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Volkswagen Beetle

Index Volkswagen Beetle

The Volkswagen Beetle – officially the Volkswagen Type 1, informally in German the Käfer (literally "beetle"), in parts of the English-speaking world the Bug, and known by many other nicknames in other languages – is a two-door, rear-engine economy car, intended for five passengers, that was manufactured and marketed by German automaker Volkswagen (VW) from 1938 until 2003. [1]

258 relations: Achim Warmbold, Adolf Hitler, Afrika Korps, Air-cooled engine, Allied plans for German industry after World War II, Allied-occupied Germany, Anti-roll bar, Antifreeze, Arizona, Armoured personnel carrier, Auckland, Audi, Austro-Tatra, Auto motor und sport, Auto Union, Autobahn, Autostick, Baja 1000, Baja Bug, Baja California Peninsula, Ballsbridge, Bathurst 1000, Beetle, Binnacle, Black Current, Bore (engine), Brass Era car, Briggs Manufacturing Company, British Army, Brussels, Cal looker, Cal-Style VW, Car (magazine), Car of the Century, Car platform, Carburetor, Catalytic converter, Chassis, Chevrolet Corvair, Choke valve, Chrysler, Citroën 2CV, Citroën DS, City car, Coachbuilder, Coccinellidae, Coil spring, Compression ratio, Concept car, Convertible, ..., Corduroy, Daimler-Benz, Dannenhauer & Stauss, Datsun 510, Deutsche Mark, Diesel engine, Digifant engine management system, Drag coefficient, Drag racing, Dublin, Dust to Glory, Economy car, Edmund Rumpler, Electro-pneumatic action, Emden, Emission standard, Engine displacement, Enzmann, Erwin Komenda, Ethylene glycol, Fallersleben, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, Ferdinand Porsche, Fiat 127, Fiat Automobiles, Flat engine, Flat twin engine, Flat-four engine, Floorpan, Flywheel, Ford Escort (Europe), Ford Model T, Ford Motor Company, Ford Pinto, Formula Vee, Four-wheel drive, Franchising, Front-wheel drive, Fuel injection, Fun Cup, German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Ghia-Aigle, Giorgetto Giugiaro, Grey market, Guildford, Hanover, Hans Ledwinka, Harry Källström, Harry Ricardo, Headlamp, Hebmüller, Heinola, Heinrich Nordhoff, Hemmings Motor News, Herbert Hoover, Herbie, Hindustan Times, Honda, Honda Civic, Honda N360, Hotel Kaiserhof (Berlin), Ingolstadt, Internal combustion engine, Irish Independent, Ivan Hirst, Jakarta, JCT600, John Tjaarda, José Alfredo Jiménez, Josef Ganz, Karl Rabe, Karmann, Kent, Knock-down kit, Lagos, Leaf spring, Leopard security vehicle, Life (magazine), List of automobile sales by model, List of names for the Volkswagen Type 1, Lower Saxony, MacPherson strut, Manila, Manual transmission, Mariachi, Massachusetts, Melbourne, Meyers Manx, Mini, Mitsubishi Minica, Model village, Morgenthau Plan, Morris Minor, Nazi Germany, Nazism, Nürburgring, New Mexico, NSU Motorenwerke, Oder–Neisse line, Off-road racing, Opel, Opel Kadett, Open-wheel car, Osnabrück, Paris Motor Show, Pictogram, Pookie (vehicle), Porsche 911, Porsche 914, Porsche Type 12, Puebla City, Punch buggy, Pyrolysis, Quartz clock, Radial engine, Random House, Rear-engine design, Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, Reichsautobahn, Reichsmark, Renault, Renault 5, Rhodesian Bush War, Rometsch, Sarajevo, Saxomat, São Bernardo do Campo, Schrader valve, SCORE Class 11, SCORE Class 5, SCORE Class 5-1600, Sedan (automobile), Semi-automatic transmission, Shah Alam, Sheffield, Shelbourne Road, Shock absorber, Sleeve valve, Solex, Standard Superior, Steering damper, Stern (magazine), Steyr 50, Strength Through Joy, Studebaker-Packard Corporation, Stuttgart, Subaru 360, Subcompact car, Sunday Tribune, Supermini, Suzuki Fronte, Swing axle, Tatra (company), Tatra 77, Tatra 87, Tatra 97, Tatra V570, TI Media, Tony Fall, Torque converter, Torsion bar suspension, Toyota Corona, Trabant, Trailing-arm suspension, Trans-Am Series, Transaxle, Uitenhage, V8 engine, Valencia, Carabobo, Volksempfänger, Volksrod, Volkswagen, Volkswagen advertising, Volkswagen air-cooled engine, Volkswagen Beetle (A5), Volkswagen Country Buggy, Volkswagen do Brasil, Volkswagen Fox, Volkswagen Gol, Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Volkswagen K70, Volkswagen Karmann Ghia, Volkswagen Kübelwagen, Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen, Volkswagen New Beetle, Volkswagen Passat, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Schwimmwagen, Volkswagen Touareg, Volkswagen Type 14A (Hebmüller Cabriolet), Volkswagen Type 18A, Volkswagen Type 2, Volkswagen Type 3, Volkswagen Type 4, Walton-on-Thames, Water cooling, Wheelie, Whitewall tire, Windscreen wiper, Wolfsburg, Wood gas generator, World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations, World War II, Yanase (car dealership), Zündapp, 1962 Armstrong 500, 1963 Armstrong 500. Expand index (208 more) »

Achim Warmbold

Achim Warmbold (born 17 July 1941) is a German former rally driver.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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Afrika Korps

The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (Deutsches Afrikakorps, DAK) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II.

