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235 relations: Abadan Refinery, Abbas Gharib, Abbas Kiarostami, Abbas Milani, Abbas Mirza, Abbas Shafiee, Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian, Abdolhossein Teymourtash, Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob, Abdolkarim Soroush, Abdollah Nouri, Absolute monarchy, Aeschylus, Ahmad Fardid, Ahmad Ghabel, Ahmad Kasravi, Ahmad Sadri, Ahmad Shamlou, Ahmad Zeidabadi, Ahmad-Reza Dehpour, Akbar Ganji, Ali Dashti, Ali Shariati, Ali-Akbar Davar, Alireza Alavitabar, Amir Attaran, Amir Kabir, Amir-Hossein Aryanpour, Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Anthony Giddens, Aramesh Dustdar, Aref Ensemble, Babylonian captivity, Bahram Shirdel, Bandari music, BBC, Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi, Bible, Bijan Jalali, Bozorg Alavi, BP, Caro Lucas, Central Intelligence Agency, Chain murders of Iran, Chemistry, Cinema of Iran, Civil society, Complex system, Coup d'état, Cyrus the Great, ..., Dar ul-Funun (Persia), Dariush Ashoori, Dariush Shayegan, Davoud Hermidas-Bavand, Democracy, Dystopia, Ebrahim Golestan, Ehsan Naraghi, Elaheh Koulaei, Erich Fromm, Ethics, Ezzatollah Sahabi, Faqīh, Fariborz Raisdana, Farrokh Ghaffari, Farrokhroo Parsa, Fazlollah Zahedi, Fereydoon Hoveyda, Fereydoon Moshiri, Fereydoun Davatchi, Forough Farrokhzad, Friedrich Nietzsche, Gabriel Guevrekian, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Government, Greater Khorasan, Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, Harold Bloom, Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari, Hassan Taqizadeh, Herodotus, Heterotopia (space), Heydar Ghiai, History of ideas, Hooshang Seyhoun, Hossein Bashiriyeh, Hossein Malek-Afzali, Hossein Najmabadi, Hossein Nasr, Hossein Zenderoudi, Human Rights Watch, Immanuel Kant, Institute for Research in Philosophy, Intellectual history, Iraj Gorgin, Iran, Iran's National Orchestra, Iranian architecture, Iranian Constitutional Revolution, Iranian Cultural Revolution, Iranian modern and contemporary art, Iranian philosophy, Iranian Revolution, Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, Jamshid Momtaz, Javad Tabatabai, Jawad Salehi, Jews, Kamran Diba, Karl Popper, Khosro Naghed, Kurdish music, Liberalism, List of Iranian intellectuals, Los Angeles Times, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud Hessabi, Mahmoud Khatami, Mahmoud Sadri, Manouchehr Atashi, Marcos Grigorian, Martin Heidegger, Marxism, Massoud Behnoud, Masters of Persian Music, Max Weber, Mazandaran Province, Mehdi Akhavan-Sales, Mehdi Bazargan, Mehdi Golshani, Mehdi Jami, Mehdi Saeedi, Melal Orchestra, Michael Rubin, Milan Kundera, Mina Assadi, Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Modernity, Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi, Mohammad Gharib, Mohammad Javad Zarif, Mohammad Khatami, Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari, Mohammad Mosaddegh, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Mohammad Zohari, Mohammad-Ali Sepanlou, Mohammad-Javad Larijani, Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki, Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani, Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast, Mohammad-Taqi Bahar, Mohsen Kadivar, Morteza Motahhari, Moslem Bahadori, Mostafa Malekian, Mostafa Moeen, Mousa Ghaninejad, Music of Iran, Nature (journal), Nima Yooshij, Noam Chomsky, Painting, Parliament, Parviz Varjavand, Patrick Clawson, Persian Constitution of 1906, Persian Empire, Persian language, Persian literature, Persian traditional music, Phenomenology (philosophy), Philosophy, Philosophy of language, Philosophy of logic, Philosophy of mind, Philosophy of religion, Politics, Post-contemporary, Postmodernism, Prime Minister of Iran, Prince Claus Fund, Qamar-ol-Moluk Vaziri, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Rakhshān Banietemad, Ramin Jahanbegloo, Religious intellectualism in Iran, Renaissance, Reza Abedini, Reza Davari Ardakani, Reza Mansouri, Richard Rorty, Rumi, Sadegh Hedayat, Sadegh Zibakalam, Sadeq Chubak, Saeed Hajjarian, Saeed Nafisi, Safavid dynasty, Samira Makhmalbaf, School of Isfahan, Science and technology in Iran, Sculpture, Secularism, Secularization, Shah, Shahrokh Meskoob, Shirin Ebadi, Shirin Neshat, Shmuel Eisenstadt, Sima Bina, Simin Behbahani, Simin Daneshvar, Sohrab Sepehri, Soviet Union, String theory, Symphonic music in Iran, Tahmineh Milani, The Kamkars, The New York Sun, The New York Times, The Persians, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, United Kingdom, United Nations, United States, University of Tehran, Women in Iran, Yadollah Sahabi, Yousef Saanei, Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism, `Abdu'l-Bahá, 1953 Iranian coup d'état. Expand index (185 more) »
Abadan Refinery
The Abadan refinery (پالایشگاه آبادان Pālāyeshgāh-e Ābādān) is located in Abadan near the coast of the Persian Gulf.
