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Jim Crow laws

Index Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. [1]

163 relations: Abraham Lincoln, Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, Academy Awards, African Americans, African-American middle class, Alabama, American Civil War, Andrew Goodman, Andrew Jackson, Anti-miscegenation laws, Apartheid, Associate Justice, At-large, Baseball color line, Benjamin Butler, Big Rapids, Michigan, Bill Robinson, Black Codes (United States), Black Like Me, Black people, Blackface, Brown v. Board of Education, Cabinet of the United States, Caricature, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Case citation, Caste, Charles Sumner, Civil and political rights, Civil disobedience, Civil liberties, Civil Rights Act of 1875, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Civil rights movement, Claudette Colvin, Commerce Clause, Compromise of 1877, Confederate States of America, Count Basie, David W. Blight, De jure, Democratic Party (United States), Desegregation busing, Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era, Duke Ellington, Dunning School, Edmund Pettus Bridge, Executive Order 9981, Ferris State University, Florida Constitution of 1885, ..., Frank Murphy, Freedman, Freedom Summer, Georgia Railroad and Banking Company, Gerald Early, Gettysburg Address, Gettysburg Battlefield, Gone with the Wind (film), Governor, Grandfather clause, Great Migration (African American), Group Areas Act, Harry S. Truman, Hattie McDaniel, Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States, Henry Louis Gates Jr., Homer Plessy, Insurgency, Interstate Commerce Commission, Isaac Woodard, Jack Johnson (boxer), Jackie Robinson, James Chaney, James Thomas Heflin, Japanese Americans, Jesse Owens, Jim Crow (character), Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Joe Louis, John Howard Griffin, Journal of Negro Education, Jump Jim Crow, K. Leroy Irvis, Korematsu v. United States, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Law and order (politics), List of heavyweight boxing champions, List of Jim Crow law examples by state, Literacy test, Louis Armstrong, Louisiana, Loving v. Virginia, Lynching, Lyndon B. Johnson, Major League Baseball, Mass racial violence in the United States, Michael Schwerner, Michelle Alexander, Mississippi, Montgomery bus boycott, Montgomery, Alabama, Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, Myanmar nationality law, NAACP, National Park Service, Negro league baseball, Neshoba County, Mississippi, New Orleans, Nicholas Brothers, North Carolina, Northern United States, Oklahoma, Paramilitary, Penal labour, Pittsburgh, Plessy v. Ferguson, Poll taxes in the United States, Prejudice, Progressive Era, Racial segregation, Racial segregation in the United States, Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces, Racism, Racism in the United States, Reconstruction era, Red Shirts (United States), Redeemers, Rosa Parks, Second-class citizen, Separate but equal, Solid South, South Carolina, Southern Historical Association, Southern United States, State of the Union, State school, Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co, Stereotypes of African Americans, Sundown town, Supreme Court of the United States, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, Texas, The Journal of American History, The New Jim Crow, Thomas D. Rice, Thurgood Marshall, Timeline of the civil rights movement, United States Congress, United States presidential election, 1912, United States Secretary of the Treasury, University of Texas at Austin, Voting Rights Act of 1965, War on drugs, Washington Bee, Washington, D.C., White Americans, White League, White supremacy, William Gibbs McAdoo, William Henry Heard, Woodrow Wilson, 1913 Gettysburg reunion, 1936 Summer Olympics. Expand index (113 more) »

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

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Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS).

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Academy Awards

The Academy Awards, also known as the Oscars, are a set of 24 awards for artistic and technical merit in the American film industry, given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.

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African Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.

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African-American middle class

The black middle class consists of black Americans who have middle-class status within the American class structure.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.

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Andrew Goodman

Andrew Goodman (November 23, 1943 – June 21, 1964) was one of three American activists of the Civil Rights Movement and also a social worker, murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi, during Freedom Summer in 1964 by members of the Ku Klux Klan.

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Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837.

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Anti-miscegenation laws

Anti-miscegenation laws or miscegenation laws are laws that enforce racial segregation at the level of marriage and intimate relationships by criminalizing interracial marriage and sometimes also sex between members of different races.

