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Karate

Index Karate

(Okinawan pronunciation) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. [1]

271 relations: Aerobic exercise, Agility, Aikido, Aliveness (martial arts), Allen Steen, Anaerobic exercise, Andy Sherry, Ankō Asato, Ankō Itosu, Ayrshire, Bas Rutten, BBC, Black belt (martial arts), Boxing, Breaking (martial arts), Bruce Lee, Budō, Bunkai, Bushido, California Institute of Technology, Catapult, Cecil T. Patterson, Chōjun Miyagi, Chōmo Hanashiro, Chūzan, China, China–Japan relations, Chinatown, Chinese characters, Chinese martial arts, Chitō-ryū, Choi Hong Hi, Chuck Norris, Chung Do Kwan, Combat sport, Comparison of karate styles, Contact sport, Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, Dan (rank), Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Distancing, Dojo, Dolph Lundgren, Don Wilson (kickboxer), Donald Hugh Nagle, Economy of Japan, Ed Parker, Edo period, Eiichi Miyazato, ..., Elbow (strike), Empire of Japan, Endurance, First Sino-Japanese War, Five Ancestors, Flexibility (anatomy), Fujian, Fujian White Crane, Full contact karate, Fumio Demura, Fuzhou, Gōgen Yamaguchi, Gōjū-ryū, George Mattson (martial artist), Georges St-Pierre, Ghana, Gichin Funakoshi, Goldfinger (novel), Gordon Doversola, Grappling, Gun (staff), Hard and soft (martial arts), Heart Sutra, Henry Plée, Hidetaka Nishiyama, Higaonna Kanryō, Hirokazu Kanazawa, Hironori Ōtsuka, Hiroshi Shirai, Hiroyuki Sanada, Hojo undō, Homophone, Hyeong, Iaidō, Iaijutsu, Ian Fleming, Inside Kung Fu, International Olympic Committee, International Taekwon-Do Federation, Invasion of Ryukyu, Jackie Chan, James Bond, Japan Karate Association, Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Japanese language, Japanese martial arts, Japanese militarism, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Jet Li, Jim Kelly (martial artist), JKA England, Joe Lewis (martial artist), John Corcoran (martial arts), John Makdessi, Joint lock, Judo, Jujutsu, K-1, Kanō Jigorō, Kanbun Uechi, Kanji, Kanken Tōyama, Karate at the Summer Olympics, Karate at the World Games, Karate Canada, Karate gi, Karate in the United States, Karate kata, Karate Kommandos, Karate stances, Karate Union of Great Britain, Karate World Championships, Kata, Kūsankū (kata), Keikogi, Keinosuke Enoeda, Keio University, Kendo, Kenjutsu, Kenshiro Abbe, Kensington Town Hall, London, Kenwa Mabuni, Kick, Kickboxing, Kihon, Kimono, Knee (strike), Knifehand strike, Korea under Japanese rule, Kumemura, Kumite, Kyū, Kyūdō, Kyokushin, Leung Siu-lung, Liverpool, Logogram, Lyoto Machida, Makiwara, Martial arts, Martial arts film, Mas Oyama, Masami Tsuruoka, Masaru Shintani, Masatoshi Nakayama, Matsumura Sōkon, Matt Mullins, Meiji period, Meitoku Yagi, MG 08, Michael G. Foster, Michael Jai White, Michelle Waterson, Ming dynasty, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), Minoru Mochizuki, Mitsusuke Harada, Mixed martial arts, Morio Higaonna, Motobu Chōki, Motobu-ryū, Motor coordination, Nam Pai Chuan, National Olympic Committee, Newsweek, Nikita Khrushchev, Nunchaku, Oddjob, Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawan language, Okinawan martial arts, Orient, Paris, Pechin, Peter Urban (karate), Phoenix, Arizona, Physical strength, Political correctness, Power (physics), Pressure point, Punch (combat), Richard Kim (karate), Richard Norton (actor), Robert Trias, Russo-Japanese War, Ryū Ryū Ko, Ryukyu Islands, Ryukyu Kingdom, Ryukyuan people, Sai (weapon), Sakugawa Kanga, Sambo (martial art), Sammo Hung, Sanchin, Satto, Sean Connery, Seidokaikan, Seikichi Odo, Seikichi Toguchi, Seisan, Sekō Higa, Self-defense, Sense of balance, Shaolin Kung Fu, Shō Hashi, Shō Shin, Shōrin-ryū, Shōshin Nagamine, Shōtōkai, Sherdog, Shigeru Egami, Shimazu clan, Shingon Buddhism, Sho Kosugi, Shotokan, Shotokan Karate of America, Shuri, Okinawa, Shuri-ryū, Sonny Chiba, South Africa, Sparring, Speed, Stress management, Strike (attack), Sweep (martial arts), Syngman Rhee, Tadashi Yamashita, Taekwondo, Taiji Kase, Taishō period, Takayuki Kubota, Takayuki Mikami, Takedown (grappling), Tang dynasty, Tang Soo Do, Tatsuo Suzuki (martial artist), Teruyuki Okazaki, Tetsuji Murakami, The Karate Kid, The Karate Kid Part II, The Karate Kid Part III, The New York Times, The Next Karate Kid, Tokyo, Tonfa, Tsutomu Ohshima, Uechi-ryū, United States, United States Armed Forces, Vernon Bell, Wadō-ryū, Wesley Snipes, Won Kuk Lee, World Karate Federation, World Taekwondo, Yasuaki Kurata, Yoseikan, Yukari Oshima, Zanshin, 2020 Summer Olympics. Expand index (221 more) »

Aerobic exercise

Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process.

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Agility

Agility or nimbleness is the ability to change the body's position efficiently, and requires the integration of isolated movement skills using a combination of balance, coordination, speed, reflexes, strength, and endurance.