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Abbas Gharib
Abbas Gharib, (born 16 June 1942) is an Italian-based architect of Iranian origin.
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Abbas Kiarostami
Abbas Kiarostami (عباس کیارستمی; 22 June 1940 – 4 July 2016) was an Iranian film director, screenwriter, poet, photographer and film producer.
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Abbas Milani
Abbas Malekzadeh Milani (عباس ملکزاده میلانی; born 1949) is an Iranian-American historian and author.
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Abbas Mirza
Abbas Mirza (عباس میرزا) (August 20, 1789October 25, 1833), was a Qajar crown prince of Persia.
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Abbas Shafiee
Abbas Shafiee (1937 – June 15, 2016) was an Iranian pharmaceutical chemist.
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Abdol-Aziz Mirza Farmanfarmaian
Abdol Aziz Farmanfarmaian (Shiraz, 1920 – June 21, 2013 Spain) was an Iranian architect, offspring of Iranian nobleman Abdol Hossein Mirza Farmanfarma and a member of the Qajar dynasty of Iran.
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Abdolhossein Teymourtash
Abdolhossein Teymūrtāsh (عبدالحسین تیمورتاش; 1883–1933) was an influential Iranian statesman who served as the first Minister of Court of the Pahlavi Dynasty from 1925 to 1932, and is credited with playing a crucial role in laying the foundations of modern Iran in the 20th century.
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Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob
Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub (Luri/Persian: عبدالحسین زرینکوب, also Romanized as Zarrinkoob, Zarrinkub) (March 17, 1923 – September 15, 1999) was a scholar of Iranian literature, history of literature, Persian culture and history.
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Abdolkarim Soroush
Abdolkarim Soroush (عبدالكريم سروش; born Hossein Haj Faraj Dabbagh (born 1945; حسين حاج فرج دباغ), is an Iranian Islamic thinker, reformer, Rumi scholar, public intellectual, and a former professor of philosophy at the University of Tehran and Imam Khomeini International University during Islamic regime since he only has a chemistry BS. He is arguably the most influential figure in the religious intellectual movement of Iran. Soroush is currently a visiting scholar at the University of Maryland in College Park, MD. He was also affiliated with other prestigious institutions, including Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Columbia, the Leiden-based International Institute as a visiting professor for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) and the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin. He was named by TIME as one of the world’s 100 most influential people in 2005, and by Prospect magazine as one of the most influential intellectuals in the world in 2008. Soroush's ideas, founded on Relativism, prompted both supporters and critics to compare his role in reforming Islam to that of Martin Luther in reforming Christianity.
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Abdollah Nouri
Abdollah Noori (عبدالله نوری) is an Iranian cleric and reformist politician.
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Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.
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Aeschylus
Aeschylus (Αἰσχύλος Aiskhulos;; c. 525/524 – c. 456/455 BC) was an ancient Greek tragedian.
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Ahmad Fardid
Seyyed Ahmad Fardid (سید احمد فردید) (Born in 1912, Yazd – 16 August 1994, Tehran), born Ahmad Mahini Yazdi, was a prominent Iranian philosopher and an inspiring and dedicated professor of Tehran University.
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Ahmad Ghabel
Ahmad Ghabel (also Ahmad Qabel) Born: 1954, Torbat-e Jam Died: October 22, 2012, Mashhad was a Hojjatoleslam Shia Muslim cleric, an Iranian theologian seminary lecturer, researcher, and author.
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Ahmad Kasravi
Ahmad Kasravi (29 September 1890 – 11 March 1946; احمد کسروی) was a notable Iranian linguist, historian, nationalist and reformer.
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Ahmad Sadri
Ahmad Sadri is a Professor of Sociology and Anthropology at Lake Forest College.
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Ahmad Shamlou
Ahmad Shamlou (احمد شاملو, Ahmad Šāmlū, also known under his pen name A. Bamdad (ا.)) (December 12, 1925 – July 23, 2000) was an Iranian poet, writer, and journalist.
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Ahmad Zeidabadi
Ahmad Zeidabadi (born 21 July 1965 in Zeidabad, Sirjan) is an Iranian journalist, academic, writer and political analyst and the secretary general of Office for Strengthening Unity.
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Ahmad-Reza Dehpour
Ahmad Reza Dehpour (Born 1948 in Iran) is an Iranian pharmacologist and biomedical scientist.
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Akbar Ganji
Akbar Ganji (اکبر گنجی., born 31 January 1960 in Tehran) is an Iranian journalist and writer.
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Ali Dashti
Ali Dashti (علی دشتی, pronounced; 31 March 1897 – January 16, 1982) was an Iranian rationalist of the twentieth century.
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Ali Shariati
Ali Shariati Mazinani (علی شریعتی مزینانی, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion.
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Ali-Akbar Davar
Ali-Akbar Dāvar (also known as Mirza Ali-Akbar Khan-e Dāvar) (1885–1937) (علیاکبر داور) was the founder of the modern judicial system of Iran.
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Alireza Alavitabar
Alireza Alavitabar is an Iranian political scientist and a leading reformist intellectual and writer.
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Amir Attaran
Amir Attaran (امیر عطاران) is a Canadian-American-Iranian law and medicine professor.