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Apartheid

Apartheid started in 1948 in theUnion of South Africa |year_start.

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Associate Justice

Associate Justice or Associate Judge is the title for a member of a judicial panel who is not the Chief Justice in some jurisdictions.

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At-large

At-large is a designation for members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body (for example, a city, state or province, nation, club or association), rather than a subset of that membership.

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Baseball color line

The Color Line, also known as the Color Barrier, in American baseball excluded players of Black African descent from Major League Baseball and its affiliated Minor Leagues until 1947 (with a few notable exceptions in the 19th century before the line was firmly established).

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Benjamin Butler

Benjamin Franklin Butler (November 5, 1818 – January 11, 1893) was a major general of the Union Army, politician, lawyer and businessman from Massachusetts.

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Big Rapids, Michigan

Big Rapids is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Bill Robinson

Bill "Bojangles" Robinson (May 25, 1878 – November 25, 1949) was an American tap dancer and actor, the best known and most highly paid African-American entertainer in the first half of the twentieth century.

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Black Codes (United States)

The Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt.

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Black Like Me

Black Like Me, first published in 1961, is a nonfiction book by white journalist John Howard Griffin recounting his journey in the Deep South of the United States, at a time when African-Americans lived under Racial Segregation.

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Black people

Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other populations.

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Blackface

Blackface was and is a form of theatrical make-up used predominantly by non-black performers to represent a caricature of a black person.

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Brown v. Board of Education

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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Cabinet of the United States

The Cabinet of the United States is part of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States that normally acts as an advisory body to the President of the United States.

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Caricature

A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or through other artistic drawings.

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Carnegie Corporation of New York

Carnegie Corporation of New York was established by Andrew Carnegie during 1911 "to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding".

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Case citation

Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions, either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported.

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Caste

Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a lifestyle which often includes an occupation, status in a hierarchy, customary social interaction, and exclusion.

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Charles Sumner

Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and United States Senator from Massachusetts.

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Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

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Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government or occupying international power.

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Civil liberties

Civil liberties or personal freedoms are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot abridge, either by law or by judicial interpretation, without due process.

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (–337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, "to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights", giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement (also known as the African-American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades-long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held.

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Claudette Colvin

Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement.

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Commerce Clause

The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3).

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Compromise of 1877

The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election.

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Confederate States of America

The Confederate States of America (CSA or C.S.), commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865.

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Count Basie

William James "Count" Basie (August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer.

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David W. Blight

David William Blight (born 1949) is a professor of American History at Yale University and Director of the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance and Abolition.

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De jure

In law and government, de jure (lit) describes practices that are legally recognised, whether or not the practices exist in reality.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Desegregation busing

Desegregation busing in the United States (also known as forced busing or simply busing) is the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools so as to redress prior racial segregation of schools, or to overcome the effects of residential segregation on local school demographics.

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Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era in the United States of America was based on a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices in the South that were deliberately used to prevent black citizens from registering to vote and voting.

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Duke Ellington

Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years.

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Dunning School

The Dunning School refers to a group of historians who shared a historiographical school of thought regarding the Reconstruction period of American history (1865–1877).

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Edmund Pettus Bridge

The Edmund Pettus Bridge carries U.S. Route 80 Business (US 80 Bus.) across the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama.

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Executive Order 9981

Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman.

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Ferris State University

Ferris State University (FSU, Ferris) is an American public university with its main campus in Big Rapids, Michigan.

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Florida Constitution of 1885

Florida's Constitution of 1885, its fifth, was drawn up by the Constitutional Convention of 1885.

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Frank Murphy

William Francis "Frank" Murphy (April 13, 1890July 19, 1949) was a Democratic politician and jurist from Michigan.

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Freedman

A freedman or freedwoman is a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.

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Freedom Summer

Freedom Summer, or the Mississippi Summer Project, was a volunteer campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi.

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Georgia Railroad and Banking Company

The Georgia Railroad and Banking Company also seen as "GARR", was a historic railroad and banking company that operated in the U.S. state of Georgia.

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Gerald Early

Gerald Lyn Early (born April 21, 1952) is an American essayist and American culture critic.