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Air-cooled engine

Air-cooled engines rely on the circulation of air directly over hot parts of the engine to cool them.

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Allied plans for German industry after World War II

The industrial plans for Germany were designs the Allies considered imposing on Germany in the aftermath of World War II to reduce and manage Germany's industrial capacity.

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Allied-occupied Germany

Upon the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the victorious Allies asserted their joint authority and sovereignty over 'Germany as a whole', defined as all territories of the former German Reich which lay west of the Oder–Neisse line, having declared the extinction of Nazi Germany at the death of Adolf Hitler (see 1945 Berlin Declaration).

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Anti-roll bar

An anti-roll bar (roll bar, anti-sway bar, sway bar, stabilizer bar) is a part of many automobile suspensions that helps reduce the body roll of a vehicle during fast cornering or over road irregularities.

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Antifreeze

An antifreeze is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid and increases its boiling point.

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Arizona

Arizona (Hoozdo Hahoodzo; Alĭ ṣonak) is a U.S. state in the southwestern region of the United States.

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Armoured personnel carrier

An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a type of armoured fighting vehicle (AFV) designed to transport infantry to the battlefield.

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Auckland

Auckland is a city in New Zealand's North Island.

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Audi

Audi AG is a German automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes luxury vehicles.

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Austro-Tatra

The Austro-Tatra was a car made by Austro-Tatra-Werke, Vienna, from 1934 to 1948.

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Auto motor und sport

Auto motor und sport, often abbreviated to AMS or AMuS, is a leading German automobile magazine.

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Auto Union

Auto Union AG, Chemnitz, was an amalgamation of four German automobile manufacturers, founded in 1932 and established in 1936 in Chemnitz, Saxony, during the Great Depression.

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Autobahn

The Autobahn (plural) is the federal controlled-access highway system in Germany.

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Autostick

The name Autostick has been used both for a Volkswagen semi-auto transmission and a system designed by Chrysler which allows for manual selection of gears with an automatic transmission.

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Baja 1000

The SCORE Baja 1000 is an off-road race that takes place in Mexico's Baja California Peninsula.

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Baja Bug

A Baja Bug is an original Volkswagen Beetle modified to operate off-road (open desert, sand dunes and beaches), although other versions of air-cooled Volkswagens are sometimes modified as well.

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Baja California Peninsula

The Baja California Peninsula (Lower California Peninsula, Península de Baja California) is a peninsula in Northwestern Mexico.

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Ballsbridge

Ballsbridge or Ball's Bridge is an affluent neighbourhood of the city of Dublin, the capital of the Republic of Ireland.

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Bathurst 1000

The Bathurst 1000 (currently branded as the Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 for sponsorship reasons) is a touring car race held annually on the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia.

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Beetle

Beetles are a group of insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Endopterygota.

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Binnacle

A binnacle is a waist-high case or stand on the deck of a ship, generally mounted in front of the helmsman, in which navigational instruments are placed for easy and quick reference as well as to protect the delicate instruments.

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Black Current

The Black Current is a Volkswagen car, in particular a "Beetle", rebuilt from the foundations up, with an electric engine and all its related technology.

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Bore (engine)

The bore or cylinder bore is a part of a piston engine.

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Brass Era car

The Brass Era is an American term for the early period of automotive manufacturing, named for the prominent brass fittings used during this time for such things as lights and radiators.

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Briggs Manufacturing Company

Briggs Manufacturing was a Detroit-based manufacturer of automobile bodies for Ford Motor Company, Chrysler Corporation and other U.S. and European automobile manufacturers.

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British Army

The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of British Armed Forces.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale, Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium.

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Cal looker

A Cal looker (California looker) is any air-cooled Volkswagen (most often the Type 1) modified in fashion originating in Orange County, California in the late 1960s.

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Cal-Style VW

A Cal-Style VW is a lowrider-influenced vintage Volkswagen, that for style and cruising was lowered to the extreme in the manner called "dumped" "slammed" or "laid out".

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Car (magazine)

Car is a British automotive enthusiast magazine published monthly by Bauer Consumer Media.

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Car of the Century

The Car of the Century (COTC) was an international award given to the world's most influential car of the 20th century.

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Car platform

A car platform is a shared set of common design, engineering, and production efforts, as well as major components over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of cars, often from different, but related marques.

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Carburetor

A carburetor (American English) or carburettor (British English; see spelling differences) is a device that mixes air and fuel for internal combustion engines in the proper ratio for combustion.

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Catalytic converter

A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (an oxidation and a reduction reaction).

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Chassis

A chassis (plural chassis) is the internal framework of an artificial object, which supports the object in its construction and use.

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Chevrolet Corvair

The Chevrolet Corvair is a compact car manufactured by Chevrolet for model years 1960–1969.

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Choke valve

In an internal combustion engine, a choke valve modifies the air pressure in the intake manifold, thereby altering the ratio of fuel and air quantity entering the engine.

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Chrysler

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US LLC (commonly known as Chrysler) is the American subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., an Italian-American automobile manufacturer registered in the Netherlands with headquarters in London, U.K., for tax purposes.