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Amir Kabir
Mirza Taghi Khan Farahani (میرزا تقیخان فراهانی) known as Amir Kabir (امیرکبیر) (1807 – 10 January 1852), also known by the titles of Atabak and Amir-e Nezam; chief minister to Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Shah of Persia) for the first three years of his reign and one of the most capable and innovative figures to appear in the whole Qajar period.
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Amir-Hossein Aryanpour
Amir-Hossein Aryanpour (February 27, 1925, Tehran – July 30, 2001, Tehran) (امیرحسین آریانپور) was an Iranian lexicographer, writer, translator, philosopher, sociologist, and literary figure.
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Anglo-Persian Oil Company
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) was a British company founded in 1908 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran.
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Anthony Giddens
Anthony Giddens, Baron Giddens (born 18 January 1938) is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies.
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Aramesh Dustdar
Aramesh Dustdar (born in Tehran) is an Iranian philosopher, writer, scholar and a former philosophy lecturer at Tehran University.
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Aref Ensemble
The Aref Ensemble (in Persian: گروه عارف) was a Persian classical music ensemble.
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Babylonian captivity
The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylonia.
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Bahram Shirdel
Bahram Shirdel is an Iranian architect internationally known as one of the most influential architects dealing with interdisciplinary field of architecture & science & also Fold/Folding Architecture.
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Bandari music
Bandari music (بندری) stems from Iran's south, around the Persian Gulf region.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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Bibi Khanoom Astarabadi
Bibi Khānoom Astarābādi (بی بی خانوم استرآبادی)‎ (1858/59–1921) was a notable Iranian writer, satirist, and one of the pioneering figures in the women's movement of Iran.
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Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, "the books") is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans.
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Bijan Jalali
Bijan Jalali (بیژن جلالی; 1927 in Tehran, Iran – January 2000) was a modern Persian poet.
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Bozorg Alavi
Bozorg Alavi (بزرگ علوی) (February 2, 1904 – February 18, 1997) was an influential Iranian writer, novelist, and political intellectual.
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BP
BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.
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Caro Lucas
Caro Lucas Ghukasian (Կարո Լուկաս Ղուկասեան); (کارو لوکاس قوکاسیان.; September 4, 1949 – July 8, 2010) was an Iranian Armenian scientist.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).
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Chain murders of Iran
The Chain Murders of Iran (Persian:قتلهای زنجیره ای), or Serial Murders, were a series of 1988–98 murders and disappearances of certain Iranian dissident intellectuals who had been critical of the Islamic Republic system in some way by Iranian government internal operatives.
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Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
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Cinema of Iran
The Cinema of Iran (Persian: سینمای ایران), also known as the Cinema of Persia, refers to the cinema and film industries in Iran which produce a variety of commercial films annually.
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Civil society
Civil society is the "aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens".
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Complex system
A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other.
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Coup d'état
A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.
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Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš; New Persian: کوروش Kuruš;; c. 600 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great  and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.
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Dar ul-Funun (Persia)
Dar ul-Funun (دارالفنون, meaning "Polytechnic"), established in 1851, was the first modern university and modern institution of higher learning in Iran (Persia).
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Dariush Ashoori
Daryoush Ashouri (داریوش آشوری, born August 2, 1938 in Tehran) is a prominent Iranian thinker, author, translator, researcher, and public intellectual.
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Dariush Shayegan
Dariush Shayegan (داریوش شایگان; 2 February 1935 – 22 March 2018) was an Iranian philosopher and cultural theorist.
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Davoud Hermidas-Bavand
Davoud Hermidas-Bavand (داوود هرمیداس باوند; born 1934 in Tehran) is an Iranian former career diplomat and political scientist.
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Democracy
Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.
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Dystopia
A dystopia (from the Greek δυσ- "bad" and τόπος "place"; alternatively, cacotopia,Cacotopia (from κακός kakos "bad") was the term used by Jeremy Bentham in his 19th century works kakotopia, or simply anti-utopia) is a community or society that is undesirable or frightening.
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Ebrahim Golestan
Ebrahim Golestan (Taghavi Shirazi) (also spelt Ibrahim Golestan, ابراهیم گلستان), (born October 19, 1922 in Shiraz, Iran) is an Iranian filmmaker and literary figure with a career spanning half a century.
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Ehsan Naraghi
Ehsān Narāghi (2 February 1926 – 2 December 2012) was an Iranian sociologist, writer and Farah Pahlavi adviser.
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Elaheh Koulaei
Elaheh Koulaei (الهه کولایی; born 17 December 1956) is an Iranian political scientist, reformist intellectual.
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Erich Fromm
Erich Seligmann Fromm (March 23, 1900 – March 18, 1980) was a German-born American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, sociologist, humanistic philosopher, and democratic socialist.
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Ethics
Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.
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Ezzatollah Sahabi
Ezzatollah Sahabi (9 May 1930 – 31 May 2011) was an Iranian politician and journalist.
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Faqīh
A Faqīh (plural Fuqahā') (فقيه, pl.) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic Law.
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Fariborz Raisdana
Fariborz Raisdana (فریبرز رئیسدانا) is an Iranian economist, socialist, activist, professor, and a member of the Iranian Writers' Association (Persian: کانون نویسندگان ایران).
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Farrokh Ghaffari
Farrokh Ghaffari (فرخ غفاری) (born 1921 – died 17 December 2006) was an Iranian film director, actor, critic and author.