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Gettysburg Address

The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, and one of the best-known speeches in American history.

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Gettysburg Battlefield

The Gettysburg Battlefield is the area of the July 1–3, 1863, military engagements of the Battle of Gettysburg within and around the borough of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

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Gone with the Wind (film)

Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film, adapted from Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel of the same name.

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Governor

A governor is, in most cases, a public official with the power to govern the executive branch of a non-sovereign or sub-national level of government, ranking under the head of state.

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Grandfather clause

A grandfather clause (or grandfather policy) is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule will apply to all future cases.

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Great Migration (African American)

The Great Migration was the movement of 6 million African-Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970.

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Group Areas Act

Group Areas Act was the title of three acts of the Parliament of South Africa enacted under the apartheid government of South Africa.

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Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was an American statesman who served as the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953), taking office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Hattie McDaniel

Hattie McDaniel (June 10, 1895October 26, 1952) was an American stage actress, professional singer-songwriter, and comedian.

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Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States

Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc.

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Henry Louis Gates Jr.

Henry Louis "Skip" Gates Jr. (born September 16, 1950) is an American literary critic, teacher, historian, filmmaker and public intellectual who currently serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research at Harvard University.

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Homer Plessy

Homer Adolph Plessy (March 17, 1862 – March 1, 1925) was a Louisiana French-speaking Creole plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.

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Insurgency

An insurgency is a rebellion against authority (for example, an authority recognized as such by the United Nations) when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents (lawful combatants).

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Interstate Commerce Commission

The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory agency in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

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Isaac Woodard

Isaac Woodard, Jr. (March 18, 1919 – September 23, 1992) was an African American World War II veteran.

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Jack Johnson (boxer)

John Arthur Johnson (March 31, 1878 – June 10, 1946), nicknamed the Galveston Giant, was an American boxer who, at the height of the Jim Crow era, became the first African American world heavyweight boxing champion (1908–1915).

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Jackie Robinson

Jack Roosevelt Robinson (January 31, 1919 – October 24, 1972) was an American professional baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball (MLB) in the modern era.

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James Chaney

James Earl Chaney (May 30, 1943 – June 21, 1964), from Meridian, Mississippi, was one of three American civil rights workers who was murdered during Freedom Summer by members of the Ku Klux Klan near Philadelphia, Mississippi.

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James Thomas Heflin

James Thomas Heflin (April 9, 1869 – April 22, 1951), nicknamed "Cotton Tom," was an American politician and leading proponent of white supremacy who served as a Democratic Congressman and United States Senator from Alabama.

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Japanese Americans

are Americans who are fully or partially of Japanese descent, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics.

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Jesse Owens

James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens (September 12, 1913March 31, 1980) was an American track and field athlete and four-time Olympic gold medalist in the 1936 Games.

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Jim Crow (character)

The Jim Crow persona was a theater character by Thomas D. Rice and an ethnic depiction in accordance with contemporary Caucasian ideas of African-Americans and their culture.

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Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia

The Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia at Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Michigan, displays a wide variety of everyday artifacts depicting the history of racist portrayals of African Americans in American popular culture.

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Joe Louis

Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981), best known as Joe Louis and nicknamed the "Brown Bomber", was an American professional boxer who competed from 1934 to 1951.

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John Howard Griffin

John Howard Griffin (June 16, 1920 – September 9, 1980) was an American journalist and author from Texas, who wrote about racial equality.

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Journal of Negro Education

The Journal of Negro Education is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Howard University, established in 1932 by Charles Henry Thompson, who was its editor-in-chief for more than 30 years.

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Jump Jim Crow

"Jump Jim Crow" or "Jim Crow" (sometimes "John Crow") is a song and dance from 1828 that was done in blackface by white minstrel performer Thomas Dartmouth (T. D.) "Daddy" Rice.

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K. Leroy Irvis

K.

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Korematsu v. United States

Korematsu v. United States,, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship.

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Kwame Anthony Appiah

Kwame Akroma-Ampim Kusi Anthony Appiah (born May 8, 1954) is a British-born Ghanaian-American philosopher, cultural theorist, and novelist whose interests include political and moral theory, the philosophy of language and mind, and African intellectual history.

