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238 relations: Age of Enlightenment, Ahmet Necdet Sezer, Al Jazeera, Alain Badiou, Albania, Algemeen Dagblad, Amnesty International, Amsterdam, Anti-mask laws, Antwerp, Arab News, Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Asmaa Abdol-Hamid, Austria, Austrian People's Party, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Azmi v Kirklees Metropolitan BC, Baden-Württemberg, Balkans, Bavaria, BBC, BBC News, BBC News Online, Belgian Chamber Committee on the Interior, Belgium, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, Bonn, Boshiya, Breitbart News, Bremen (state), Brigitte Zypries, Bulgaria, Burqa, By-law, Canton of Ticino, Carnival, Catholic Church, CBC News, Centre Party (Sweden), Chamber of Representatives (Belgium), Cherie Blair, Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams, Christian Democratic Appeal, Civil liberties, Civil service, Clash of Civilizations, CNN, Constitutional Court of Turkey, Copenhagen Airport, Corporal punishment in the home, ..., Council of Higher Education (Turkey), Court, Crucifix, Danish People's Party, De facto, De Morgen, De Volkskrant, Denmark, Der Spiegel, Discrimination, DR2, Dutch general election, 2006, East Germany, Eastern Europe, Ekin Deligöz, Employment tribunal, Etterbeek, Eurabia, European Commission, European Convention on Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, European Union, Father Christmas, Federal Constitutional Court, Fez, Flanders, Flemish Government, Fourth Balkenende cabinet, François-Xavier de Donnea, France, Franco Frattini, Fredrik Reinfeldt, Free German Youth, Freedom of religion, French ban on face covering, French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Ganshoren, Göteborgs-Posten, Geert Wilders, Gender equality, Germany, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Hammer and sickle, Hamsa, Headscarf, Hesse, Het Belang van Limburg, Hijab, Hijab by country, Hitler Youth, Honor killing, Honour, House of Representatives (Netherlands), Hoxhaism, Human Rights Watch, Immigration, Islam, Islam and clothing, Islam in Europe, Islam in Italy, Islamic schools, Islamic terrorism, Islamism, Istanbul University, Jack Straw, Jacques Chirac, Jette, Johannes Rau, Judicial functions of the House of Lords, Justice and Development Party (Turkey), Jyllands-Posten, Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Kelantan, Kemalism, King Fahd Academy (Germany), Kippah, Knut Storberget, Koekelberg, Kosovo, La Dernière Heure, La Libre Belgique, Laïcité, Labour Party (Norway), Latvia, Le Soir, Lega Nord, Liberalism, Lise Christoffersen, Lombardy, Lord Chancellor, Lower Saxony, Maaseik, Malaysia, Maria van der Hoeven, Marino Keulen, Mark Lowen, Mark Steyn, Member of parliament, Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs of Denmark, Ministry of Justice (Estonia), Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Mosque, Multiculturalism, Muslim, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Namus, Nation state, National Review, Nazi Germany, Nazism, Niqāb, North Rhine-Westphalia, Nun, Obscurantism, Odense, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten, Party for Freedom, People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Per-Willy Amundsen, Pew Research Center, Phil Woolas, Polarization (politics), President of Germany, Progress Party (Norway), Quran, R v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School, ex p Begum, Reasonable accommodation, Religious habit, Rheinische Post, Rita Verdonk, Saarland, Søren Krarup, School uniform, Secretary of State for Justice, Secular state, Secularism, Secularism in Turkey, Secularization, Separatism, Serbia, Singapore, Sint-Agatha-Berchem, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Sinterklaas, Slippery slope, Social Democratic Party of Austria, Sovereign state, Star of David, States of Germany, Stefan Löfven, Storting, Swastika, Syed Hamid Albar, Symbol, Terrorism, The Copenhagen Post, The Guardian, The Hague, The Local, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Theodore Dalrymple, Third Balkenende cabinet, Tony Blair, Totalitarian democracy, Trespass, Tudong, Turkey, Turkish constitutional referendum, 2010, University of Vienna, USA Today, Utrecht, Value (ethics), Veil, Vlaams Belang, Vlaams Blok, Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie, Vlora Çitaku, Western Europe, Western world, Women in Islam, World War I, World War II, YouGov, 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. Expand index (188 more) »
Age of Enlightenment
The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".