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Aikido

is a modern Japanese martial art developed by Morihei Ueshiba as a synthesis of his martial studies, philosophy, and religious beliefs.

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Aliveness (martial arts)

Aliveness, also referred to as alive training describes martial arts training methods that are spontaneous, non-scripted, and dynamic.

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Allen Steen

Allen R. Steen is an American martial arts practitioner, teacher, and promoter.

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Anaerobic exercise

Anaerobic exercise is a physical exercise intense enough to cause lactate to form.

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Andy Sherry

Andy Sherry (born 9 July 1943) is one of the most senior British practitioners of karate and the chief instructor of the KUGB.

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Ankō Asato

was a Ryūkyūan master of karate.

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Ankō Itosu

is considered by many the father of modern karate, although this title is also often given to Gichin Funakoshi because the latter spread karate throughout Japan.

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Ayrshire

Ayrshire (Siorrachd Inbhir Àir) is an historic county and registration county in south-west Scotland, located on the shores of the Firth of Clyde.

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Bas Rutten

Sebastiaan "Bas" Rutten (born 24 February 1965) is a Dutch actor and retired mixed martial artist, kickboxer, and professional wrestler.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.

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Black belt (martial arts)

In East Asian martial arts, the black belt denotes a high competence in the martial art.

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Boxing

Boxing is a combat sport in which two people, usually wearing protective gloves, throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring.

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Breaking (martial arts)

Breaking is a martial arts technique that is used in competition, demonstration and testing.

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Bruce Lee

Lee Jun-fan (November 27, 1940 – July 20, 1973), known professionally as Bruce Lee, was a Hong Kong and American actor, film director, martial artist, martial arts instructor, philosopher, and founder of the martial art Jeet Kune Do, one of the wushu or kungfu styles.

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Budō

is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts.

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Bunkai

, literally meaning "analysis" or "disassembly", is a term used in Japanese martial arts referring to process of analysing kata and extracting fighting techniques from the movements of a "form" (kata).

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Bushido

is a Japanese collective term for the many codes of honour and ideals that dictated the samurai way of life, loosely analogous to the concept of chivalry in Europe.

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California Institute of Technology

The California Institute of Technology (abbreviated Caltech)The university itself only spells its short form as "Caltech"; other spellings such as.

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Catapult

A catapult is a ballistic device used to launch a projectile a great distance without the aid of explosive devices—particularly various types of ancient and medieval siege engines.

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Cecil T. Patterson

Cecil T. Patterson (June 22, 1930 – October 27, 2002), among America’s earliest karateka, introduced the Wadō-ryū style of karate into the Eastern United States in 1958.

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Chōjun Miyagi

was an Okinawan martial artist who founded the Gōjū-ryū school of karate by blending Okinawan and Chinese influences.

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Chōmo Hanashiro

(Okinawan: Hanagusuku Chomu) (1869-1945) was an Okinawan martial arts master who is notable for aiding in the evolution of Shōrin-ryū karate.

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Chūzan

Chūzan (中山) was one of three kingdoms which controlled Okinawa in the 14th century.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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China–Japan relations

China–Japan relations or Sino-Nippon relations (日中関係; にっちゅうかんけい) refer to the international relations between the People's Republic of China and the State of Japan.

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Chinatown

A Chinatown is an ethnic enclave of Chinese or Han people located outside mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, or Taiwan, most often in an urban setting.

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Chinese characters

Chinese characters are logograms primarily used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese.

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Chinese martial arts

Chinese martial arts, often named under the umbrella terms kung fu and wushu, are the several hundred fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in China.

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Chitō-ryū

is a style of karate founded by, (1898-1984).

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Choi Hong Hi

General Choi Hong Hi (9 November 1918 – 15 June 2002) was a South Korean Army general and martial artist who is a controversial figure in the history of the Korean martial art of taekwondo.

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Chuck Norris

Carlos Ray Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist, actor, film producer and screenwriter.

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Chung Do Kwan

Chung Do Kwan, created by Won Kuk Lee in 1944, is one of the first of nine schools or kwan teaching Tang Soo Do, later the school began to teach what came to be known as taekwondo.

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Combat sport

A combat sport, or fighting sport, is a competitive contact sport that usually involves one-on-one combat.

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Comparison of karate styles

The table contains a comparison of karate styles.

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Contact sport

Contact sports are sports that emphasize or require physical contact between players.

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Dai Nippon Butoku Kai

Dai Nippon Butoku Kai 大日本武徳会 ("Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society") was originally established in 1895 in Kyoto.

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Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu

, originally called, is a Japanese martial art that first became widely known in the early 20th century under the headmastership of Takeda Sōkaku.

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Dan (rank)

The ranking system is used by many Japanese organizations and Korean martial arts to indicate the level of one's ability within a certain subject matter.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.

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Distancing

Distancing is the appropriate selection of distance between oneself and a combatant throughout an encounter.

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Dojo

A is a hall or space for immersive learning or meditation.

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Dolph Lundgren

Hans Lundgren (born 3 November 1957) known professionally as Dolph Lundgren, is a Swedish actor, director, screenwriter, producer, and martial artist.

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Don Wilson (kickboxer)

Don "The Dragon" Wilson (born September 10, 1954) is an American 11-time professional kickboxing world champion who scored 47 knockouts in four decades, a European Martial Arts Hall of Famer and an action film actor.

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Donald Hugh Nagle

Don Nagle was an American Karate Pioneer, Grand Master Of Isshinryu Karate & "Living Legend" from New Jersey.

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Economy of Japan

The economy of Japan is a highly developed and market-oriented economy.

