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Lesser Poland

Index Lesser Poland

Lesser Poland (Polish: Małopolska, Latin: Polonia Minor) is a historical region (dzielnica) of Poland; its capital is the city of Kraków. [1]

846 relations: A4 autostrada (Poland), Administrative division of Congress Poland, Adolf Hitler, AGH University of Science and Technology, Agnieszka Radwańska, Agricultural University of Kraków, Aleksander Świętochowski, Alwernia, Andrychów, Andrzej Czuma, Andrzej Gwiazda, Anna Dymna, Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946), Archbishop of Kraków, Aristocracy, Armia Ludowa, Army Group South, Artur Boruc, Auschwitz concentration camp, Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, Austrian Empire, Austro-Polish War, AZS Częstochowa, Ćmielów, Łaskarzew, Łaski's Statute, Łódź, Łódź Army, Łódź Voivodeship, Łącko, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Łęczna, Łęczyca, Łukasz Górnicki, Łuków, Łysa Góra, Łysica, Świętokrzyski National Park, Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Świdnik, Żegiestów, Żelechów, Żywiec, Żywiec Brewery, Żywiec Lake, Babia Góra, Babia Góra National Park, Babice, Chrzanów County, Bagel, Baidar, ..., Bank BPH, Bar Confederation, Baranów Sandomierski, Baranów Sandomierski Castle, Barwinek, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Basia, Bataliony Chłopskie, Battle of Chmielnik, Battle of Galicia, Battle of Gołąb, Battle of Jordanów, Battle of Kliszów, Battle of Kuryłówka, Battle of Mokra, Battle of Racławice, Battle of Radom, Battle of Studzianki, Battle of Szczekociny, Battle of the Border, Battle of the Vistula River, Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski, Battle of Węgierska Górka, Battle of Wojnicz, Będzin, Będzin Castle, Będzin County, Beskids, Biała (Vistula), Białobrzegi, Biłgoraj, Biecz, Biecz County, Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko-Biała Museum and Castle, BKS Stal Bielsko-Biała, Blachownia, Black Sea, Blast furnace, Bloomery, Bobolice, Bobolice Castle, Bochnia, Bochnia Salt Mine, Bodzentyn, Bogdanka Coal Mine, Bohemia, Bolesław Bierut, Bolesław III Wrymouth, Bolesław IV the Curly, Bolesław V the Chaste, BP, Bracław Voivodeship, Brest Bible, Bretislav I, Browary Lubelskie, Bryndza Podhalańska, Brynica, Brzostek, Brzozów, Bublik, Budka Suflera, Bug River, Bukowno, 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Offensive, Gorzyce, Tarnobrzeg County, Gothic architecture, Gothic Revival architecture, Governor-general, Governorate (Russia), Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Great Moravia, Great Northern War, Great Retreat, Greater Poland, Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie railway, Grudziądz, Grybów, Grzegorz Turnau, Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Handball, Hans Frank, Helena Modjeska, Henry III of France, Henry of Sandomierz, Henryk Dobrzański, Henryk Wieniawski, Hieronim Dekutowski, Hilary Minc, History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, History of the Jews in Poland, Holy Cross Mountains Brigade, Holy Cross Sermons, Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice, Home Army, House of Sobieski, Hrebenne, Tomaszów Lubelski County, Hrubieszów–Sławków Południowy LHS railway, Huta Stalowa Wola, Hutnik Nowa Huta, Iłża, Ice hockey, Ignacy Daszyński, Inka (drink), International E-road network, Invasion of Poland, Ivan Vyhovsky, Jacek Malczewski, Jadwiga Jędrzejowska, Jadwiga of Poland, Jagiellonian dynasty, Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Jakub Błaszczykowski, Jakub Szela, Jan Długosz University, Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz, Jan Kiepura, Jan Kochanowski, Jan Kochanowski University, Jan Miodek, Jan Piwnik, Jan Sztaudynger, Jan z Lublina, Janów Lubelski, Janina Coal Mine, January Uprising, Jasło, Jasna Góra Monastery, Jaworzno, Jaworzno Power Station, Józef Łuszczek, Józef Cyrankiewicz, Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Józef Franczak, Józef Haller, Józef Kuraś, Józef Mehoffer, Józef Oleksy, Józef Piłsudski, Józef Szujski, Jerzy Mniszech, Jerzy Stuhr, Jerzy Turowicz, Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków, Johannes Crellius, John I Albert, John II Casimir Vasa, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice, Juliusz Kossak, June 1976 protests, Justyna Kowalczyk, Justyna Steczkowska, Kalwaria Zebrzydowska Lanckorona railway station, Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park, Kamienna (river), Karpaty Army, Katowice International Airport, Katowice 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Krosno, Krynica-Zdrój, Krzepice, Krzeszów, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Krzeszowice, Krzyżtopór, Krzysztof Penderecki, KS Cracovia (football), Książ County, Książ Wielki, Kutno, Kuyavia, Lajkonik, Lake Czorsztyn, Lake Dobczyce, Lake Rożnów, Lanckorona, Lasowiacy, Latin, Leżajsk, Lelów, Lelów County, Lendians, Leon Schiller, Leon Wyczółkowski, Leopold Okulicki, Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Lesser Polish dialect, Lesser Polish Way, Leszek II the Black, Leszek the White, Libiąż, Lipnica Murowana, Lipsko, List of Bohemian monarchs, List of industrial regions, List of Polish monarchs, Lithuanians, Liwiec, Louis I of Hungary, Lublin, Lublin 1980 strikes, Lublin Army, Lublin Castle, Lublin Ghetto, Lublin Governorate, Lublin Reservation, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin Upland, Lublin Voivodeship, Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795), Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939), Lubomirski, Lviv, Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive, Lwów Voivodeship, Maanam, Małogoszcz, 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against the Polish nation, Nazi Germany, New Silesia, Nida (river), Niedomice, Niedzica Castle, Niepołomice, Nihil novi, Nisko, NKVD, Nobility, Norman Davies, November Uprising, Nowa Huta, Nowy Korczyn, Nowy Sącz, Nowy Targ, Nowy Wiśnicz, Oświęcim, Ożarów, Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), Oder, Ogrodzieniec, Ojców, Ojców National Park, Okocim Brewery, Old Prussians, Old-Polish Industrial Region, Olkusz, Olsztyn, Silesian Voivodeship, Opatów, Open-air museum, Operation Tempest, Opoczno, Opole, Opole Lubelskie, Oscypek, Ossoliński, Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Pacanów, Pact of Vilnius and Radom, Pajęczno, Parczew, Partitions of Poland, Paweł Korzeniowski, Pedagogical University of Kraków, Piaski Coal Mine, Pińczów, Pieniny, Pieniny National Park (Poland), Pieskowa Skała, Pilica (river), Pilsko, Pilzno, Pilzno County, Piotr Gruszka, Piotr Michałowski, Piotrków Governorate, Piwniczna-Zdrój, Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy, Połaniec, Połaniec Power Station, Podhale, Podhale Nowy Targ, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Podlachia, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Podolia, Poland, Polesie National Park, Polish Air Force Academy, Polish Aviation Museum, Polish Brethren, Polish Committee of National Liberation, Polish Cup, Polish Golden Age, Polish Legions in World War I, Polish legislative election, 1919, Polish Liquidation Committee, Polish Rifle Squads, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18), Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21), Polish–Soviet War, Polish–Swedish union, Polish–Swedish War (1626–29), Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21), Polityka, Polska Grupa Energetyczna, Pomerania, Poniatowski, Pontifical University of John Paul II, Pope John Paul II, Positivism in Poland, Potocki, Powiat, Poznań, Privilege of Koszyce, Proszowice, Province of Upper Silesia, Prusy Army, Przedbórz, Przemsza, Przemyśl, Przemysł I of Greater Poland, Przypkowscy Clock Museum, Przysucha, Pszczyna, Puławy, Public execution in Dębica, Pyrzowice, PZL Mielec, PZL-Świdnik, Raba (river), Rabka-Zdrój, 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Szczawnica, Szczebrzeszyn, Szczyrzyc, Szczyrzyc County, Szlachta, Szydłów, Szydłowiec, Tadeusz Kantor, Tadeusz Kościuszko, Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology, Tadeusz Kutrzeba, Tadeusz Peiper, Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks, Tarnów, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnopol Voivodeship, Tarnowski family, Tarnowskie Góry, Tarnowskie Góry County, Tatra Mountains, Tatra National Park, Poland, Temple of the Sibyl, Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth, TH Unia Oświęcim, The Championships, Wimbledon, The Holocaust in Poland, Third Mongol invasion of Poland, Tomasz Adamek, Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Toszek, Trail of the Eagle's Nests, Transylvania, Treaty of Kraków, Treaty of Lubowla, Treaty of Radnot, Treaty of Schönbrunn, Trzebinia, Tuchów, Tunel railway station, Turbacz, Tymbark, Tytus Chałubiński, Ukraine, UNESCO, Unia Tarnów, Union of Horodło, Union of Krewo, Union of Lublin, University of Bielsko-Biała, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, University of Lviv, University of Warsaw, Upper Silesia, Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Urbanization, Urzędów, Urzędów County, Valentinus Smalcius, Vistula, Vistula River Gorge of Lesser Poland, Vistula–Oder Offensive, Vistulans, Vive Targi Kielce, Voivodeship, Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeships of Poland (1975–98), Volhynia, Wadowice, Walddeutsche, War against Sigismund, War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II, War of the Polish Succession (1587–88), Warsaw, Warta, Wawel (company), Wawel Castle, Wawel Cathedral, Wódka Żołądkowa Gorzka, Wąchock, Władysław Belina-Prażmowski, Władysław I the Elbow-high, Władysław II Jagiełło, Władysław Orkan, Władysław Sikorski, Włókniarz Częstochowa, Włoszczowa, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, West Galicia, West Slavs, Wianki, Wiślica, Wiślica County, Wieliczka, Wieliczka Salt Mine, Wielka Krokiew, Wieprz, Wierzbica, Radom County, Wilamowice, Wincenty Pol, Wincenty Witos, Wisła Kraków, Wisłok, Wisłoka, Witold Gombrowicz, Wittenberg, Wojciech Jaruzelski, Wojkowice, Wojnicz, Wolbórz, Wolbrom, Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland, World Heritage site, Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu – National-Louis University, Wymysorys language, Wysowa-Zdrój, Xawery Dunikowski, Yotvingians, Young Poland, Zaduszniki, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Zagłębie Sosnowiec, Zakopane, Zakopower, Zamość, Zawichost, Zawiercie, Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal), Zbigniew Preisner, Zebrzydowski rebellion, Zinc, Zubrzyca Górna, Zwardoń, Zwoleń, Zygmunt Gloger, 1923 Kraków riot, 1934 flood in Poland, 1937 peasant strike in Poland, 1951 Mokotów Prison execution, 1968 Polish political crisis, 1982 demonstrations in Poland, 1988 Polish strikes. 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A4 autostrada (Poland)

The autostrada A4 in Poland is a long east-west motorway that runs through southern Poland, along the north side the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains, from the Polish-German border at Zgorzelec-Görlitz (connecting to the German A4 autobahn), bypassing Wrocław, Opole, Strzelce Opolskie, Gliwice, Katowice, Kraków, Tarnów, Dębica and Rzeszów to the Polish-Ukrainian border at Korczowa-Krakovets.

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Administrative division of Congress Poland

The administrative division of Congress Poland changed several times.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.

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AGH University of Science and Technology

AGH University of Science and Technology (Polish Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica) is a technical university in Poland, located in Kraków.

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Agnieszka Radwańska

Agnieszka Roma Radwańska (nicknamed Aga, born 6 March 1989) is a Polish professional tennis player.

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Agricultural University of Kraków

The Agricultural University of Kraków (Polish: Uniwersytet Rolniczy w Krakowie), located in Kraków, Poland, became an independent university by decree of the Council of Ministers as of 28 September 1972.

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Aleksander Świętochowski

Aleksander Świętochowski (pseudonyms Poseł Prawdy and others; 18 January 1849 – 25 April 1938) was a Polish writer, educator, and philosopher of the Positivist period that followed the January 1863 Uprising.

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Alwernia

Alwernia is a Polish town situated some west of Kraków in the Chrzanów district of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (before 1999 it formed part of the Kraków Voivodeship).

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Andrychów

Andrychów (list, list, hist. also Andrychau) is the largest town in Wadowice County in southern Poland, in Little Beskids, in historical region Lesser Poland, with 22,257 inhabitants.

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Andrzej Czuma

Andrzej Czuma (born 7 December 1938 in Lublin) is a Polish politician, lawyer and historian.

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Andrzej Gwiazda

Andrzej Gwiazda (born on 14 April 1935 in Pińczów) is an engineer and prominent opposition leader, who participated in Polish March 1968 Events and December 1970 Events; one of the founders of Free Trade Unions, Member of the Presiding Committee of the Strike at Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk in August 1980, Vice President of the Founding Committee of Solidarity, then Vice President of Solidarity in 1980 and 1981; in December 1981 interned and next imprisoned with six other Solidarność leaders (see Martial Law in Poland).

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Anna Dymna

Anna Dymna (née Dziadyk) (born July 20, 1951 in Legnica, Poland) is a Polish TV, film and theatre actress of armenian descent..

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Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1946)

The anti-communist resistance in Poland, also referred to as the Polish anti-Communist insurrection fought between 1944 and 1946 (and up until 1953), was an armed struggle by the Polish Underground against the Soviet takeover of Poland at the end of World War II in Europe.

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Archbishop of Kraków

The Archbishop of Kraków is the head of the archdiocese of Kraków.

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Aristocracy

Aristocracy (Greek ἀριστοκρατία aristokratía, from ἄριστος aristos "excellent", and κράτος kratos "power") is a form of government that places strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.

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Armia Ludowa

Armia Ludowa (AL, pronounced; English: the People's Army) was a communist partisan force set up by the communist Polish Workers' Party (PPR) during World War II.

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Army Group South

Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Süd) was the name of two German Army Groups during World War II.

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Artur Boruc

Artur Boruc (born 20 February 1980) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club AFC Bournemouth.

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Auschwitz concentration camp

Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II.

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Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum

The Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu (Teren Niemiecki zabrany Polsce) is a memorial and museum in Oświęcim (German: Auschwitz), Poland, which includes the Nazi concentration camps Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau. It is devoted to the memory of the victims who died at both camps during World War II. The museum performs several tasks, including Holocaust research.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Austro-Polish War

The Austro-Polish War or Polish-Austrian War was a part of the War of the Fifth Coalition in 1809 (a coalition of the Austrian Empire and the United Kingdom against Napoleon's French Empire and Bavaria).

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AZS Częstochowa

AZS Częstochowa is a Polish professional volleyball team, based in Częstochowa.

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Ćmielów

Ćmielów is a town in Ostrowiec County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, seat of Gmina Ćmielów.

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Łaskarzew

Łaskarzew is a town in Garwolin County (from Garwolin), Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,948 inhabitants (2004).

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Łaski's Statute

Łaski's Statute(s) (Statut(y) Łaskiego, Commune Incliti Poloniae regni privilegium constitutionum et indultuum publicitus decretorum approbatorumque), of 1505, was the first codification of law published in the Kingdom of Poland.

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Łódź

Łódź (לאדזש, Lodzh; also written as Lodz) is the third-largest city in Poland and an industrial hub.

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Łódź Army

Łódź Army (Armia Łódź) was one of the Polish armies that took part in the Invasion of Poland of 1939.

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Łódź Voivodeship

Łódź Voivodeship (also known as Łódź Province, or by its Polish name, województwo łódzkie) is a province (voivodeship) in central Poland.

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Łącko, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Łącko is a village in southern Poland situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999 (it was previously in Nowy Sącz Voivodeship from 1975-1998), famous from its apple orchards and traditional home-made slivovitz (Śliwowica Łącka).

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Łęczna

Łęczna is a town in eastern Poland with 19,780 inhabitants (2014), situated in Lublin Voivodeship.