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Ahmet Necdet Sezer
Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born September 13, 1941) is a Turkish politician who was the tenth President of Turkey, serving from 2000 to 2007.
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Al Jazeera
Al Jazeera (translit,, literally "The Island", though referring to the Arabian Peninsula in context), also known as JSC (Jazeera Satellite Channel), is a state-funded broadcaster in Doha, Qatar, owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network.
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Alain Badiou
Alain Badiou (born 17 January 1937) is a French philosopher, formerly chair of Philosophy at the École normale supérieure (ENS) and founder of the faculty of Philosophy of the Université de Paris VIII with Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault and Jean-François Lyotard.
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Albania
Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia or Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe.
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Algemeen Dagblad
The Algemeen Dagblad or AD is a Dutch daily newspaper based in Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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Amnesty International
Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a London-based non-governmental organization focused on human rights.
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Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Netherlands.
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Anti-mask laws
Anti-mask or anti-masking laws refer to legislative or penal initiatives that seek to stop individuals from concealing their faces, who do so often to go unidentified during a crime.
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Antwerp
Antwerp (Antwerpen, Anvers) is a city in Belgium, and is the capital of Antwerp province in Flanders.
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Arab News
Arab News is an English-language daily newspaper published in Saudi Arabia.
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Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.
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Asmaa Abdol-Hamid
Asmaa Abdol-Hamid (أسماء عبد الحميد) (born November 22, 1981) is an Arab-Danish social worker and politician living in Odense.
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Austria
Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.
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Austrian People's Party
The Austrian People's Party (Österreichische Volkspartei; ÖVP) is a Christian democratic and conservative political party in Austria.
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Ayaan Hirsi Ali
Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born Ayaan Hirsi Magan, 13 November 1969) is a Somali-born Dutch-American activist, feminist, author, scholar and former politician.
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Azmi v Kirklees Metropolitan BC
Azmi v Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council IRLR 434 is a UK labour law case, concerning indirect discrimination on grounds of religion.
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Baden-Württemberg
Baden-Württemberg is a state in southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the border with France.
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Balkans
The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.
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Bavaria
Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.
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BBC News Online
BBC News Online is the website of BBC News, the division of the BBC responsible for newsgathering and production.
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Belgian Chamber Committee on the Interior
The Committee on the Interior, General Affairs and the Civil Service (Commissie voor de Binnenlandse Zaken, de Algemene Zaken en het Openbaar Ambt, Commission de l'Intérieur, des Affaires générales et de la Fonction publique), more commonly referred to as the Committee on the Interior, is a standing committee of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives.
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Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.
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Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs is an academic research center at Georgetown University in Washington, DC dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of religion, ethics, and politics.
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Bonn
The Federal City of Bonn is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000.
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Boshiya
A boshiya (also called a bushiyyah or ghatwa) is a Middle Eastern- and specifically Persian Gulf-style full black veil which covers the wearer's face completely with no openings for the eyes and is traditionally worn with an abaya or other overgarment.
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Breitbart News
Breitbart News Network (known commonly as Breitbart News, Breitbart or Breitbart.com) is a far-right*.
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Bremen (state)
The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen) is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states.
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Brigitte Zypries
Brigitte Zypries (born 16 November 1953) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.
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Burqa
A burqa (برقع), also known as chadri or paranja in Central Asia, is an enveloping outer garment worn by women in some Islamic traditions to cover themselves in public, which covers the body and the face.
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By-law
A by-law (bylaw) is a rule or law established by an organization or community to regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authority.
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Canton of Ticino
The canton of Ticino, formally the Republic and Canton of Ticino (Repubblica e Cantone Ticino; Canton Tesin; Kanton Tessin; canton du Tessin, chantun dal Tessin) is the southernmost canton of Switzerland.