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Farrokhroo Parsa
Farokhroo Parsa (فرخرو پارسا; 24 March 1922 – 8 May 1980) was an Iranian physician, educator and parliamentarian.
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Fazlollah Zahedi
Fazlollah Zahedi (Fazlollāh Zāhedi, pronounced; c. 1892 – 2 September 1963) was an Iranian general and statesman who replaced the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh through a coup d'état, in which he played a major role.
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Fereydoon Hoveyda
Fereydoon Hoveyda (فریدون هویدا. Fereydūn Hoveyda, 21 September 1924 – 3 November 2006) was an Iranian diplomat, writer and thinker.
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Fereydoon Moshiri
Fereydoon Moshiri (فریدون مشیری; September 21, 1926 – October 24, 2000) was one of the prominent contemporary Persian poets who versified in both modern and classic styles of the Persian poem.
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Fereydoun Davatchi
Fereydoun Davatchi is the director of Rheumatology Research Center (RRC) in Tehran University of Medical sciences.
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Forough Farrokhzad
Forough Farrokhzad (فروغ فرخزاد; December 29, 1934 – February 13, 1967) was an influential Iranian poet and film director.
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, cultural critic, composer, poet, philologist and a Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history.
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Gabriel Guevrekian
Gabriel Guevrekian (or Guévrékian) (November 21, 1892 (?) Istanbul - October 29, 1970 Antibes) was an Armenian architect, who designed buildings, interiors and gardens, and taught architecture.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher and the most important figure of German idealism.
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Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.
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Greater Khorasan
Khorasan (Middle Persian: Xwarāsān; خراسان Xorāsān), sometimes called Greater Khorasan, is a historical region lying in northeast of Greater Persia, including part of Central Asia and Afghanistan.
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Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist
The Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, also called the Governance of the Jurist (ولایت فقیه, Vilayat-e Faqih; ولاية الفقيه, Wilayat al-Faqih), is a post-Age-of-Occultation theory in Shia Islam which holds that Islam gives a faqīh (Islamic jurist) custodianship over people.
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Harold Bloom
Harold Bloom (born July 11, 1930) is an American literary critic and Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University.
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Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari
Hasan Yousefi Eshkevari (حسن یوسفی اشکوری, born 1950) is an Iranian cleric, researcher, journalist, reformist and former political prisoner.
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Hassan Taqizadeh
Sayyed Hasan Taqizādeh (سید حسن تقیزاده; September 27, 1878 in Tabriz, Iran – January 28, 1970 in Tehran, Iran) was an influential Iranian politician and diplomat, of Azeri origin, during the Qajar dynasty under the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah, as well as the Pahlavi dynasty under the reign of Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah.
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Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος, Hêródotos) was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire (modern-day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (484– 425 BC), a contemporary of Thucydides, Socrates, and Euripides.
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Heterotopia (space)
Heterotopia is a concept in human geography elaborated by philosopher Michel Foucault to describe places and spaces that function in non-hegemonic conditions.
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Heydar Ghiai
Heydar Gholi Khan Ghiaï-Chamlou was an Iranian architect.
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History of ideas
The history of ideas is a field of research in history that deals with the expression, preservation, and change of human ideas over time.
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Hooshang Seyhoun
Houshang Seyhoun, (هوشنگ سیحون) (August 22, 1920 – May 26, 2014) was an Iranian architect, sculptor, painter, scholar and professor.
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Hossein Bashiriyeh
Hossein Bashiriyeh, is an Iranian scholar in political theory and political sociology, who was born in 1953 in Hamedan, Iran.
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Hossein Malek-Afzali
Hossein Malek-Afzali (حسین ملک افضلی; born 1939) is an Iranian scientist, physician and an associate of World Health Organization.
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Hossein Najmabadi
Hossein Najmabadi is an Iranian medical scientist and the director of Genetics Research Center at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR).
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Hossein Nasr
Hossein Nasr (سید حسین نصر, born April 7, 1933) is an Iranian professor emeritus of Islamic studies at George Washington University, and an Islamic philosopher.
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Hossein Zenderoudi
Charles Hossein Zenderoudi (born March 11, 1937, Tehran) is an Iranian painter, calligrapher and sculptor, known as a pioneer of Iranian modern art and as one of the earliest artists to incorporate Arabic calligraphy elements into his artwork.
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Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is a central figure in modern philosophy.
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Institute for Research in Philosophy
The Iran Research Institute of Philosophy (IRIP) (Persian: مؤسسه پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفه ایران) is a Public research institute in Tehran, Iran.
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Intellectual history
Intellectual history refers to the historiography of ideas and thinkers.
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Iraj Gorgin
Iraj Gorgin (ایرج گرگین) (February 14, 1934 – January 13, 2012) was a prominent Iranian-American radio and television broadcaster and journalist.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Iran's National Orchestra
Iran's National Orchestra (Persian: ارکستر ملی ایران) was founded in 1998 under the conduction of Farhad Fakhreddini and dissolved in October 2012.
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Iranian architecture
Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian:مهرازى ایرانی) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Iranian Constitutional Revolution
The Persian Constitutional Revolution (مشروطیت Mashrūtiyyat, or انقلاب مشروطه Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911.
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Iranian Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution (1980–1983) (انقلاب فرهنگی.) was a period following the Iranian Revolution, when the academia of Iran was purged of Western and non-Islamic influences (even traditionalist unpolitical Islamic doctrines) to bring it in line with the revolutionary and Political Islam.