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Ed Parker

Edmund Kealoha "Ed" Parker (March 19, 1931 – December 15, 1990) was an American martial artist, Senior Grandmaster, and founder of American Kenpo Karate.

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Edo period

The or is the period between 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when Japanese society was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional daimyō.

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Eiichi Miyazato

was a leading Okinawan master of Goju-ryu karate.

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Elbow (strike)

An elbow strike (commonly referred to as simply an "elbow") is a strike with the point of the elbow, the part of the forearm nearest to the elbow, or the part of the upper arm nearest to the elbow.

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Empire of Japan

The was the historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.

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Endurance

Endurance (also related to sufferance, resilience, constitution, fortitude, and hardiness) is the ability of an organism to exert itself and remain active for a long period of time, as well as its ability to resist, withstand, recover from, and have immunity to trauma, wounds, or fatigue.

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First Sino-Japanese War

The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought between Qing dynasty of China and Empire of Japan, primarily for influence over Joseon.

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Five Ancestors

Five Ancestors Fist (Wuzuquan or Ngo-cho Kun) is a Southern Chinese martial art that consists of principles and techniques from five styles.

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Flexibility (anatomy)

Flexibility or limberness refers to the range of movement in a joint or series of joints, and length in muscles that cross the joints to induce a bending movement or motion.

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Fujian

Fujian (pronounced), formerly romanised as Foken, Fouken, Fukien, and Hokkien, is a province on the southeast coast of mainland China.

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Fujian White Crane

White Crane Style (in) is a Southern Chinese martial art that originated in Fujian (福建) province.

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Full contact karate

Full contact karate is a broad term used to differentiate competition formats of karate where competitors spar (also called Kumite) full-contact and allow a knockout as winning criterion, and those competitions which use light contact/semi contact point sparring where a knockout is regarded as a foul.

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Fumio Demura

is a well known Japanese master of karate and kobudo (traditional weaponry).

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Fuzhou

Fuzhou, formerly romanized as Foochow, is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian province, China.

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Gōgen Yamaguchi

Jitsumi Gōgen Yamaguchi (山口剛玄; January 20, 1909 – May 20, 1989), also known as Gōgen Yamaguchi, was a Japanese martial artist and student of Gōjū-ryū Karate under Chōjun Miyagi.

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Gōjū-ryū

, Japanese for "hard-soft style," is one of the main traditional Okinawan styles of karate, featuring a combination of hard and soft techniques. Both principles, hard and soft, come from the famous martial arts book used by Okinawan masters during the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bubishi. Gō, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks; jū, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements. Gōjū-ryū incorporates both circular and linear movements into its curriculum, combining hard striking attacks such as kicks and close hand punches with softer open hand circular techniques for attacking, blocking, and controlling the opponent, including joint locks, grappling, takedowns, and throws. Major emphasis is given to breathing correctly in all of the katas but particularly in the Sanchin kata which is one of two core katas of this style. The second kata is called Tensho, meant to teach the student about the soft style of the system. Gōjū-ryū practices methods that include body strengthening and conditioning, its basic approach to fighting (distance, stickiness, power generation, etc.), and partner drills.

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George Mattson (martial artist)

George E. Mattson is a well-known author of martial arts books and one of the first Americans to be awarded a black belt in Uechi-ryū Karate-do.

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Georges St-Pierre

Georges St-Pierre (born May 19, 1981), often referred to as GSP, is a Canadian mixed martial artist.

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Ghana

Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.

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Gichin Funakoshi

is the founder of Shotokan Karate-Do, perhaps the most widely known style of karate, and is attributed as being the "father of modern karate".

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Goldfinger (novel)

Goldfinger is the seventh novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series, first published in the UK by Jonathan Cape on 23 March 1959.

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Gordon Doversola

Gordon Doversola (1 December 1934 – 19 April 2011) was an American martial arts expert who specialized in the Okinawa-te school of Karate.

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Grappling

In hand-to-hand combat, grappling is a close fighting technique used to gain a physical advantage such as improving relative position, or causing injury to the opponent.

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Gun (staff)

The Chinese word gun (literally, "rod", "stick") refers to a long Chinese staff weapon used in Chinese martial arts.

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Hard and soft (martial arts)

In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack in armed and unarmed combat.

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Heart Sutra

The Heart Sūtra (Sanskrit or Chinese 心經 Xīnjīng) is a popular sutra in Mahāyāna Buddhism.

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Henry Plée

Henry Plée (also named H.D. Plée, Henri Plée, Henry D. Plée, or Henry-Désiré Plée, 24 May 1923; Arras, Nord-Pas-de-Calais–19 August 2014; Paris) was a French martial artist who is considered as the 'father of European and French karate'.

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Hidetaka Nishiyama

was a prominent Japanese master of Shotokan karate.

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Higaonna Kanryō

, also known as Higashionna West, was a Ryukyuan martial artist who founded a fighting style known at the time as Naha-te. He is recognized as one of the first students of Fujian White Crane Kung Fu masters, namely Ryū Ryū Ko, in the Fuzhou region of China who returned with those skills to Okinawa. His student, Chōjun Miyagi, would later found Gōjū ryū Karate.

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Hirokazu Kanazawa

is a Japanese teacher of Shotokan karate.

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Hironori Ōtsuka

was a Japanese master of karate who created the Wadō-ryū style of karate.

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Hiroshi Shirai

is a Japanese master of Shotokan karate.

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Hiroyuki Sanada

(born 12 October, 1960) is a Japanese actor.

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Hojo undō

Hojo undō (補助運動) is a Japanese language term, translated as "supplementary exercises", that refers to the conditioning exercises specifically used in martial arts more specifically in Karate.

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Homophone

A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning.