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Citroën 2CV

The Citroën 2CV ("deux chevaux" i.e. "deux chevaux-vapeur" (lit. "two steam horses", "two tax horsepower") is an air-cooled front-engine, front-wheel-drive economy car introduced at the 1948 Paris Mondial de l'Automobile and manufactured by Citroën for model years 1948–1990. Conceived by Citroën Vice-President Pierre Boulanger to help motorise the large number of farmers still using horses and carts in 1930s France, the 2CV has a combination of innovative engineering and utilitarian, straightforward metal bodywork — initially corrugated for added strength without added weight. The 2CV featured low cost; simplicity of overall maintenance; an easily serviced air-cooled engine (originally offering 9 hp); low fuel consumption; and an extremely long-travel suspension offering a soft ride and light off-road capability. Often called "an umbrella on wheels", the fixed-profile convertible bodywork featured a full-width, canvas, roll-back sunroof, which accommodated oversized loads and until 1955 reached almost to the car's rear bumper. Notably, Michelin introduced and first commercialized the radial tyre with the introduction of the 2CV. Manufactured in France between 1948 and 1988 (and in Portugal from 1988 to 1990), more than 3.8 million 2CVs were produced, along with over 1.2 million small 2CV-based delivery vans known as fourgonnettes. Citroën ultimately offered several mechanically identical variants including the Ami (over 1.8 million); the Dyane (over 1.4 million); the Acadiane (over 250,000); and the Mehari (over 140,000). In total, Citroën manufactured almost 9 million 2CVs and variants. The purchase price of the 2CV was low relative to its competition. In West Germany during the 1960s, for example, it cost about half as much as a Volkswagen Beetle. From the mid-1950s economy car competition had increased – internationally in the form of the 1957 Fiat 500 and 1955 Fiat 600, and 1959 Austin Mini. By 1952, Germany produced a price competitive car – the Messerschmitt KR175, followed in 1955 by the Isetta – these were microcars, not complete four-door cars like the 2CV. On the French home market, from 1961, the small Simca 1000 using licensed Fiat technology, and the larger Renault 4 hatchback had become available. The R4 was the biggest threat to the 2CV, eventually outselling it. A 1953 technical review in Autocar described "the extraordinary ingenuity of this design, which is undoubtedly the most original since the Model T Ford". In 2011, The Globe and Mail called it a "car like no other". The motoring writer L. J. K. Setright described the 2CV as "the most intelligent application of minimalism ever to succeed as a car", and a car of "remorseless rationality".

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Citroën DS

The Citroën DS is a front-engine, front-wheel-drive executive car that was manufactured and marketed by the French company Citroën from 1955 to 1975 in sedan, wagon/estate and convertible body configurations.

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City car

A city car (also known as urban car or a mini) is a small car designed to be used primarily in urban areas and conurbations.

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Coachbuilder

A coachbuilder is a manufacturer of bodies for passenger-carrying vehicles.

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Coccinellidae

Coccinellidae is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03 to 0.71 inches).

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Coil spring

A coil spring, also known as a helical spring, is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting surfaces.

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Compression ratio

The static compression ratio of an internal combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity.

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Concept car

A concept car (also known for as concept vehicle, show vehicle or prototype) is a car made to showcase new styling and/or new technology.

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Convertible

A convertible or cabriolet is a passenger car that can be driven with or without a roof in place.

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Corduroy

Corduroy is a textile with a distinct pattern, a "cord" or wale.

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Daimler-Benz

Daimler-Benz AG was a German manufacturer of motor vehicles and internal combustion engines, which was founded in 1926.

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Dannenhauer & Stauss

Dannenhauer & Stauss was founded by Gottfried Dannenhauer, a German coachbuilder.

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Datsun 510

The Datsun 510 was a series of the Datsun Bluebird sold from 1968 to 1973, and offered outside the U.S. and Canada as the Datsun 1600.

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Deutsche Mark

The Deutsche Mark ("German mark"), abbreviated "DM" or, was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until 2002.

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Diesel engine

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine), named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression).

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Digifant engine management system

The Digifant engine management system is an electronic engine control unit (ECU), which monitors and controls the fuel injection and ignition systems in petrol engines, designed by Volkswagen Group, in cooperation with Robert Bosch GmbH.

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Drag coefficient

In fluid dynamics, the drag coefficient (commonly denoted as: \scriptstyle C_\mathrm d\,, \scriptstyle C_\mathrm x\, or \scriptstyle C_\mathrm w\) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to quantify the drag or resistance of an object in a fluid environment, such as air or water.

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Drag racing

For the drag queen reality competition program, see RuPaul's Drag Race. Drag racing is a type of motor racing in which automobiles or motorcycles (usually specially prepared for the purpose) compete, usually two at a time, to be first to cross a set finish line.

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Dublin

Dublin is the capital of and largest city in Ireland.

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Dust to Glory

Dust to Glory (2005) is a documentary about the famous Baja 1000 off-road race.

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Economy car

An economy car is an automobile that is designed for low-cost purchase and operation.

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Edmund Rumpler

Edmund Rumpler (4 January 1872 – 7 September 1940) was an Austrian automobile and aircraft designer.

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Electro-pneumatic action

The electro-pneumatic action is a control system for pipe organs, whereby air pressure, controlled by an electric current and operated by the keys of an organ console, opens and closes valves within wind chests, allowing the pipes to speak.

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Emden

Emden is an independent city and seaport in Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany, on the river Ems.

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Emission standard

Emission standards are the legal requirements governing air pollutants released into the atmosphere.

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Engine displacement

Engine displacement is the swept volume of all the pistons inside the cylinders of a reciprocating engine in a single movement from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC).

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Enzmann

The Enzmann 506 was a Swiss automobile manufactured from 1957 until the late 1960s (some sources claim 1969 as the final year).

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Erwin Komenda

Erwin Komenda (6 April 1904 - 22 August 1966) was a Porsche employee, and a lead contributor to the design of the bodies for the VW Beetle and various Porsche sports cars.

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Ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol (IUPAC name: ethane-1,2-diol) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2OH)2.

