1902 to 1937.

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William Lycan

William G. Lycan (born September 26, 1945) is an American philosopher and Professor Emeritus at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was formerly the William Rand Kenan, Jr.

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William Mackintire Salter

William Mackintire Salter (1853–1931) was the author of several books on philosophy and a critical and enduring major classic on Nietzsche.

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William Manderstown

William Manderstown (c.1485–1552, also spelled Manderston) was a Scottish philosopher and Rector of the University of Paris.

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William McDougall (psychologist)

William McDougall FRS (22 June 1871 – 28 November 1938) was an early 20th century psychologist who spent the first part of his career in the United Kingdom and the latter part in the United States.

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William McNeill (philosopher)

William McNeill (born 1961) is Professor of Philosophy at DePaul University.

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William Mitchell (philosopher)

Sir William Mitchell (27 March 1861 – 24 June 1962) was Professor of English Language, Literature, Mental and Moral Philosophy at the University of Adelaide from 1894–1922, Vice-Chancellor 1916–1942 and Chancellor 1942–1948.

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William Newton-Smith

William Herbert Newton-Smith (born May 25, 1943) is a Canadian philosopher of science.

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William of Alnwick

William of Alnwick (lat. Guillelmus Alaunovicanus, c. 1275 – March 1333) was a Franciscan friar and theologian, and bishop of Giovinazzo, who took his name from Alnwick in Northumberland.

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William of Auvergne (bishop)

William of Auvergne (1180/90-1249) was a French priest who served as Bishop of Paris from 1228 until his death in 1249.

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William of Auxerre

William of Auxerre (died 1231) was a French scholastic theologian and official in the Roman Catholic Church.

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William of Champeaux

Guillaume de Champeaux (c. 1070 – 18 January 1121 in Châlons-en-Champagne), known in English as William of Champeaux and Latinised to Gulielmus de Campellis, was a French philosopher and theologian.

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William of Conches

William of Conches (c. 1090 – after 1154) was a French scholastic philosopher who sought to expand the bounds of Christian humanism by studying secular works of the classics and fostering empirical science.

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William of Falgar

William of Falgar (died 1297 or 1298) was a Franciscan theologian from south-west France, a follower of Bonaventure.

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William of Heytesbury

William of Heytesbury, or William Heytesbury, called in Latin Guglielmus Hentisberus or Tisberus (c. 1313 – 1372/1373), was an English philosopher and logician, best known as one of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, Oxford, where he was a fellow.

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William of Lucca

William of Lucca (Guglielmo da Lucca) (died 1178 AD) was an Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher.

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William of Moerbeke

William of Moerbeke, O.P. (Willem van Moerbeke; Gulielmus de Moerbecum; 1215-35 – 1286), was a prolific medieval translator of philosophical, medical, and scientific texts from Greek language into Latin, enabled by the period of Latin rule of the Byzantine Empire.

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William of Ockham

William of Ockham (also Occam, from Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 1347) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.

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William of Saint-Amour

William of Saint-Amour was a minor figure in thirteenth-century scholasticism, chiefly notable for his withering attacks on the friars.

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William of Sherwood

William of Sherwood or William Sherwood, with numerous variant spellings, was a medieval English scholastic philosopher, logician, and teacher.

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William of Ware

William of Ware (called the Doctor Fundatus; flourished 1290–1305) was a Franciscan friar and theologian, born at Ware in Hertfordshire.

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William Paley

William Paley (July 1743 – 25 May 1805) was an English clergyman, Christian apologist, philosopher, and utilitarian.

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William Pepperell Montague

William Pepperell Montague (11 November 1873 – 1 August 1953) was a philosopher of the New Realist school.

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William Ritchie Sorley

William Ritchie Sorley, FBA (4 November 1855 – 28 July 1935), usually cited as W. R. Sorley, was a Scottish philosopher.

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William S. Hatcher

William S. Hatcher (1935–2005) was a mathematician, philosopher, educator and a member of the Bahá'í Faith.

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William S. Sahakian

William S. Sahakian (Armenian: Ուիլյամ Սահակյան) (1922–1986) was an Armenian-American philosopher.

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William Shaw (philosopher)

William H. Shaw (William Harry Shaw) was born on July 31, 1948.

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William Stanley Jevons

William Stanley Jevons FRS (1 September 1835 – 13 August 1882) was an English economist and logician.

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William Stoddart

William Stoddart (born 25 June 1925, in Carstairs) is a Scottish physician, author and "spiritual traveller", who has written several books on the Perennial Philosophy and on comparative religion.

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William Sweet

William Sweet is a Canadian philosopher, and a past president of the Canadian Philosophical Association.

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William Temple (bishop)

William Temple (15 October 1881 – 26 October 1944) was a bishop in the Church of England.