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Hyeong

The Korean terms hyeong, pumsae, and teul (meaning "form" or "pattern") are all used to refer to martial arts forms that are typically used in Korean martial arts such as Taekwondo and Tang Soo Do.

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Iaidō

, abbreviated with, is a Japanese martial art that emphasizes being aware and capable of quickly drawing the sword and responding to a sudden attack.

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Iaijutsu

, is a combative quick-draw sword technique.

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Ian Fleming

Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was an English author, journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels.

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Inside Kung Fu

Inside Kung Fu was a monthly United States magazine founded in December 1973.

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International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité International Olympique, CIO) is a Swiss private non-governmental organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland, which is the authority responsible for the modern Olympic Games.

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International Taekwon-Do Federation

International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) is an international taekwondo organization founded on March 22, 1966, by General Choi Hong Hi (Korean: 최홍희) in Seoul, South Korea.

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Invasion of Ryukyu

The by forces of the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma took place from March to May 1609, and marked the beginning of the Ryukyu Kingdom's status as a vassal state under Satsuma.

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Jackie Chan

Chan Kong-sang, SBS, MBE, PMW (生; born 7 April 1954), known professionally as Jackie Chan, is a Hong Kong martial artist, actor, film director, producer, stuntman, and singer.

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James Bond

The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections.

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Japan Karate Association

Japan Karate Association (日本 空手 協会; Nihon Karate Kyokai; JKA; sometimes referred to simply as Kyokai 協会 in Japan) is one of the most influential Shotokan karate organizations in the world.

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Japanese invasion of Manchuria

The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on 18 September 1931, when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident.

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Japanese language

is an East Asian language spoken by about 128 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language.

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Japanese martial arts

Japanese martial arts refer to the variety of martial arts native to the country of Japan.

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Japanese militarism

refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation.

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Jean-Claude Van Damme

Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg (born 18 October 1960), professionally known as Jean-Claude Van Damme and abbreviated as JCVD, is a Belgian actor, martial artist, screenwriter, film producer, and director best known for his martial arts action films.

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Jet Li

Li Lianjie (born 26 April 1963), better known by his stage name Jet Li, is a Chinese film actor, film producer, martial artist, and retired Wushu champion who was born in Beijing.

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Jim Kelly (martial artist)

James Milton Kelly (May 5, 1946 – June 29, 2013) was an American athlete, actor, and martial artist.

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JKA England

JKA England (JKAE) is the official Japan Karate Association (JKA) organisation for Shotokan karate in England and Wales.

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Joe Lewis (martial artist)

Joe Lewis (March 7, 1944 – August 31, 2012) was an American kickboxer, point karate fighter, and actor.

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John Corcoran (martial arts)

John Corcoran is an American non-fiction book author, magazine editor, screenwriter and martial arts historian.

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John Makdessi

John Makdessi (born May 3, 1985) is a Canadian professional mixed martial artist currently competing in the Lightweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship.

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Joint lock

A joint lock is a grappling technique involving manipulation of an opponent's joints in such a way that the joints reach their maximal degree of motion.

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Judo

was created as a physical, mental and moral pedagogy in Japan, in 1882, by Jigoro Kano (嘉納治五郎).

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Jujutsu

Jujutsu (柔術, jūjutsu), also known in the West as Ju-Jitsu or Jiu-Jitsu, is a Japanese martial art and a method of close combat for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses either a short weapon or none.

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K-1

K-1 began in 1993 and is a kickboxing platform and martial arts brand well-known worldwide mainly for its heavyweight division fights.

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Kanō Jigorō

was a Japanese educator and athlete, the founder of Judo.

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Kanbun Uechi

was the founder of Uechi-Ryū, one of the primary karate styles of Okinawa.

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Kanji

Kanji (漢字) are the adopted logographic Chinese characters that are used in the Japanese writing system.

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Kanken Tōyama

Kanken Tōyama (遠山寛賢 Tōyama Kanken, 24 September 1888 – 24 November 1966) was a Japanese schoolteacher and karate master, who developed the foundation for the Shūdōkan karate style.

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Karate at the Summer Olympics

Karate will make its debut appearance at the Summer Olympics in 2020 in Tokyo, Japan.

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Karate at the World Games

Karate was introduced as a World Games sport at the 1981 World Games in Santa Clara, California.

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Karate Canada

Karate Canada is the national association representing the sport of karate in Canada.

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Karate gi

Karategi (空手着 or 空手衣) is the formal Japanese name for the traditional uniform used for Karate practice and competition.

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Karate in the United States

Karate was first introduced to American service men after World War II by Japanese karate masters.

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Karate kata

Kata (形, or more traditionally, 型; lit. "form") is a Japanese word describing detailed patterns of movements practiced either solo or in pairs.

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Karate Kommandos

Chuck Norris: Karate Kommandos is an American animated television series that originally aired in 1986 as a syndicated five episode mini-series.

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Karate stances

Karate has many different stances, each used to for different types of power and movement.

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Karate Union of Great Britain

The Karate Union of Great Britain, or KUGB is an association of Shotokan Karate clubs and Karateka operating across Great Britain, with some oversea affiliations.

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Karate World Championships

The Karate World Championships, also known as the World Karate Championships, are the highest level of competition for karate organized by the World Karate Federation (WKF).

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Kata

, a Japanese word, are detailed choreographed patterns of movements practiced either solo or in pairs.

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Kūsankū (kata)

Kūshankū (クーシャンク, 公相君) also called Kūsankū (クーサンクー) or Kankū-dai (観空大), is an open hand karate kata that is studied by many practitioners of Okinawan Karate, specifically styles related to Shuri-te.

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Keikogi

or dōgi is a uniform for training, used in martial arts derived from Japan, or budō.