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Fallersleben

Fallersleben is a district in the City of Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, with a population of 11,269 (as of 2010).

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Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108 (FMVSS 108) regulates all automotive lighting, signalling and reflective devices in the United States.

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Ferdinand Porsche

Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche car company.

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Fiat 127

The Fiat 127 is a supermini car produced by Italian car manufacturer FIAT from 1971 to 1983.

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Fiat Automobiles

Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (originally FIAT, lit) is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.

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Flat engine

A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally-opposed cylinders.

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Flat twin engine

A flat-twin is a two-cylinder internal combustion engine with the cylinders on opposite sides of the crankshaft.

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Flat-four engine

A flat-four or horizontally opposed-four is a flat engine with four cylinders arranged in two horizontal banks of two, each bank lying opposite the other, a crankcase between them.

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Floorpan

The floorpan is a large sheet metal stamping that often incorporates several smaller welded stampings to form the floor of a large vehicle and the position of its external and structural panels.

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Flywheel

A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy.

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Ford Escort (Europe)

The Ford Escort is a small family car which was manufactured by Ford Europe from 1968 to 2004.

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Ford Model T

The Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Leaping Lena, or flivver) is an automobile produced by Ford Motor Company from October 1, 1908, to May 26, 1927.

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Ford Motor Company

Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to simply as "Ford") is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.

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Ford Pinto

The Ford Pinto is a subcompact car that was manufactured and marketed by Ford Motor Company in North America, sold from the 1971 to the 1980 model years.

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Formula Vee

Formula Vee (Formula Fau Vee in Brazil and Germany) or Formula Volkswagen is a popular open wheel, single-seater junior motor racing formula, with relatively low costs in comparison to Formula Ford or Formula BMW.

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Four-wheel drive

Four-wheel drive, also called 4×4 ("four by four") or 4WD, refers to a two-axled vehicle drivetrain capable of providing torque to all of its wheels simultaneously.

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Franchising

Franchising is based on a marketing concept which can be adopted by an organisation as a strategy for business expansion.

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Front-wheel drive

Front-wheel drive (FWD) is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only.

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Fuel injection

Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector.

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Fun Cup

The Fun Cup is a one-make racing series created by Franz Dubois in 1997 in Belgium.

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German occupation of Czechoslovakia

The German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945) began with the German annexation of Czechoslovakia's northern and western border regions, formerly being part of German-Austria known collectively as the Sudetenland, under terms outlined by the Munich Agreement.

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Ghia-Aigle

Carrosserie Ghia S.A., Aigle (established 1948 in Aigle, Switzerland, closed 1988) was a Swiss automobile design and manufacturing company, commonly referred to as Ghia-Aigle.

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Giorgetto Giugiaro

Giorgetto Giugiaro (born 7 August 1938) is an Italian automobile designer.

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Grey market

A grey or gray market (sometimes confused with the similar term parallel market) refers to the trade of a commodity through distribution channels that are legal but unintended by the original manufacturer or trade mark proprietor.

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Guildford

Guildford is a large town in Surrey, England, United Kingdom located southwest of central London on the A3 trunk road midway between the capital and Portsmouth.

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Hanover

Hanover or Hannover (Hannover), on the River Leine, is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanoverian Kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, under their title as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (later described as the Elector of Hanover).

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Hans Ledwinka

Hans Ledwinka (14 February 1878 – 2 March 1967) was an Austrian automobile designer.

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Harry Källström

Harry Källström (30 June 1939 - 13 July 2009), nicknamed "Sputnik", was a Swedish professional rally driver who debuted in 1957 and competed in the World Rally Championship in the 1970s.

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Harry Ricardo

Sir Harry Ralph Ricardo (26 January 1885 – 18 May 1974) was one of the foremost engine designers and researchers in the early years of the development of the internal combustion engine.

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Headlamp

A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road ahead.

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Hebmüller

The coachbuilding company Hebmüller Sons (Karosseriewerke Joseph Hebmüller Söhne) was founded in 1889 by Joseph Hebmüller, it was established in the town of Wuppertal in Germany.

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Heinola

Heinola is a town and a municipality of inhabitants located in the region of Päijänne Tavastia, Finland.

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Heinrich Nordhoff

Heinz Heinrich Nordhoff (6 January 1899 – 12 April 1968) was a German engineer who led the Volkswagen company as it was rebuilt after World War II.

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Hemmings Motor News

Hemmings Motor News is a monthly magazine catering to traders and collectors of antique, classic, and exotic sports cars.

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Herbert Hoover

Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression.

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Herbie

Herbie the Love Bug is a fictional sentient anthropomorphic 1963 Volkswagen Beetle, a character that is featured in several Walt Disney motion pictures starting with the 1968 feature film The Love Bug.

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Hindustan Times

Hindustan Times is an Indian English-language daily newspaper founded in 1924 with roots in the Indian independence movement of the period ("Hindustan" being a historical name for India).

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Honda

is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, aircraft, motorcycles, and power equipment.

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Honda Civic

The is a line of cars manufactured by Honda.

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Honda N360

The Honda N360 is a small front-engine, front-wheel drive, two-passenger two-box automobile manufactured and marketed by Honda from March 1967 through 1970 in compliance with Japan's kei car regulations.

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Hotel Kaiserhof (Berlin)

Hotel Kaiserhof was a luxury hotel in Wilhelmplatz, Berlin, Germany.

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Ingolstadt

Ingolstadt (Austro-Bavarian) is a city in the Free State of Bavaria, in the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Internal combustion engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

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Irish Independent

The Irish Independent is Ireland's largest-selling daily newspaper, published by Independent News & Media (INM).