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Carnival
Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Western Christian and Greek Orthodox festive season that occurs before the liturgical season of Lent.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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CBC News
CBC News is the division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca.
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Centre Party (Sweden)
The Centre Party (Centerpartiet, abbreviated C) is a liberal and agrarian political party in Sweden.
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Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
The Chamber of Representatives (Dutch:, Chambre des représentants, Abgeordnetenkammer) is one of the two chambers in the bicameral Federal Parliament of Belgium, the other being the Senate.
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Cherie Blair
Cherie Blair (née Booth; born 23 September 1954), also known professionally as Cherie Booth, is a British barrister and lecturer.
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Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams
Christian Democratic and Flemish (Dutch: Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams, CD&V) is a Christian democratic Flemish political party in Belgium.
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Christian Democratic Appeal
The Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl,; CDA) is a Christian-democratic political party in the Netherlands.
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Civil liberties
Civil liberties or personal freedoms are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation, without due process.
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Civil service
The civil service is independent of government and composed mainly of career bureaucrats hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership.
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Clash of Civilizations
The Clash of Civilizations is a hypothesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world.
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CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.
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Constitutional Court of Turkey
The Constitutional Court of Turkey (Anayasa Mahkemesi, sometimes abbreviated as AYM) is the highest legal body for constitutional review in Turkey.
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Copenhagen Airport
Copenhagen Airport, Kastrup (Københavns Lufthavn, Kastrup) is the main international airport serving Copenhagen, Denmark, the entire Zealand, the Øresund Region, and a large part of southern Sweden (not only Scania).
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Corporal punishment in the home
Corporal punishment in the home (also called physical punishment) refers to an act by a parent or other legal guardian causing deliberate physical pain or discomfort to a minor child in response to some undesired behavior by the child.
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Council of Higher Education (Turkey)
The Council of Higher Education (Yükseköğretim Kurulu, YÖK; also translated as Higher Education Board) is responsible for the supervision of universities in Turkey, in a capacity defined by articles 130 and 131 of the 1982 constitution.
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Court
A court is a tribunal, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law.
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Crucifix
A crucifix (from Latin cruci fixus meaning "(one) fixed to a cross") is an image of Jesus on the cross, as distinct from a bare cross.
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Danish People's Party
The Danish People's Party (DPP) (Dansk Folkeparti, DF) is a political party in Denmark which is generally described as right-wing populist by academics and far-right by international media.
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De facto
In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.
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De Morgen
De Morgen (Dutch for The Morning) is a Flemish newspaper with a circulation of 53,860.
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De Volkskrant
de Volkskrant (The People's Paper) is a Dutch daily morning newspaper.
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Denmark
Denmark (Danmark), officially the Kingdom of Denmark,Kongeriget Danmark,.
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Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.
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Discrimination
In human social affairs, discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person based on the group, class, or category to which the person is perceived to belong.
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DR2
DR2 (DR To) is the second television channel operated by the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR) in Denmark.
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Dutch general election, 2006
General elections were held in the Netherlands on 22 November 2006 following the fall of the Second Balkenende cabinet.
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East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), existed from 1949 to 1990 and covers the period when the eastern portion of Germany existed as a state that was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War period.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.
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Ekin Deligöz
Ekin Deligöz (born 21 April 1971 in Tokat, Turkey) is a Turkish-German politician, member of Alliance '90/The Greens.
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Employment tribunal
Employment tribunals are tribunal public bodies in England and Wales and Scotland which have statutory jurisdiction to hear many kinds of disputes between employers and employees.
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Etterbeek
Etterbeek (French:; Dutch) is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium.
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Eurabia
Eurabia is a political neologism, a portmanteau of Europe and Arabia, used to describe a conspiracy theory of globalist elements, allegedly led by French and Arab powers, to Islamise and Arabise Europe, thereby weakening its existing culture and undermining a previous alignment with the U.S. and Israel.