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Łęczyca

Łęczyca (in full The Royal Town of Łęczyca; Królewskie Miasto Łęczyca; לונטשיץ) is a town of 14,362 inhabitants in central Poland.

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Łukasz Górnicki

Łukasz Ogończyk Górnicki (1527 in Oświęcim – 22 July 1603 in Lipniki by Tykocin), humanist of the Polish Renaissance, poet, political commentator, secretary and chancellor of Sigismund August of Poland.

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Łuków

Łuków is a city in eastern Poland with 30,727 inhabitants (as of January 1, 2005).

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Łysa Góra

Łysa Góra (Bald Mountain; also known as Łysiec or Święty Krzyż) is a well-known hill in Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Poland.

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Łysica

Łysica is the highest mountain in Świętokrzyskie Mountains of Poland.

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Świętokrzyski National Park

Świętokrzyski National Park (Świętokrzyski Park Narodowy) is a National Park in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in central Poland.

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Świętokrzyskie Mountains

The Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Góry Świętokrzyskie,, Holy Cross Mountains) are a mountain range in central Poland, near the city of Kielce.

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Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Świętokrzyskie Province, or Holy Cross Province (województwo świętokrzyskie) is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces) into which Poland is divided.

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Świdnik

Świdnik is a municipality in eastern Poland with 40,186 inhabitants (2012), situated in the Lublin Voivodeship, southeast of the city of Lublin.

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Żegiestów

Żegiestów (Жеґестів, Zhegestiv) is a spa village in the administrative district of Gmina Muszyna, within Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia.

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Żelechów

Żelechów (Yiddish זשעלעכאָוו) is a town in east Poland in Masovian Voivodeship in Garwolin County.

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Żywiec

Żywiec (Saybusch) is a town in south-central Poland with 32,242 inhabitants (as of November 2007).

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Żywiec Brewery

Żywiec Brewery is a brewery founded in 1856, in Żywiec, Poland, then part of Austria-Hungary.

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Żywiec Lake

Żywiec Lake (Polish: Jezioro Żywieckie) is a reservoir on the Soła river in southern Poland, near the town of Żywiec.

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Babia Góra

Babia Góra (in Polish), or Babia hora (in Slovak), literally Old Wives' or Witches' Mountain, is a massif situated on the border between Poland and Slovakia in the Western Beskidy Mountains.

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Babia Góra National Park

Babia Góra National Park (Babiogórski Park Narodowy) is one of the 23 national parks in Poland, located in the southern part of the country, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, on the border with Slovakia.

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Babice, Chrzanów County

Babice is a village in Chrzanów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Bagel

A bagel (בײגל; bajgiel), also spelled beigel, is a bread product originating in the Jewish communities of Poland.

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Baidar

Baidar was the second son of Chagatai Khan.

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Bank BPH

Bank BPH (Bank Przemysłowo-Handlowy) was a Polish universal bank.

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Bar Confederation

The Bar Confederation (Konfederacja barska; 1768–1772) was an association of Polish nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian influence and against King Stanisław II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy magnates.

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Baranów Sandomierski

Baranów Sandomierski is a small town in southern Poland, in the Subcarpathian Voivodship, Tarnobrzeg County on the Vistula River, with 1,440 inhabitants (02.06.2009).

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Baranów Sandomierski Castle

The Baranów Sandomerski Castle is a Mannerist castle located in the town of Baranów Sandomierski in the Subcarpathian Voivodship, south-eastern Poland.

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Barwinek, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Barwinek (Барвінок, Barvinok) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dukla, within Krosno County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia.

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Basia

Barbara Trzetrzelewska, known simply as Basia, (born 30 September 1954) is a Polish singer-songwriter and record producer.

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Bataliony Chłopskie

Bataliony Chłopskie (BCh, Polish Farmers' Battalions) was a Polish World War II resistance movement, guerrilla and partisan organisation.

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Battle of Chmielnik

The Battle of Chmielnik occurred on 18 March 1241 during the Mongol invasion of Poland.

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Battle of Galicia

The Battle of Galicia, also known as the Battle of Lemberg, was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I in 1914.

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Battle of Gołąb

The Battle of Gołąb was fought on either February 18 or 19, 1656 between forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Stefan Czarniecki on one side, and on the other Swedish Empire's army commanded by Charles X Gustav.

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Battle of Jordanów

The Battle of Jordanów took place on 1–3 September 1939, during the Invasion of Poland and the opening stages of World War II.

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Battle of Kliszów

The Battle of Kliszów (Klissow) (Klezow) took place on July 8 (Julian calendar) / July 9 (Swedish calendar) / July 19, 1702 (Gregorian calendar) near Kliszów, Poland-Lithuania, during the Great Northern War.

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Battle of Kuryłówka

The Battle of Kuryłówka, fought between the Polish anti-communist resistance organization, National Military Alliance (NZW) and the Soviet Union's NKVD units, took place on May 7, 1945, in the village of Kuryłówka, southeastern Poland.

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Battle of Mokra

The Battle of Mokra took place on September 1, 1939 near the village of Mokra, 5 km north from Kłobuck, 23 km north-west from Częstochowa, Poland.

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Battle of Racławice

The Battle of Racławice was one of the first battles of the Polish Kościuszko Uprising against Russia.

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Battle of Radom

The Battle of Radom, also known as the Battle of Iłża, was part of the Invasion of Poland during the Second World War.

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Battle of Studzianki

The Battle of Studzianki was a tactical engagement between elements of the Soviet Red Army's 2nd Guards Tank Army employed as a cavalry mechanized group of the 1st Belorussian Front, and elements of the German 9th Army of the Army Group North Ukraine defending the area south of Warsaw.

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Battle of Szczekociny

The Battle of Szczekociny was fought on 6 June 1794 near the town of Szczekociny, Lesser Poland, between Poland and the combined forces of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia.

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Battle of the Border

The Battle of the Border (Bitwa graniczna) refers to the battles that occurred in the first daysThe Battle of the Border began on 1 September, but sources vary with their assignment of an end date for this phase of the campaign.

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Battle of the Vistula River

The Battle of the Vistula River, also known as the Battle of Warsaw, was a Russian victory against the German Empire and Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front during the First World War.

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Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski

The Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski took place from 18 September to 20 September 1939 near the town of Tomaszów Lubelski.

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Battle of Węgierska Górka

The Battle of Węgierska Górka was a two-day-long defence of a Polish fortified area in south of Silesia during the opening stages of the Invasion of Poland of 1939.

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Battle of Wojnicz

The Battle of Wojnicz was fought on October 3, 1655 between forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth commanded by Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński and Great Crown Hetman Stanisław Rewera Potocki on one side, and on the other Swedish forces commanded by Charles X Gustav.

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Będzin

Będzin (also Bendzin; Bendzin, בענדין Bendin) is a city in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, southern Poland.

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Będzin Castle

The Będzin Castle is a castle in Będzin (pronounced) in southern Poland.

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Będzin County

Będzin County (powiat będziński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Beskids

The Beskids or Beskid Mountains (Beskidy, Czech and Beskydy, Rusyn: Бескиды (Beskidy), Бескиди (Beskydy)) is a traditional name for a series of mountain ranges in the Carpathians, stretching from the Czech Republic in the west along the border of Poland with Slovakia up to Ukraine in the east.

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Biała (Vistula)

Biała (Bialka) is a river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula, around long.

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Białobrzegi

Białobrzegi is a town in Poland, in Masovian Voivodeship, about south of Warsaw.

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Biłgoraj

Biłgoraj (בילגאריי, Bilgoray, Білґорай) is a town in south-eastern Poland with about 27,100 inhabitants (2014).

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Biecz

Biecz (Beitsch) is a town and municipality in southeastern Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Gorlice County.

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Biecz County

Biecz County (Polish: powiat biecki) was an administrative unit (powiat) of both the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Bielsko-Biała

Bielsko-Biała (Bílsko-Bělá; Bielitz-Biala) is a city in Southern Poland with the population of approximately 174,000 (December 2013).

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Bielsko-Biała Museum and Castle

The Bielsko-Biała Museum is a museum for the city of Bielsko-Biała, Poland located in the historical Bielsko Castle.

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BKS Stal Bielsko-Biała

BKS Stal Bielsko-Biała is a Polish sports club, with two departments: the men's football team and the women's volleyball team.

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Blachownia

Blachownia is a town in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.

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Blast furnace

A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper.

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Bloomery

A bloomery is a type of furnace once used widely for smelting iron from its oxides.

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Bobolice

Bobolice (Bublitz) is a town in Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Bobolice Castle

The Bobolice Castle is a 14th-century royal castle in the village of Bobolice, Poland.

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Bochnia

Bochnia (German: Salzberg) is a town of 30,000 inhabitants on the river Raba in southern Poland.

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Bochnia Salt Mine

The Bochnia Salt Mine in Bochnia, Poland is one of the oldest salt mines in the world and the oldest one in Poland.

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Bodzentyn

Bodzentyn is a town in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,271 inhabitants (2004).

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Bogdanka Coal Mine

The Bogdanka Coal Mine (Lubelski Węgiel "Bogdanka" S.A.) is a coal mine in the village of Bogdanka near Łęczna, in the vicinity of Lublin, 197 km south-east of Poland's capital, Warsaw, in the Lublin Coal Basin.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.

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Bolesław Bierut

Bolesław Bierut (18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the defeat of the Nazi forces in.

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Bolesław III Wrymouth

Bolesław III Wrymouth (also known as Boleslaus III the Wry-mouthed, Bolesław III Krzywousty) (20 August 1086 – 28 October 1138), was a Duke of Lesser Poland, Silesia and Sandomierz between 1102 and 1107 and over the whole Poland between 1107 and 1138.

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Bolesław IV the Curly

Bolesław IV the Curly (ca. 1125 – 5 January 1173) of the Piast dynasty was Duke of Masovia from 1138 and High Duke of Poland from 1146 until his death.

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Bolesław V the Chaste

Bolesław V the Chaste (Bolesław Wstydliwy; 21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279) was a Duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland from 1232 and High Duke of Poland from 1243 until his death, as the last male representant of the Piast Lesser Poland branch.

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BP

BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.

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Bracław Voivodeship

The Bracław Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Brest Bible

The Brest Bible (Biblia Brzeska) was the first complete Protestant Bible translation into Polish, published by Bernard Wojewodka in 1563 in Brest and dedicated to King Sigismund II Augustus.

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Bretislav I

Bretislav I (Břetislav I.; 1002/1005–10 January 1055), known as the "Bohemian Achilles", of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 1035 until his death.

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Browary Lubelskie

Browary Lubelskie is a Polish brewery.

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Bryndza Podhalańska

Bryndza Podhalańska is a Polish variety of the soft cheese Bryndza, from the Podhale region, it is made from sheep's milk.

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Brynica

Brynica (German: Brinitz) is a river in Silesia, Poland.

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Brzostek

Brzostek is a town in Dębica County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland (historic province of Lesser Poland).

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Brzozów

Brzozów (Березів, Bereziv; ברעזשוב Brezhov; lat. Brozovia, or Prozzow) is a town in south-eastern Poland, with 7,677 inhabitants (02.06.2009).

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Bublik

Bublik (also booblik or bublyk; plural bubliki; абаранак, abaranak, Russian and бублик, obwarzanek, riestainis) is a traditional Central and Eastern European bread roll.

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Budka Suflera

Budka Suflera ("prompter's box") was a Polish rock band which was started in 1969 in Lublin by Krzysztof Cugowski, and, after disbanding soon thereafter, resurrected by Cugowski and Romuald Lipko in 1974 and active until 2014.

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Bug River

The Bug River (Bug or Western Bug; Західний Буг, Zakhidnyy Buh, Захо́дні Буг, Zakhodni Buh; Западный Буг, Zapadnyy Bug) is a major European river which flows through three countries with a total length of.

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Bukowno

Bukowno is a town in Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 10,564 inhabitants (2008).

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Busko-Zdrój

Busko-Zdrój (listen) is a spa town in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland.

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Bytom

Bytom (Polish pronunciation:; Silesian: Bytůń, Beuthen O.S.) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, near Katowice.

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Calvinism

Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

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Camino de Santiago

The Camino de Santiago (Peregrinatio Compostellana, "Pilgrimage of Compostela"; O Camiño de Santiago), known in English as the Way of Saint James among other names, is a network of pilgrims' ways serving pilgrimage to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the Great in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the saint are buried.

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Carlsberg Polska

Carlsberg Polska is the Polish subsidiary of the Carlsberg brewing company.

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Carpathian Mountains

The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a mountain range system forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois, and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species.

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Casimir I the Restorer

Casimir I the Restorer (b. Kraków, 25 July 1016 – d. Poznań, 28 November 1058), was Duke of Poland of the Piast dynasty and the de jure monarch of the entire country from 1034 until his death.

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Casimir II the Just

Casimir II the Just (Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy; 1138 – 5 May 1194) was a Lesser Polish Duke at Wiślica during 1166–1173, and at Sandomierz after 1173.

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Casimir III the Great

Casimir III the Great (Kazimierz III Wielki; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370.

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Casimir Pulaski

Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski of Ślepowron (Casimir Pulaski; March 4 or March 6, 1745Makarewicz, 1998 October 11, 1779) was a Polish nobleman, soldier and military commander who has been called, together with his Hungarian friend Michael Kovats de Fabriczy, "the father of the American cavalry".

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Central Archives of Historical Records

Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw (Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie, AGAD) is one of Poland's four national archives.

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Central Industrial Region (Poland)

The Central Industrial District (Centralny Okręg Przemysłowy, abbreviated COP), is an industrial region in Poland.

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CEV Champions League

The CEV Champions League, or CEV DenizBank Volleyball Champions League is the top official competition for men's volleyball clubs of Europe and takes place every year.

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Chabówka

Chabówka is a village located on the outskirts of the southern Polish town of Rabka, in the Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

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Charcoal

Charcoal is the lightweight black carbon and ash residue hydrocarbon produced by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances.

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Chęciny

Chęciny (Yiddish: חענטשין – Khantchin or Chentshin) is a town in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,252 inhabitants (2006).

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Chęciny Castle

Chęciny Royal Castle was built in the late 13th century in Chęciny, Poland.

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Chęciny County

Chęciny County (Polish: Powiat chęciński) was an administrative territorial entity of the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Chełmek

Chełmek is a town in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland.

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Chernihiv Voivodeship

Czernihów (Chernihiv) Voivodeship (Województwo czernihowskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland (part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) from 1635 until Khmelnytsky Uprising in 1648 (technically it existed up until 1654).

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Chopin (vodka)

Chopin – name of single-ingredient vodka, 4 times distilled from either potatoes, rye or wheat.

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Chrzanów

Chrzanów is a town in southern Poland with 39,704 inhabitants.

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Chyżne

Chyżne, (Chyžné) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia.

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Cieszyn

Cieszyn (Těšín, Teschen, Tessin) is a border town in southern Poland on the east bank of the Olza River, and the administrative seat of Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship.

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Comarch

Comarch is a Polish multinational software house and systems integrator based in Kraków, Poland.

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Congress of Kraków

The Congress of Kraków (Polish: Zjazd krakowski) was a meeting of monarchs initiated by King Casimir III the Great of Poland and held in Kraków (Cracow) around September 22–27, 1364.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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Congress Poland

The Kingdom of Poland, informally known as Congress Poland or Russian Poland, was created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a sovereign state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland until 1832.

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Corderius

Corderius is the Latinized form of name used by Corderius (born circa 1479, died 8 September 1574), a theologian, teacher, humanist, and pedagogian from Lausanne, Switzerland, of French origin.

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Cossacks

Cossacks (козаки́, translit, kozaky, казакi, kozacy, Czecho-Slovak: kozáci, kozákok Pronunciations.

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Crown Tribunal

Crown Tribunal (Polish: Trybunał Koronny, Latin Iudicium Ordinarium Generale Tribunalis Regni) – was the highest appeal court in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom for most cases, exceptions being the cases were a noble landowner was threatened with loss of life and/or property - then he could appeal to the Sejm court (parliament court).