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William Temple (logician)

Sir William Temple (1555–1627) was an English Ramist logician and fourth Provost of Trinity College, Dublin.

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William Thompson (philosopher)

William Thompson (1775 – 28 March 1833) was an Irish political and philosophical writer and social reformer, developing from utilitarianism into an early critic of capitalist exploitation whose ideas influenced the Cooperative, Trade Union and Chartist movements as well as Karl Marx.

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William Torrey Harris

William Torrey Harris (September 10, 1835 – November 5, 1909) was an American educator, philosopher, and lexicographer.

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William W. Tait

William Walker Tait (born 1929) is an emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Chicago, where he served as a faculty member from 1972 to 1996, and as department chair from 1981 to 1987.

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William Wallace (philosopher)

William Wallace (11 May 1844 – 18 February 1897) was a Scottish philosopher and academic who became fellow of Merton College and White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford University.

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William Whewell

William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science.

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William Wollaston

William Wollaston (26 March 1659 – 29 October 1724) was a school teacher, Church of England priest, scholar of Latin, Greek and Hebrew, theologian, and a major Enlightenment era English philosopher.

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Wincenty Lutosławski

Wincenty Lutosławski (1863–1954) was a Polish philosopher, author, and member of the Polish National League.

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Wirth syntax notation

Wirth syntax notation (WSN) is a metasyntax, that is, a formal way to describe formal languages.

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Wirth–Weber precedence relationship

The Wirth–Weber relationship between a pair of symbols (V_t \cup V_n) is necessary to determine if a formal grammar is a simple precedence grammar, and in such case the simple precedence parser can be used.

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Wisdom

Wisdom or sapience is the ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense, and insight, especially in a mature or utilitarian manner.

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Wisdom of repugnance

The wisdom of repugnance, or the yuck factor, also known informally as "appeal to disgust", is the belief that an intuitive (or "deep-seated") negative response to some thing, idea, or practice should be interpreted as evidence for the intrinsically harmful or evil character of that thing.

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Wise old man

The wise old man (also called senex, '''sage''' or '''sophos''') is an archetype as described by Carl Jung, as well as a classic literary figure, and may be seen as a stock character.

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Wishful thinking

Wishful thinking is the formation of beliefs and making decisions according to what might be pleasing to imagine instead of by appealing to evidence, rationality, or reality.

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Wittgenstein (film)

Wittgenstein is a 1993 film by the English director Derek Jarman.

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Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language

Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language is a 1982 book by philosopher of language Saul Kripke, in which Kripke contends that the central argument of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations centers on a devastating rule-following paradox that undermines the possibility of our ever following rules in our use of language.

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Wittgenstein's Beetle and Other Classic Thought Experiments

Wittgenstein's Beetle is a book by Martin Cohen, perhaps better known for his popular introductions to philosophy, such as 101 Philosophy Problems.

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Wittgenstein's Mistress

Wittgenstein's Mistress by David Markson is a highly stylized, experimental novel in the tradition of Samuel Beckett.

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Wittgenstein's Poker

Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers is a 2001 book by BBC journalists David Edmonds and John Eidinow about events in the history of philosophy involving Sir Karl Popper and Ludwig Wittgenstein, leading to a confrontation at the Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club in 1946.

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Wolfgang Fritz Haug

Wolfgang Fritz Haug (born March 23, 1936 in Esslingen am Neckar, Württemberg) was from 1979 till his retirement in 2001 professor of philosophy at the Free University Berlin, where he had also studied romance languages and religious studies and taken his PhD (in 1966 on the topic of "Jean-Paul Sartre and the construction of absurdity").

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Wolfgang Harich

Wolfgang Harich (3 December 1923 – 15 March 1995) was a philosopher and journalist in East Germany.

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Wolfgang Köhler

Wolfgang Köhler (21 January 1887 – 11 June 1967) was a German psychologist and phenomenologist who, like Max Wertheimer, and Kurt Koffka, contributed to the creation of Gestalt psychology.

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Wolfgang Smith

Wolfgang Smith (born 1930) is a mathematician, physicist, philosopher of science, metaphysician, Roman Catholic and member of the Traditionalist School.

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Wolfgang Stegmüller

Wolfgang Stegmüller (June 3, 1923 – June 11, 1991), was a German-Austrian philosopher with important contributions in philosophy of science and in analytic philosophy.

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Womb Realm

In Vajrayana Buddhism, the Womb Realm (garbhakoṣadhātu, 胎蔵界 taizōkai) is the metaphysical space inhabited by the Wisdom Kings.

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WOMBLES

The WOMBLES (White Overalls Movement Building Libertarian Effective Struggles) are a loosely aligned anarchist and anti-capitalist group based in London.

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Women and children first

"Women and children first" (or to a lesser extent, the Birkenhead Drill) is a code of conduct dating from 1852, whereby the lives of women and children were to be saved first in a life-threatening situation, typically abandoning ship, when survival resources such as lifeboats were limited.