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European Commission
The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.
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European Convention on Human Rights
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international treaty to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe.
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European Court of Human Rights
The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR; Cour européenne des droits de l’homme) is a supranational or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
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Father Christmas
Father Christmas is the traditional English name for the personification of Christmas.
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Federal Constitutional Court
The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht; abbreviated: BVerfG) is the supreme constitutional court for the Federal Republic of Germany, established by the constitution or Basic Law of Germany.
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Fez
The fez (more correctly ṭarbūsh from the Persian sarpūsh) is a felt headdress in the shape of a short cylindrical peakless hat, usually red, and sometimes with a tassel attached to the top.
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Flanders
Flanders (Vlaanderen, Flandre, Flandern) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history.
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Flemish Government
The Flemish Government (Dutch) is the executive branch of the Flemish Community and the Flemish Region of Belgium.
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Fourth Balkenende cabinet
The Fourth Balkenende cabinet was the cabinet of the Netherlands from 22 February 2007 until 14 October 2010.
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François-Xavier de Donnea
François Xavier Gustave Marie Joseph Corneille Hubert, Knight de Donnea de Hamoir (born 29 April 1941 in Edegem, Antwerp) is a Belgian politician and a former mayor of the City of Brussels and Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Franco Frattini
Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician, twice foreign minister of the Berlusconi cabinets (in 2002-2004 and 2008-2011) and once European Commissioner in the first Barroso Commission (2004-2008).
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Fredrik Reinfeldt
John Fredrik Reinfeldt (pronounced; born 4 August 1965) is a Swedish economist, lecturer and former politician who was Prime Minister of Sweden from 2006 to 2014 and chairman of the liberal conservative Moderate Party from 2003 to 2015.
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Free German Youth
The Free German Youth, also known as the FDJ (Freie Deutsche Jugend), is a youth movement in Germany.
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Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance without government influence or intervention.
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French ban on face covering
The French ban on face covering (LOI n° 2010-1192: Loi interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public, "Law of 2010-1192: Act prohibiting concealment of the face in public space") is an act of parliament passed by the Senate of France on 14 September 2010, resulting in the ban on the wearing of face-covering headgear, including masks, helmets, balaclavas, niqābs and other veils covering the face in public places, except under specified circumstances.
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French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools bans wearing conspicuous religious symbols in French public (e.g., government-operated) primary and secondary schools.
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Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Friûl-Vignesie Julie; Furlanija-Julijska krajina, Friaul-Julisch Venetien; Friul-Venesia Julia; Friul-Unieja Julia) is one of the 20 regions of Italy, and one of five autonomous regions with special statute.
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Ganshoren
Ganshoren is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium.
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Göteborgs-Posten
Göteborgs-Posten, abbreviated GP, is a major Swedish language daily newspaper published in Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Geert Wilders
Geert Wilders (born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch politician who is the founder and the current leader of the Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid – PVV).
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Gender equality
Gender equality, also known as sexual equality, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations and needs equally, regardless of gender.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (22 January 1729 – 15 February 1781) was a German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and one of the most outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment era.
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Hammer and sickle
The hammer and sickle (☭) or sickle and hammer (translit) is a communist symbol that was adopted during the Russian Revolution.
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Hamsa
The hamsa (خمسة khamsah; חַמְסָה, also romanized khamsa; ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵙⵜ tafust), is a palm-shaped amulet popular throughout the Middle East and North Africa and commonly used in jewelry and wall hangings.
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Headscarf
Headscarves or head scarves are scarves covering most or all of the top of a person's, usually women, hair and her head, leaving the face uncovered.
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Hesse
Hesse or Hessia (Hessen, Hessian dialect: Hesse), officially the State of Hesse (German: Land Hessen) is a federal state (''Land'') of the Federal Republic of Germany, with just over six million inhabitants.
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Het Belang van Limburg
Het Belang van Limburg (Dutch; literally The Interest of Limburg) is a Dutch language regional newspaper in Belgium.