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Keinosuke Enoeda

was a Japanese master of Shotokan karate.

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Keio University

, abbreviated as or, is a private university located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

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Kendo

is a traditional Japanese martial art, which descended from swordsmanship (kenjutsu) and uses bamboo swords (shinai) and protective armour (bōgu).

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Kenjutsu

is the umbrella term for all (koryū) schools of Japanese swordsmanship, in particular those that predate the Meiji Restoration.

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Kenshiro Abbe

was a prominent Japanese master of judo, aikido, and kendo.

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Kensington Town Hall, London

Kensington Town Hall is a building completed in 1976, designed by Sir Basil Spence in the brutalist style.

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Kenwa Mabuni

was one of the first karateka to teach karate on mainland Japan and is credited as developing the style known as Shitō-ryū Immovable heart, immovable mind.

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Kick

A kick is a physical strike using the leg, foot, heel, tibia, thigh or knee (the latter is also known as a knee strike).

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Kickboxing

Kickboxing is a group of stand-up combat sports based on kicking and punching, historically developed from karate mixed with boxing.

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Kihon

is a Japanese term meaning "basics" or "fundamentals." The term is used to refer to the basic techniques that are taught and practiced as the foundation of most Japanese martial arts.

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Kimono

The is a traditional Japanese garment.

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Knee (strike)

A knee strike (commonly referred to simply as a knee) is a strike with the knee, either with the kneecap or the surrounding area.

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Knifehand strike

In martial arts, a knifehand strike is a strike using the part of the hand opposite the thumb (from the little finger to the wrist), familiar to many people as a karate chop (in Japanese, shutō-uchi).

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Korea under Japanese rule

Korea under Japanese rule began with the end of the short-lived Korean Empire in 1910 and ended at the conclusion of World War II in 1945.

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Kumemura

Kumemura (久米村; Okinawan: Kuninda; Middle Chinese: Kjú-méi ts'won) was an Okinawan community of scholars, bureaucrats, and diplomats in the port city of Naha near the royal capital of Shuri, which was a center of culture and learning during the time of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

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Kumite

Kumite (組手) literally translated means "grappling hands" and is one of the three main sections of karate training, along with kata and kihon.

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Kyū

is a Japanese term used in modern martial arts as well as in tea ceremony, flower arranging, Go, shogi, academic tests and other similar activities to designate various grades, levels or degrees of proficiency or experience.

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Kyūdō

Kyūdō is the Japanese martial art of archery.

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Kyokushin

is a style of stand-up, full contact karate, founded in 1964 by Korean-Japanese.

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Leung Siu-lung

Leung Siu-lung, born in 1948 in Hong Kong, is an actor who has appeared in many Hong Kong martial arts movies.

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Liverpool

Liverpool is a city in North West England, with an estimated population of 491,500 in 2017.

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Logogram

In written language, a logogram or logograph is a written character that represents a word or phrase.

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Lyoto Machida

(born May 30, 1978) is a Japanese-Brazilian professional mixed martial artist, currently signed with Bellator MMA.

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Makiwara

The makiwara is a padded striking post used as a training tool in various styles of traditional karate.

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Martial arts

Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practices, which are practiced for a number of reasons: as self-defense, military and law enforcement applications, mental and spiritual development; as well as entertainment and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage.

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Martial arts film

Martial arts films are a subgenre of action films, which feature numerous martial arts fights between characters.

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Mas Oyama

, more commonly known as Mas Oyama, was a karate master who founded Kyokushin Karate, considered the first and most influential style of full contact karate.

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Masami Tsuruoka

, was a Japanese Canadian karate instructor and practitioner recognized as "The Father of Canadian Karate" by Black Belt Magazine.

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Masaru Shintani

Masaru Shintani (February 3, 1927 – May 7, 2000) was a Japanese-Canadian master of karate who introduced the Wadō-ryū style of karate in Canada and founded the Shintani Wado-Kai Karate Federation.

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Masatoshi Nakayama

was an internationally famous Japanese master of Shotokan karate.

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Matsumura Sōkon

was one of the original karate masters of Okinawa.

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Matt Mullins

Matthew "Matt" Mullins (born November 10, 1980) is an American five-time martial arts world champion and actor.

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Meiji period

The, also known as the Meiji era, is a Japanese era which extended from October 23, 1868, to July 30, 1912.

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Meitoku Yagi

Meitoku Yagi (八木明徳 Yagi Meitoku, born March 6, 1912 in Naha, Okinawa - died February 7, 2003) was a karate master and teacher.

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MG 08

The Maschinengewehr 08, or MG 08, was the German Army's standard machine gun in World War I and is an adaptation of Hiram S. Maxim's original 1884 Maxim gun.

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Michael G. Foster

Michael G. Foster (born 19 April 1940) is a U.S. karate pioneer and the founder and head of Yoshukai International, a world-wide organization of Yoshukai Karate schools.

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Michael Jai White

Michael Jai White (born November 10, 1967) is an American actor and martial artist who has appeared in numerous films and television series.

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Michelle Waterson

Michelle E. Waterson (born January 6, 1986) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

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Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

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Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

The, also known as MEXT, Monka-shō, and formerly the, is one of the ministries of the Japanese government.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)

The is a cabinet-level ministry of the Japanese government responsible for the country's foreign relations.

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Minoru Mochizuki

was a Japanese martial artist who founded the dojo Yoseikan.

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Mitsusuke Harada

is a prominent Japanese master of Shotokai karate who introduced this martial art to Brazil and is now based in the United Kingdom.

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Mixed martial arts

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a full-contact combat sport that allows striking and grappling, both standing and on the ground, using techniques from other combat sports and martial arts.