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Women in philosophy

Women have engaged in philosophy throughout the field's history.

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Won-gwang

Won Gwang (541~630?), also known as Won Gwang Beop Sa (圓光法士) meaning "Won Gwang Teacher of the Law", was the name of a renowned Buddhist monk, scholar, and teacher of the Silla kingdom during the reign of King Jinpyeong.

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Woncheuk

Woncheuk (613–696) was a Korean Buddhist monk who did most of his writing in China, though his legacy was transmitted by a disciple to Silla.

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Wonderism

Wonderism is a term coined by French sinologist Terrien de Lacouperie (1845-1894) to differentiate the proto-Daoism of Jixia Academy from the philosophical Daoism of Laozi, although his ideas were received with skepticism at the time of assertion and have since been discredited by modern sinology.

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Wonhyo

Won Hyo (617 – April 28, 686) was one of the leading thinkers, writers and commentators of the Korean Buddhist tradition.

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Wooden iron

Wooden iron (Ancient Greek: σιδηροξύλον sideroxylon, German: hölzernes Eisen) is a polemical term often used in philosophical rhetoric to describe the impossibility of an opposing argument.

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Word and Object

Word and Object is a 1960 work by philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine, in which the author expands upon the line of thought of his earlier writings in From a Logical Point of View (1953), and reformulates some of his earlier arguments, such as his attack in "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" on the analytic-synthetic distinction.

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Word sense

In linguistics, a word sense is one of the meanings of a word (some words have multiple meanings, some words have only one meaning).

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Work ethic

Work ethic is a belief that hard work and diligence have a moral benefit and an inherent ability, virtue or value to strengthen character and individual abilities.

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Work of art

A work of art, artwork, art piece, piece of art or art object is an aesthetic physical item or artistic creation.

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Workerism

Workerism is a political theory that emphasizes the importance of, or glorifies, the working class.

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Workers Solidarity Movement

The Workers Solidarity Movement is an anarchist-communist organisation in Ireland, identifying itself as broadly within the platformist tradition of Nestor Makhno.

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Workers' control

Workers' control is participation in the management of factories and other commercial enterprises by the people who work there.

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Workers' Initiative

The Workers' Initiative (Inicjatywa Pracownicza or IP) is a Polish anarcho-syndycalist trade union.

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Workers' Solidarity Alliance

Workers' Solidarity Alliance (WSA) is an American anti-capitalist, anti-authoritarian group designed to help establish member-managed organizations in the workplace and community.

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Working hypothesis

A working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research in the hope that a tenable theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails.

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Works of Love

Works of Love (Kjerlighedens Gjerninger) is a work by Søren Kierkegaard written in 1847.

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World

The world is the planet Earth and all life upon it, including human civilization.

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World communism

World communism (also international communism and global communism) is a form of communism of international scope.

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World Congress of Philosophy

The World Congress of Philosophy (originally known as the International Conference of Philosophy) is a global meeting of philosophers held every five years under the auspices of the International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP).

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World disclosure

World disclosure (Erschlossenheit, literally "development, comprehension") refers to how things become intelligible and meaningfully relevant to human beings, by virtue of being part of an ontological world – i.e., a pre-interpreted and holistically structured background of meaning.

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World Hypotheses

World Hypotheses: a study in evidence (also known as World Hypotheses: Prolegomena to systematic philosophy and a complete survey of metaphysics) is a book written by Stephen Pepper, published in 1942.

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World line

The world line (or worldline) of an object is the path that object traces in -dimensional spacetime.

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World riddle

The term "world riddle" or "world-riddle" has been associated, for over 100 years, with Friedrich Nietzsche (who mentioned Welträthsel in several of his writings) and with the biologist-philosopher Ernst Haeckel, who, as a professor of zoology at the University of Jena, wrote the book Die Welträthsel in 1895–1899, in modern spelling Die Welträtsel (German "The World-riddles"), with the English version published under the title The Riddle of the Universe, 1901.

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World view

A world view or worldview is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the whole of the individual's or society's knowledge and point of view.

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Worldcentrism

The American integral philosopher Ken Wilber uses the term worldcentric to describe an advanced stage of ethical development.

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Worse-than-average effect

The worse-than-average effect or below-average effect is the human tendency to underestimate one's achievements and capabilities in relation to others.

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Writing Sampler

Writing Sampler was an unpublished work by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.

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Writings of Cicero

The writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero constitute one of the most famous bodies of historical and philosophical work in all of classical antiquity.

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Wrongdoing

A wrong (from Old English wrang – crooked) is an act that is illegal or immoral.

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Wronger than wrong

Wronger than wrong, described by Michael Shermer as Asimov's axiom, is a mistake discussed in Isaac Asimov's book of essays The Relativity of Wrong.