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Ivan Hirst

Major Ivan Hirst (1 March 1916 – 10 March 2000), was a British Army officer and engineer who was instrumental in reviving Volkswagen from a single factory in Wolfsburg, Germany, into a major postwar automotive manufacturer.

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Jakarta

Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia.

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JCT600

JCT600 Ltd is a privately owned franchise motor firm that operates primarily in the north of England, with 50 dealerships between Boston and Newcastle.

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John Tjaarda

Johan "Jan" Tjaarda (1897–1962), later known as John Tjaarda van Sterkenburg, was a Dutch-born product and automotive designer and stylist in the United States.

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José Alfredo Jiménez

José Alfredo Jiménez-Sandoval (19 January 1926 – 23 November 1973) was a Mexican singer-songwriter of rancheras, whose songs are considered an integral part of Mexico's musical heritage.

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Josef Ganz

Dipl.-Ing.

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Karl Rabe

Karl Rabe (29 October 1895, Pottendorf, Austria - 28 October 1968) was an automobile designer and was the Chief Designer at Porsche.

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Karmann

Wilhelm Karmann GmbH, known commonly as Karmann, in Osnabrück, Germany, was until its 2009 bankruptcy the largest independent motor vehicle manufacturing company in Germany.

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Kent

Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties.

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Knock-down kit

A knock-down kit is a kit containing the parts needed to assemble a product.

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Lagos

Lagos is a city in the Nigerian state of Lagos.

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Leaf spring

A leaf spring is a simple form of spring commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles.

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Leopard security vehicle

The Leopard Security Vehicle is an unusual land-mine protected APC used by the Rhodesian Government and civilian population during the 1964-1979 Rhodesian Bush War.

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Life (magazine)

Life was an American magazine that ran regularly from 1883 to 1972 and again from 1978 to 2000.

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List of automobile sales by model

This is a list of automobile sales by model.

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List of names for the Volkswagen Type 1

The Volkswagen Type 1 automobile, also known as the Volkswagen Beetle or Bug, is known colloquially by various names in different countries, usually local renderings of the word "beetle".

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Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen, Neddersassen) is a German state (Land) situated in northwestern Germany.

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MacPherson strut

The MacPherson strut is a type of automotive suspension system that uses the top of a telescopic damper as the upper steering pivot.

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Manila

Manila (Maynilà, or), officially the City of Manila (Lungsod ng Maynilà), is the capital of the Philippines and the most densely populated city proper in the world.

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Manual transmission

A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, a standard transmission or colloquially in some countries (e.g. the United States) as a stick shift is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications.

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Mariachi

Mariachi is a musical expression that dates back to at least 18th century in Western Mexico.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Melbourne

Melbourne is the state capital of Victoria and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania.

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Meyers Manx

The Meyers Manx dune buggy is a small recreationally-oriented automobile, designed initially for desert racing by Californian engineer, artist, boat builder and surfer Bruce F. Meyers.

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Mini

The Mini is a small economy car produced by the English-based British Motor Corporation (BMC) and its successors from 1959 until 2000.

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Mitsubishi Minica

The Mitsubishi Minica is a kei car produced by Mitsubishi Motors for the Japanese domestic market from 1962 to 2011.

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Model village

A model village is a type of mostly self-contained community, built from the late 18th century onwards by landowners and industrialists to house their workers.

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Morgenthau Plan

The Morgenthau Plan (Morgenthau-Plan) by the Allied occupation of Germany following World War II was a proposal to eliminate Germany's ability to wage war by eliminating its arms industry, and the removal or destruction of other key industries basic to military strength.

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Morris Minor

The Morris Minor is a British car that debuted at the Earls Court Motor Show, London, on 20 September 1948.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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Nazism

National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus), more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party – officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) – in Nazi Germany, and of other far-right groups with similar aims.

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Nürburgring

The Nürburgring is a 150,000 person capacity motorsports complex located in the town of Nürburg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

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New Mexico

New Mexico (Nuevo México, Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern Region of the United States of America.

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NSU Motorenwerke

NSU Motorenwerke AG, or NSU, was a German manufacturer of automobiles, motorcycles and pedal cycles, founded in 1873.

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Oder–Neisse line

The Oder–Neisse line (granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej, Oder-Neiße-Grenze) is the international border between Germany and Poland.

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Off-road racing

Off-road racing is a form of racing consisting of specially-modified vehicles (including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and buggies) racing in off-road environments.

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Opel

Opel (Opel) is a German automobile manufacturer, subsidiary of French automaker Groupe PSA since August 2017.

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Opel Kadett

The Opel Kadett is a small family car produced by the German automobile manufacturer Opel from 1962 until 1991 (the Cabrio continued until 1993), when it was succeeded by Opel Astra.

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Open-wheel car

An open-wheel car (formula car, or often single-seater car in British English) is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat.

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Osnabrück

Osnabrück (Ossenbrügge; archaic Osnaburg) is a city in the federal state of Lower Saxony in north-west Germany.

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Paris Motor Show

The Paris Motor Show (Mondial de l'Automobile) is a biennial auto show in Paris.

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Pictogram

A pictogram, also called a pictogramme, pictograph, or simply picto, and in computer usage an icon, is an ideogram that conveys its meaning through its pictorial resemblance to a physical object.

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Pookie (vehicle)

The Pookie MRAP vehicle was created to deal with the constant mining of the roadways during the Rhodesian Bush War.

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Porsche 911

The Porsche 911 (pronounced Nine Eleven or in Neunelfer) is a two-door, 2+2 high performance rear-engined classic German sports car made since 1963 by Porsche AG of Stuttgart, Germany.