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Iranian modern and contemporary art
A cursory glance at the history of art reveals that social, political and economic conditions have always played a major role in the emergence of new artistic currents and styles.
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Iranian philosophy
Iranian philosophy (Persian:فلسفه ایرانی) or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings.
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Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (Enqelāb-e Iran; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution), Iran Chamber.
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Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
Jalal Al-e-Ahmad (جلال آلاحمد; December 2, 1923 – September 9, 1969) was a prominent Iranian novelist, short-story writer, translator, philosopher, socio-political critic, sociologist as well as an anthropologist who was "one of the earliest and most prominent of contemporary Iranian ethnographers".
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Jamshid Momtaz
Jamshid Momtaz (born 18 June 1942 in İzmir) is an Iranian jurist and academic.
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Javad Tabatabai
Javad Tabatabai (born 1945 in Tabriz) is an Iranian philosopher and political scientist.
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Jawad Salehi
Jawad A. Salehi, IEEE Fellow, (جواد صالحی) born in Kazemain (Kadhimiya), Iraq, on December 22, 1956 is an Iranian electrical and computer engineer, pioneer of optical code division multiple access (CDMA) and a highly cited researcher.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Kamran Diba
Kamran Diba (کامران ديبا, born 5 March 1937) is a prominent Iranian architect, residing in Paris, France.
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Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian-British philosopher and professor.
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Khosro Naghed
Khosro Naghed (خسرو ناقد, born 1950 Shiraz, Iran) is a Persian writer, Iranist and linguist.
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Kurdish music
Kurdish music (مۆسیقای کوردی Mûzîka Kurdî) refers to music performed in Kurdish language.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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List of Iranian intellectuals
A.
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Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper which has been published in Los Angeles, California since 1881.
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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Mahmūd Ahmadinezhād, born Mahmoud Sabbaghian (Sabbāghyān) on 28 October 1956) is an Iranian politician who was the sixth President of Iran from 2005 to 2013.
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Mahmoud Hessabi
Sayyed Mahmoud Hessabi (or Hessaby, سید محمود حسابی, February 23, 1903 – September 3, 1992) was an Iranian nuclear physicist and senator He was the Minister of Education for Iran in the cabinet of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh from 1951 to 1952.
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Mahmoud Khatami
Mahmoud Khatami(Persian: محمود خاتمی) is an Iranian philosopher.
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Mahmoud Sadri
Mahmoud Sadri is an Iranian sociologist.
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Manouchehr Atashi
Manouchehr Atashi (منوچهر آتشی) (September 25, 1931 – November 20, 2005) was a Persian poet, writer, and journalist.
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Marcos Grigorian
Marcos Grigorian (Մարկոս Գրիգորեան; مارکو گريگوريان; December 5, 1925 – August 27, 2007) was a notable Iranian-Armenian artist and a pioneer of Iranian modern art.
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Martin Heidegger
Martin Heidegger (26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher and a seminal thinker in the Continental tradition and philosophical hermeneutics, and is "widely acknowledged to be one of the most original and important philosophers of the 20th century." Heidegger is best known for his contributions to phenomenology and existentialism, though as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy cautions, "his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical movements only with extreme care and qualification".
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Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that views class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation.
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Massoud Behnoud
Massoud Behnoud, (مسعود بهنود, born in Tehran) is a prominent Iranian journalist, historian, and writer.
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Masters of Persian Music
Masters of Persian Music is a Persian classical music ensemble (or "supergroup") founded in 2000 by four internationally recognized ustāds (masters) of the genre: vocalist Mohammad-Reza Shajarian; composer-musicians Hossein Alizâdeh and Kayhan Kalhor; and M. R. Shajarian's son, multi-instrumentalist singer Homayoun Shajarian.
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Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and political economist.
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Mazandaran Province
Mazandaran Province, (استان مازندران Ostān-e Māzandarān/Ostân-e Mâzandarân), is an Iranian province located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, in central-northern Iran.
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Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
Mehdi Akhavān-Sāles, or Akhavān-Sāless (مهدی اخوان ثالث) (March 1929 in Mashhad, Iran - August 26, 1990 in Tehran, Iran), pen name M. Omid (م. امید, Hope) was a prominent Iranian poet.
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Mehdi Bazargan
Mehdi Bazargan (مهدی بازرگان; 1 September 1907 – 20 January 1995) was an Iranian scholar, academic, long-time pro-democracy activist and head of Iran's interim government, making him Iran's first prime minister after the Iranian Revolution of 1979.
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Mehdi Golshani
Mehdi Golshani (Persian: مهدی گلشنی, born 1939 in Isfahan, Iran) is a contemporary Iranian theoretical physicist, academic, scholar, philosopher and distinguished professor at Sharif University of Technology.
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Mehdi Jami
Mehdi Jami, born February 1961 in Mashhad, is an Iranian journalist.
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Mehdi Saeedi
Mehdi Saeedi (مهدی سعیدی. was born in Tehran), is an Iranian born artist and designer based in Philadelphia and he is a part-time faculty of graphic design at the Towson University in Maryland, United States.
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Melal Orchestra
In 2007, Mr.
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Michael Rubin
Michael Rubin (born 1971) is a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI).