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Wu Enyu

Wu Enyu (*1909 †1979) was a Manchu-Chinese philosopher, political scientist and literary critic.

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Wu Qi

Wu Qi (440-381 BC) was a Chinese military leader, Legalist philosopher, and politician in the Warring States period.

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Wu wei

Wu wei is a concept literally meaning non-action or non-doing.

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Wu Zhihui

Wu Zhihui (Woo Chih-hui,; 25 March 1865 – 30 October 1953), also known as Woo Tsin-hang or Wu Shi-Fee, was a Chinese linguist and philosopher who was the chairman of the 1912–13 Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation that created Zhuyin (based on Zhang Binglin's work) and standardized Guoyu pronunciation.

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Wuji (philosophy)

Wújí (literally "without ridgepole") originally meant "ultimate; boundless; infinite" in Warring States period (476–221 BCE) Taoist classics, but came to mean the "primordial universe" prior to the Taiji 太極 "Supreme Ultimate" in Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE) Neo-Confucianist cosmology.

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Wuzhen pian

The Wuzhen pian is a 1075 Daoist classic on Neidan-style internal alchemy.

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Xavier Zubiri

Xavier Zubiri (4 December 1898 – 21 September 1983) was a Spanish philosopher.

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Xeer

Xeer (pronounced /ħeːr/) is the traditional legal system of Somalia, and one of the three systems from which formal Somali law draws its inspiration, the others being civil law and Islamic law.

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Xenarchus of Seleucia

Xenarchus (Ξέναρχος; 1st century BC) of Seleucia in Cilicia, was a Greek Peripatetic philosopher and grammarian.

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Xeniades

Xeniades (Ξενιάδης) was the name of two people from Corinth who lived in the time of Ancient Greece.

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Xenocrates

Xenocrates (Ξενοκράτης; c. 396/5314/3 BC) of Chalcedon was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and leader (scholarch) of the Platonic Academy from 339/8 to 314/3 BC.

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Xenophanes

Xenophanes of Colophon (Ξενοφάνης ὁ Κολοφώνιος; c. 570 – c. 475 BC) was a Greek philosopher, theologian, poet, and social and religious critic.

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Xenophilus

Xenophilus (Ξενόφιλος; 4th century BC) of Chalcidice, was a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, who lived in the first half of the 4th century BC.

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Xenophon

Xenophon of Athens (Ξενοφῶν,, Xenophōn; – 354 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, historian, soldier, mercenary, and student of Socrates.

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Xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation (xenos- from the Greek meaning "foreign"), is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs from one species to another.

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Xiaozi

Xiaozi, is a Chinese cultural term describing a lifestyle chasing modern taste, living standards, and arts.

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Ximen Bao

Ximen Bao was a Chinese hydraulic engineer, philosopher, and politician.

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Xiong Shili

Xiong Shili (1885 – May 23, 1968) was a modern Chinese philosopher whose major work A New Treatise on Consciousness-only (新唯識論, Xin Weishi Lun) is a Confucian critique of the Buddhist "consciousness-only" theory popularized in China by the Tang-dynasty pilgrim Xuanzang.

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Xu Ai

Xu Ai (1487–1517) was an important Chinese philosopher during the mid-late Ming Dynasty.

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Xu Liangying

Xu Liangying (traditional Chinese: 許良英, simplified Chinese: 许良英), (3 May 1920 - 28 January 2013) was a Chinese physicist, translator and a historian and philosopher of natural science in China.

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Xu Youyu

Xu Youyu (born 1947) is a Chinese scholar in philosophy, a public intellectual, and a proponent of Chinese liberalism.

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Xuanxue

Xuanxue, Neo-Taoism, or Neo-Daoism was the focal school of thought in Chinese philosophy from the third to sixth century CE.

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Xuanzang

Xuanzang (fl. c. 602 – 664) was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator who travelled to India in the seventh century and described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism during the early Tang dynasty.

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Xun Kuang

Xun Kuang (c. 310c. 235 BC, alt. c. 314c. 217 BC), also widely known as Xunzi ("Master Xun"), was a Chinese Confucian philosopher who lived during the Warring States period and contributed to the Hundred Schools of Thought.

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Yabo

is a Japanese term describing something that is unaesthetic or unappealing.

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Yajnavalkya

Yajnavalkya (याज्ञवल्क्य) was a Hindu Vedic sage.

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Yale school

The Yale school is a colloquial name for an influential group of literary critics, theorists, and philosophers of literature that were influenced by Jacques Derrida's philosophy of deconstruction.

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Yamaga Sokō

was a Japanese philosopher and strategist under the Tokugawa shogunate.

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Yamazaki Ansai

was a Japanese philosopher and scholar.