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Cursed soldiers

The "cursed soldiers" (also known as "doomed soldiers", "accursed soldiers" or "damned soldiers"; Żołnierze wyklęci) or "indomitable soldiers" is a term applied to a variety of Polish anti-Soviet or anti-communist Polish resistance movements formed in the later stages of World War II and its aftermath by some members of the Polish Underground State.

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Czarnolas

Czarnolas is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Policzna, within Zwoleń County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

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Czartoryski Museum

The Czartoryski Museum and Library (Muzeum Książąt Czartoryskich w Krakowie) is a museum located in Kraków, Poland, founded in Puławy in 1796 by Princess Izabela Czartoryska.

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Częstochowa

Częstochowa,, is a city in southern Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants as of June 2009.

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Częstochowa Ghetto uprising

The Częstochowa Ghetto uprising was an insurrection in Poland's Częstochowa Ghetto against German occupational forces during World War II.

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Częstochowa massacre

The Częstochowa massacre, also known as the Bloody Monday, was committed by the German Wehrmacht forces (not the SS or Orpo) beginning on the 4th day of World War II in the Polish city of Częstochowa, between 4 and 6 September 1939.

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Częstochowa University of Technology

Częstochowa University of Technology (Politechnika Częstochowska, PCz) is the largest and oldest institution of higher education in Częstochowa, Poland.

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Czchów

Czchów (טשיכוב-Chekhoiv, Weißenkirchen) is a town in Brzesko County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,205 inhabitants (2004).

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Czeladź

Czeladź is a town in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie (part of historic Lesser Poland), in southern Poland, near Katowice and Sosnowiec.

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Czesław Kiszczak

Czesław Kiszczak (19 October 1925 – 5 November 2015) was a Polish general, communist-era interior minister (1981–1990) and prime minister (1989).

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Czorsztyn

Czorsztyn (German: Schorstin) is a village in Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Nowy Targ County.

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Czudec

Czudec is a town in Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Daleszyce

Daleszyce is a town in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,800 inhabitants (2006).

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Danube

The Danube or Donau (known by various names in other languages) is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga.

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Dąbrowa Basin

The Dąbrowa Basin (also, Dąbrowa Coal Basin) or Zagłębie Dąbrowskie is a geographical and historical region in southern Poland.

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Dąbrowa Górnicza

Dąbrowa Górnicza is a city in Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, southern Poland, near Katowice and Sosnowiec.

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Dębica

Dębica (דעמביץ Dembitz) is a city in southeastern Poland with 46,693 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009.

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Dęblin

Dęblin is a town, population 16,656 (as of 2016), at the confluence of Vistula and Wieprz rivers, in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland.

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Dębowiec Sports Arena

Dębowiec Sports Arena (known in Poland as Hala Widowiskowo-Sportowa w Bielsku-Białej) – is an indoor arena that is located in Bielsko-Biała, Poland.

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Deluge (history)

The term Deluge (pоtор szwedzki, švedų tvanas) denotes a series of mid-17th-century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Dialects of Polish

Modern sources on the Slavic languages normally describe the Polish language as consisting of four major dialect groups, each primarily associated with a certain geographical region, and often further subdivided into subdialectal groups (called gwara in Polish):Roland Sussex and Paul Cubberley (2006).

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Dobczyce

Dobczyce is a town in southern Poland, situated since 1999 in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (previously in Kraków Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998).

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Domaradz, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Domaradz is a village in Brzozów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Drzewica

Drzewica is a town in Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,913 inhabitants (2016).

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Duchy of Oświęcim

The Duchy of Oświęcim (Księstwo Oświęcimskie), or the Duchy of Auschwitz (Herzogtum Auschwitz), was one of many Duchies of Silesia, formed in the aftermath of the fragmentation of Poland.

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Duchy of Sandomierz

The Duchy of Sandomierz (Latin: Ducatus Sandomirensis, Polish: Księstwo sandomierskie) was one of the territories created during the period of the fragmentation of Poland (early 12th century).

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Duchy of Siewierz

The Duchy of Siewierz was a Silesian duchy with its capital in Siewierz.

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Duchy of Teschen

The Duchy of Teschen (Herzogtum Teschen), also Duchy of Cieszyn (Księstwo Cieszyńskie) or Duchy of Těšín (Těšínské knížectví, was one of the Duchies of Silesia centered on Cieszyn (Teschen) in Upper Silesia. It was split off the Silesian Duchy of Opole and Racibórz in 1281 during the feudal division of Poland and was ruled by Silesian dukes of the Piast dynasty from 1290 until the line became extinct with the death of Duchess Elizabeth Lucretia in 1653. The ducal lands initially comprised former Lesser Polish territories east of the Biała River, which in about 1315 again split off as the Polish Duchy of Oświęcim, while the remaining duchy became a fiefdom of the Bohemian kings in 1327 and was incorporated into the Lands of the Bohemian Crown by 1347. While the bulk of Silesia was conquered by the Prussian king Frederick the Great in the Silesian Wars of 1740–1763, Teschen together with the duchies of Troppau (Opava), Krnov and Nysa remained with the Habsburg Monarchy and merged into the Austrian Silesia crown land in 1849. The so-called "commander line" of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, a cadet branch descending from Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, held the title "Duke of Teschen" until 1918.

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Duchy of Warsaw

The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie, Duché de Varsovie, Herzogtum Warschau) was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.

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Duchy of Zator

The Duchy of Zator was one of many Duchies of Silesia.

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Dukla

Dukla is a town and an eponymous municipality in southeastern Poland, in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship.

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Dunajec

The Dunajec is a river running through southern Poland.

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Dunajec river castles

The Dunajec river castles is a chain of thirteen medieval castles (some of which do not exist any longer), built in southern Lesser Poland, along the Dunajec river.

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Eastern Front (World War I)

The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front, sometimes called the Second Fatherland War or Second Patriotic War (Вторая Отечественная война, Vtoraya Otechestvennaya voyna) in Russian sources) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, included most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with "Western Front", which was being fought in Belgium and France. During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed "Plan 19" under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two Armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains. The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky. The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the rest of the Entente until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. Kerensky oversaw the July Offensive, which was largely a failure and caused a collapse in the Russian Army. The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking it out of the war and making large territorial concessions. Romania was also forced to surrender and signed a similar treaty, though both of the treaties were nullified with the surrender of the Central Powers in November 1918.

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Edward Gierek

Edward Gierek (6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician.

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Edward Ochab

Edward Ochab (16 August 1906 – 1 May 1989) was a Polish communist social activist and politician.

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Edward Rydz-Śmigły

Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły (11 March 1886 – 2 December 1941; nom de guerre Śmigły, Tarłowski, Adam Zawisza), also called Edward Śmigły-Rydz, was a Polish politician, statesman, Marshal of Poland and Commander-in-Chief of Poland's armed forces, as well as painter and poet.

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Emil August Fieldorf

Emil August Fieldorf “Nil” (20 March 1895 – 24 February 1953) was a Polish brigadier general and a Second World War hero.

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Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski

Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski (30 December 1888, Kraków – 22 August 1974, Kraków) was a Polish politician and economist, Deputy Prime Minister of Poland, government minister and manager of the Second Polish Republic.

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European route E30

European route E 30 is an A-Class West-East European route, extending from the southern Irish port of Cork in the west to the Russian city of Omsk and then near the Kazakh border in the east.

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European route E371

The E 371 is part of the United Nations international E-road network.

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European route E372

European route E 372 is a B-type road part of the International E-road network.

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European route E40

European route E 40 is the longest European route, more than long, connecting Calais in France via Belgium, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan, with Ridder in Kazakhstan near the border with Russia and China.

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European route E462

E 462 is a European B class road in Czech Republic and Poland, connecting the cities Brno – Olomouc – Český Těšín - Katowice – Kraków.

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European route E75

European route E 75 is part of the International E-road network, which is a series of main roads in Europe.

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European route E77

European route E 77 is a part of the inter-European road system.

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Ewa Demarczyk

Ewa Demarczyk (born 16 January 1941 in Kraków, Poland) is a Polish singer.

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Fablok

Fablok is a Polish manufacturer of locomotives, based in Chrzanów.

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False Dmitry I

Dmitry I (Dmitrii) (historically known as Pseudo-Demetrius I) was the Tsar of Russia from 10 June 1605 until his death on 17 May 1606 under the name of Dimitriy Ivanovich (Дмитрий Иванович).

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False Dmitry II

False Dmitry II (Lzhedmitrii II; died 11 December 1610), historically known as Pseudo-Demetrius II and also called the "rebel of Tushino", was the second of three pretenders to the Russian throne who claimed to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible.

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FŁT-Kraśnik

FŁT-Kraśnik is a joint-stock company which belongs to the Polish Treasury.

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FB "Łucznik" Radom

Fabryka Broni "Łucznik" - Radom (Łucznik Arms Factory, also known as Fabryka Broni Radom or Zakłady Metalowe "Łucznik") is a Polish defence industry enterprise from Radom that produces firearms.

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Feliks Koneczny

Feliks Karol Koneczny (1 November 1862, Kraków – 10 February 1949, Kraków) was a Polish historian and social philosopher.

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Fiat Automobiles

Fiat Automobiles S.p.A. (originally FIAT, lit) is the largest automobile manufacturer in Italy, a subsidiary of FCA Italy S.p.A., which is part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (previously Fiat S.p.A.). Fiat Automobiles was formed in January 2007 when Fiat reorganized its automobile business, and traces its history back to 1899 when the first Fiat automobile, the Fiat 4 HP, was produced.

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First Mongol invasion of Poland

The Mongol Invasion of Poland from late 1240 to 1241 culminated in the battle of Legnica, where the Mongols defeated an alliance which included forces from fragmented Poland and their allies, led by Henry II the Pious, the Duke of Silesia.

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Formula One

Formula One (also Formula 1 or F1) is the highest class of single-seater auto racing sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and owned by the Formula One Group.

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Frampol

Frampol is a town in Poland, in Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship.

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Free City of Cracow

The Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of CracowThe Polish variant of Kraków is occasionally retroactively applied in English to the historical Free City.

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Freedom and Independence

Freedom and Independence (Zrzeszenie Wolność i Niezawisłość, or WiN) was a Polish underground anti-communist organisation founded on September 2, 1945 and active until 1952.

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FSC Lublin

FSC Lublin was a Polish manufacturer of vans and trucks produced in Lublin by FSC, The production of the Lublin van, which started in 1993, was intended to replace the aging Żuk.

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FSC Star

Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych "Star" was a Polish truck manufacturer.

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Galicia (Eastern Europe)

Galicia (Ukrainian and Галичина, Halyčyna; Galicja; Czech and Halič; Galizien; Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics; Galiția/Halici; Галиция, Galicija; גאַליציע Galitsiye) is a historical and geographic region in Central Europe once a small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine.

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Galicia Jewish Museum

The Galicia Jewish Museum (Polish: Żydowskie Muzeum Galicja) is located in the historic Jewish district of Kazimierz in Kraków, Poland.

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Galician slaughter

The Galician Slaughter, also known as the Peasant Uprising of 1846 or the Szela uprising (Galizischer Bauernaufstand; Rzeź galicyjska or Rabacja galicyjska), was a two-month uprising of Galician peasants that led to the suppression of the szlachta uprising (Kraków Uprising) and the massacre of szlachta in Galicia in the Austrian partition in early 1846.

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Garbarnia Kraków

RKS Garbarnia Kraków is a Polish football and sports club from Districts of Kraków#Dębniki Ludwinów – a historical district of the city of Kraków.

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Garwolin

Garwolin is a town on the Wilga river in eastern Poland, capital of Garwolin County, situated in the southeast part of the Garwolin plateau in Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999, before: Siedlce Voivodeship), 62 km southeast of Warsaw, 100 km northwest of Lublin.

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Gazeta Wyborcza

Gazeta Wyborcza (meaning Electoral Newspaper in English) is a newspaper published in Warsaw, Poland.

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Górnik Łęczna

GKS Górnik Łęczna is a sports club based in Łęczna, Poland.

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General Government

The General Government (Generalgouvernement, Generalne Gubernatorstwo, Генеральна губернія), also referred to as the General Governorate, was a German zone of occupation established after the joint invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 at the onset of World War II.

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Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union

Three European Union schemes of geographical indications and traditional specialties, known as protected designation of origin (PDO), protected geographical indication (PGI), and traditional specialities guaranteed (TSG), promote and protect names of quality agricultural products and foodstuffs.

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George II Rákóczi

George II Rákóczi (30 January 1621 – 7 June 1660), was a Hungarian nobleman, Prince of Transylvania (1648-1660), the eldest son of George I and Zsuzsanna Lorántffy.

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German AB-Aktion in Poland

The AB-Aktion (Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion), was a second stage of the Nazi German campaign of violence during World War II aimed to eliminate the intellectuals and the upper classes of Polish society across the territories slated for eventual annexation.

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Gestapo–NKVD conferences

The Gestapo–NKVD conferences were a series of security police meetings organized in late 1939 and early 1940 by Germany and the Soviet Union, following their joint invasion of Poland in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

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Gmina Ożarowice

Gmina Ożarowice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Tarnowskie Góry County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Gniezno

Gniezno (Gnesen) is a city in central-western Poland, about east of Poznań, with about 70,000 inhabitants.

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Golec uOrkiestra

Golec uOrkiestra is a Polish folk-rock group, founded in 1998 in the southern village of Milówka near Żywiec by twin brothers Paweł and Łukasz Golec, after whom it is named.

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Goraj, Lublin Voivodeship

Goraj is a village in Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

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Gorals

The Gorals (Górale; Gorali; Cieszyn Silesian: Gorole; literally "highlanders") are an ethnographic (or ethnic) group primarily found in their traditional area of southern Poland, northern Slovakia, and in the region of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic (Silesian Gorals).

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Gorce National Park

Gorce National Park (Gorczański Park Narodowy) is a national park in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Gorlice

Gorlice is a city and an urban municipality ("gmina") in south eastern Poland with around 29,500 inhabitants (2008).

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Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive

The Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.

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Gorzyce, Tarnobrzeg County

Gorzyce is a village in Tarnobrzeg County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages.

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Gothic Revival architecture

Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England.

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Governor-general

Governor-general (plural governors-general) or governor general (plural governors general), in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm.

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Governorate (Russia)

A governorate, or a guberniya (p; also romanized gubernia, guberniia, gubernya), was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire and the early Russian SFSR and Ukrainian SSR.

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Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state that lasted from the 13th century up to 1795, when the territory was partitioned among the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and Austria.

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Great Moravia

Great Moravia (Regnum Marahensium; Μεγάλη Μοραβία, Megálī Moravía; Velká Morava; Veľká Morava; Wielkie Morawy), the Great Moravian Empire, or simply Moravia, was the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, chiefly on what is now the territory of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland (including Silesia), and Hungary.

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Great Northern War

The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.

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Great Retreat

The Great Retreat, also known as the Retreat from Mons, is the name given to the long withdrawal to the River Marne, in August and September 1914, by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the French Fifth Army, Allied forces on the Western Front in World War I, after their defeat by the Imperial German armies at the Battle of Charleroi (21 August) and the Battle of Mons (23 August).

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Greater Poland

Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska (Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior), is a historical region of west-central Poland.

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Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie railway

The Central Rail Line (Centralna Magistrala Kolejowa, CMK, also known in Poland as the Rail Line No. 4, Polish: Linia kolejowa nr 4), was completed on 23 December 1977 could have been the first high speed railway line in Europe.

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Grudziądz

Grudziądz (Graudenz, Graudentum or Graudentium or Grudentia); the form Grudentia is used by, e.g., A. Lentz, Philologus 23 (1866), p. 175.

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Grybów

Grybów (Грибів, Hrybiv; Grünberg, Grynberk; גריבאוו, Gribuv),Prof.

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Grzegorz Turnau

Grzegorz Turnau is a Polish composer, pianist, poet and singer.

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Gustaw Herling-Grudziński

Gustaw Herling-Grudziński (May 20, 1919 − July 4, 2000) was a Polish writer, journalist, essayist, World War II underground fighter, and political dissident abroad during the communist system in Poland.