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Hijab
A hijab (حجاب, or (dialectal)) is a veil worn by some Muslim women in the presence of any male outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the head and chest.
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Hijab by country
The word hijab refers to both the head-covering traditionally worn by some Muslim women and Islamic styles of dress in general.
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Hitler Youth
The Hitler Youth (German:, often abbreviated as HJ in German) was the youth organisation of the Nazi Party in Germany.
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Honor killing
An honor killing or shame killing is the murder of a member of a family, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon the family, or has violated the principles of a community or a religion, usually for reasons such as refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their family, having sex outside marriage, becoming the victim of rape, dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate, engaging in non-heterosexual relations or renouncing a faith.
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Honour
Honour (or honor in American English, note) is the idea of a bond between an individual and a society, as a quality of a person that is both of social teaching and of personal ethos, that manifests itself as a code of conduct, and has various elements such as valor, chivalry, honesty, and compassion.
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House of Representatives (Netherlands)
The House of Representatives (pronounced; commonly referred to as the, literally Second Chamber) is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of the Netherlands, the States General, the other one being the Senate.
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Hoxhaism
Hoxhaism is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the Maoist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Communist Party of China and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.
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Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
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Immigration
Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle or reside there, especially as permanent residents or naturalized citizens, or to take up employment as a migrant worker or temporarily as a foreign worker.
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Islam
IslamThere are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or, and whether the a is pronounced, or (when the stress is on the first syllable) (Merriam Webster).
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Islam and clothing
Islam says that the believing women should lower their gaze, guard their modesty, not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, Foster brother, and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments.
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Islam in Europe
Islam is the second largest religious belief in Europe after Christianity.
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Islam in Italy
Muslim presence in Italy dates back to the 9th century, when Sicily came under control of the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Islamic schools
Islamic school or Islamic schools may refer to.
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Islamic terrorism
Islamic terrorism, Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism is defined as any terrorist act, set of acts or campaign committed by groups or individuals who profess Islamic or Islamist motivations or goals.
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Islamism
Islamism is a concept whose meaning has been debated in both public and academic contexts.
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Istanbul University
Istanbul University (İstanbul Üniversitesi) is a prominent Turkish university located in Istanbul.
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Jack Straw
John Whitaker Straw (born 3 August 1946) is an English politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn from 1979 to 2015.
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Jacques Chirac
Jacques René Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 1995 to 2007.
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Jette
Jette is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium.
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Johannes Rau
Johannes Rau (16 January 193127 January 2006) was a German politician of the SPD.
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Judicial functions of the House of Lords
The House of Lords, in addition to having a legislative function, historically also had a judicial function.
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Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi), abbreviated officially AK Parti in Turkish, is a conservative political party in Turkey.
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Jyllands-Posten
Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten (English: The Morning Newspaper "The Jutland Post"), commonly shortened to JP, is a Danish daily broadsheet newspaper.
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Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy (or Muhammad cartoons crisis) (Danish: Muhammedkrisen) began after the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 editorial cartoons on 30 September 2005, most of which depicted Muhammad, a principal figure of the religion of Islam.
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Kelantan
Kelantan (Jawi: کلنتن;, Kelantanese: Kelate) is a state of Malaysia.
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Kemalism
Kemalism (Kemalizm), also known as Atatürkism (Atatürkçülük, Atatürkçü düşünce), or the '''Six Arrows''' (Altı ok), is the founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey.
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King Fahd Academy (Germany)
King Fahd Academy (König-Fahd-Akademie, اكاديمية الملك فهد بالمانيا.) was a school in, Bad Godesberg district,"." Deutsche Welle.
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Kippah
A kippah (also spelled as kippa, kipah; כִּיפָּה, plural: kippot; קאפל koppel or יאַרמולקע) or) is a brimless cap, usually made of cloth, worn by Jews to fulfill the customary requirement held by Orthodox halachic authorities that the head be covered.