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Yan Yuan (Qing dynasty)

Yan Yuan ((1635 - 1704), courtesy name Yizhi or Hunran, art name Xizhai founded the practical school of Confucianism to contrast with the more ethereal Neo-Confucianism that had been popular in China for the previous six centuries. Like the Han learning scholars, he rejected the abstract metaphysics of the Neo-Confucians. However, he considered Han learning as too obsessed with philology and textual criticism and not enough emphasis on pragmatism. His school promoted the Six Arts. He was born on April 27, 1635 in the Zhili province (now called Hebei) in China and spent his youth in poverty, after his father was taken into the Manchu army and never returned. He died on September 30, 1704 in the same province. The ideas of Yan Yuan were developed by his disciple Li Gong:zh:李塨 (Yan-Li school). Yan's intellectual heritage was addressed by Wu Han in the 20th century. Wu elaborated on the Yan's concept of the relation between history and the present.

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Yang Rongguo

Yang Rongguo (1907–1978) was a Chinese academic and philosopher who was involved in the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign of the Cultural Revolution.

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Yang Xiong (author)

Yang Xiong (53 BCE–18 CE) was a Chinese poet, philosopher, and politician of the Han dynasty known for his philosophical writings and ''fu'' poetry compositions.

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Yang Zhu

Yang Zhu (440–360 BC), also known as Yang Zi or Yangzi (Master Yang), was a Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period.

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Yaron Brook

Yaron Brook (ירון ברוק; born May 23, 1961) is an Israeli-American entrepreneur, writer, and activist.

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Yashovijaya

Yashovijaya (1624–1688), a seventeenth-century Jain philosopher-monk, was a notable Indian philosopher and logician.

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Yūsuf Balasaguni

Yusuf Khass Hajib Balasaguni (يوسف خاصّ حاجب; Yūsuf Khāṣṣ Ḥājib Balasağuni; Жүсіп Баласағұни; يۈسۈپ خاس ھاجىپ; Жусуп Баласагын) was an 11th-century Central Asian Uyghur poet, statesman, vizier, and philosopher from the city of Balasaghun, the capital of the Kara-Khanid Khanate in modern-day Kyrgyzstan.

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Ye Shi

Ye Shi (1150–1223), courtesy name Zhengze (正则), pseudonym Mr.

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Yehoshua Bar-Hillel

Yehoshua Bar-Hillel (יהושע בר-הלל; 8 September 1915, Vienna – 25 September 1975, Jerusalem) was an Israeli philosopher, mathematician, and linguist.

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Yehouda Shenhav

Yehouda Shenhav (יהודה שנהב, born 26 February 1952) is an Israeli sociologist and critical theorist.

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Yeshayahu Leibowitz

Yeshayahu Leibowitz (ישעיהו ליבוביץ; 29 January 1903 – 18 August 1994) was an Israeli Orthodox Jewish public intellectual, professor of biochemistry, organic chemistry, and neurophysiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and a polymath known for his outspoken opinions on Judaism, ethics, religion, and politics.

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Yi Hwang

Yi Hwang (1501–1570) is one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his younger contemporary Yi I (Yulgok).

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Yi I

Yi I (December 26, 1536 – February 27, 1584) was one of the two most prominent Korean Confucian scholars of the Joseon Dynasty, the other being his older contemporary, Yi Hwang (Toegye).

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Yi Saek

Yi Saek (Korean: 이색, Hanja: 李穡, 1328 – 1396), also known by his pen name Mogeun (Korean: 목은), was a Korean writer and poet.

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Yi Xing

Yi Xing (683–727), born Zhang Sui, was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, mechanical engineer and Buddhist monk of the Tang dynasty (618–907).

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Yiannis N. Moschovakis

Yiannis Nicholas Moschovakis (Γιάννης Μοσχοβάκης; born January 18, 1938) is a set theorist, descriptive set theorist, and recursion (computability) theorist, at UCLA.

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Yiannis Psychopedis

Yannis Psychopedis was born in 1945 and he is one of the main Greek exponents of artistic Critical Realism, an art movement that developed in Europe after the political and social upheavals of 1968.

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Yin and yang

In Chinese philosophy, yin and yang (and; 陽 yīnyáng, lit. "dark-bright", "negative-positive") describes how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.

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Yoga

Yoga (Sanskrit, योगः) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India.

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Yogachara

Yogachara (IAST:; literally "yoga practice"; "one whose practice is yoga") is an influential school of Buddhist philosophy and psychology emphasizing phenomenology and ontology through the interior lens of meditative and yogic practices.

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Yogi Berra

Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra (May 12, 1925 – September 22, 2015) was an American professional baseball catcher, who later took on the roles of manager and coach.

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Yohanan Alemanno

Yohanan Alemanno (born in Constantinople or in Mantua, c. 1435 – died after 1504) was an Italian Jewish humanist philosopher and exegete, and teacher of the Hebrew language to Italian humanists including Pico della Mirandola.

