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16 relations: Blinded experiment, Causality, Confounding, Construct validity, Content validity, Dependent and independent variables, Ecological validity, Effect size, External validity, Generalization, Observational error, Power (statistics), Scientific method, Spurious relationship, Statistical conclusion validity, Validity (statistics).
Blinded experiment
A blind or blinded-experiment is an experiment in which information about the test is masked (kept) from the participant, to reduce or eliminate bias, until after a trial outcome is known.
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Causality
Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is what connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is partly responsible for the second, and the second is partly dependent on the first.
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Confounding
In statistics, a confounder (also confounding variable, confounding factor or lurking variable) is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable causing a spurious association.
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Construct validity
Construct validity is "the degree to which a test measures what it claims, or purports, to be measuring."Polit DF Beck CT (2012).
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Content validity
In psychometrics, content validity (also known as logical validity) refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct.
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Dependent and independent variables
In mathematical modeling, statistical modeling and experimental sciences, the values of dependent variables depend on the values of independent variables.
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Ecological validity
In research, the ecological validity of a study means that the methods, materials and setting of the study must approximate the real-world that is being examined.
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Effect size
In statistics, an effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon.
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External validity
External validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific research, usually based on experiments as experimental validity.
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Generalization
A generalization (or generalisation) is the formulation of general concepts from specific instances by abstracting common properties.
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Observational error
Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value.
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Power (statistics)
The power of a binary hypothesis test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis (H0) when a specific alternative hypothesis (H1) is true.
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Scientific method
Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.
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Spurious relationship
In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are not causally related to each other, yet it may be wrongly inferred that they are, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "common response variable", "confounding factor", or "lurking variable").
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Statistical conclusion validity
Statistical conclusion validity is the degree to which conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are correct or ‘reasonable’.
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Validity (statistics)
Validity is the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world based on probability.
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