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Milan Kundera
Milan Kundera (born 1 April 1929) is a Czech-born French writer who went into exile in France in 1975, and became a naturalised French citizen in 1981.
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Mina Assadi
Mina Assadi (مینا اسدی; born March 12, 1943 in Sari, Iran) is a poet, author, journalist and songwriter who lives in exile in Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mir-Hossein Mousavi
Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (Mīr-Hoseyn Mūsavī Khāmené,; born 2 March 1942) is an Iranian reformist politician, artist and architect who served as the seventy-ninth and last Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989.
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Modernity
Modernity, a topic in the humanities and social sciences, is both a historical period (the modern era), as well as the ensemble of particular socio-cultural norms, attitudes and practices that arose in the wake of Renaissance, in the "Age of Reason" of 17th-century thought and the 18th-century "Enlightenment".
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Mohammad Ali Foroughi
Mohammad Ali Foroughi (1 January 1875 – 26 November 1942, محمدعلی فروغی) also known as Zaka-ol-Molk (Persian: ذُکاءالمُلک) was a teacher, diplomat, nationalist, writer, politician and Prime Minister of Iran.
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Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi
Mirza Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi (میرزا محمد فرخی یزدی; 1889 – October 18, 1939) was an Iranian poet, journalist and senior politician of the Reza Pahlavi era.
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Mohammad Gharib
Mohammad Gharib (5 July 1909 – 20 January 1975) was an Iranian physician, clinician, distinguished university professor and a pioneer of pediatrics in Iran.
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Mohammad Javad Zarif
Mohammad Javad Zarif Khonsari (محمدجواد ظریف خونساری;; born 7 January 1960) is an Iranian career diplomat, academic and current Minister of Foreign Affairs.
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Mohammad Khatami
Seyyed Mohammad Khatami (سید محمد خاتمی,; born 14 October 1943) is an Iranian scholar, Shia theologian, and reformist politician.
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Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari
Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari (محمد مجتهد شبستری; born 1936 in Shabestar, Iran) is an Iranian philosopher, theologian, hermeneutist and former professor at University of Tehran.
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Mohammad Mosaddegh
Mohammad Mosaddegh (محمد مصدق;; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician.
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), also known as Mohammad Reza Shah (Mohammad Rezā Šāh), was the last Shah of Iran from 16 September 1941 until his overthrow by the Iranian Revolution on 11 February 1979.
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Mohammad Zohari
Mohammad Zohari (محمد زهری) (1926–1995) was an Iranian poet and writer.
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Mohammad-Ali Sepanlou
Mohammad-Ali Sepanlou (November 20, 1940 – May 11, 2015) was an Iranian poet, author, and literary critic.
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Mohammad-Javad Larijani
Mohammad-Javad Larijani (محمدجواد لاریجانی) is an Iranian conservative politician, mathematical logician and former diplomat.
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Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki
Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki (محمدنبی سربلوکی) was a distinguished Iranian biophysicist and polymer chemist and one of the most influential individuals behind modern scientific movement in Iran.
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Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani (محمدرضا شفیعی کدکنی, also d as Mohammad–Reza Shafi'i Kadkani) (born 1939) is a Persian writer, poet, literary critic, editor, and translator.
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Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
Mohammad Reza Zarrindast is a notable Iranian pharmacologist and biomedical researcher.
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Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
Mohammad-Taqi Bahar (محمدتقی بهار; also Romanized as Mohammad-Taqí Bahār; December 9, 1886 in Mashhad – April 22, 1951 in Tehran), widely known as Malek o-Sho'arā (ملکالشعراء) and Malek o-Sho'arā Bahār (literally: the king of poets), is a renowned Iranian poet and scholar, who was also a politician, journalist, historian and Professor of Literature.
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Mohsen Kadivar
Mohsen Kadivar (محسن کدیور, born June 8, 1959) is a philosopher, leading intellectual reformist, and professor of Islamic Studies.
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Morteza Motahhari
Morteza Motahari (مرتضی مطهری; January 31, 1919 – May 1, 1979) was an Iranian cleric, philosopher, lecturer, and politician.
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Moslem Bahadori
Moslem Bahadori (مسلم بهادری) (born 1927 in Mazandaran, Tonekabon, Iran) is a contemporary Iranian medical scientist, distinguished pathologist and a university lecturer.
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Mostafa Malekian
Mostafa Malekian (born 1 January 1956) (Persian: مصطفی ملکیان), is a prominent Iranian philosopher, thinker, translator and editor.
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Mostafa Moeen
Mostafa Moeen (مصطفی معین; born 1 April 1951 in Najafabad, Isfahan), is an Iranian politician, professor of Pediatrics, and a human right activist which is currently founder and president of Center for Human Rights and Democracy in Iran.
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Mousa Ghaninejad
Mousa Ghaninejad (born 1951 in Tabriz, Iran) is a senior Iranian economist.
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Music of Iran
The music of Iran encompasses music that is produced by Iranian artists.
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Nature (journal)
Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.
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Nima Yooshij
Nimā Yushij (نیما یوشیج) (November 11, 1897 – January 3, 1960), also called Nimā (نیما), born Ali Esfandiāri (علی اسفندیاری), was a contemporary Persian and Tabarian poet who started the she'r-e now (شعر نو, "new poetry") also known as she'r-e nimaa'i (شعر نیمایی, "Nimaic poetry") trend in Iran.