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Handball

Handball (also known as team handball, fieldball, European handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outfield players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team.

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Hans Frank

Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German war criminal and lawyer who worked for the Nazi Party during the 1920s and 1930s, and later became Adolf Hitler's personal lawyer.

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Helena Modjeska

Helena Modjeska (October 12, 1840 – April 8, 1909), whose actual Polish surname was Modrzejewska, was a renowned actress who specialized in Shakespearean and tragic roles.

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Henry III of France

Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589; born Alexandre Édouard de France, Henryk Walezy, Henrikas Valua) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1573 to 1575 and King of France from 1574 until his death.

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Henry of Sandomierz

Henry of Sandomierz (Henryk Sandomierski) (ca. 1131 – 18 October 1166) was a Duke of Sandomierz since 1138 (titulary) or 1146 (formally) until his death.

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Henryk Dobrzański

Major Henryk Dobrzański aka "Hubal" (22 June 1897 - 30 April 1940) was a Polish soldier, sportsman and partisan.

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Henryk Wieniawski

Henryk Wieniawski (10 July 1835 – 31 March 1880) was a Polish violinist and composer.

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Hieronim Dekutowski

Hieronim Dekutowski (noms de guerre "Zapora", "Odra", "Rezu", "Stary", "Henryk Zagon") was a Polish boyscout and soldier, who fought in Polish September Campaign, was a member of the elite forces Cichociemni, fought in the Home Army and after World War II, fought the communist regime as one of commanders of Wolnosc i Niezawislosc.

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Hilary Minc

Hilary Minc (24 August 1905, Kazimierz Dolny – 26 November 1974, Warsaw) was a communist politician in Stalinist Poland and a pro-Soviet Marxist economist.

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History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish nation.

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History of the Jews in Poland

The history of the Jews in Poland dates back over 1,000 years.

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Holy Cross Mountains Brigade

The Holy Cross Mountains Brigade (Brygada Świętokrzyska) was a tactical unit of the National Armed Forces (Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, NSZ), one of the Polish underground military organizations during World War II.

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Holy Cross Sermons

The Holy Cross Sermons (Kazania świętokrzyskie) are the oldest extant prose text in the Polish language, dating probably from the late 13th, or from the early 14th century.

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Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice

The Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice, Poland was the family home and birthplace of Karol Józef Wojtyła, who was elected Pope John Paul II in 1978, and canonised after his death.

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Home Army

The Home Army (Armia Krajowa;, abbreviated AK) was the dominant Polish resistance movement in Poland, occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, during World War II.

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House of Sobieski

Sobieski (plural: Sobiescy, feminine form: Sobieska) was a prominent magnate family of Polish nobility in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Hrebenne, Tomaszów Lubelski County

Hrebenne (Гребенне, Hrebenne) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubycza Królewska, within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

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Hrubieszów–Sławków Południowy LHS railway

Broad Gauge Metallurgy Line (Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa, LHS), is the longest broad gauge railway line in Poland.

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Huta Stalowa Wola

Huta Stalowa Wola (HSW SA) is a defense contractor, and steel mill.

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Hutnik Nowa Huta

KS Hutnik Nowa Huta, Polish pronunciation:; also commonly known as Hutnik Kraków is a Polish football club from the Nowa Huta district of Kraków.

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Iłża

Iłża is a small town in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.

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Ice hockey

Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points.

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Ignacy Daszyński

Ignacy Ewaryst Daszyński (Zbaraż, 26 October 1866 – 31 October 1936, Bystra Śląska) was a Polish socialist politician, journalist, and very briefly Prime Minister of the Second Polish Republic's first government, formed in Lublin in 1918.

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Inka (drink)

Inka is a Polish roasted grain drink.

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International E-road network

The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

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Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II.

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Ivan Vyhovsky

Ivan Vyhovsky (Ukrainian: Іван Виговський, Polish: Iwan Wyhowski / Jan Wyhowski) (date of birth unknown, died 1664) was a hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks during three years (1657–59) of the Russo-Polish War (1654–1667).

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Jacek Malczewski

Jacek Malczewski (15 July 1854 – 8 October 1929) is one of the most revered painters of Poland, associated with the patriotic Young Poland movement following the century of Partitions.

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Jadwiga Jędrzejowska

Jadwiga ("Jed") Jędrzejowska (15 October 1912 – 28 February 1980) was a Polish tennis player who had her main achievements during the second half of the 1930s.

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Jadwiga of Poland

Jadwiga, also known as Hedwig (Hedvig; 1373/4 – 17 July 1399), was the first female monarch of the Kingdom of Poland, reigning from 16 October 1384 until her death.

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Jagiellonian dynasty

The Jagiellonian dynasty was a royal dynasty, founded by Jogaila (the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who in 1386 was baptized as Władysław, married Queen regnant (also styled "King") Jadwiga of Poland, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. The dynasty reigned in several Central European countries between the 14th and 16th centuries. Members of the dynasty were Kings of Poland (1386–1572), Grand Dukes of Lithuania (1377–1392 and 1440–1572), Kings of Hungary (1440–1444 and 1490–1526), and Kings of Bohemia (1471–1526). The personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (converted in 1569 with the Treaty of Lublin into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) is the reason for the common appellation "Poland–Lithuania" in discussions about the area from the Late Middle Ages onward. One Jagiellonian briefly ruled both Poland and Hungary (1440–44), and two others ruled both Bohemia and Hungary (1490–1526) and then continued in the distaff line as a branch of the House of Habsburg. The Polish "Golden Age", the period of the reigns of Sigismund I and Sigismund II, the last two Jagiellonian kings, or more generally the 16th century, is most often identified with the rise of the culture of Polish Renaissance. The cultural flowering had its material base in the prosperity of the elites, both the landed nobility and urban patriciate at such centers as Kraków and Gdańsk.

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Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński; Latin: Universitas Iagellonica Cracoviensis, also known as the University of Kraków) is a research university in Kraków, Poland.

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Jagiellonian University Medical College

Jagiellonian University Medical College is the oldest medical school in Poland.

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Jakub Błaszczykowski

Jakub "Kuba" Błaszczykowski (born 14 December 1985) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a winger for German club VfL Wolfsburg and the Poland national team.

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Jakub Szela

Jakub Szela (was born 14 July 1787, Smarżowa, in Galicia - died 21 April 1860, Dealul Ederii, in Bukovina, now Romania) was a Polish leader of a peasant uprising against the Polish gentry in Galicia in 1846; directed against manorial property and oppression (for example, the manorial prisons) and rising against serfdom; scores of manors were attacked and their inhabitants murdered.

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Jan Długosz University

The Jan Długosz University is a public university located in Częstochowa, in the Silesian Voivodeship of Poland.

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Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz

Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz (born October 13, 1942 in Nowy Targ) is a Polish composer and musician, known for his collaboration with Marek Grechuta and his compositions for stage and film.

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Jan Kiepura

Jan Wiktor Kiepura (May 16, 1902 – August 15, 1966) was a Polish singer (tenor) and actor.

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Jan Kochanowski

Jan Kochanowski (1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language.

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Jan Kochanowski University

Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce (Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach) formerly the Świętokrzyska Academy (Akademia Świętokrzyska), The Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences (Uniwersytet Humanistyczno-Przyrodniczy Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach) is a public university in Kielce, Poland, dating its tradition to an educational institution (specializing in pedagogy) established in 1945.

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Jan Miodek

Jan Franciszek Miodek (born 7 June 1946 in Tarnowskie Góry, Silesian Voivodeship), Professor of Wrocław University, is a Polish linguist in the normative tradition.

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Jan Piwnik

Jan Piwnik (1912–1944) was a Polish World War II soldier, a cichociemny and a notable leader of the Home Army in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains.

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Jan Sztaudynger

Jan Izydor Sztaudynger (born 28 April 1904 in Kraków; died 12 September 1970 in Kraków) was a Polish poet and satirist.

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Jan z Lublina

Jan z Lublina, or Joannis de Lublin, was a Polish composer and organist who lived in the first half of the 16th century.

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Janów Lubelski

Janów Lubelski is a town in eastern Poland.

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Janina Coal Mine

The Janina coal mine is a large mine in the south of Poland in Libiąż, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, 350 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw.

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January Uprising

The January Uprising (Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m. sukilimas, Belarusian: Паўстанне 1863-1864 гадоў, Польське повстання) was an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire.

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Jasło

Jasło is a county town in south-eastern Poland with 36,641 inhabitants, as of 31 December 2012.

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Jasna Góra Monastery

The Jasna Góra Monastery (Jasna Góra, Luminous Mount, Fényes Hegy, Clarus Mons) in Częstochowa, Poland, is a famous Polish shrine to the Virgin Mary and one of the country's places of pilgrimage.

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Jaworzno

Jaworzno is a city in southern Poland, near Katowice.

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Jaworzno Power Station

The Jaworzno Power Station is a complex of coal-fired thermal power stations at Jaworzno, Poland.

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Józef Łuszczek

Józef Łuszczek (born May 20, 1955 in Ząb) is a Polish former cross country skier who competed from 1978 to 1984.

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Józef Cyrankiewicz

Józef Cyrankiewicz (April 23, 1911 – January 20, 1989) was a Polish Socialist (PPS) and after 1948 Communist politician.

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Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki

Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki (Iosif Romanovich while in the Russian military; sometimes also Dowbór-Muśnicki; 25 October 1867 – 26 October 1937) was a Russian military officer and Polish general, serving with the Imperial Russian and then Polish armies.

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Józef Franczak

Józef Franczak (17 March 1918 – 21 October 1963) was a soldier of the Polish Army, Armia Krajowa World War II resistance, and last of the cursed soldiers – members of the militant anti-communist resistance in Poland.

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Józef Haller

Józef Haller von Hallenburg (13 August 1873 – 4 June 1960) was a Lieutenant General of the Polish Army, a legionary in the Polish Legions, harcmistrz (the highest Scouting instructor rank in Poland), the President of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association (ZHP), and a political and social activist.

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Józef Kuraś

Józef Kuraś, (October 23, 1915 – February 22, 1947), noms-de-guerre "Orzeł" (Eagle) and from June 1943 "Ogień" (Fire); was born in Waksmund near Nowy Targ.

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Józef Mehoffer

Józef Mehoffer (19 March 1869 – 8 July 1946) was a Polish painter and decorative artist, one of the leading artists of the Young Poland movement and one of the most revered Polish artists of his time.

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Józef Oleksy

Józef Oleksy (22 June 1946 – 9 January 2015) was a Polish left-wing politician, former chairman of the Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD).

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Józef Piłsudski

Józef Klemens Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman; he was Chief of State (1918–22), "First Marshal of Poland" (from 1920), and de facto leader (1926–35) of the Second Polish Republic as the Minister of Military Affairs.

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Józef Szujski

Józef Szujski (Tarnow, 16 June 1835 – Cracow, 7 February 1883) was a Polish politician, historian, poet and professor of the Jagiellonian University.

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Jerzy Mniszech

Jerzy Mniszech (c. 1548 – 1613) was a Polish nobleman and diplomat in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Jerzy Stuhr

Jerzy Oskar Stuhr (born 18 April 1947) is one of the most popular, influential and versatile Polish film and theatre actors.

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Jerzy Turowicz

Jerzy Turowicz (10 December 1912 – 27 January 1999) was a leading Polish Catholic journalist and editor for much of the post-Second World War period.

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Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków

The Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków (Festiwal Kultury Żydowskiej w Krakowie, ייִדישער קולטור־פֿעסטיוואַל אין קראָקע) is an annual cultural event organized since 1988 in the once Jewish district of Kazimierz (part of Kraków) by the Jewish Culture Festival Society headed by Janusz Makuch, a self-described meshugeneh, fascinated with all things Jewish.

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Johannes Crellius

Johannes Crellius (Polish: Jan Crell, English: John Crell; 26 July 1590 in Hellmitzheim – 11 June 1633 in Raków) was a Polish and German theologian.

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John I Albert

John I Albert (Jan I Olbracht) (27 December 1459 – 17 June 1501) was King of Poland (1492–1501) and Duke of Głogów (1491–1498).

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John II Casimir Vasa

John II Casimir (Jan II Kazimierz Waza; Johann II.; Jonas Kazimieras Vaza; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Duke of Opole in Upper Silesia, and titular King of Sweden 1648–1660.

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John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin

Catholic University of Lublin (in Polish Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, or KUL) is located in Lublin, Poland.

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John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice

John Paul II International Airport Kraków–Balice (Kraków Airport im. since 4 September 2007; earlier in Międzynarodowy Port Lotniczy im.) is an international airport located near Kraków, in the village of Balice, west of the city centre, in southern Poland.

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Juliusz Kossak

Juliusz Fortunat Kossak (Nowy Wiśnicz, 15 December 1824 – 3 February 1899, Kraków) was a Polish historical painter and master illustrator who specialized in battle scenes, military portraits and horses.

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June 1976 protests

June 1976 is the name of a series of protests and demonstrations in People's Republic of Poland.

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Justyna Kowalczyk

Justyna Kowalczyk (born 19 January 1983) is a Polish cross country skier who has been competing since 2000.

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Justyna Steczkowska

Justyna Steczkowska (born August 2, 1972 in Rzeszów, Poland) is a Polish singer, songwriter, photographer, and actress.

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Kalwaria Zebrzydowska Lanckorona railway station

Kalwaria Zebrzydowska Lanckorona railway station is a railway station in the town of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland.

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Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park

Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park is a Mannerist architectural and park landscape complex and pilgrimage park, built in the 17th century as the Counter Reformation in the late 16th century led to prosperity in the creation of Calvaries in Catholic Europe.

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Kamienna (river)

Kamienna is a river in central Poland, a left tributary of the Vistula.

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Karpaty Army

Karpaty Army (Armia Karpaty), formed on 11 July 1939 under Major General Kazimierz Fabrycy, was created after Germany had annexed Czechoslovakia and created a puppet state of Slovakia.

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Katowice International Airport

Katowice International Airport (Międzynarodowy Port Lotniczy Katowice) is an international airport, located in Pyrzowice, north of Katowice, Poland.

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Katowice Voivodeship

Katowice Voivodeship (województwo katowickie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in the years 1975–1998, superseded by the Silesian Voivodeship.

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Kazimierz

Kazimierz (Casimiria; קוזמיר Kuzimyr) is a historical district of Kraków and Kraków Old Town, Poland.

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Kazimierz Dolny

Kazimierz Dolny (קוזמיר Kuzmir) is a small town in central eastern Poland, on the right (eastern) bank of the Vistula river in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship.

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Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer

Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (12 February 1865 – 18 January 1940) was a Polish poet, novelist, playwright, journalist and writer.

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Kazimierz Pułaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom

Kazimierz Pułaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom is a public university in Radom.

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Kęty

Kęty is a town in Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland with 18,955 inhabitants (2012).

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Kłobuck

Kłobuck (Klobutzko) is a town in Poland, with 13,061 inhabitants (2016).

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Keep

A keep (from the Middle English kype) is a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European nobility.

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Khmelnytsky Uprising

The Khmelnytsky Uprising (Powstanie Chmielnickiego; Chmelnickio sukilimas; повстання Богдана Хмельницького; восстание Богдана Хмельницкого; also known as the Cossack-Polish War, Chmielnicki Uprising, or the Khmelnytsky insurrection) was a Cossack rebellion within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648–1657, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukrainian lands.

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Kielce

Kielce is a city in south central Poland with 199,475 inhabitants.

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Kielce City Stadium

The Kolporter Arena (official name) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kielce, Poland. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Korona Kielce. The stadium holds 15,500 and was built in 2006. At the time, it was one of the most modern football stadiums in Poland. On the 1 April 2006, eighteen months to the day that construction started on the project, its inaugural match took place, an Ekstraklasa match between Korona and Zagłębie Lubin. The match finished in a 1–1 draw. The old stadium of Korona is currently being used by the reserve team.