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Porsche 914

The Porsche 914 or VW-Porsche 914 is a mid-engined sports car designed manufactured and marketed collaboratively by Volkswagen and Porsche from 1969 to 1976.

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Porsche Type 12

The Porsche Type 12 or "Auto für Jedermann" (car for everybody) is a German automobile project produced in 1931.

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Puebla City

Puebla (Spanish: Puebla de Zaragoza), formally Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza and also known as Puebla de los Ángeles, is the seat of Puebla Municipality, the capital and largest city of the state of Puebla, and one of the five most important Spanish colonial cities in Mexico.

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Punch buggy

Punch buggy (also called punch bug, punch car, punch dub, piggy punch, slug bug, or beetle bug) is a car game generally played by children in which participants punch each other on the arm upon first sight of a Volkswagen Beetle while calling out "Punch buggy!" or "Slug bug!" in reference to the Beetle's nickname, the Bug.

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Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere.

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Quartz clock

A quartz clock is a clock that uses an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time.

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Radial engine

The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel.

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Random House

Random House is an American book publisher and the largest general-interest paperback publisher in the world.

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Rear-engine design

In automobile design, a rear-engine design layout places the engine at the rear of the vehicle.

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Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout

In automotive design, an RR, or Rear-engine, Rear-wheel-drive layout places both the engine and drive wheels at the rear of the vehicle.

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Reichsautobahn

The Reichsautobahn system was the beginning of the German autobahns under the Third Reich.

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Reichsmark

The Reichsmark (sign: ℛℳ) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 20 June 1948 in West Germany, where it was replaced with the Deutsche Mark, and until 23 June in East Germany when it was replaced by the East German mark.

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Renault

Groupe Renault is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899.

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Renault 5

The Renault 5 is a supermini produced by French automaker Renault.

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Rhodesian Bush War

The Rhodesian Bush War—also known as the Second Chimurenga or the Zimbabwe War of Liberation—was a civil war that took place from July 1964 to December 1979 in the unrecognised country of Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe-Rhodesia).

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Rometsch

Karosserie Friedrich Rometsch, a German metallurgical-coachbuilding company based in Berlin-Halensee, manufactured, modified, and repaired coaches, trailers, bodies and chassis.

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Sarajevo

Sarajevo (see names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its current administrative limits.

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Saxomat

Saxomat was a type of automatic clutch available as an option on Fiat 1800, Lancia Flaminia, Saab 93, Borgward Isabella, Goliath/Hansa 1100, Auto Union 1000, Ford Taunus, Trabant, other than some models from BMW, Opel, Steyr-Puch, NSU, Glas, Wartburg and Volkswagen.

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São Bernardo do Campo

São Bernardo do Campo is a Brazilian municipality in the state of São Paulo.

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Schrader valve

The Schrader valve (also called American valve) is a type of pneumatic tire valve used on virtually every motor vehicle in the world today.

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SCORE Class 11

SCORE Class 11 is a stock production Volkswagen sedan class that competes in the SCORE off-road race series, including the Baja 1000, Baja 500, Baja Sur 500, San Felipe 250 and the SCORE Desert Challenge.

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SCORE Class 5

SCORE Class 5 is open wheel unlimited Baja Bug class that competes in the SCORE off-road race series races including the Baja 1000, Baja 500, San Felipe 250, Baja Sur 500 and the SCORE Desert Challenge.

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SCORE Class 5-1600

SCORE Class 5-1600 is open wheel limited Baja Bug class that competes in the SCORE off-road race series races including the Baja 1000, Baja 500, Baja Sur 500, San Felipe 250, and the SCORE Desert Challenge.

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Sedan (automobile)

A sedan (American, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand English) or saloon (British, Irish and Indian English) is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A, B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine, passenger and cargo.

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Semi-automatic transmission

A semi-automatic transmission (also known as a clutch-less manual transmission, auto-manual, automated manual transmission, trigger shift, flappy-paddle gear shift, Manumatic, Tiptronic, Touchshift, Geartronic, Sportronic or paddle-shift gearbox) is an automobile transmission that combines manual transmission and automatic transmission.

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Shah Alam

Shah Alam is a city and the state capital of Selangor, Malaysia and situated within the Petaling District and a small portion of the neighbouring Klang District.

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Sheffield

Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England.

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Shelbourne Road

Shelbourne is not a formally recognised district of Dublin, Ireland, but the name is sometimes informally as a moniker for the area around Shelbourne Road within Ballsbridge, in the south east part of Dublin city.

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Shock absorber

A shock absorber (in reality, a shock "damper") is a mechanical or hydraulic device designed to absorb and damp shock impulses.

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Sleeve valve

The sleeve valve is a type of valve mechanism for piston engines, distinct from the usual poppet valve.

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Solex

Solex is a French manufacturer of carburetors and the powered bicycle VéloSoleX.

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Standard Superior

Standard Superior was an automobile, produced from 1933 to 1935 by Standard Fahrzeugfabrik of Ludwigsburg, Germany, founded by motorcycle maker Wilhelm Gutbrod and unrelated to the Standard Motor Company of England.

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Steering damper

A steering damper, or steering stabiliser is a damping device designed to inhibit an undesirable, uncontrolled movement or oscillation of a vehicle steering mechanism, a phenomenon known in motorcycling as wobble.

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Stern (magazine)

Stern (German for "Star") is a weekly news magazine published in Hamburg, Germany, by Gruner + Jahr, a subsidiary of Bertelsmann.

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Steyr 50

The Steyr 50 is a small car released in 1936 by the Austrian automobile manufacturer Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG.