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Yoichiro Murakami

born in Tokyo, Japan on September 9, 1936, is a Japanese scholar.

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Yongjia School

Yongjia School of Thought (Chinese: 永嘉学派; Pinyin: Yǒngjiā Xuépài) was a Chinese school of thought during the Song dynasty that advocated for privatization, market economy, pragmatism, free trade, tax cut, and challenged Confucianism.

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Yorkshire Philosophical Society

The Yorkshire Philosophical Society (YPS) is a charitable learned society (charity reg. 529709) which aims to promote the public understanding of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the archaeology and history of York and Yorkshire.

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You're either with us, or against us

In political communication, the phrase "you're either with us, or against us" and similar variations are used to depict situations as being polarized and to force witnesses, bystanders, or others unaligned with some form of pre-existing conflict to either become allies of the speaking party or lose favor.

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Young Hegelians

The Young Hegelians (Junghegelianer), or Left Hegelians (Linkshegelianer), or the Hegelian Left (die Hegelsche Linke), were a group of German intellectuals who, in the decade or so after the death of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in 1831, reacted to and wrote about his ambiguous legacy.

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Youssef Seddik (philosopher)

Youssef Seddik (يوسف الصديق) (born in 1943 in Tozeur) is a noted Tunisian philosopher and anthropologist specializing in Ancient Greece and the anthropology of the Qur'an.

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Yuga

Yuga in Hinduism is an epoch or era within a four-age cycle.

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Yujian Zheng

Yujian Zheng (Y.J. Zheng, 郑宇健) is a philosopher studying ethics and comparative Chinese and Western philosophy, with interests in rationality and rational choice theory, philosophy of mind, moral epistemology and psychology, social science and political philosophy.

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Yumo Mikyo Dorje

Yumo Mikyö Dorjé was a student of the Kashmiri scholar Somanātha and an 11th-century Kalachakra master.

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Yunmen Wenyan

Yúnmén Wényǎn (862 or 864pg 230, Dumoulin 1994. – 949 CE), (雲門文偃; うんもんぶんえん, Ummon Bun'en; also known in English as "Unmon", "Ummon Daishi", "Ummon Zenji"), was a major Chinese Zen master in Tang-era China.

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Yuquan Shenxiu

Yuquan Shenxiu (606?–706) was one of the most influential Chan masters of his day, a Patriarch of the East Mountain Teaching of Chan Buddhism.

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Yuri Matiyasevich

Yuri Vladimirovich Matiyasevich, (Ю́рий Влади́мирович Матиясе́вич; born March 2, 1947, in Leningrad) is a Russian mathematician and computer scientist.

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Yves Brunsvick

Yves Brunsvick (1921–1999) was a famous humanist and philosopher of education.

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Yves Simon

Yves René Marie Simon (March 14, 1903 – May 11, 1961) was a French Catholic political philosopher.

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Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front

The Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front (ZACF, also known as ZabFront or simply as Zabalaza), formerly known as the Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Federation (ZabFed), is a platformist–especifista anarchist political organisation in South Africa, based primarily in Johannesburg.

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Zadig

Zadig ou la Destinée (Zadig, or The Book of Fate; 1747) is a novella and work of philosophical fiction by the Enlightenment writer Voltaire.

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Zaki Naguib Mahmoud

Zaki Naguib Mahmoud (February 2, 1905 - September 8, 1993) was an Egyptian intellectual and thinker, and is considered a pioneer in modern Arabic philosophical thought.

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Zapatista Army of National Liberation

The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN), often referred to as the Zapatistas, is a left-wing revolutionary political and militant group based in Chiapas, the southernmost state of Mexico.

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Zarathustra's roundelay

Zarathustra's Roundelay is a poem that figures as a central motif in the book Thus Spoke Zarathustra by Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Zaum

Zaum (зáумь) are the linguistic experiments in sound symbolism and language creation of Russian-empire Futurist poets such as Velimir Khlebnikov and Aleksei Kruchenykh.

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Zdeněk Neubauer

Zdeněk Neubauer (30 May 1942 – 5 July 2016) was a Czech philosopher and biologist, remarkable especially for original interpretations in science history and epistemology.

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Zeami Motokiyo

(c. 1363 – c. 1443), also called, was a Japanese aesthetician, actor, and playwright.

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Zeigarnik effect

In psychology, the Zeigarnik effect states that people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks.

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Zeitgeist

The Zeitgeist is a concept from 18th to 19th-century German philosophy, translated as "spirit of the age" or "spirit of the times".

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Zen

Zen (p; translit) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty as Chan Buddhism.

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Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance

Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (ZAMM), by Robert M. Pirsig, is a book that was first published in 1974.