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Kielce Governorate

Kielce Governorate (Келецкая губерния; Gubernia kielecka) was an administrative unit (governorate) of the Congress Poland.

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Kielce University of Technology

The Kielce University of Technology (Politechnika Świętokrzyska) is a relatively young institution, although the traditions of higher education in Kielce go back to the beginning of the 19th century.

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Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939)

Kielce Voivodeship (województwo kieleckie) - a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1921–1939.

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Kiev Voivodeship

The Kiev Voivodeship (Województwo kijowskie, Київське воєводство, Kyivske voyevodstvo) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1471 until 1569 and of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793, as part of Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown.

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Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria

The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also known as Galicia or Austrian Poland, became a crownland of the Habsburg Monarchy as a result of the First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Third Partition of Poland in 1795, when it became a Kingdom under Habsburg rule.

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Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)

The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania joined in a personal union established by the Union of Krewo (1385).

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Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)

The Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie), also known informally as the Regency Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Regencyjne), was a proposed puppet state of the German Empire during World War I.The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history; by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland; by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History; and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe ("The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn ").

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Kmita

Szreniawa coat of arms of the Kmita family Piotr Kmita Sobieński Gravestone of Piotr Kmita (died 1505) located in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków. The Kmita (plural: Kmitowie) was a magnate family from Little Poland.

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Kościuszko Uprising

The Kościuszko Uprising was an uprising against Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Commonwealth of Poland and the Prussian partition in 1794.

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Kolbuszowa

Kolbuszowa is a small town in south-eastern Poland, with 9,190 inhabitants (02.06.2009).

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Kolporter Holding

Kolporter Holding is a Polish holding company.

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Koniecpol

Koniecpol is a town in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, with 6,366 inhabitants (2004).

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Koniecpolski

Koniecpolski (plural: Koniecpolscy) is the surname of a Polish szlachta (nobility) family.

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Koprzywnica

Koprzywnica is a town in Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,546 inhabitants (2004).

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Korona Kielce

Korona Kielce,, (Korona – Crown – symbol of club and city, Kielce – name of city where club is based) is a Polish football club, currently playing in the Ekstraklasa.

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Kostka-Napierski uprising

The Kostka Napierski uprising was a peasant revolt in Poland in 1651.

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Kozłów, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Kozłów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dębica, within Dębica County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Koziegłowy, Silesian Voivodeship

Koziegłowy is a town in Myszków County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,493 inhabitants (2004).

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Kozienice

Kozienice (קאזשניץ Kozhnits; Koschnitz) is a town in central Poland with 21,500 inhabitants (1995).

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Kozienice Power Station

The Kozienice Power Station is a coal-fired thermal power station in Świerże Górne near Kozienice, Poland.

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Kraśnik

Kraśnik is a town in eastern Poland with 35,602 inhabitants (2012), situated in the Lublin Voivodeship, historic Lesser Poland.

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Kraków

Kraków, also spelled Cracow or Krakow, is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland.

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Kraków Army

Kraków Army (Armia Kraków) was one of the Polish armies which took part in the Polish Defensive War of 1939.

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Kraków Ghetto

The Kraków Ghetto was one of 5 major, metropolitan Jewish Ghettos created by Nazi Germany in the new General Government territory during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.

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Kraków szopka

Kraków szopka or nativity scene (crib, crèche) (Szopka krakowska) is a Christmas tradition originating from Kraków, Poland, and dating back to the 19th century.

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Kraków University of Economics

Kraków University of Economics or Cracow University of Economics (KUE or CUE; Polish: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie) is one of the five Polish public economics universities.

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Kraków uprising

The Kraków Uprising of February 1846 was an attempt, led by Polish insurgents such as Jan Tyssowski and Edward Dembowski, to incite a fight for national independence.

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Kraków Uprising (1944)

The Kraków Uprising was a planned but never realized uprising of the Polish Resistance against the German occupation in the city of Kraków during World War II.

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Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)

Kraków Voivodeship 1300–1795 (Palatinatus Cracoviensis, Województwo Krakowskie) – a unit of administrative division and local government in the Kingdom of Poland from the 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795 (see History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth).

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Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)

Kraków Voivodeship (województwo krakowskie) - a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1919–1939.

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Kraków-Częstochowa Upland

The Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, also known as the Polish Jurassic Highland or Polish Jura (Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska), is part of the Jurassic System of south–central Poland, stretching between the cities of Kraków, Częstochowa and Wieluń.

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Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp

The Płaszów or Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Plaszow) was a Nazi German labour and concentration camp built by the SS in Płaszów, a southern suburb of Kraków (now part of Podgórze district), soon after the German invasion of Poland and the subsequent creation of the semi-colonial General Government district across occupied south-central Poland.

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Krakowiak

The Krakowiak is a fast, syncopated Polish dance in duple time from the region of Kraków and Little Poland.

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Krasnystaw

Krasnystaw (Красностав, Krasnostav) is a town in eastern Poland with 19,750 inhabitants (29 March 2011).

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Kresy

Kresy Wschodnie or Kresy (Eastern Borderlands, or Borderlands) was the Eastern part of the Second Polish Republic during the interwar period constituting nearly half of the territory of the state.

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Krościenko nad Dunajcem

Krościenko nad Dunajcem is a village in southern Poland situated in the Nowy Targ County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999 (previously in Nowy Sącz Voivodeship, from 1975-1998).

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Krosno

Krosno (in full The Royal Free City of Krosno, Królewskie Wolne Miasto Krosno) is a town and county in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland with 47,140 inhabitants (Metro: 115,617), as of 30 June 2014.

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Krynica-Zdrój

Krynica-Zdrój (until 31 December 2001 Krynica, Крениця, Криниця) is a town in Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland.

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Krzepice

Krzepice (Krippitz) is a Polish town near Częstochowa, in Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in northwestern corner of Lesser Poland.

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Krzeszów, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Krzeszów (Крешів, Kreshiv) is a village in Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Krzeszowice

Krzeszowice (1941-45 Kressendorf.) is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

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Krzyżtopór

Krzyżtopór is a castle located in the village of Ujazd, Iwaniska commune, Opatów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Krzysztof Penderecki

Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (born 23 November 1933) is a Polish composer and conductor.

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KS Cracovia (football)

KS Cracovia, commonly known simply as Cracovia, is a Polish sports club based in Kraków.

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Książ County

Książ County (Polish: powiat ksiąski) was an administrative unit (powiat), which existed for almost 400 years, both in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Książ Wielki

Książ Wielki is a village in Miechów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Kutno

Kutno is a town located in central Poland with 44,718 inhabitants (2016) and an area of.

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Kuyavia

Kuyavia (Kujawy, Kujawien, Cuiavia), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło.

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Lajkonik

The Lajkonik is one of the unofficial symbols of the city of Kraków, Poland.

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Lake Czorsztyn

Lake Czorsztyn (Jezioro Czorsztyńskie) is a man-made reservoir on the Dunajec river, southern Poland, between the Pieniny and the Gorce Mountains.

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Lake Dobczyce

Lake Dobczyce (Jezioro Dobczyckie) is an artificial lake, built in 1985 - 1987.

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Lake Rożnów

Lake Rożnow (Jezioro Rożnowskie) is an artificial lake, built in 1935–1941.

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Lanckorona

Lanckorona is a village located south-west of Kraków in Lesser Poland.

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Lasowiacy

The Lasowiacy or Lesioki, are a subethnic group of the Polish nation, who reside in Lesser Poland, at the confluence of the Vistula and the San rivers, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, southeastern Poland.

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Latin

Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Leżajsk

Leżajsk (full name The Free Royal City of Leżajsk, Wolne Królewskie Miasto Leżajsk; Лежайськ, Lezhais’k; ליזשענסק-Lizhensk) is a town in southeastern Poland with 13,871 inhabitants.

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Lelów

Lelów (לעלוב - Lelov) is a village in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Lelów County

Lelow County (Polish: powiat lelowski) was an administrative unit (powiat), which existed for over 400 years, both in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Lendians

The Lendians (Lędzianie) were a West Slavic tribe who lived in the area of East Lesser Poland and Cherven Towns between the 7th and 11th centuries.

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Leon Schiller

Leon Schiller or Leon Schiller de Schildenfeld (14 March 1887 – 25 March 1954) was a Polish theatre and film director, as well as critic and theatre theoretician.

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Leon Wyczółkowski

Leon Wyczółkowski (11 April 1852 – 27 December 1936) was one of the leading painters of the Young Poland movement, as well as the principal representative of Polish Realism in art of the Interbellum.

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Leopold Okulicki

General Leopold Okulicki (noms de guerre Kobra, Niedźwiadek; 1898 – 1946) was a General of the Polish Army and the last commander of the anti-German underground Home Army during World War II.

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Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown

Lesser Poland Province (Prowincya Małopolska, Polonia Minor) was an administrative division of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1569 until 1793 and the biggest province of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Lesser Poland Province (in Polish, województwo małopolskie), also known as Małopolska Voivodeship or Małopolska Province, is a voivodeship (province), in southern Poland.

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Lesser Polish dialect

The Lesser Polish dialect (dialekt małopolski) is a cluster of regional varieties of the Polish language around the Lesser Poland historical region.

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Lesser Polish Way

The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James or Little Polish Way of Saint James is one of the Polish routes of the Way of St. James, the medieval pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela in Spain.

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Leszek II the Black

Leszek II the Black (c. 1241 – 30 September 1288), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Sieradz since 1261, Duke of Łęczyca since 1267, Duke of Inowrocław during 1273-1278, Duke of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland since 1279.

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Leszek the White

Leszek the White (Leszek Biały; ca. 1184/85 – 24 November 1227) was Prince of Sandomierz and High Duke of Poland during 1194–1198, 1199, 1206–1210 and 1211–1227.

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Libiąż

Libiąż is a town in Chrzanów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 17,671 inhabitants (2004).

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Lipnica Murowana

Lipnica Murowana is a village in southern Poland.

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Lipsko

Lipsko is a town in Poland, in northern Lesser Poland, Mazowsze Voivodship.

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List of Bohemian monarchs

This is a list of Bohemian monarchs now also referred to as list of Czech monarchs who ruled as Dukes and Kings of Bohemia.

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List of industrial regions

Industrial region or industrial area refers to a region with extremely dense industry.

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List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).

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Lithuanians

Lithuanians (lietuviai, singular lietuvis/lietuvė) are a Baltic ethnic group, native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,561,300 people.

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Liwiec

The Liwiec (or Liw) is a river in Poland, and a tributary of the Bug River.

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Louis I of Hungary

Louis I, also Louis the Great (Nagy Lajos; Ludovik Veliki; Ľudovít Veľký) or Louis the Hungarian (Ludwik Węgierski; 5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370.

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Lublin

Lublin (Lublinum) is the ninth largest city in Poland and the second largest city of Lesser Poland.

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Lublin 1980 strikes

The Lublin 1980 strikes (also known as Lublin July, Lubelski Lipiec) were the series of workers' strikes in the area of the eastern city of Lublin (People's Republic of Poland), demanding better salaries and lower prices of food products.

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Lublin Army

Lublin Army (Armia Lublin) was an improvised Polish Army created on September 4, 1939 from the Warsaw Armoured Motorized Brigade and various smaller units concentrated around the cities of Lublin, Sandomierz and upper Vistula river.

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Lublin Castle

The Lublin Castle (Zamek Lubelski) is a medieval castle in Lublin, Poland, adjacent to the Old Town district and close to the city center.

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Lublin Ghetto

The Lublin Ghetto was a World War II ghetto created by Nazi Germany in the city of Lublin on the territory of General Government in occupied Poland.

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Lublin Governorate

Lublin Governorate (Люблинская губерния), Gubernia lubelska) was an administrative unit (governorate) of the Congress Poland.

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Lublin Reservation

The Lublin Reservation (Lublin-Reservat) was a concentration camp complex developed by Nazi German Schutzstaffel (SS) in the early stages of World War II, as the so-called "territorial solution to the Jewish Question".

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Lublin University of Technology

Lublin University of Technology (Politechnika Lubelska) is an engineering university in Lublin, Poland.

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Lublin Upland

Lublin Upland is a geographical region in southeastern Poland, located in Lublin Voivodeship, between the rivers Vistula and Bug, around the city of Lublin.

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Lublin Voivodeship

Lublin Voivodeship, or Lublin Province (in Polish, województwo lubelskie), is a voivodeship, or province, located in southeastern Poland.

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Lublin Voivodeship (1474–1795)

Lublin Voivodeship (Palatinatus Lublinensis; Województwo Lubelskie) was an administrative region of the Kingdom of Poland created in 1474 out of three eastern counties of Sandomierz Voivodeship and lasting until the Partitions of Poland in 1795.

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Lublin Voivodeship (1919–1939)

Lublin Voivodeship (Województwo Lubelskie) was a unit of administrative division of the Second Polish Republic between the two world wars, in the years 1919–1939.

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Lubomirski

Lubomirski is a Polish princely family.

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Lviv

Lviv (Львів; Львов; Lwów; Lemberg; Leopolis; see also other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016.

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Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive

The Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive or Lvov-Sandomierz Strategic Offensive Operation (Львовско-Сандомирская стратегическая наступательная операция) was a major Red Army operation to force the German troops from Ukraine and Eastern Poland.

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Lwów Voivodeship

Lwów Voivodeship (Województwo lwowskie) was an administrative unit of interwar Poland (1918–1939).

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Maanam

Maanam (Tamil for respect or dignity) is a popular Polish rock band.

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Małogoszcz

Małogoszcz is a town in the Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland.

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Małopolska Institute of Culture

The Małopolska Institute of Culture (Polish: Małopolski Instytut Kultury) is a regional cultural institution engaged in promoting and supporting the culture of Małopolska (Lesser Poland).

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Małopolska Upland

Małopolska Upland (Wyżyna Małopolska, also known as Lesser Poland Upland or Lesser Polish Upland) is an upland located in southern part of Poland, in the historic region of Lesser Poland.

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Maciej Miechowita

Maciej Miechowita (also known as Maciej z Miechowa, Maciej of Miechów, Maciej Karpiga, Matthias de Miechow; 1457 – 8 September 1523) was a Polish renaissance scholar, professor of Jagiellonian University, historian, chronicler, geographer, medical doctor (royal physician of king Sigismund I the Old of Poland), alchemist, astrologer and canon in Cracow.

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Maciej Zembaty

Maciej Zembaty (16 May 194427 June 2011) was a Polish artist, writer, journalist, singer, poet and comedian.

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Maczuga Herkulesa

Maczuga Herkulesa is a tall (30 meters) limestone stack situated in Ojców National Park near Pieskowa Skała, north of Kraków in southern Poland.

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Magdeburg rights

Magdeburg rights (Magdeburger Recht; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages, granted by the local ruler.

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Magnate

Magnate, from the Late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus, 'great', designates a noble or other man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities.

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Magura National Park

Magura National Park (Magurski Park Narodowy) is a National Park located in the south-east of Poland, close to Slovakia, on the boundary of Lesser Poland Voivodeship and Subcarpathian Voivodeship.

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Majdanek concentration camp

Majdanek, or KL Lublin, was a German concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II.

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Malopolski

The Malopolski (Polish: koń małopolski) is a Polish horse breed developed in the 19th century in Lesser Poland, Polish Małopolska, hence the name.

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Marcin Kromer

Marcin Kromer (Latin: Martinus Cromerus; 11 November 1512 – 23 March 1589) was Prince-Bishop of Warmia (Ermland), a Polish cartographer, diplomat and historian in the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Marek Kondrat

Marek Kondrat (born 18 October 1950) is a former Polish TV, film and theatrical actor, director.

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Maria Curie-Skłodowska University

Maria Curie-Skłodowska University (Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, UMCS) was founded October 23, 1944 in Lublin.

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Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska

Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska, née Kossak (24 November 1891 – 9 July 1945), was a prolific Polish poet known as the Polish Sappho and "queen of lyrical poetry" during Poland's interwar period., University of Toronto. She was also a dramatist.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg.