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Knut Storberget
Knut Storberget (born 6 October 1964) is a Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Norwegian Labour Party.
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Koekelberg
Koekelberg is one of the nineteen municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region in Belgium.
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Kosovo
Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).
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La Dernière Heure
La Dernière Heure (The Latest Hour) and Les Sports (sometimes referred to as La DH) is a French-language daily newspaper published in Brussels, Belgium.
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La Libre Belgique
La Libre Belgique (literally The Free Belgium), currently sold under the name La Libre, is a major daily newspaper in Belgium.
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Laïcité
Laïcité, literally "secularity", is a French concept of secularism.
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Labour Party (Norway)
The Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet, A/Ap), formerly the Norwegian Labour Party, is a social-democratic political party in Norway.
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Latvia
Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Le Soir
Le Soir ("The Evening") is a French language daily Belgian newspaper.
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Lega Nord
Lega Nord (LN; italic), whose complete name is Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania (Northern League for the Independence of Padania), is a regionalist political party in Italy.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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Lise Christoffersen
Lise Christoffersen (born 5 August 1955 in Drammen) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
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Lombardy
Lombardy (Lombardia; Lumbardia, pronounced: (Western Lombard), (Eastern Lombard)) is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of.
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Lord Chancellor
The Lord Chancellor, formally the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest ranking among those Great Officers of State which are appointed regularly in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking even the Prime Minister.
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Lower Saxony
Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen, Neddersassen) is a German state (Land) situated in northwestern Germany.
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Maaseik
Maaseik (Limburgs: Mezeik) is a town and municipality in the Belgian province of Limburg.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
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Maria van der Hoeven
Maria Josephina Arnoldina van der Hoeven (born 13 September 1949) is a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party.
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Marino Keulen
Marino Ghislainus Keulen (born 24 October 1963) Belgian politician from Flanders and a member of the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats party.
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Mark Lowen
Mark Lowen is a British journalist.
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Mark Steyn
Mark Steyn is a Canadian author and political commentator.
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Member of parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament.
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Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs of Denmark
Minister for Family and Consumer Affairs of Denmark was a political office in the Danish government created in August 2004 and worked primarily for families and with consumption-related topics.
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Ministry of Justice (Estonia)
The Minister of Justice (justiitsminister) is the senior minister at the Ministry of Justice (Eesti Vabariigi Justiitsministeerium) in the Estonian Government.
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Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations
The Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties; BZK) is the Dutch Ministry responsible for Domestic policy, Civil service, Public administration, Elections, Local governments, Intelligence and Kingdom Relations.
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Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
The Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, known by the French acronym GICM (Groupe Islamique Combattant Marocain), is a Salafi jihadist terrorist organisation affiliated with Al-Qaeda.
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Mosque
A mosque (from masjid) is a place of worship for Muslims.
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Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is a term with a range of meanings in the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and in colloquial use.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 (conventional) – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and founder of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President from 1923 until his death in 1938.
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Namus
Nāmūs is the Arabic word (Greek "νόμος") of a concept of an ethical category, a virtue, in Middle Eastern patriarchal character.
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Nation state
A nation state (or nation-state), in the most specific sense, is a country where a distinct cultural or ethnic group (a "nation" or "people") inhabits a territory and have formed a state (often a sovereign state) that they predominantly govern.
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National Review
National Review (NR) is an American semi-monthly conservative editorial magazine focusing on news and commentary pieces on political, social, and cultural affairs.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nazism
National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.
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Niqāb
A niqab or niqāb (نِقاب, " veil"; also called a ruband) is a garment of clothing that covers the face which is worn by a small minority of Muslim women as a part of a particular interpretation of hijab ("modesty").
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North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen,, commonly shortened to NRW) is the most populous state of Germany, with a population of approximately 18 million, and the fourth largest by area.
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Nun
A nun is a member of a religious community of women, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery.
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Obscurantism
Obscurantism (and) is the practice of deliberately presenting information in an imprecise and recondite manner, often designed to forestall further inquiry and understanding.