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Law and order (politics)

In politics, law and order (also known as tough on crime and the War on Crime) refers to demands for a strict criminal justice system, especially in relation to violent and property crime, through stricter criminal penalties.

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List of heavyweight boxing champions

This is a chronological list of world heavyweight boxing champions since the introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry rules in about 1884.

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List of Jim Crow law examples by state

This is a list of examples of Jim Crow laws, which were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965.

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Literacy test

A literacy test assesses a person's literacy skills: their ability to read and write.

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Louis Armstrong

Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo, Satch, and Pops, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz.

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Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Loving v. Virginia

Loving v. Virginia, is a landmark civil rights decision of the United States Supreme Court, which invalidated laws prohibiting interracial marriage.

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Lynching

Lynching is a premeditated extrajudicial killing by a group.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after having served as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963.

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Major League Baseball

Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada.

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Mass racial violence in the United States

Mass racial violence in the United States, also called race riots, can include such disparate events as.

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Michael Schwerner

Michael Henry "Mickey" Schwerner (November 6, 1939 – June 21, 1964), was one of three Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) field/social workers killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi, by members of the Ku Klux Klan.

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Michelle Alexander

Michelle Alexander (born October 7, 1967) is a writer, civil rights advocate, and visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary (New York City).

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Mississippi

Mississippi is a state in the Southern United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico.

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Montgomery bus boycott

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.

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Montgomery, Alabama

Montgomery is the capital city of the U.S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Montgomery County.

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Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner

The murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, also known as the Freedom Summer murders, the Mississippi civil rights workers' murders or the Mississippi Burning murders, involved three activists that were abducted and murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi in June 1964 during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Myanmar nationality law

Myanmar nationality law currently recognises three categories of citizens, namely citizen, associate citizen and naturalised citizen, according to the 1982 Citizenship Law.

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NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans by a group, including, W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.

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National Park Service

The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the United States federal government that manages all national parks, many national monuments, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations.

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Negro league baseball

The Negro leagues were United States professional baseball leagues comprising teams predominantly made up of African Americans and, to a lesser extent, Latin Americans.

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Neshoba County, Mississippi

Neshoba County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

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New Orleans

New Orleans (. Merriam-Webster.; La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.

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Nicholas Brothers

The Nicholas Brothers were a team of dancing brothers, Fayard (1914–2006) and Harold (1921–2000), who performed a highly acrobatic technique known as "flash dancing".

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Northern United States

The Northern United States, commonly referred to as the American North or simply the North, can be a geographic or historical term and definition.

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Oklahoma

Oklahoma (Uukuhuúwa, Gahnawiyoˀgeh) is a state in the South Central region of the United States.

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Paramilitary

A paramilitary is a semi-militarized force whose organizational structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are similar to those of a professional military, but which is not included as part of a state's formal armed forces.

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Penal labour

Penal labour is a generic term for various kinds of unfree labour which prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour.

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Pittsburgh

Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896),.

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Poll taxes in the United States

A poll tax is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual.

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Prejudice

Prejudice is an affective feeling towards a person or group member based solely on that person's group membership.

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Progressive Era

The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to the 1920s.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, includes the segregation or separation of access to facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines.

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Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces

Racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces, which has included separation of white and people of color troops, quotas, restriction of people of color troops to support roles, and outright bans on blacks and other people of color serving in the military, has been a part of the military history of the United States since the American Revolution.

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Racism

Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Racism in the United States

Racism in the United States against non-whites is widespread and has been so the colonial era.

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Reconstruction era

The Reconstruction era was the period from 1863 (the Presidential Proclamation of December 8, 1863) to 1877.

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Red Shirts (United States)

The Red Shirts or Redshirts of the Southern United States were white supremacist paramilitary groups that were active in the late 19th century in the last years and after the end of the Reconstruction era of the United States.

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Redeemers

In United States history, the Redeemers were a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction Era that followed the Civil War.

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Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

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Second-class citizen

A second-class citizen is a person who is systematically discriminated against within a state or other political jurisdiction, despite their nominal status as a citizen or legal resident there.