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Strength Through Joy

Kraft durch Freude (German for Strength through Joy, abbreviated KdF) was a large state-operated leisure organization in Nazi Germany.

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Studebaker-Packard Corporation

The Studebaker-Packard Corporation was the entity created by the purchase of the Studebaker Corporation of South Bend, Indiana, by the Packard Motor Car Company of Detroit, Michigan, in 1954.

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Stuttgart

Stuttgart (Swabian: italics,; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

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Subaru 360

The Subaru 360 is a rear-engined, two-door city car manufactured and marketed from 1958 to 1971 by Subaru.

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Subcompact car

A subcompact car is the American term for an automobile with a class size smaller than a compact car usually not exceeding in length, but larger than a microcar.

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Sunday Tribune

The Sunday Tribune was an Irish Sunday broadsheet newspaper published by Tribune Newspapers plc.

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Supermini

Supermini (also called B-segment across Europe) is a class of car larger than a city car but smaller than a small family car.

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Suzuki Fronte

The Suzuki Fronte (スズキ・フロンテ) is an automobile that was first introduced in March 1962 as a sedan version of the Suzulight Van.

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Swing axle

A swing axle is a simple type of independent (rear wheel) suspension designed and patented by Edmund Rumpler in 1903.

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Tatra (company)

Tatra is a Czech vehicle manufacturer in Kopřivnice.

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Tatra 77

The Czechoslovakian Tatra 77 (T77) is the first serial-produced, truly aerodynamically-designed automobile.

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Tatra 87

The Tatra 87 was a car built by Czechoslovak manufacturer Tatra.

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Tatra 97

The Type 97 is a Czechoslovak mid-size car built by Tatra in Kopřivnice, Moravia from 1936 to 1939.

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Tatra V570

The Tatra V570 was a prototype early 1930s car developed by a team led by Hans Ledwinka and Paul Jaray.

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TI Media

TI Media (formerly International Publishing Corporation, IPC Media and Time Inc. UK), on the IPC Media website is a consumer magazine and digital publisher in the United Kingdom, with a large portfolio selling over 350 million copies each year.

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Tony Fall

Richard Anthony Fall (23 March 1940 – 1 December 2007) was a British rally driver.

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Torque converter

A torque converter is a type of fluid coupling which transfers rotating power from a prime mover, like an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load.

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Torsion bar suspension

A front VW Beetle suspension cross-section A torsion bar suspension, also known as a torsion spring suspension (not to be confused with a torsion beam rear suspension), is a general term for any vehicle suspension that uses a torsion bar as its main weight-bearing spring.

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Toyota Corona

The Toyota Corona (トヨタ・コロナ) was an automobile manufactured by the Japanese automaker Toyota between 1957 and 2002.

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Trabant

The Trabant is an automobile which was produced from 1957 to 1990 by former East German car manufacturer VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau. Although it is often seen as symbolic of the defunct East Germany and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in general, it was a sought-after car in East Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall. The Trabant had a hard plastic body mounted on a one-piece steel chassis (a so-called unibody or monocoque), front-wheel drive, a transverse engine, and independent suspension unusual features at that time. Called "a spark plug with a roof", 3,096,999 Trabants in a number of models were produced over nearly three decades with few significant changes in their basic design. Older models became popular with collectors in the United States due to their low cost and fewer restrictions on the importation of antique cars. The Trabant also gained a following among car tuning and rally racing enthusiasts.

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Trailing-arm suspension

A trailing-arm suspension, sometimes referred as trailing-link is a vehicle suspension design in which one or more arms (or "links") are connected between (and perpendicular to and forward of) the axle and a pivot point (located on the chassis of a motor vehicle).

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Trans-Am Series

The 'Trans-Am Series' is an automobile racing series held in North America.

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Transaxle

A transaxle is a major automotive mechanical component that combines the functionality of the transmission, axle, and differential into one integrated assembly.

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Uitenhage

Uitenhage is a South African town in the Eastern Cape Province.

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V8 engine

A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets (or banks) of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft.

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Valencia, Carabobo

Valencia is the capital city of Carabobo State, and the third largest city in Venezuela.

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Volksempfänger

The Volksempfänger ("people's receiver") was a range of radio receivers developed by engineer Otto Griessing at the request of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.

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Volksrod

Volksrods are modified Volkswagen beetles.

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Volkswagen

Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on 28 May 1937 by the German Labour Front under Adolf Hitler and headquartered in Wolfsburg.

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Volkswagen advertising

In 1949, William Bernbach, along with colleagues, Ned Doyle and Maxwell Dane, formed Doyle Dane Bernbach (DDB), the Manhattan advertising agency that would create the revolutionary Volkswagen ad campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s.

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Volkswagen air-cooled engine

The Volkswagen air-cooled engine is an air-cooled boxer engine with four horizontally opposed cast-iron cylinders, cast aluminum alloy cylinder heads and pistons, magnesium crankcase, and forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods.

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Volkswagen Beetle (A5)

The Volkswagen Beetle (also sold as the Volkswagen Coccinelle, Volkswagen Maggiolino, Volkswagen Fusca in some countries) is a compact car manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen introduced in 2011 for the 2012 model year, as the successor to the New Beetle launched in 1997.

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Volkswagen Country Buggy

The Volkswagen Country Buggy is a small utility vehicle designed and built by Volkswagen in Australia.

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Volkswagen do Brasil

Volkswagen do Brasil Ltda. is a subsidiary arm of Volkswagen Group, established in 1953 with local assembly of the Volkswagen Type 1 from parts imported from Germany.