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Odense
Odense is the third-largest city in Denmark.
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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (commonly known as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)) is a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
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Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten
No description.
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Party for Freedom
The Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV) is a Dutch nationalist and right-wing populist political party in the Netherlands.
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People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Albania (Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Shqipni/Shqipnia, Shqypni/Shqypnia), officially the People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë), was a Marxist-Leninist government that ruled Albania from 1946 to 1992.
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Per-Willy Amundsen
Per-Willy Trudvang Amundsen (born 21 January 1971) is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party who served as Minister of Justice from December 2016 to January 2018.
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Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan American fact tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.
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Phil Woolas
Philip James Woolas (born 11 December 1959) is a British environmental consultant, political lobbyist, former television producer and former politician.
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Polarization (politics)
In politics, polarization (or polarisation) can refer to the divergence of political attitudes to ideological extremes.
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President of Germany
The President of Germany, officially the Federal President of the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland),The official title within Germany is Bundespräsident, with der Bundesrepublik Deutschland being added in international correspondence; the official English title is President of the Federal Republic of Germany is the head of state of Germany.
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Progress Party (Norway)
The Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet, Framstegspartiet, commonly abbreviated as FrP) is a political party in Norway.
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Quran
The Quran (القرآن, literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).
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R v Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School, ex p Begum
R (Begum) v Governors of Denbigh High School is a House of Lords case on the legal regulation of religious symbols and dress under the Human Rights Act 1998.
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Reasonable accommodation
A reasonable accommodation is an adjustment made in a system to accommodate or make fair the same system for an individual based on a proven need.
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Religious habit
A religious habit is a distinctive set of religious clothing worn by members of a religious order.
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Rheinische Post
The Rheinische Post is a major German regional daily newspaper, published since 1946 by the Rheinische Post Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH company.
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Rita Verdonk
Maria Cornelia Frederika "Rita" Verdonk (born 18 October 1955) is a retired Dutch politician.
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Saarland
Saarland (das Saarland,; la Sarre) is one of the sixteen states (Bundesländer) of the Federal Republic of Germany.
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Søren Krarup
Søren Krarup (born 3 December 1937) is a Danish pastor, writer, and politician, who was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Danish People's Party from 2001 to 2011.
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School uniform
A school uniform is a uniform worn by students primarily for a school or otherwise educational institution.
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Secretary of State for Justice
Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Justice is a senior position in the cabinet of the United Kingdom, held in conjunction with the office of Lord Chancellor since it was created in 2007, replacing the former post of Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs.
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Secular state
A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularism, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.
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Secularism
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).
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Secularism in Turkey
Secularism in Turkey defines the relationship between religion and state in the country of Turkey.
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Secularization
Secularization (or secularisation) is the transformation of a society from close identification and affiliation with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious values and secular institutions.
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Separatism
A common definition of separatism is that it is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group.
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Serbia
Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.
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Singapore
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.
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Sint-Agatha-Berchem
Sint-Agatha-Berchem or Berchem-Sainte-Agathe is one of the nineteen municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region in Belgium.
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Sint-Jans-Molenbeek
Sint-Jans-Molenbeek (Dutch) or Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (French), often simply called Molenbeek, is one of 19 municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region (Belgium).
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Sinterklaas
Sinterklaas or Sint-Nicolaas is a legendary figure based on Saint Nicholas, patron saint of children.
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Slippery slope
A slippery slope argument (SSA), in logic, critical thinking, political rhetoric, and caselaw, is a consequentialist logical device in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect.
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Social Democratic Party of Austria
The Social Democratic Party of Austria (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, SPÖ) is a social-democratic political party in Austria and alongside the People's Party one of the two traditional major parties.
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Sovereign state
A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area.
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Star of David
The Star of David (✡), known in Hebrew as the Shield of David or Magen David (Hebrew rtl; Biblical Hebrew Māḡēn Dāwīḏ, Tiberian, Modern Hebrew, Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish Mogein Dovid or Mogen Dovid), is a generally recognized symbol of modern Jewish identity and Judaism.