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Zen and the Brain

Zen and the Brain: Toward an Understanding of Meditation and Consciousness is a 1998 book by neurologist and Zen practitioner James H. Austin, in which the author attempts to establish links between the neurological workings of the human brain and meditation.

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Zengzi

Zengzi (505–435 BC), born Zeng Shen, courtesy name Ziyu, was an influential Chinese philosopher and disciple of Confucius.

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Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium (Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς, Zēnōn ho Kitieus; c. 334 – c. 262 BC) was a Hellenistic thinker from Citium (Κίτιον, Kition), Cyprus, and probably of Phoenician descent.

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Zeno of Elea

Zeno of Elea (Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεάτης) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides.

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Zeno of Sidon

Zeno of Sidon (Ζήνων ὁ Σιδώνιος; c. 150 – c. 75 BC) was an Epicurean philosopher from the Phoenician city of Sidon.

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Zeno of Tarsus

Zeno of Tarsus (Ζήνων ὁ Ταρσεύς, Zenon ho Tarseus; fl. 200 BC) was a Stoic philosopher and the son of Dioscorides.

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Zeno Vendler

Zeno Vendler (December 22, 1921 – January 13, 2004) was an American philosopher of language, and a founding member and former director of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Calgary.

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Zeno's paradoxes

Zeno's paradoxes are a set of philosophical problems generally thought to have been devised by Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea (c. 490–430 BC) to support Parmenides' doctrine that contrary to the evidence of one's senses, the belief in plurality and change is mistaken, and in particular that motion is nothing but an illusion.

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Zenobius

Zenobius (Ζηνόβιος) was a Greek sophist, who taught rhetoric at Rome during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (AD 117–138).

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Zenodotus (philosopher)

Zenodotus (Ζηνόδοτος; fl. late 5th century) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived and taught in Athens.

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Zenon Pylyshyn

Zenon Walter Pylyshyn (born 1937) is a Canadian cognitive scientist and philosopher.

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Zera Yacob (philosopher)

Zera Yacob (ዘርአ:ያዕቆብ zar'ā yāʿiqōb "Seed of Jacob," modern zer'a yā'iqōb; also spelled Zärˀä Yaˁqob, Zar'a Ya'aqob, or Zar'a Ya'eqob; 1599–1692) was a seventeenth-century Ethiopian philosopher.

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Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory

In mathematics, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is an axiomatic system that was proposed in the early twentieth century in order to formulate a theory of sets free of paradoxes such as Russell's paradox.

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Zero-risk bias

Zero-risk bias is a tendency to prefer the complete elimination of a risk even when alternative options produce a greater reduction in risk (overall).

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Zero-sum game

In game theory and economic theory, a zero-sum game is a mathematical representation of a situation in which each participant's gain or loss of utility is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the utility of the other participants.

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Zeroth-order logic

Zeroth-order logic is first-order logic without variables or quantifiers.

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Zhan Ruoshui

Zhan Ruoshui (1466–1560), was a Chinese philosopher, educator and a Confucian scholar.

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Zhang Dongsun

Zhang Dongsun (張東蓀; also transliterated as Chang Tung-sun) (1886–1973) was a Chinese philosopher, public intellectual and political figure.

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Zhang Guoxiang

Zhang Guoxiang (Chinese: 张国祥) was the fiftieth Celestial Master, who was the head of the Daoist Zhengyi School based at Longhu Shan in China's Jiangxi province.

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Zhang Heng

Zhang Heng (AD 78–139), formerly romanized as Chang Heng, was a Han Chinese polymath from Nanyang who lived during the Han dynasty.

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Zhang Zai

Zhang Zai (1020–1077) was a Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist.

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Zhao Tingyang

Zhao Tingyang (Chinese: 赵汀阳; born 1961 in Guangdong, China) is a Chinese Philosopher.

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Zhe school (painting)

The Zhe School (浙派) was a school of painters and was part of the Northern School, which thrived during the Ming dynasty.

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Zheng Xuan

Zheng Xuan (127–200), courtesy name Kangcheng (康成), was an influential Chinese commentator and Confucian scholar near the end of the Han Dynasty.

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Zhenren

Zhenren is a Chinese term that first appeared in the Zhuangzi meaning "Daoist spiritual master", roughly translatable as "Perfected Person".

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Zhidun

Zhidun (314-366 CE) was a Chinese Buddhist monk and philosopher.

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Zhiyi

Zhiyi (Chigi) (538–597 CE) is traditionally listed as the fourth patriarch, but is generally considered the founder of the Tiantai tradition of Buddhism in China.

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Zhou Dunyi

Zhou Dunyi (1017–1073) was a Song dynasty Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher and cosmologist born during the Song Dynasty.

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Zhou Guoping

Zhou Guoping (Chinese: 周国平; pinyin: Zhōu Guópíng; born July 25, 1945), was a modern Chinese author, poet, scholar, translator, philosopher, and research fellow at the Institute of Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

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Zhu Qianzhi

Zhu Qianzhi (1899–1972) was a Chinese intellectual, translator and historian.