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Noam Chomsky
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, social critic and political activist.
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Painting
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (support base).
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Parliament
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government.
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Parviz Varjavand
Parviz Varjavand (پرویز ورجاوند; 5 January 1934 – 10 June 2007) was a notable Iranian archaeologist, researcher, university professor and politician who was a prominent member of Iran National Front.
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Patrick Clawson
Patrick Lyell Clawson (born March 30, 1951) is an American economist and Middle East scholar.
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Persian Constitution of 1906
The Persia Constitution of 1906 (قانون اساسی مشروطه 1906), was the first constitution of Persia (Iran) that resulted from the Persian Constitutional Revolution and it was written by Hassan Pirnia, Hossein Pirnia, and Ismail Mumtaz, among others.
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Persian Empire
The Persian Empire (شاهنشاهی ایران, translit., lit. 'Imperial Iran') refers to any of a series of imperial dynasties that were centred in Persia/Iran from the 6th-century-BC Achaemenid Empire era to the 20th century AD in the Qajar dynasty era.
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Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Persian literature
Persian literature (ادبیات فارسی adabiyāt-e fārsi), comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the world's oldest literatures.
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Persian traditional music
Persian traditional music or Iranian traditional music, also known as Persian classical music or Iranian classical music, refers to the classical music of Iran (also known as Persia).
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Phenomenology (philosophy)
Phenomenology (from Greek phainómenon "that which appears" and lógos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness.
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Philosophy
Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
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Philosophy of language
Philosophy of language explores the relationship between language and reality.
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Philosophy of logic
Following the developments in formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic.
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Philosophy of mind
Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind.
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Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of religion is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions." These sorts of philosophical discussion are ancient, and can be found in the earliest known manuscripts concerning philosophy.
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Politics
Politics (from Politiká, meaning "affairs of the cities") is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group.
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Post-contemporary
Post-contemporary (PoCo) is a forward-looking aesthetic philosophy distinguished by a re-constructive, global, human ethos which posits that the aesthetic experience is universal to humanity, and that this experience can inspire understanding and transformation.
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Postmodernism
Postmodernism is a broad movement that developed in the mid- to late-20th century across philosophy, the arts, architecture, and criticism and that marked a departure from modernism.
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Prime Minister of Iran
The Prime Minister of Iran was a political post in Iran that had existed during several different periods of time starting with the Qajar era (when the country was internationally known as Persia) until its most recent revival from 1979 to 1989 following the Iranian Revolution.
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Prince Claus Fund
The Prince Claus Fund was established in 1996, named in honor of Prince Claus of the Netherlands.
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Qamar-ol-Moluk Vaziri
Qamar-ol-Moluk Vaziri (قمرالملوک وزیرى; 1905 – 5 August 1959), born Qamar Khanum Seyed Hosayn Khan (قمر خانم سید حسین خان), commonly known as "Qamar" (قمر; Arabic for "moon"), was a celebrated Iranian singer, who was also the first woman of her time to sing in public in Iran without wearing a veil.
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is a broadcasting organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analysis to countries in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Middle East where it says that "the free flow of information is either banned by government authorities or not fully developed".
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Rakhshān Banietemad
Rakhshān Banietemad (رخشان بنیاعتماد, born April 3, 1954 in Tehran, Iran) is an internationally and critically acclaimed Iranian film director and screenwriter.
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Ramin Jahanbegloo
Ramin Jahanbegloo (رامین جهانبگلو., born 1956 in Tehran) is an Iranian philosopher and academic who is based in Canada.
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Religious intellectualism in Iran
Religious intellectualism in Iran (روشنفکری دينی) reached its apogee during the Persian Constitutional Revolution (1906–11).
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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Reza Abedini
Reza Abedini, (رضا عابدینی., born 1967 in Tehran) is an Iranian graphic designer and a professor.
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Reza Davari Ardakani
Reza Davari Ardakani (رضا داوری اردکانی, born 6 July 1933 in Ardakan) is a prominent Iranian philosopher who was influenced by Martin Heidegger, and a distinguished emeritus professor of philosophy at the University of Tehran.
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Reza Mansouri
Reza Mansouri (born 1948) is an Iranian physicist who was an influential figure in Iranian science in the late 20th century.
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Richard Rorty
Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher.
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Rumi
Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (جلالالدین محمد بلخى), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā (مولانا, "our master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (مولوی, "my master"), and more popularly simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century PersianRitter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam.
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Sadegh Hedayat
Sadegh (also spelled as Sadeq) Hedayat (صادق هدایت; February 17, 1903 in Tehran – April 9, 1951 in Paris) was an Iranian writer, translator and intellectual.
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Sadegh Zibakalam
Sadegh Zibakalam (lit; born 12 June 1948) is an Iranian academic, author and pundit described as reformist and neo-liberal.
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Sadeq Chubak
Sādeq Chubak (صادق چوبک, sometimes Sādegh Choubak; August 5, 1916 July 3, 1998), was an Iranian author of short fiction, drama, and novels.
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Saeed Hajjarian
Saeed Hajjarian (سعید حجاریان, born 1954) is an Iranian reformist political strategist, journalist, pro-democracy activist and former intelligence officer.
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Saeed Nafisi
Saeed Nafisi (also Naficy) (سعید نفیسی; June 8, 1895 – November 13, 1966) was an Iranian scholar, fiction writer and poet.