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States of Germany
Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen states (Land, plural Länder; informally and very commonly Bundesland, plural Bundesländer).
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Stefan Löfven
Kjell Stefan Löfven (born 21 July 1957) is a Swedish politician serving as the 33rd and current Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014 and Leader of the Social Democrats since 2012.
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Storting
The Storting (Stortinget, "the great thing" or "the great assembly") is the supreme legislature of Norway, established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway.
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Swastika
The swastika (as a character 卐 or 卍) is a geometrical figure and an ancient religious icon from the cultures of Eurasia, where it has been and remains a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions, Chinese religions, Mongolian and Siberian shamanisms.
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Syed Hamid Albar
Tan Sri Datuk Seri Syed Hamid bin Syed Jaafar Albar (سيد حامد بن سيد جعفر البار; born 15 January 1944) was a senior Malaysian government minister in the 1990s and 2000s.
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Symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.
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Terrorism
Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.
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The Copenhagen Post
The Copenhagen Post is a weekly newspaper providing Danish news in English both nationally and internationally; it is the only English-language newspaper published in Denmark.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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The Hague
The Hague (Den Haag,, short for 's-Gravenhage) is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands and the capital of the province of South Holland.
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The Local
The Local is an English-language digital news publisher with local editions in Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Austria and Italy.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.
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Theodore Dalrymple
Anthony Malcolm Daniels (born 11 October 1949), who generally uses the pen name Theodore Dalrymple, is an English writer and retired prison doctor and psychiatrist.
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Third Balkenende cabinet
The Third Balkenende cabinet was the cabinet of the Netherlands from 7 July 2006 until 22 February 2007.
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Tony Blair
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007.
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Totalitarian democracy
Totalitarian democracy, or anarcho-monarchism, is a term popularized by Israeli historian J. L. Talmon to refer to a system of government in which lawfully elected representatives maintain the integrity of a nation state whose citizens, while granted the right to vote, have little or no participation in the decision-making process of the government.
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Trespass
Trespass is an area of criminal law or tort law broadly divided into three groups: trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land.
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Tudong
Tudong (also spelled tudung) is a Malay word, literally meaning the noun "cover", which is commonly translated/referred to as veil or headscarf in English.
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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Turkish constitutional referendum, 2010
A constitutional referendum on a number of changes to the constitution was held in Turkey on 12 September 2010.
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University of Vienna
The University of Vienna (Universität Wien) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria.
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USA Today
USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily, middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company.
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Utrecht
Utrecht is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, capital and most populous city of the province of Utrecht.
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Value (ethics)
In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions.
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Veil
A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance.
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Vlaams Belang
Vlaams Belang (VB; Dutch for "Flemish Interest") is a right-wing populist and Flemish nationalist political party in the Flemish Region and Brussels of Belgium.
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Vlaams Blok
The Vlaams Blok (Flemish Block, or VB) was a Belgian far-right and secessionist political party with an anti-immigration platform.
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Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie
The Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (Flemish Radio and Television Broadcasting Organization), or VRT, is the national public-service broadcaster for the Flemish Region and Community of Belgium.
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Vlora Çitaku
Vlora Çitaku (born 1980) is a Kosovar-Albanian politician and diplomat who currently serves as the Ambassador of the Republic of Kosovo to the United States.
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Western Europe
Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.
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Western world
The Western world refers to various nations depending on the context, most often including at least part of Europe and the Americas.
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Women in Islam
The experiences of Muslim women (Muslimāt, singular مسلمة Muslima) vary widely between and within different societies.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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YouGov
YouGov is an international Internet-based market research and data analytics firm, headquartered in the UK, with operations in Europe, North America, the Middle East and Asia-Pacific.
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2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence was adopted on 17 February 2008 by the Assembly of Kosovo.
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Redirects here:
Islamic dress controversy in Europe.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_dress_in_Europe