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Marian Langiewicz

Marian Langiewicz, full name Marian Antoni Melchior Langiewicz (5 August 1827, Krotoschin – 11 May 1887, Istanbul), was a Polish patriot notable as a military leader of the January Uprising in 1863.

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Marina Mniszech

Marina Mniszech (Polish: Maryna Mniszchówna or Maryna Mniszech; Russian: Марина Мнишек (Marina Mnishek); also known as Marinka the Witch in Russian folklore; c. 1588 – 24 December 1614), was a Polish noblewoman, a Tsaritsa of Russia and a prominent warlord during Russia's Time of Troubles.

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Marshal Józef Piłsudski Stadium

Marszałek Piłsudski Stadium (formerly Stadion Cracovia or Stadion Cracovii) is a football stadium located in Kraków, Poland.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther, (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation.

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Masovian dialect

The Masovian dialect, also written Mazovian, is the dialect of Polish spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland.

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Masovian Voivodeship

Mazovian Voivodeship or Mazovia Province (województwo mazowieckie) is the largest and most populous of the 16 Polish provinces, or voivodeships, created in 1999.

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Mazovia

Mazovia (Mazowsze) is a historical region (dzielnica) in mid-north-eastern Poland.

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Medical University of Lublin

Medical University of Lublin dates back to 1944 in Lublin, Poland.

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Międzyrzec Podlaski

Międzyrzec Podlaski is a city in Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland, with the population of 17,162 inhabitants.

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Michał Rola-Żymierski

Michał Rola-Żymierski (September 4, 1890October 15, 1989) was a Polish high-ranking Communist Party leader, communist military commander, NKVD secret agent, and Marshal of Poland by Joseph Stalin's order from 1945 until his death.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.

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Miechów

Miechów is a town in Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, about north of Kraków.

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Miejski Stadion Sportowy "KSZO"

Sports City Stadium "KSZO" in Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski (Polish: Miejski Stadion Sportowy "KSZO" w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim) is a football stadium in Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Poland.

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Mielec

Mielec (מעליץ-Melitz) is a city in south-eastern Poland (Lesser Poland), with a population of 60,979 inhabitants, as of June 2009.

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Mieszko I of Poland

Mieszko I (– 25 May 992) was the ruler of the Polans from about 960 until his death.

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Mieszko I Tanglefoot

Mieszko IV Tanglefoot (Mieszko IV Plątonogi) (ca. 1130 – 16 May 1211) was Duke of Kraków and High Duke of Poland from 1202 and from 9 June 1210 until his death.

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Mieszko III the Old

Mieszko III the Old (Mieszko III Stary) (c. 1126/27 – 13 March 1202), of the royal Piast dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1138 and High Duke of Poland, with interruptions, from 1173 until his death.

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Mikołaj Gomółka

Mikołaj Gomółka (c. 1535 – after 30 April 1591, most probably 5 March 1609) was a Polish Renaissance composer, member of the royal court of Sigismund II Augustus, where he was a singer, flutist and trumpeter.

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Mikołaj Rej

Mikołaj Rej or Mikołaj Rey of Nagłowice (4 February 1505 – between 8 September/5 October 1569) was a Polish poet and prose writer of the emerging Renaissance in Poland as it succeeded the Middle Ages, as well as a politician and musician.

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Mikołaj z Radomia

Mikołaj Radomski, also called Mikołaj z Radomia and Nicholas of Radom, was an early 15th-century Polish composer.

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Milówka, Silesian Voivodeship

Milówka is a village in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland (historic province of Lesser Poland).

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Mirów, Silesian Voivodeship

Mirów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Niegowa, within Myszków County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.

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Motor Lublin

Motor Lublin is a Polish professional football team based in Lublin.

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Motorcycle speedway

Motorcycle speedway, usually referred to as speedway, is a motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four anti-clockwise laps of an oval circuit.

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Muszyna

Muszyna is a town in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Muszynianka Muszyna

MKS Muszynianka is a Polish women's volleyball club based in Muszyna and playing in the Orlen Liga.

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Myślenice

Myślenice is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998).

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Myszków

Myszków is a town in Poland, with 33,016 inhabitants (2004).

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Myszków mine

The Myszków mine is a large mine in the centre of Poland in Myszków, Myszków County, 258 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw.

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Nałęczów

Nałęczów is a spa town (population 4,800) situated on the Nałęczów Plateau in Poland's Lublin Province.

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Napoleon

Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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National Armed Forces

Narodowe Siły Zbrojne (NSZ; English: National Armed Forces) was a Polish anti-Nazi and later anti-Soviet military organization which was part of Poland's World War II resistance movement.

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National Museum, Kraków

The National Museum in Kraków (Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie), popularly abbreviated as MNK, established in 1879, is the main branch of Poland's National Museum, which has several independent branches with permanent collections around the country.

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National Parks of Poland

There are 23 national parks in Poland.

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Nazi crimes against the Polish nation

Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and the collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, claimed the lives of 2.77 million Poles and 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews, according to estimates of the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN).

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).

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New Silesia

New Silesia (Neuschlesien or Neu-Schlesien) was a small province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 to 1807, created after the Third Partition of Poland.

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Nida (river)

The Nida is a river in central Poland, a left tributary of the Vistula river, into which it flows near Nowy Korczyn). The Nida has a length of 154 kilometres and a basin area of 3,844 km2. This includes the protected area called Nida Landscape Park. The Nida itself is made of two smaller rivers, the White Nida and the Black Nida, which merge in the village of Brzegi (near Checiny). It is a typical lowland river, with little difference in the water level. The valley of the Nida is wide, and covered with meadows. In its narrowest spot, the river is only 6 m wide, while in its widest spot, it is 79 m wide. The depth ranges from 0,4 to 2,6 m. The Nida is one of the warmest rivers of Poland; in the summer, its temperature reaches up to 27 degrees C.

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Niedomice

Niedomice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żabno, within Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Niedzica Castle

Niedzica Castle also known as Dunajec Castle (Castrum de Dunajecz, Nedec Váralja / Nedec-Vár, Sub-Arx Unterschloss, Nedecký hrad), is located in the southernmost part of Poland in Niedzica (Nowy Targ County in Lesser Poland).

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Niepołomice

Niepołomice is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998).

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Nihil novi

Nihil novi nisi commune consensu ("Nothing new without the common consent") is the original Latin title of a 1505 act or constitution adopted by the Polish Sejm (parliament), meeting in the royal castle at Radom.

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Nisko

Nisko is a town in Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland on the San River, with a population of 15,534 inhabitants as of 2 June 2009.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Народный комиссариат внутренних дел, Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del), abbreviated NKVD (НКВД), was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union.

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Nobility

Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.

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Norman Davies

Ivor Norman Richard Davies (born 8 June 1939) is a British-Polish historian noted for his publications on the history of Europe, Poland and the United Kingdom.

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November Uprising

The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire.

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Nowa Huta

Nowa Huta (literally The New Steel Mill) is the easternmost district of Kraków, Poland.

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Nowy Korczyn

Nowy Korczyn is a village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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Nowy Sącz

Nowy Sącz is a city in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship of southern Poland.

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Nowy Targ

Nowy Targ (Novum Forum, Nový Targ, Neumarkt, ניימארקט Naymarkt) is a town in southern Poland with 34,000 inhabitants (2006).

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Nowy Wiśnicz

Nowy Wiśnicz (ווישניצא Vishnitsa) is a small town in Bochnia County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,724 inhabitants (2004).

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Oświęcim

Oświęcim (Auschwitz; אָשפּיצין Oshpitzin) is a town in the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) province of southern Poland, situated west of Cracow, near the confluence of the Vistula (Wisła) and Soła rivers.

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Ożarów

Ożarów is a town in Poland, in the province of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in Opatów county (Powiat of Opatów), historic Lesser Poland, with 4,906 inhabitants as of December 31, 2004.

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Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)

The occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during the Second World War (1939–1945) began with the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the defeat of Germany by the Allies in May 1945.

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Oder

The Oder (Czech, Lower Sorbian and Odra, Oder, Upper Sorbian: Wódra) is a river in Central Europe.

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Ogrodzieniec

Ogrodzieniec is a town in Zawiercie County, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, with 4,499 inhabitants (2004).

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Ojców

Ojców is a village in Gmina Skała, in Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Ojców National Park

Ojców National Park (Ojcowski Park Narodowy) is a national park in Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland, established in 1956.

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Okocim Brewery

Okocim Brewery, in Brzesko in southeastern Poland, is a brewery founded in 1845.

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Old Prussians

Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: Prūsai; Pruzzen or Prußen; Pruteni; Prūši; Prūsai; Prusowie; Prësowié) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia.

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Old-Polish Industrial Region

Staropolski Okręg Przemysłowy (Old Polish Industrial Region) is an industrial region in northern part of Lesser Poland.

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Olkusz

Olkusz (עלקיש Elkish, 1941-45 Ilkenau) is a town in south Poland with 36,607 inhabitants (2014).

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Olsztyn, Silesian Voivodeship

Olsztyn is a village in Częstochowa County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Opatów

Opatów (אַפּטאַ, אַפּט) is a town in Poland, in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, historic province of Lesser Poland.

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Open-air museum

An open-air museum (or open air museum) is a museum that exhibits collections of buildings and artifacts out-of-doors.

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Operation Tempest

Operation Tempest (akcja „Burza”, sometimes referred in English as Operation Storm) was a series of anti-Nazi uprisings conducted during World War II by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa, AK), the dominant force in the Polish resistance.

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Opoczno

Opoczno) is a town in south-central Poland, in eastern part of Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Piotrków Trybunalski Voivodeship (1975–1998). It has a long and rich history, and in the past it used to be one of the most important urban centers of northwestern Lesser Poland. Currently, Opoczno is an important road and rail junction; its patron saint is Saint Cecilia, and the town is famous across Poland for its folklore.

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Opole

Opole (Oppeln, Silesian German: Uppeln, Uopole, Opolí) is a city located in southern Poland on the Oder River and the historical capital of Upper Silesia.

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Opole Lubelskie

Opole Lubelskie is a town in eastern Poland.

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Oscypek

Oscypek, Oszczypek (Polish; plural: oscypki) is a smoked cheese made of salted sheep milk exclusively in the Tatra Mountains region of Poland.

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Ossoliński

Ossoliński (plural: Ossolińscy) is the surname of a Polish szlachta (nobility) family.

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Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski

Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski is a town in south-central Poland (historic province of Lesser Poland) with 74,211 inhabitants (2006).

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Pacanów

Pacanów, sometimes referred to as the European Capital of Fable, is a village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in south-central Poland.

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Pact of Vilnius and Radom

The Pact of Vilnius and Radom (Unia wileńsko-radomska, Vilniaus-Radomo sutartis) was a set of three acts passed in Vilnius, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and confirmed by the Crown Council in Radom, Kingdom of Poland in 1401.

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Pajęczno

Pajęczno is a town in Poland, in Łódź Voivodeship, about north of Częstochowa.

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Parczew

Parczew is a town in eastern Poland, with a population of 10,281 (2006).

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Partitions of Poland

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years.

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Paweł Korzeniowski

Paweł Korzeniowski (born 9 July 1985) is a Polish competitive swimmer who won the 200-meter butterfly at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal.

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Pedagogical University of Kraków

The Pedagogical University of Kraków (Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im., often shortened to Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny), was named after the Commission of National Education created by King Stanisław August Poniatowski.

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Piaski Coal Mine

The Piaski coal mine is a large mine in the east of Poland in Piaski, Lublin Voivodeship, 200 km east of the capital, Warsaw.

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Pińczów

Pińczów is a town in Poland, in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, about 40 km south of Kielce.

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Pieniny

The Pieniny (sometimes also the PieninsSzafer, Władysław. 2013. The Vegetation of Poland: International Series of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology. Warsaw: Pergamon Press, pp. 156, 388. or the Pienin Mountains) is a mountain range in the south of Poland and the north of Slovakia.

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Pieniny National Park (Poland)

Pieniny National Park (Pieniński Park Narodowy) is a protected area located in the heart of Pieniny Mountains in the southernmost part of Poland.

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Pieskowa Skała

Pieskowa Skała (Polish for Little Dog's Rock), is a limestone cliff in the valley of river Prądnik, Poland, best known for its Renaissance castle.

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Pilica (river)

Pilica is a river in central Poland, the longest left tributary of the Vistula river, with a length of 333 kilometres (8th longest) and a basin area of 9,258 km2 (all in Poland).

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Pilsko

Pilsko is the second highest mountain,, in the Żywiec Beskids (Oravské Beskydy in Slovakia) mountain range, on the border between Poland and Slovakia.

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Pilzno

Pilzno is a town in Poland, in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in Dębica County.

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Pilzno County

Pilzno County (Polish: Powiat pilznenski) was an administrative territorial entity of the Kingdom of Poland and later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Piotr Gruszka

Piotr Łukasz Gruszka (born 8 March 1977) is a former Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland men's national volleyball team in 1995–2011, a participant of the Olympic Games (Atlanta 1996, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008), European Champion 2009, silver medalist of the World Championship 2006, bronze medalist of the World League 2011 and the European Championship 2011, five-time Polish Champion (1995, 1997, 2005, 2007, 2008), head coach of GKS Katowice and coach assistant of Poland men's national volleyball team.

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Piotr Michałowski

Piotr Michałowski (July 2, 1800 – June 9, 1855) was a Polish painter of the Romantic period, especially known for his many portraits, and oil studies of horses.

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Piotrków Governorate

Piotrków Governorate (Петроковская губерния; Gubernia piotrkowska) was an administrative unit (governorate) of the Congress Poland.

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Piwniczna-Zdrój

Piwniczna-Zdrój (until 1999 Piwniczna, Північна, Pivnichna) is a town in Nowy Sącz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, near the border with Slovakia.

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Plebiscite of Przegląd Sportowy

The Polish Sportspersonality of the Year is chosen annually since 1926 by the readers of the newspaper Przegląd Sportowy.

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Połaniec

Połaniec is a town in Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 8,406 inhabitants (2012).

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Połaniec Power Station

Połaniec Power Station is a coal-fired and biomass power station near Połaniec in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland.

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Podhale

Podhale (literally "under the Mountain meadows") is Poland's southernmost region, sometimes referred to as the "Polish highlands".

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Podhale Nowy Targ

Podhale Nowy Targ is a Polish ice hockey club based in Nowy Targ, Poland.

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Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Podkarpackie Voivodeship or Podkarpackie Province (in Polish: województwo podkarpackie), also known as Subcarpathian Voivodeship or Subcarpathia Province, is a voivodeship, or province, in extreme-southeastern Poland.

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Podlachia

Podlachia or Podlasie, (Podlasie, Падляшша Padliašša, Palenkė) is a historical region in the eastern part of Poland.

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Podlaskie Voivodeship

Podlaskie Voivodeship or Podlasie Province (Województwo podlaskie) is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland.

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Podolia

Podolia or Podilia (Подíлля, Podillja, Подо́лье, Podolʹje., Podolya, Podole, Podolien, Podolė) is a historic region in Eastern Europe, located in the west-central and south-western parts of Ukraine and in northeastern Moldova (i.e. northern Transnistria).

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Poland

Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.

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Polesie National Park

Polesie National Park (Poleski Park Narodowy) is a National Park in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland, in the Polish part of the historical region of Polesie.

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Polish Air Force Academy

The Polish Air Force Academy (Polish: Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Sił Powietrznych) is located in Deblin, eastern Poland.

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Polish Aviation Museum

The Polish Aviation Museum (Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego w Krakowie) is a large museum of old aircraft and aircraft engines in Kraków, Poland.

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Polish Brethren

The Polish Brethren (Polish: Bracia Polscy) were members of the Minor Reformed Church of Poland, a Nontrinitarian Protestant church that existed in Poland from 1565 to 1658.

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Polish Committee of National Liberation

The Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polish: Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN), also known as the Lublin Committee, was a puppet provisional government of Poland,.

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Polish Cup

The Polish Cup in football (Puchar Polski w piłce nożnej) is an elimination tournament for Polish football clubs, held continuously from 1950, and is the second most important national title in Polish football after the Ekstraklasa title.