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Separate but equal

Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted during the Reconstruction Era, which guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all citizens.

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Solid South

The Solid South or Southern bloc was the electoral voting bloc of the states of the Southern United States for issues that were regarded as particularly important to the interests of Democrats in the southern states.

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South Carolina

South Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Southern Historical Association

The Southern Historical Association (SHA) is an organization of historians focusing on the history of the Southern United States (commonly referred to as southern history).

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.

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State of the Union

The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new president's term.

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State school

State schools (also known as public schools outside England and Wales)In England and Wales, some independent schools for 13- to 18-year-olds are known as 'public schools'.

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Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co

Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co (1944) is a US labor law case, concerning the right to equal treatment in labor unions for everyone to get labor rights.

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Stereotypes of African Americans

Stereotypes and generalizations about African Americans and their culture have evolved within American society dating back to the colonial years of settlement, particularly after slavery became a racial institution that was heritable.

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Sundown town

Sundown towns, known as sunset towns or gray towns, are all-white municipalities or neighborhoods in the United States that practice a form of segregation by enforcing restrictions excluding people of non-white races via some combination of discriminatory local laws, intimidation, and violence.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.

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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.

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The Journal of American History

The Journal of American History is the official academic journal of the Organization of American Historians.

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The New Jim Crow

The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness is a book by Michelle Alexander, a civil rights litigator and legal scholar.

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Thomas D. Rice

Thomas Dartmouth Rice (May 20, 1808 – September 19, 1860), known professionally as Daddy Rice, was an American performer and playwright who performed blackface and used African-American vernacular speech, song, and dance to become one of the most popular minstrel show entertainers of his time.

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Thurgood Marshall

Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991.

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Timeline of the civil rights movement

This is a timeline of the civil rights movement, a nonviolent freedom movement to gain legal equality and the enforcement of constitutional rights for African Americans.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.

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United States presidential election, 1912

The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912.

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United States Secretary of the Treasury

The Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the U.S. Department of the Treasury which is concerned with financial and monetary matters, and, until 2003, also included several federal law enforcement agencies.

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University of Texas at Austin

The University of Texas at Austin (UT, UT Austin, or Texas) is a public research university and the flagship institution of the University of Texas System.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

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War on drugs

War on Drugs is an American term usually applied to the U.S. federal government's campaign of prohibition of drugs, military aid, and military intervention, with the stated aim being to reduce the illegal drug trade.

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Washington Bee

The Washington Bee was a Washington, D.C.-based American weekly newspaper founded in 1882 and primarily read by African Americans.

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Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.

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White Americans

White Americans are Americans who are descendants from any of the white racial groups of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, or in census statistics, those who self-report as white based on having majority-white ancestry.

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White League

The White League, also known as the White Man's League, was an American white paramilitary organization started in 1874 to kick Republicans out of office and intimidate freedmen from voting and politically organizing.

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White supremacy

White supremacy or white supremacism is a racist ideology based upon the belief that white people are superior in many ways to people of other races and that therefore white people should be dominant over other races.

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William Gibbs McAdoo

William Gibbs McAdoo, Jr.McAdoo is variously differentiated from family members of the same name.

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William Henry Heard

William Henry (Harrison) Heard (June 25, 1850 – September 12, 1937) was a clergyman of the African Methodist Episcopal Church who served as United States Ambassador to Liberia from 1895 through 1898.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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1913 Gettysburg reunion

The 1913 Gettysburg reunion was a Gettysburg Battlefield encampment of American Civil War veterans for the Battle of Gettysburg's 50th anniversary.

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1936 Summer Olympics

The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in 1936 in Berlin, Nazi Germany.

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Jim Crow, Jim Crow Era, Jim Crow Law, Jim Crow Laws, Jim Crow era, Jim Crow etiquette, Jim Crow law, Jim Crow legislation, Jim Crow period, Jim Crow segregation legislation, Jim Crow system, Jim Crowe, Jim Crowe law, Jim crow, Jim crow era, Jim crow laws, Jim crow south, Jimcro, One-eighth law, Period of Jim Crow.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws

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