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69 relations: Acetyl group, Activator (genetics), Allolactose, Allosteric regulation, Bacillus subtilis, Beta-galactosidase, Beta-galactoside permease, CAMP receptor protein, Catabolism, Catabolite activator protein, Catabolite repression, Cell (biology), Cell biology, Cell growth, Cistron, Complementation (genetics), Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Diauxie, Disaccharide, DNA-binding protein, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Formazan, François Jacob, Galactose, Galactoside, Galactoside acetyltransferase, GenBank, Glucose, Gut flora, Hydrolysis, In vitro, In vivo, Isomer, Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside, Jacques Monod, Journal of Molecular Biology, Lac repressor, Lactose, Lysogeny broth, MacConkey agar, Messenger RNA, Metabolism, Microorganism, Molecular biology, Nitrophenol, Operator (biology), Operon, Ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside, PEP group translocation, ..., Phenyl-D-galactopyranoside, Phosphoenolpyruvic acid, Prokaryote, Promoter (genetics), Regulation of gene expression, Regulator gene, Reporter gene, Richard H. Ebright, RNA polymerase, Shine-Dalgarno sequence, Structural gene, Substrate (chemistry), Symporter, Terminator (genetics), Translation (biology), Two-hybrid screening, Upstream and downstream (DNA), World War II, X-gal. Expand index (19 more) »
Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a moiety, the acyl with chemical formula CH3CO.
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Activator (genetics)
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes.
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Allolactose
Allolactose is a disaccharide similar to lactose.
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Allosteric regulation
In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site.
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Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium, found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.
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Beta-galactosidase
β-galactosidase, also called lactase, beta-gal or β-gal, is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides through the breaking of a glycosidic bond.
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Beta-galactoside permease
Galactoside permease is a protein coded for by the lacY gene of the ''lac'' operon, and is found bound to the membrane of a cell for the purpose of binding galactoside molecules that have been solubilized.
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CAMP receptor protein
cAMP receptor protein (CRP; also known as catabolite activator protein, CAP) is a regulatory protein in bacteria.
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Catabolism
Catabolism (from Greek κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
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Catabolite activator protein
Catabolite activator protein (CAP; also known as cAMP receptor protein, CRP) is a trans-acting transcriptional activator that exists as a homodimer in solution.
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Catabolite repression
Carbon catabolite repression, or simply catabolite repression, is an important part of global control system of various bacteria and other micro-organisms.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell biology
Cell biology (also called cytology, from the Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of the cell, the basic unit of life.
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Cell growth
The term cell growth is used in the contexts of biological cell development and cell division (reproduction).
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Cistron
A cistron is an alternative term to a gene.
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Complementation (genetics)
In genetics, complementation occurs when two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same mutant phenotype (for example, a change in wing structure in flies) produce offspring with the wild-type phenotype when mated or crossed.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.
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Diauxie
Diauxie is a Greek word coined by Jacques Monod to mean two growth phases.
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Disaccharide
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or bivose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage.
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DNA-binding protein
DNA-binding proteins are proteins that have DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Formazan
Formazan dyes are artificial chromogenic products of the reduction of tetrazolium salts by dehydrogenases and reductases.
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François Jacob
François Jacob (17 June 1920 – 19 April 2013) was a French biologist who, together with Jacques Monod, originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells occurs through regulation of transcription.
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Galactose
Galactose (galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 30% as sweet as sucrose.
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Galactoside
A galactoside is a glycoside containing galactose.
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Galactoside acetyltransferase
Galactoside acetyltransferase (also known as Galactoside O-acetyltransferase, thiogalactoside transacetylase and GAT) is an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to galactosides, glucosides and lactosides.
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GenBank
The GenBank sequence database is an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations.
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Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
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Gut flora
Gut flora, or gut microbiota, or gastrointestinal microbiota, is the complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals, including insects.
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Isomer
An isomer (from Greek ἰσομερής, isomerès; isos.
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Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent.
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Jacques Monod
Jacques Lucien Monod (February 9, 1910 – May 31, 1976), a French biochemist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965, sharing it with François Jacob and Andre Lwoff "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis".
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Journal of Molecular Biology
The Journal of Molecular Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published weekly by Elsevier.
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Lac repressor
The lac repressor is a DNA-binding protein which inhibits the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacteria.
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Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide.
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Lysogeny broth
Lysogeny broth (LB), a nutritionally rich medium, is primarily used for the growth of bacteria.
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MacConkey agar
MacConkey agar is an indicator, a selective and differential culture medium for bacteria designed to selectively isolate Gram-negative and enteric (normally found in the intestinal tract) bacilli and differentiate them based on lactose fermentation.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology which concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.
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Nitrophenol
Nitrophenols consist of a phenol molecule with one or more nitro-groups attached to the aromatic ring.
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Operator (biology)
In genetics, an operator is a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it.
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Operon
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter.
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Ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside
ortho-Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG) is a colorimetric and spectrophotometric substrate for detection of β-galactosidase activity.
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PEP group translocation
PEP group translocation, also known as the phosphotransferase system or PTS, is a distinct method used by bacteria for sugar uptake where the source of energy is from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
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Phenyl-D-galactopyranoside
Phenyl-D-galactopyranoside is a substituted galactoside.
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Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
Phosphoenolpyruvate (2-phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP) as the ester derived from the enol of pyruvate and phosphate.
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Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA), and is informally termed gene regulation.
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Regulator gene
A regulator gene, regulator, or regulatory gene is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes.
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Reporter gene
In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants.
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Richard H. Ebright
Richard High Ebright is an American molecular biologist.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) Sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG.
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Structural gene
A structural gene is a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor (i.e. regulatory protein).
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Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product.
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Symporter
A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of many differing types of molecules across the cell membrane.
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Terminator (genetics)
In genetics, a transcription terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Two-hybrid screening
Two-hybrid screening (originally known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein–DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively.
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Upstream and downstream (DNA)
In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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X-gal
X-gal (also abbreviated BCIG for 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) is an organic compound consisting of galactose linked to a substituted indole.
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Redirects here:
I Gene, Jacob-Monod model, Lac A, Lac I, Lac Operon, Lac Y, Lac Z, Lac operator, Lac promoter, Lac-Operon, Lac-operon, LacA, LacI gene, LacZ, Lactose operon, Lacz.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_operon