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Polish Golden Age

The Polish Golden Age refers to the period from the late 15th century Jagiellon Poland to the death of the last of the Jagiellons, Sigismund August in 1572.

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Polish Legions in World War I

The Polish Legions (Legiony Polskie) was a name of the Polish military force (the first active Polish army in generations) established in August 1914 in Galicia soon after World War I erupted between the opposing alliances of the Triple Entente on one side (including the British Empire, the French Republic and the Russian Empire); and the Central Powers on the other side, including the German Empire and Austria-Hungary.

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Polish legislative election, 1919

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 26 January 1919, electing the first Sejm of the Second Polish Republic.

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Polish Liquidation Committee

The Polish Liquidation Committee (Polska Komisja Likwidacyjna Galicji i Śląska Cieszyńskiego), a temporary Polish government body, operated in Galicia at the end of World War I. Created on October 28, 1918, with its seat in Kraków, the Committee was headed by Wincenty Witos and Ignacy Daszyński.

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Polish Rifle Squads

The Polish Rifle Squads (Polskie Drużyny Strzeleckie, PDS) was a Polish pro-independence paramilitary organization, founded in 1911 by the Youth Independence Organization Zarzewie in the Austro-Hungarian sector of partitioned Poland.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)

The Polish–Muscovite War or the Polish–Russian War (1605–1618), also known as the Dimitriads, was a sequence of military conflicts and eastward invasions carried out by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the private armies and mercenaries led by the magnates (the Commonwealth aristocracy).

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Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)

The Polish-Ottoman War (1620–21) or First Polish-Ottoman War was a conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Moldavia.

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Polish–Soviet War

The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was fought by the Second Polish Republic, Ukrainian People's Republic and the proto-Soviet Union (Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine) for control of an area equivalent to today's western Ukraine and parts of modern Belarus.

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Polish–Swedish union

The Polish–Swedish union was a short-lived personal union between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Kingdom of Sweden, when Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, was crowned King of Sweden in 1592.

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Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)

The Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 was the fourth stage (after 1600–1611, 1617–1618, and 1620–1625) in a series of conflicts between Sweden and Poland fought in the 17th century.

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Polish–Teutonic War (1519–21)

The Polish–Teutonic War of 1519–1521 (Reiterkrieg, horsemen's war, Wojna pruska, Prussian War) was fought between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights, ending with an armistice in April 1521.

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Polityka

Polityka (Politics) is a centre-left weekly newsmagazine in Poland.

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Polska Grupa Energetyczna

Polska Grupa Energetyczna (PGE SA or PGE Group, the name can be translated as Polish Energy Group) is a state-owned public power company and the largest power producing company in Poland.

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Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; German, Low German and North Germanic languages: Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland.

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Poniatowski

Poniatowski (plural: Poniatowscy) is a prominent Polish family that was part of the nobility of Poland.

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Pontifical University of John Paul II

The Pontifical University of John Paul II (Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie) is an academic institution located in Kraków, Poland, that offers graduate degrees in theology, philosophy, and church history.

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Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Giovanni Paolo II; Jan Paweł II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła;; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) served as Pope and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 to 2005.

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Positivism in Poland

Positivism in Poland was a socio-cultural movement that defined progressive thought in literature and social sciences of partitioned Poland, following the suppression of the 1863 January Uprising against the occupying army of Imperial Russia.

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Potocki

Hetman Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki Field Hetman Andrzej Potocki Hetman Feliks Kazimierz Potocki Alfred Potocki Jan Potocki Potocki (plural Potoccy) was one of the prominent Polish noble families in the Kingdom of Poland and magnates of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Powiat

A powiat (pronounced; Polish plural: powiaty) is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries.

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Poznań

Poznań (Posen; known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta River in west-central Poland, in the Greater Poland region.

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Privilege of Koszyce

The Privilege of Koszyce or Privilege of Kassa was a set of concessions made by Louis I of Hungary to the Polish szlachta (nobility) in 1374.

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Proszowice

Proszowice is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998).

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Province of Upper Silesia

The Province of Upper Silesia (Provinz Oberschlesien; Silesian German: Provinz Oberschläsing; Prowincyjŏ Gōrny Ślōnsk; Prowincja Górny Śląsk) was a province of the Free State of Prussia from 1919 to 1945.

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Prusy Army

The Prusy Army (Armia Prusy) was one of the Polish armies to fight during the Invasion of Poland in 1939.

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Przedbórz

Przedbórz is a town in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, Poland, with 3,649 inhabitants (2016).

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Przemsza

Przemsza (Przemsa) is a river in the south of Poland, a tributary of the Vistula.

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Przemyśl

Przemyśl (Premissel, Peremyshl, Перемишль less often Перемишель) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 66,756 inhabitants, as of June 2009.

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Przemysł I of Greater Poland

Przemysł I (5 June 1220/4 June 1221 – 4 June 1257), a member of the Piast dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1239 until his death, from 1241 with his brother Bolesław the Pious as co-ruler.

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Przypkowscy Clock Museum

Przypkowscy Clock Museum (Państwowe Muzeum im.) is a clock museum in Jędrzejów, Poland.

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Przysucha

Przysucha is a town in Poland.

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Pszczyna

Pszczyna (English: Pless, Pleß) is a town in southern Poland with 25,415 inhabitants (2010) within the immediate gmina.

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Puławy

Puławy is a city in eastern Poland, in Lublin Province of northern Lesser Poland, located at the confluence of the Wisła and Kurówka rivers.

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Public execution in Dębica

A public execution in Dębica was carried out in 1946 when three members of the Polish anti-communist Freedom and Independence (WiN) organization were publicly executed by the communist Polish authorities in the market square of Dębica in southeastern Poland.

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Pyrzowice

Pyrzowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ożarowice, within Tarnowskie Góry County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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PZL Mielec

PZL Mielec (Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze - Polish Aviation Works), formerly WSK-Mielec (Wytwórnia Sprzętu Komunikacyjnego) and WSK "PZL-Mielec" is a Polish aerospace manufacturer, based in Mielec.

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PZL-Świdnik

PZL Świdnik S.A (Wytwórnia Sprzętu Komunikacyjnego PZL-Świdnik S.A.) is the biggest helicopter manufacturer in Poland.

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Raba (river)

The Raba is a river in the south of Poland (Lesser Poland Voivodeship), right tributary to the river Vistula.

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Rabka-Zdrój

Rabka-Zdrój, usually referred to as Rabka, is a spa town in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland.

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Racovian Catechism

The Racovian Catechism (Pol.: Katechizm Rakowski) is a nontrinitarian statement of faith from the 16th century.

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Radom

Radom (ראָדעם Rodem) is a city in east-central Poland with 219,703 inhabitants (2013).

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Radom Air Show

The Radom Air Show (Międzynarodowe Pokazy Lotnicze „Air Show Radom“, International air shows - Radom Air Show) is a biannual celebration in the city of Radom, Poland, which began in 2000 (to continue in 2001, 2002, 2003 and then 2005).

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Radom Governorate

Radom Governorate (Радомская Губерния, Gubernia radomska) was a governorate of the Congress Poland.

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Radomiak Radom

RKS Radomiak Radom is a Polish football club based in Radom, Poland.

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Radomka

The Radomka is a river in central Poland and a left tributary of the Vistula.

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Radzyń Podlaski

Radzyń Podlaski is a town in eastern Poland, about 60 km north of Lublin, with 16,140 inhabitants (2004).

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Rajcza

Rajcza is a village in Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in the historic province of Lesser Poland, close to the border with Slovakia.

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Raków Częstochowa

Raków Częstochowa is a Polish football club based in Częstochowa, in southern Poland.

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Raków, Kielce County

Raków is a village in Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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Rebellion of mayor Albert

The Rebellion of mayor Albert (bunt wójta Alberta) was an uprising by the burghers of the Polish city of Kraków against the duke Władysław I the Elbow-high in the years 1311–12.

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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Red Ruthenia

Red Ruthenia or Red Rus' (Ruthenia Rubra; Russia Rubra; Chervona Rus'; Ruś Czerwona, Ruś Halicka; Chervonnaya Rus') is a term used since the Middle Ages for a region now comprising south-eastern Poland and adjoining parts of western Ukraine.

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Reformation

The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Renaissance in Poland

The Renaissance in Poland (Renesans, Odrodzenie; literally: the Rebirth) lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and is widely considered to have been the Golden Age of Polish culture.

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Republic of Tarnobrzeg

The Republic of Tarnobrzeg (Republika Tarnobrzeska) was a short-lived entity, proclaimed 6 November 1918 in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg.

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Riflemen's Association

The Polish Riflemen's Association known as Związek Strzelecki (or more commonly, in the plural form as Związki Strzeleckie) formed in great numbers prior to World War I. One of the better known associations called "Strzelec" (Riflemen's Association "Rifleman") was a Polish paramilitary cultural and educational organization created in 1910 in Lwów as a legal front of Związek Walki Czynnej, and somewhat reinstated in present-day Poland in 1991, after the fall of communism.

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Robert Kubica

Robert Józef Kubica (born 7 December 1984) is a Polish racing driver who is currently test and reserve driver for the Williams F1 team.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków

The Archdiocese of Kraków (Cracovien(sis), Archidiecezja krakowska) is an archdiocese located in the city of Kraków in Poland.

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Romanticism in Poland

Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822.

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Ropczyce

Ropczyce (ראָפּשיץ) is a town in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship in south-eastern Poland, situated in the valley of the Wielopolka River (a tributary of the Wisłoka River).

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Roztocze National Park

Roztocze National Park (Roztoczański Park Narodowy) is a national park in Lublin Voivodeship of southeastern Poland.

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Rudnik nad Sanem

Rudnik nad Sanem (until 1997 Rudnik, רודניק Ridnik) is a town in Nisko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, with a population of 6,765 (02.06.2009).

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Rus' people

The Rus (Русь, Ῥῶς) were an early medieval group, who lived in a large area of what is now Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and other countries, and are the ancestors of modern East Slavic peoples.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russification

Russification (Русификация), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one.

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Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)

The Russo-Polish War of 1654–1667, also called Thirteen Years' War, First Northern War, War for Ukraine or Russian Deluge (Potop rosyjski, Российский потоп), was a major conflict between Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Rysy

Rysy (Polish and Slovak: Rysy,; Meeraugspitze, Tengerszem-csúcs) is a mountain in the crest of the High Tatras, lying on the border between Poland and Slovakia.

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Ryszard Siwiec

Ryszard Siwiec (7 March 1909 — 12 September 1968) was a Polish accountant and former Home Army resistance member who was the first person to commit suicide by self-immolation in protest against the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.

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Rzeszów

Rzeszów (Ряшiв, Ŕašiv; Resche (antiquated); Resovia; ריישע, rayshe) is the largest city in southeastern Poland, with a population of 189,637 (01.03.2018).

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Rzeszów Voivodeship

Rzeszów Voivodeship can refer to one of two political entities in Poland: Rzeszów Voivodeship (1) was a unit of administrative division and local government from 1975 to 1998, superseded by Podkarpackie Voivodeship.

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Rzeszów–Jasionka Airport

Rzeszów–Jasionka Airport is an international airport located in southeastern Poland, in Jasionka, a village from the center of the city of Rzeszów.

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Samsonów

Samsonów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zagnańsk, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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San (river)

The San (San; Сян Sian; Saan) is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the Vistula River, with a length of 458 km (it is the 6th-longest Polish river) and a basin area of 16,877 km2 (14,426 km2 of it in Poland).

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Sandecja Nowy Sącz

Sandecja Nowy Sącz is a Polish football club formed in 1910.

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Sandomierz

Sandomierz (pronounced:; Tsoizmer צויזמער) is a town in south-eastern Poland with 25,714 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (since 1999).

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Sandomierz Agreement

The Sandomierz Agreement (or Sandomierz Consensus; lat. Consensus Sendomiriensis) was an agreement reached in 1570 in Sandomierz between a number of Protestant groups in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Sandomierz Basin

Sandomierz Basin (Kotlina Sandomierska) is a lowland, located in southeastern Poland, between the Lesser Poland Upland, Lublin Upland and the Western Carpathians.

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Sandomierz Castle

The Sandomierz Royal Castle is a medieval structure in Sandomierz, Poland.

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Sandomierz Confederation

The Sandomierz Confederation was an anti-Swedish confederation, formed on May 20, 1704 in defense of the King of Poland, August II the Strong.

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Sandomierz Voivodeship

Sandomierz Voivodeship (Województwo Sandomierskie, Palatinatus Sandomirensis) was a unit of administration and local government in Poland from the 14th century to the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795.

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Sandomierz Voivodeship (1939)

Sandomierz Voivodeship (wojewodztwo sandomierskie) was a proposed voivodeship of the Second Polish Republic, which was never created because of the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939.

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Sanok

Sanok (in full the Royal Free City of Sanok - Królewskie Wolne Miasto Sanok, Cянік Sianik, Sanocum, סאניק, Sonik) is a town in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of south-eastern Poland with 38,397 inhabitants, as of June 2016.

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Sędziszów Małopolski

Sędziszów Małopolski is a town in Ropczyce-Sędziszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, with a population of 7,078 (02.06.2009).

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Sławomir Mrożek

Sławomir Mrożek (29 June 1930 – 15 August 2013) was a Polish dramatist, writer and cartoonist.

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Słomniki

Słomniki is a town in southern Poland, situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Kraków Voivodeship (1975-1998).

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Second Mongol invasion of Poland

The second Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by general Boroldai (Burundai) in 1259–1260.

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Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, commonly known as interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars (1918–1939).

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Sejmik

A sejmik (diminutive of sejm, occasionally translated as a dietine; seimelis) was one of various local parliaments in the history of Poland.

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Seniorate Province

Seniorate Province, also known as the Senioral Province (Dzielnica senioralna), Duchy of Kraków (Księstwo krakowskie), Duchy of Cracow, Principality of Cracow, Principality of Kraków, was the superior among the five provinces established in 1138 according to the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty.

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Sieciechów, Masovian Voivodeship

Sieciechów is a village in Kozienice County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

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Siedlce

Siedlce (שעדליץ, Седлец) is a city in eastern Poland with 76,585 inhabitants.

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Siedlce Governorate

Siedlce Governorate (Седлецкая Губерния, Gubernia siedlecka) was an administrative unit (governorate) of the Congress Poland.

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Siege of Jasna Góra

The Siege of Jasna Góra (also known less accurately as the Battle of Częstochowa, Oblężenie Jasnej Góry.) took place in the winter of 1655 during the Second Northern War, or 'The Deluge' — as the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is known.

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Siege of Kraków

The siege of Kraków was one of the battles during the Swedish invasion of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Second Northern War / ''Deluge'').

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Sieradz

Sieradz (Syradia, 1941-45 Schieratz) is a town on the Warta river in central Poland with 42,762 inhabitants (2016).

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Siewierz

Siewierz (Sewerien) is a town in the Silesian Voivodeship in Poland.

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Sigismund I the Old

Sigismund I of Poland (Zygmunt I Stary, Žygimantas I Senasis; 1 January 1467 – 1 April 1548), of the Jagiellon dynasty, reigned as King of Poland and also as the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until 1548.

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Sigismund II Augustus

Sigismund II Augustus (Zygmunt II August, Ruthenian: Żygimont II Awgust, Žygimantas II Augustas, Sigismund II.) (1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the only son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548.

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Sigismund III Vasa

Sigismund III Vasa (also known as Sigismund III of Poland, Zygmunt III Waza, Sigismund, Žygimantas Vaza, English exonym: Sigmund; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 as a composite monarchy until he was deposed in 1599.

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Silesia

Silesia (Śląsk; Slezsko;; Silesian German: Schläsing; Silesian: Ślůnsk; Šlazyńska; Šleska; Silesia) is a region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Silesian language

Silesian or Upper Silesian (Silesian: ślōnskŏ gŏdka, ślůnsko godka (Silesian pronunciation), Slezština, język śląski / etnolekt śląski, Wasserpolnisch) is a West Slavic lect, part of its Lechitic group.