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Zhu Xi

Zhu Xi (October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), also known by his courtesy name Yuanhui (or Zhonghui), and self-titled Hui'an, was a Chinese philosopher, politician, and writer of the Song dynasty.

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Zhu Xueqin

Zhu Xueqin (born 1952) is a Shanghai-based Chinese historian and public intellectual.

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Zhuang Zhou

Zhuang Zhou, often known as Zhuangzi ("Master Zhuang"), was an influential Chinese philosopher who lived around the 4th century BC during the Warring States period, a period corresponding to the summit of Chinese philosophy, the Hundred Schools of Thought.

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Zhuangzi (book)

The Zhuangzi (Mandarin:; historically romanized Chuang-tzu) is an ancient Chinese text from the late Warring States period (476221) which contains stories and anecdotes that exemplify the carefree nature of the ideal Daoist sage.

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Zichan

Gongsun Qiao (died 522 BC), better known by his courtesy name Zichan, was a statesman of the State of Zheng during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China.

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Zinaida Ignatyeva

Zinaida Ignatyeva (Зинаи́да Игна́тьева; born 1938 in Moscow; also spelled Zinaida Ignatieva) is a Russian pianist.

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Zionism

Zionism (צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).

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Zisi

Zisi (c. 481–402 BCE), born Kong Ji (孔伋), was a Chinese philosopher and the grandson of Confucius.

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Zo d'Axa

Alphonse Gallaud de la Pérouse (28 May 1864 – 30 August 1930), better known as Zo d'Axa, was a French adventurer, anti-militarist, satirist, journalist, and founder of two of the most legendary French magazines, L'EnDehors and La Feuille.

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Zofia Zdybicka

Zofia Józefa Zdybicka (born 5 August 1928 in Kraśnik) is a nun and philosopher.

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Zohar

The Zohar (זֹהַר, lit. "Splendor" or "Radiance") is the foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as Kabbalah.

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Zoilus

Zoilus (Ζωΐλος Zoilos; c. 400320 BC) was a Greek grammarian, Cynic philosopher, and literary critic from Amphipolis in East Macedonia, then known as Thrace.

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Zollikon Seminars

The Zollikon Seminars were a series of philosophical seminars delivered between 1959 and 1969 by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger at the home of Swiss psychiatrist Medard Boss.

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Zombie

A zombie (Haitian French: zombi, zonbi) is a fictional undead being created through the reanimation of a human corpse.

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Zoran Đinđić

Zoran Đinđić (Зоран Ђинђић,; 1 August 1952 – 12 March 2003) was a Serbian politician who was the Prime Minister of Serbia from 2001 until his assassination in 2003.

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Zorn's lemma

Zorn's lemma, also known as the Kuratowski–Zorn lemma, after mathematicians Max Zorn and Kazimierz Kuratowski, is a proposition of set theory that states that a partially ordered set containing upper bounds for every chain (that is, every totally ordered subset) necessarily contains at least one maximal element.

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Zoroaster

Zoroaster (from Greek Ζωροάστρης Zōroastrēs), also known as Zarathustra (𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 Zaraθuštra), Zarathushtra Spitama or Ashu Zarathushtra, was an ancient Iranian-speaking prophet whose teachings and innovations on the religious traditions of ancient Iranian-speaking peoples developed into the religion of Zoroastrianism.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.

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Zou Yan

Zou Yan (305240 BC) was an ancient Chinese philosopher best known as the representative thinker of the Yin and Yang School (or School of Naturalists) during the Hundred Schools of Thought era in Chinese philosophy.

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Zygmunt Łempicki

Zygmunt Łempicki (born May 11, 1886 in Sanok - June 21, 1943 in Auschwitz) was a Polish literature theoretician, Germanist, philosopher, and culture historian.

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Zygmunt Zawirski

Zygmunt Zawirski (29 September 1882 – 2 April 1948) was a Polish philosopher and logician.

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1999 Seattle WTO protests

1999 Seattle WTO protests, sometimes referred to as the Battle of Seattle or the Battle in Seattle, were a series of protests surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, when members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) convened at the Washington State Convention and Trade Center in Seattle, Washington on November 30, 1999.

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2008 Republican National Convention

The United States 2008 Republican National Convention took place at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota, from September 1, through September 4, 2008.

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20th-century French philosophy

20th-century French philosophy is a strand of contemporary philosophy generally associated with post-World War II French thinkers, although it is directly influenced by previous philosophical movements.

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3

3 (three) is a number, numeral, and glyph.

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Index of philosophy articles (R-Z), List of philosophical topics (R-Z), List of philosophy topics (R-Z).

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_articles_(R–Z)