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Safavid dynasty
The Safavid dynasty (دودمان صفوی Dudmān e Safavi) was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.
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Samira Makhmalbaf
Samira Makhmalbaf (سمیرا مخملباف, Samira Makhmalbaaf) (born February 15, 1980) is an internationally acclaimed Iranian filmmaker and script writer.
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School of Isfahan
The Isfahan School is a school of Islamic philosophy.
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Science and technology in Iran
Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology through education and training, despite international sanctions in almost all aspects of research during the past 30 years.
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Sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.
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Secularism
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).
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Secularization
Secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification and affiliation with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.
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Shah
Shah (Šāh, pronounced, "king") is a title given to the emperors, kings, princes and lords of Iran (historically also known as Persia).
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Shahrokh Meskoob
Shahrokh Meskoob (شاهرخ مسکوب) (January 11, 1924 in Babol, Iran – April 12, 2005 in Paris, France), was an Iranian writer, translator, scholar and university professor.
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Shirin Ebadi
Shirin Ebadi (Širin Ebādi; born 21 June 1947) is an Iranian lawyer, a former judge and human rights activist and founder of Defenders of Human Rights Center in Iran.
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Shirin Neshat
Shirin Neshat (شیرین نشاط; born 1957) is an Iranian visual artist who lives in New York City, known primarily for her work in film, video and photography.
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Shmuel Eisenstadt
Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt (Hebrew: שמואל נח אייזנשטדט) (10 September 1923, Warsaw – 2 September 2010, Jerusalem) was an Israeli sociologist.
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Sima Bina
Sima Bina (Simā Binā) (born January 4, 1945 in Birjand, Iran) is a notable Persian classical musician, an Iranian composer, researcher, painter and teacher, described by Radio WDR Germany as the "grand lady of Iranian folk music", a leading Iranian classical singer and songwriter.
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Simin Behbahani
Simin Behbahani (سیمین بهبهانی; 20 July 1927 – 19 August 2014) was a prominent Iranian contemporary poet, lyricist and activist.
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Simin Daneshvar
Simin Dāneshvar (سیمین دانشور)‎ (28 April 1921 – 8 March 2012) was an Iranian academic, novelist, fiction writer and translator, largely regarded as the first major Iranian woman novelist.
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Sohrab Sepehri
Sohrab Sepehri (Sohrāb Sepehri; October 7, 1928 – April 21, 1980) was a notable Iranian poet and a painter.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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String theory
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.
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Symphonic music in Iran
Symphonic music in Iran encompasses Iranian musical pieces composed in the symphonic style.
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Tahmineh Milani
Tahmineh Milāni (تهمینه میلانی, born 1 September 1960) is a professional film director, screenwriter, and producer who came to the limelight by breaking all the traditional and conventional norms about women and their presence in Iran's society.
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The Kamkars
The Kamkars (کامکاران, Kamkaran,کامکارها) is a Kurdish family of seven brothers and a sister, all from the city of Sanandaj, the capital of the Kurdistan province of Iran.
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The New York Sun
The New York Sun was an American daily newspaper published in Manhattan from 2002 to 2008.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Persians
The Persians (Πέρσαι, Persai, Latinised as Persae) is an ancient Greek tragedy written during the Classical period of Ancient Greece by the Greek tragedian Aeschylus.
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Thus Spoke Zarathustra
Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None (Also sprach Zarathustra: Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen, also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra) is a comedic philosophical novel by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, composed in four parts between 1883 and 1885 and published between 1883 and 1891.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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University of Tehran
The University of Tehran (دانشگاه تهران), also known as Tehran University and UT, is Iran's oldest modern university.
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Women in Iran
Women in Iran discusses the history, contribution, aspects, and roles of women in Iran.
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Yadollah Sahabi
Yadollah Sahabi (25 February 1905 – 12 April 2002) was a prominent Iranian scholar, writer, reformist and politician.
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Yousef Saanei
Yousef Saanei (يوسف صانعى; born 1937) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a cleric and politician, a chairman of the Islamic Republic of Iran's powerful Guardian Council from 1980-83.
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Zoroaster
Zoroaster (from Greek Ζωροάστρης Zōroastrēs), also known as Zarathustra (𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬚𐬎𐬱𐬙𐬭𐬀 Zaraθuštra), Zarathushtra Spitama or Ashu Zarathushtra, was an ancient Iranian-speaking prophet whose teachings and innovations on the religious traditions of ancient Iranian-speaking peoples developed into the religion of Zoroastrianism.
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Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism, or more natively Mazdayasna, is one of the world's oldest extant religions, which is monotheistic in having a single creator god, has dualistic cosmology in its concept of good and evil, and has an eschatology which predicts the ultimate destruction of evil.
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`Abdu'l-Bahá
`Abdu’l-Bahá' (Persian: عبد البهاء‎, 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born `Abbás (عباس), was the eldest son of Bahá'u'lláh and served as head of the Bahá'í Faith from 1892 until 1921.
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1953 Iranian coup d'état
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état (کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the overthrow of the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on 19 August 1953, orchestrated by the United Kingdom (under the name "Operation Boot") and the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project or "Operation Ajax").
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Redirects here:
Intellectual Movements in Iran, Intellectual Movements of Iran, Intellectual movements of Iran, Iranian intellectuals.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran