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Volkswagen Fox

The Volkswagen Fox is a city car produced and designed by Volkswagen of Brazil and sold in Latin America since 2003 and Europe from 2005 to 2011.

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Volkswagen Gol

The Volkswagen Gol is a subcompact car that has been manufactured by Volkswagen do Brasil since 1980 as Volkswagen's entry-level car in the Latin American market—where it succeeded the Volkswagen Type 1 (Fusca) and the VW Brasilia.

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Volkswagen Golf

The Volkswagen Golf is a compact car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1974, marketed worldwide across seven generations, in various body configurations and under various nameplates – such as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada (Mk1 and Mk5), and as the Volkswagen Caribe in Mexico (Mk1).

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Volkswagen Golf Mk4

The Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (or VW Type 1J) is a compact car, the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk3. Launched in October 1997, it was the best selling car in Europe in 2001 (though it slipped to second place, behind the Peugeot 206, in 2002). The Mk4 was a deliberate attempt to take the Volkswagen Golf series further upmarket, with a high-quality interior and higher equipment levels. It was replaced in 2004 by the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 in European Markets. However, manufacturing continued in South America, Mexico and China for developing markets until 2010. The Mk4 was sold in Japan, but starting with this generation and subsequent generations, it no longer complied with Japanese Government dimension regulations which affected sales, imposing an annual tax on Japanese consumers for owning a vehicle that exceeded the maximum width limit.

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Volkswagen K70

The Volkswagen K70 is a four-door, front engine, front wheel drive sedan developed by NSU and marketed from 1970–1975 by Volkswagen — after its 1969 acquisition of NSU.

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Volkswagen Karmann Ghia

The Volkswagen Karmann Ghia is a 2+2 developed for and sold by German automaker Volkswagen between 1955 and 1974.

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Volkswagen Kübelwagen

The Volkswagen Kübelwagen (literally, "Tub" car, previously mostly used for rail, industrial or agricultural hopper cars) was a light military vehicle designed by Ferdinand Porsche and built by Volkswagen during World War II for use by the German military (both Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS).

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Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen

The VW Typ 87, also known as the Kommandeurswagen, was a World War II, all-wheel-drive version of the Volkswagen Beetle.

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Volkswagen New Beetle

The Volkswagen New Beetle is a compact car, introduced by Volkswagen in 1997, drawing heavy inspiration from the exterior design of the original Beetle.

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Volkswagen Passat

The Volkswagen Passat is a large family car manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen since 1973, and now in its eighth generation.

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Volkswagen Polo

The Volkswagen Polo is a car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1975.

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Volkswagen Schwimmwagen

The VW Type 128 and 166 Schwimmwagen (literally Floating/Swimming Car) were amphibious four-wheel drive off-roaders, used extensively by German ground forces during the Second World War.

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Volkswagen Touareg

The Volkswagen Touareg (German pronunciation) is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV produced by German automaker Volkswagen since 2002 at the Volkswagen Bratislava Plant.

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Volkswagen Type 14A (Hebmüller Cabriolet)

The Volkswagen Type 14A (commonly known as the Hebmüller Cabriolet or simply Heb)VW Trends, 10/85, p. 41.

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Volkswagen Type 18A

Volkswagen Type 18A was a German automobile specially made for the German police that started production in 1949.

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Volkswagen Type 2

The Volkswagen Type 2, known officially (depending on body type) as the Transporter, Kombi or Microbus, or, informally, as the Bus (US) or Camper (UK), is a forward control panel van introduced in 1950 by the German automaker Volkswagen as its second car model.

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Volkswagen Type 3

The Volkswagen Type 3 is a compact car that was manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen from 1961 to 1973.

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Volkswagen Type 4

The Volkswagen Type 4 is a mid-sized car manufactured and marketed by Volkswagen of Germany from 1968 to 1974 in two-door and four-door sedan as well as two-door station wagon body styles.

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Walton-on-Thames

Walton-on-Thames is a large affluent market town located on the River Thames in the Elmbridge borough of Surrey, England.

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Water cooling

Water cooling is a method of heat removal from components and industrial equipment.

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Wheelie

In vehicle acrobatics, a wheelie, or wheelstand, is a vehicle maneuver in which the front wheel or wheels come off the ground due to sufficient torque being applied to the rear wheel or wheels, or rider motion relative to the vehicle.

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Whitewall tire

Whitewall tires or white sidewall (WSW) tires are tires having a stripe or entire sidewall of white rubber.

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Windscreen wiper

A windscreen wiper or windshield wiper (American English) is a device used to remove rain, snow, ice and debris from a windscreen or windshield.

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Wolfsburg

Wolfsburg is the fifth largest city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

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Wood gas generator

A wood gas generator is a gasification unit which converts timber or charcoal into wood gas, a syngas consisting of atmospheric nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, traces of methane, and other gases, which - after cooling and filtering - can then be used to power an internal combustion engine or for other purposes.

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World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

The World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations is a working party (WP.29) of the Sustainable Transport Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Yanase (car dealership)

is a retailer of new European and North American vehicles and used cars in Japan.

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Zündapp

Zündapp (a.k.a. Zuendapp) was a major German motorcycle manufacturer founded in 1917 in Nuremberg by Fritz Neumeyer, together with the Friedrich Krupp AG and the machine tool manufacturer Thiel under the name "Zünder- und Apparatebau G.m.b.H." as a producer of detonators (Zünder- und Apparatebau is German for Igniter and Apparatus).

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1962 Armstrong 500

The 1962 Armstrong 500 was an endurance race for Australian built production cars.

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1963 Armstrong 500

The 1963 Armstrong 500 was the fourth running of the Armstrong 500 touring car race.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle

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