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Morio Higaonna

is a prominent Okinawan karate practitioner who is the founder and former Chief Instructor of the International Okinawan Goju-ryu Karate-do Federation (IOGKF).

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Motobu Chōki

was an Okinawan karateka from Akahira Village in Shuri, Okinawa, capital of the Ryūkyū Kingdom when he was born.

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Motobu-ryū

is a school of karate founded by Choki Motobu in 1922.

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Motor coordination

Motor coordination is the combination of body movements created with the kinematic (such as spatial direction) and kinetic (force) parameters that result in intended actions.

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Nam Pai Chuan

Nam Pai Chuan is a Shaolin kung fu style with centres in the UK, Belgium, France, New Zealand, Canada, Japan, Australia and Malaysia.

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National Olympic Committee

A National Olympic Committee (NOC) is a national constituent of the worldwide Olympic movement.

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Newsweek

Newsweek is an American weekly magazine founded in 1933.

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Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 – 11 September 1971) was a Soviet statesman who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964.

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Nunchaku

is a traditional Okinawan martial arts weapon consisting of two sticks connected at one end by a short chain or rope.

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Oddjob

Oddjob (often written as "Odd Job") is a fictional character in the espionage novels and films featuring James Bond.

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Okinawa Prefecture

is the southernmost prefecture of Japan.

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Okinawan language

Central Okinawan, or simply the Okinawan language (沖縄口/ウチナーグチ Uchinaaguchi), is a Northern Ryukyuan language spoken primarily in the southern half of the island of Okinawa, as well as in the surrounding islands of Kerama, Kumejima, Tonaki, Aguni, and a number of smaller peripheral islands.

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Okinawan martial arts

Okinawan martial arts refers to the martial arts, such as karate, tegumi and Okinawan kobudō, which originated among the indigenous people of Okinawa Island.

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Orient

The Orient is the East, traditionally comprising anything that belongs to the Eastern world, in relation to Europe.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Pechin

, or, was a rank among the Yukatchu class of the former Ryukyu Kingdom (modern-day Okinawa, Japan), above the rank of Satunushi and below the rank of Ueekata.

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Peter Urban (karate)

Peter George Urban (August 14, 1934 – April 7, 2004) was an American Martial Art Science Philosopher, Poet-Warrior and Innovative Leader.

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Phoenix, Arizona

Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Arizona.

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Physical strength

Physical strength is the measure of an animal's exertion of force on physical objects.

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Political correctness

The term political correctness (adjectivally: politically correct; commonly abbreviated to PC or P.C.) is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.

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Power (physics)

In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time.

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Pressure point

A pressure point (Chinese: 穴位; Japanese: kyūsho 急所 "vital point, tender spot"; Sinhala: නිල/මර්ම ස්ථාන Nila/Marma Sthana (in Angampora); Telugu: మర్మ స్థానం Marma Sthanam; Malayalam: മര്‍മ്മം marmam; Tamil: வர்மம் varmam) derives from the meridian points in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Indian Ayurveda and Siddha medicine, and the field of martial arts, and refers to an area on the human body that may produce significant pain or other effects when manipulated in a specific manner.

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Punch (combat)

A punch is a striking blow with the fist.

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Richard Kim (karate)

Richard Kim (November 17, 1917 – November 8, 2001) was an American martial artist.

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Richard Norton (actor)

Richard Norton (born 6 January 1950) is an Australian martial artist, action film star, stuntman, stunt/fight coordinator or fight choreographer, and martial arts trainer.

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Robert Trias

Robert A. Trias (1923–1989) was a U.S. karate pioneer, founding the first karate school in the mainland United States and becoming one of the first known American black belts.

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Russo-Japanese War

The Russo–Japanese War (Russko-yaponskaya voina; Nichirosensō; 1904–05) was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea.

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Ryū Ryū Ko

, also known as Xie Ru Ru or Ru Ru Ko, was a Chinese martial artist who most likely practiced the Fujian White Crane style of Kung Fu.

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Ryukyu Islands

The, also known as the or the, are a chain of islands annexed by Japan that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan: the Ōsumi, Tokara, Amami, Okinawa, and Sakishima Islands (further divided into the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands), with Yonaguni the southernmost.

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Ryukyu Kingdom

The Ryukyu Kingdom (Okinawan: Ruuchuu-kuku; 琉球王国 Ryūkyū Ōkoku; Middle Chinese: Ljuw-gjuw kwok; historical English name: Lewchew, Luchu, and Loochoo) was an independent kingdom that ruled most of the Ryukyu Islands from the 15th to the 19th century.

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Ryukyuan people

The; also Lewchewan or) are the indigenous peoples of the Ryukyu Islands between the islands of Kyushu and Taiwan. Politically, they live in either Okinawa Prefecture or Kagoshima Prefecture. Their languages make up the Ryukyuan languages, considered to be one of the two branches of the Japonic language family, the other being Japanese and its dialects. Ryukyuans are not a recognized minority group in Japan, as Japanese authorities consider them just a subgroup of the Japanese people, akin to the Yamato people and Ainu. Although unrecognized, Ryukyuans constitute the largest ethnolinguistic minority group in Japan, with 1.3 million living in Okinawa Prefecture alone. There is also a considerable Ryukyuan diaspora. As many as 600,000 more ethnic Ryukyuans and their descendants are dispersed elsewhere in Japan and worldwide; mostly in Hawaii and, to a lesser extent, in other territories where there is also a sizable Japanese diaspora. In the majority of countries, the Ryukyuan and Japanese diaspora are not differentiated so there are no reliable statistics for the former. Recent genetic and anthropological studies indicate that the Ryukyuans are significantly related to the Ainu people and share the ancestry with the indigenous prehistoric Jōmon period (pre 10,000–1,000 BCE) people, who arrived from Southeast Asia, and with the Yamato people who are mostly an admixture of the Yayoi period (1,000 BCE–300 CE) migrants from East Asia (specifically China and the Korean peninsula). The Ryukyuans have a specific culture with some matriarchal elements, native religion, and cuisine which had fairly late 12th century introduction of rice. The population lived on the islands in isolation for many centuries, and in the 14th century from the three divided Okinawan political polities emerged the Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) which continued the maritime trade and tributary relations started in 1372 with Ming dynasty China. In 1609 the kingdom was invaded by Satsuma Domain which allowed its independence being in vassal status because the Tokugawa Japan was prohibited to trade with China, being in dual subordinate status between both China and Japan. During the Meiji period, the kingdom became Ryukyu Domain (1872–1879), after which it was politically annexed by the Empire of Japan. In 1879, after the annexation, the territory was reorganized as Okinawa Prefecture with the last king Shō Tai forcibly exiled to Tokyo. China renounced its claims to the islands in 1895. During this period, Okinawan ethnic identity, tradition, culture and language were suppressed by the Meiji government, which sought to assimilate the Ryukyuan people as Japanese (Yamato). After World War II, the Ryūkyū Islands were occupied by the United States between 1945–1950 and 1950–1972. During this time, there were many violations of human rights. Since the end of World War II, there exists strong resentment against the Japanese government and US military facilities stationed in Okinawa, as seen in the Ryukyu independence movement. United Nations special rapporteur on discrimination and racism Doudou Diène in his 2006 report, noted perceptible level of discrimination and xenophobia against the Ryukyuans, with the most serious discrimination they endure linked to their dislike of American military installations in the archipelago. An investigation into fundamental human rights was suggested.

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Sai (weapon)

The sai (釵) is a traditional piercing melee weapon used in Okinawa.

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Sakugawa Kanga

, also Sakugawa Satunushi and Tode Sakugawa, was a Ryūkyūan martial arts master and major contributor to the development of Te, the precursor to modern Karate.

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Sambo (martial art)

Sambo (p; САМозащита Без Оружия) is a Russian-Soviet martial art and combat sport.

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Sammo Hung

Sammo Hung (born 7 January 1952), also known as Hung Kam-bo (洪金寶), is a Hong Kong actor, martial artist, film producer and director, known for his work in many martial arts films and Hong Kong action cinema.

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Sanchin

is a kata of apparent Southern Chinese (Fujianese) origin that is considered to be the core of several styles, the most well-known being the Okinawan Karate styles of Uechi-Ryū and Gōjū-Ryū, as well as the Chinese martial arts of Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors, Pangai-noon and the Tiger-Crane Combination style associated with Ang Lian-Huat.

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Satto

Satto (察度) (c. 1320 – 1395), also known as Chadu,Suganuma, Unryu.

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Sean Connery

Sir Thomas Sean Connery (born 25 August 1930) is a retired Scottish actor and producer who has won an Academy Award, two BAFTA Awards (one of them being a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award) and three Golden Globes (including the Cecil B. DeMille Award and a Henrietta Award).

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Seidokaikan

is a traditional full contact karate derived from Kyokushin by Kazuyoshi Ishii.

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Seikichi Odo

Seikichi Odo (July 26, 1927 – March 24, 2002), whose name means "world walker" in Japanese, was born in Okinawa.

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Seikichi Toguchi

was the founder of Shorei-kan karate.

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Seisan

The karate kata (alternate names: Sesan, Seishan, Jusan, Hangetsu) literally means '13'.

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Sekō Higa

was a Gojū Ryū karate teacher who was born in Naha.

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Self-defense

Self-defence (self-defense in some varieties of English) is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm.

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Sense of balance

The sense of balance or equilibrioception is one of the physiological senses related to balance.

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Shaolin Kung Fu

Shaolin Kung Fu, also called Shaolin Wushu or Shaolin quan, is one of the oldest, largest, and most famous styles of wushu or kungfu.

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Shō Hashi

was the last chief of Chūzan and the first king of the Ryukyu Kingdom (today Okinawa Prefecture, Japan), uniting the three polities of Chūzan, Hokuzan, and Nanzan by conquest.

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Shō Shin

was a king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, the third of the line of the Second Shō Dynasty.

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Shōrin-ryū

Shōrin-ryū (少林流) is one of the major modern Okinawan martial arts and is one of the oldest styles of karate.

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Shōshin Nagamine

was a Japanese author from Okinawa as well as a soldier, police officer, and karate master.

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Shōtōkai

is the organisation formed originally in 1930 by master Gichin Funakoshi to teach and spread the art of karate-Do.

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Sherdog

Sherdog is an American website devoted to the sport of mixed martial arts (MMA).

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Shigeru Egami

was a pioneering Japanese master of Shotokan karate who founded the Shōtōkai style.

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Shimazu clan

The were the daimyō of the Satsuma han, which spread over Satsuma, Ōsumi and Hyūga provinces in Japan.

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Shingon Buddhism

is one of the major schools of Buddhism in Japan and one of the few surviving Vajrayana lineages in East Asia, originally spread from India to China through traveling monks such as Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra.

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Sho Kosugi

, born on June 17, 1948, is a Japanese martial artist with extensive training in Shindō jinen-ryū Karate, Kendo, Judo, Iaido, Kobudo, Aikido and Ninjutsu, who gained popularity as an actor during the 1980s, often playing ninjas.

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Shotokan

is a style of karate, developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957) and his son Gigo (Yoshitaka) Funakoshi (1906–1945).

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Shotokan Karate of America

Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to teach traditional karate-do in the United States.

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Shuri, Okinawa

is a district of the city of Naha, Okinawa.

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Shuri-ryū

karate, is an eclectic martial arts system developed by Robert Trias (1923–1989), reportedly the first Caucasian to teach karate in the mainland United States, who opened his public first dojo in 1946 in Phoenix, Arizona.

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Sonny Chiba

, also known as Sonny Chiba, is a Japanese actor, singer, film producer, film director, and martial artist.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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Sparring

Sparring is a form of training common to many combat sports.

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Speed

In everyday use and in kinematics, the speed of an object is the magnitude of its velocity (the rate of change of its position); it is thus a scalar quantity.

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Stress management

Stress management is a wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's level of stress, especially chronic stress, usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning.

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Strike (attack)

A strike is a directed physical attack with either a part of the human body or with an inanimate object (such as a weapon) intended to cause blunt trauma or penetrating trauma upon an opponent.

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Sweep (martial arts)

A sweep is the name used for two categories of martial arts techniques.

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Syngman Rhee

Syngman Rhee (April 18, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a South Korean politician, the first and the last Head of State of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and President of South Korea from 1948 to 1960.

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Tadashi Yamashita

is a Japanese American martial artist and actor.

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Taekwondo

Taekwondo (from Korean 태권도, 跆拳道) is a Korean martial art, characterised by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques.

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Taiji Kase

was a Japanese master of Shotokan karate who was one of the earliest masters responsible for introducing this martial art into Europe.

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Taishō period

The, or Taishō era, is a period in the history of Japan dating from July 30, 1912, to December 25, 1926, coinciding with the reign of the Emperor Taishō.

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Takayuki Kubota

is a Japanese American master of karate.

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Takayuki Mikami

is a Japanese master of Shotokan karate based in the United States of America.

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Takedown (grappling)

In martial arts and combat sports, a takedown is a technique that involves off-balancing an opponent and bringing him or her to the ground with the attacker landing on top.

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Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty or the Tang Empire was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

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Tang Soo Do

Tang Soo Do (Hangul: 당수도, Hanja: 唐手道) is a karate-based Korean martial art incorporating fighting principles from subak (as described in the Kwon Bup Chong Do), as well as northern Chinese martial arts.

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Tatsuo Suzuki (martial artist)

Yokohama, Japan was an 8th Dan Japanese karateka instrumental in spreading the martial art of Wadō-ryū karate to Europe and the United States.

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Teruyuki Okazaki

Teruyuki Okazaki (岡崎 照幸, born June 22, 1931), a tenth degree black belt in Shotokan Karate, is the founder and chief instructor of the International Shotokan Karate Federation (ISKF).

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Tetsuji Murakami

Tetsuji Murakami (村上 哲次; March 31, 1927 – 24 January, 1987) was an early karate representative to Europe.

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The Karate Kid

The Karate Kid is a 1984 American martial arts drama film produced by Jerry Weintraub, directed by John G. Avildsen, written by Robert Mark Kamen, and stars Ralph Macchio, Pat Morita and Elisabeth Shue.

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The Karate Kid Part II

The Karate Kid Part II is a 1986 American martial arts drama film and the first sequel to The Karate Kid (1984).

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The Karate Kid Part III

The Karate Kid Part III is a 1989 American martial arts drama film and the second sequel to The Karate Kid (1984).

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Next Karate Kid

The Next Karate Kid (also known as The Karate Kid Part IV) is a 1994 American martial arts drama film starring Pat Morita and Hilary Swank.

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Tokyo

, officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and has been the capital since 1869.

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Tonfa

The tonfa (Okinawan: トンファー tonfā, Malay: topang) also known as tong fa, tonqua or tuifa, is a melee weapon best known for its role in the armed component of Okinawan martial arts.

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Tsutomu Ohshima

is a prominent Japanese master of Shotokan karate who founded the Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) organization.

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Uechi-ryū

is a traditional style of Okinawan karate.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Armed Forces

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States of America.

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Vernon Bell

Vernon Cecil Frederick Bell (10 October 1922 – 27 February 2004) is often credited as "the father of British karate".

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Wadō-ryū

is a karate style; three organizations now teach the Wadō-ryū style: the Japan Karate-dō Federation Wadōkai (abbreviated to Wadōkai; "Zen Nihon Karate-dō Renmei Wadokai" in Japan), the Wadōryū Karatedō Renmei, and the Wadō Kokusai Karatedō Renmei (abbreviated to Wadō Kokusai; also known as the Wadō International Karatedō Federation).

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Wesley Snipes

Wesley Trent Snipes (born July 31, 1962) is an American actor, film producer, martial artist and author.

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Won Kuk Lee

Won Kuk Lee (Hangul: 이원국, Hanja: 李元國) (April 13, 1907 – February 2, 2002) was a Korean martial artist, who founded Chung Do Kwan.

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World Karate Federation

The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest international governing body of sport karate with 191 member countries.

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World Taekwondo

World Taekwondo, called the World Taekwondo Federation until June 2017, is the international federation governing the sport of taekwondo and is a member of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF).

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Yasuaki Kurata

, is a Japanese actor specializing in action movies.

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Yoseikan

is the name given to a dojo built in November 1931 in Shizuoka, Japan.

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Yukari Oshima

is a Japanese actress and martial artist.

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Zanshin

Zanshin (残心) is a state of awareness, of relaxed alertness, in Japanese martial arts.

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2020 Summer Olympics

The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020.

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Channan, History of karate, KaratE, Karate San, Karate do, Karate master, Karate-do, Karate-dō, Karate-ka, Karatedo, Karatedō, Karateka (martial arts), Krotty, Okinawa karate, Shinsa, Sport Karate, Sport karate, To-te, 空手, 空手道.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate

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