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Silesian Voivodeship

Silesian Voivodeship, or Silesia Province (województwo śląskie), Woiwodschaft Schlesien) is a voivodeship, or province, in southern Poland, centered on the historic region known as Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk), with Katowice serving as its capital. Despite the Silesian Voivodeship's name, most of the historic Silesia region lies outside the present Silesian Voivodeship — divided among Lubusz, Lower Silesian, and Opole Voivodeships — while the eastern half of Silesian Voivodeship (and, notably, Częstochowa in the north) was historically part of Lesser Poland. The Voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Katowice, Częstochowa and Bielsko-Biała Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. It is the most densely populated voivodeship in Poland and within the area of 12,300 squared kilometres, there are almost 5 million inhabitants. It is also the largest urbanised area in Central and Eastern Europe. In relation to economy, over 13% of Poland’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated here, making the Silesian Voivodeship one of the wealthiest provinces in the country.

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Skarżysko-Kamienna

Skarżysko-Kamienna is a town in northern Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in Poland by Kamienna river, to the north of Świętokrzyskie Mountains; one of the voivodship's major towns.

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Skawa

Skawa (Schaue) is a river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula.

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Skawina

Skawina is a town in southern Poland with 27,328 inhabitants (2008).

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Skoczów

Skoczów (Skotschau, Skočov) is a town and the seat of Gmina Skoczów in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland with 14,783 inhabitants (2004).

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Slivovitz

Slivovitz, Šljivovica, Śliwowica, Slivovitza, Schlivowitz, Slivovitsa, Slivovice, Slivovica or Slivovka is a fruit brandy made from damson plums, often referred to as plum brandy.

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Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

The (First) Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), otherwise known as the Slovak State (Slovenský štát), was a client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Smolensk War

The Smolensk War (1632–1634) was a conflict fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia.

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Soła

The Soła is a river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula.

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Sobiesław Zasada

Sobiesław Zasada (born 27 January 1930 in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland) is a Polish former rally driver.

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Sobieski Coal Mine

The Sobieski coal mine is a large mine in the south of Poland in Jaworzno, Silesian Voivodeship, 350 km south-west of the capital, Warsaw.

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Solec-Zdrój

Solec-Zdrój is a village in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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Sonderaktion Krakau

Sonderaktion Krakau was the codename for a Nazi German operation against professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University and other universities in German occupied Kraków, Poland, at the beginning of World War II.

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Sosnowiec

Sosnowiec (pronounced) is an industrial city county in the Dąbrowa Basin (Zagłębie Dąbrowskie) of southern Poland, which is also part of the Silesian Metropolis municipal association.

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South Prussia

South Prussia (Südpreußen; Prusy Południowe) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1793 to 1807.

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Spiš

Spiš (Latin: Cips/Zepus/Scepus, Zips, Szepesség, Spisz) is a region in north-eastern Slovakia, with a very small area in south-eastern Poland (14 villages).

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Spytko II of Melsztyn

Spytek of Melsztyn (or Spytko Melsztyński) was a Polish nobleman (szlachcic).

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Spytkowice, Wadowice County

Spytkowice is a village in Wadowice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Stadion Ludowy

Stadion Ludowy is a multi-use stadium in Sosnowiec, Poland.

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Stadion Miejski, Kraków

Stadion Miejski im.

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Stal Mielec

Stal Mielec is a Polish football club based in Mielec, Poland.

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Stal Stalowa Wola

Stal Stalowa Wola is a football (soccer) club based in Stalowa Wola, Poland.

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Stalowa Wola

Stalowa Wola is the largest city and capital of Stalowa Wola County with a population of 64,353 inhabitants, as of June 2008.

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Stanisław Brzóska

Stanisław Brzóska (December 30, 1832, Dokudów Pierwszy – May 23, 1865, Sokołów Podlaski) was a Polish priest, general, one of leaders of the Polish insurgency and the last partisan of the January Uprising.

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Stanisław Dziwisz

Stanisław Dziwisz (born 27 April 1939) is a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Stanisław Kania

Stanisław Kania (born 8 March 1927) is a former Polish communist politician.

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Stanisław Marusarz

Stanisław Marusarz Zakopane, 18 June 1913 – 29 October 1993, Zakopane) was a Polish Nordic skiing competitor in the 1930s.

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Stanisław Pyjas

Stanisław Pyjas (1953-1977) was a Polish student of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, member of the anticommunist student movements.

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Stanisław Wyspiański

Stanisław Wyspiański (15 January 1869 – 28 November 1907) was a Polish playwright, painter and poet, as well as interior and furniture designer.

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Stanisławów Voivodeship

Stanisławów Voivodeship (Województwo stanisławowskie) was an administrative district of the interwar Poland (1920–1939).

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Starachowice

Starachowice is a town in south-central Poland (historic Lesser Poland), with 51,532 inhabitants (31.03.2013).

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Staropolskie Voivodeship

Old Poland Voivodeship (Polish: Wojewodztwo staropolskie) was a proposed Voivodeship of Poland, which, however, has not been created.

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Staszów

Staszów is a town in Poland, in Świętokrzyskie Voivodship (historic province of Lesser Poland), about southeast of Kielce, and northeast of Kraków.

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State University of New York

The State University of New York (SUNY) is a system of public institutions of higher education in New York, United States.

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Statutes of Piotrków

The Piotrków Statutes were a set of laws enacted in the Kingdom of Poland in 1496.

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Stężyca Land

Stężyca Land (Polish: ziemia stężycka) was an administrative unit (ziemia) of both the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Stężyca, Lublin Voivodeship

Stężyca is a village in Ryki County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

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Stefan Żeromski

Stefan Żeromski (14 October 1864 – 20 November 1925) was a Polish novelist and dramatist.

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Stefan Jaracz

Stefan Jaracz (24 December 1883 – 11 August 1945) was a Polish actor and theater producer.

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Stephen Báthory

Stephen Báthory (Báthory István; Stefan Batory; Steponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–76), Prince of Transylvania (1576–86), from 1576 Queen Anna Jagiellon's husband and jure uxoris King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586).

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Stopnica

Stopnica is a town in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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Stróże, Nowy Sącz County

Stróże is a village, located in southern Poland, in the Nowy Sącz County of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

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Strzyżów

Strzyżów is a town in Strzyżów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, along the Wisłok river valley.

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Sucha Beskidzka

Sucha Beskidzka (before 1961 called only Sucha) is a town in the Beskid Żywiecki mountain range in southern Poland, on the Skawa river.

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Suchedniów

Suchedniów is a town in Skarżysko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, with 9,067 inhabitants (2004).

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Sukiennice Museum

The Gallery of 19th-Century Polish Art at Sukiennice (Galeria Sztuki Polskiej XIX wieku w Sukiennicach), is a division of the National Museum, Kraków, Poland.

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Sulfur

Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.

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Swedish Empire

The Swedish Empire (Stormaktstiden, "Great Power Era") was a European great power that exercised territorial control over much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries.

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Swoszowice (Kraków)

Swoszowice is one of 18 districts of Kraków, located in the southern part of the city.

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Szczakowa

Szczakowa is a district of the Polish city of Jaworzno.

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Szczawnica

Szczawnica is a resort town in Nowy Targ County in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland.

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Szczebrzeszyn

Szczebrzeszyn ("shcheh-BZHEH-shen") is a city in southeastern Poland in Lublin Voivodeship, in Zamość County, about 20 km west of Zamość.

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Szczyrzyc

Szczyrzyc (formerly Szczyrzyce) is a village in Poland, located in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Limanowa County, Jodłownik Commune.

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Szczyrzyc County

Szczyrzyc County (Polish: Powiat szczyrzycki) was an administrative territorial entity of the Kingdom of Poland and later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Szlachta

The szlachta (exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Samogitia (both after Union of Lublin became a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the Zaporozhian Host.

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Szydłów

Szydłów is a village in Staszów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Lesser Poland.

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Szydłowiec

Szydłowiec (Hebrew: שידלוביץ, Yiddish: שידלָאווצע) is a town in Szydłowiec County, Mazovian Voivodeship, Poland, with 15,243 inhabitants (December 31, 2005).

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Tadeusz Kantor

Tadeusz Kantor (6 April 1915 – 8 December 1990) was a Polish painter, assemblage artist, set designer and theatre director.

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Tadeusz Kościuszko

Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko; February 4 or 12, 1746 – October 15, 1817) was a Polish-Lithuanian military engineer, statesman, and military leader who became a national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States.

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Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology

Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology (Politechnika Krakowska im.) is a public university located in central Kraków, Poland, established in 1946 and, as an institution of higher learning granted full autonomy in 1954.

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Tadeusz Kutrzeba

Tadeusz Kutrzeba (15 April 1885 – 8 January 1947) was a general of the army during the Second Polish Republic.

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Tadeusz Peiper

Tadeusz Peiper (Kraków, May 3, 1891 – November 10, 1969, Warsaw) was a Polish poet, art critic, theoretician of literature and one of the precursors of the avant-garde movement in Polish poetry.

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Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks

Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks (Huta im.) is the second largest steel plant in Poland.

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Tarnów

Tarnów (is a city in southeastern Poland with 115,341 inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999. From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Tarnów Voivodeship. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east–west connection from Lviv to Kraków, and two additional lines, one of which links the city with the Slovak border. Tarnów is known for its traditional Polish architecture, which was strongly influenced by foreign cultures and foreigners that once lived in the area, most notably Jews, Germans and Austrians. The entire Old Town, featuring 16th century tenements, houses and defensive walls, has been fully preserved. Tarnów is also the warmest city of Poland, with the highest long-term mean annual temperature in the whole country.

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Tarnobrzeg

Tarnobrzeg (דזיקאוו - Jikov) is a city in south-eastern Poland (historic Lesser Poland), on the east bank of the river Vistula, with 49,419 inhabitants, as of December 31, 2009.

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Tarnopol Voivodeship

Tarnopol Voivodeship (Województwo tarnopolskie) was an administrative region of interwar Poland (1918–1939) with an area of 16,500 km² and provincial capital in Tarnopol.

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Tarnowski family

Tarnowski (plural: Tarnowscy) is the surname of a Polish noble and aristocratic family.

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Tarnowskie Góry

Tarnowskie Góry (German: Tarnowitz, established in 1526; Tarnowske Gůry) is a town in Silesia (southern Poland), located in the Silesian Highlands near Katowice.

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Tarnowskie Góry County

Tarnowskie Góry County (powiat tarnogórski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Silesian Voivodeship, southern Poland.

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Tatra Mountains

The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra (Tatry either in Slovak or in Polish- plurale tantum), is a mountain range that forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland.

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Tatra National Park, Poland

Tatra National Park (Tatrzański Park Narodowy; abbr. TPN) is a National Park located in the Tatra Mountains in Tatra County, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship—Małopolska region, in central-southern Poland bordering on northern Slovakia.

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Temple of the Sibyl

The Temple of the Sibyl (in Polish, Świątynia Sybilli) is a colonnaded round monopteral temple-like structure at Puławy, Poland, built at the turn of the 19th century as a museum by Izabela Czartoryska.

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Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth

The last will and testament of the Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, established rules for governance of the Polish kingdom by his four surviving sons after his death.

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TH Unia Oświęcim

Towarzystwo Hokejowe Unia Oświęcim is a Polish ice hockey club based in Oświęcim, Poland.

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The Championships, Wimbledon

The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely regarded as the most prestigious.

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The Holocaust in Poland

The Holocaust in German-occupied Poland was the last and most lethal phase of Nazi Germany's "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" (Endlösung der Judenfrage), marked by the construction of death camps on German-occupied Polish soil.

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Third Mongol invasion of Poland

The third Mongol invasion of Poland was carried out by Nogai Khan and Talabuga in 1287–1288.

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Tomasz Adamek

Tomasz "Tomek" Adamek (born 1 December 1976) is a Polish professional boxer.

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Tomaszów Mazowiecki

Tomaszów Mazowiecki is a medium-sized city in central Poland with 63,601 inhabitants (2016).

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Toszek

Toszek (Tost) is a town in Poland, in Gliwice County, Silesian Voivodeship, with 4,000 inhabitants.

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Trail of the Eagle's Nests

The Trail of the Eagle's Nests (Szlak Orlich Gniazd) of south-western Poland, is a marked trail along a chain of 25 medieval castles between Częstochowa and Kraków.

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Transylvania

Transylvania is a historical region in today's central Romania.

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Treaty of Kraków

The Treaty of Kraków was signed on 8 April 1525 between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.

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Treaty of Lubowla

Treaty of Lubowla of 1412 was a treaty between Władysław II, King of Poland, and Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary.

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Treaty of Radnot

Treaty of Radnot was a treaty signed during the Second Northern War in Radnot in Transylvania (now Iernut in Romania) on 6 December 1656.

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Treaty of Schönbrunn

The Treaty of Schönbrunn (Traité de Schönbrunn; Friede von Schönbrunn), sometimes known as the Peace of Schönbrunn or Treaty of Vienna, was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna on 14 October 1809.

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Trzebinia

Trzebinia (טשעבין Tchebin) is a town in Chrzanów County, Lesser Poland, Poland with an Orlen oil refinery and a major rail junction of the Kraków - Katowice line, with connections to Oświęcim and Spytkowice.

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Tuchów

Tuchów is a town in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with a population of 6,476 (2004).

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Tunel railway station

Tunel railway station is a railway station in the former village of Tunel, near Miechow, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland.

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Turbacz

Turbacz is the highest peak of the Gorce Mountains, a mountain range located in southern Lesser Poland.

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Tymbark

Tymbark is a village in southern Poland, some 80 km south-east of Kraków, population 2,400 (2004 data).

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Tytus Chałubiński

Tytus Chałubiński (Radom, 29 December 1820 – 4 November 1889, Zakopane) was a Polish physician and co-founder of the Polish Tatra Society.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.

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Unia Tarnów

Unia Tarnów are a Polish multi-sports club established in 1928 and based in Tarnów, Poland.

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Union of Horodło

The Union of Horodło or Pact of Horodło was a set of three acts signed in the town of Horodło on 2 October 1413.

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Union of Krewo

In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or "Act of Krėva" (also spelled "Union of Krevo", "Act of Kreva"; Krėvos sutartis) was a set of prenuptial promises made in the Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in exchange for marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland.

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Union of Lublin

The Union of Lublin (unia lubelska; Liublino unija) was signed on 1 July 1569, in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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University of Bielsko-Biała

The University of Bielsko-Biała (Polish Akademia Techniczno-Humanistyczna w Bielsku-Białej) is a university in Bielsko-Biała, Poland, established in 2001.

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University of Life Sciences in Lublin

The University of Life Sciences in Lublin (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Lublinie) is a multi-profile higher education institution, which integrates a wide range of agricultural, biological, veterinary, technical and socioeconomic sciences in Poland.

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University of Lviv

The University of Lviv (Львівський університет, Uniwersytet Lwowski, Universität Lemberg, briefly known as the Theresianum in the early 19th-century), presently the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка) is the oldest university foundation in Ukraine, dating from 1661 when the Polish King, John II Casimir, granted it its first royal charter.

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University of Warsaw

The University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski, Universitas Varsoviensis), established in 1816, is the largest university in Poland.

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Upper Silesia

Upper Silesia (Górny Śląsk; Silesian Polish: Gůrny Ślůnsk; Horní Slezsko; Oberschlesien; Silesian German: Oberschläsing; Silesia Superior) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic.

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Upper Silesian Industrial Region

The Upper Silesian Industrial Region (Górnośląski Okręg Przemysłowy,, Polish abbreviation: GOP; Oberschlesisches Industriegebiet) is a large industrial region in Poland.

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Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change.

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Urzędów

Urzędów is a town in Kraśnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.

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Urzędów County

Urzędów County was a powiat (county) within Lublin Voivodeship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (16th-18th centuries).

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Valentinus Smalcius

Valentinus Smalcius (Valentin Schmalz or Schmaltz; Walenty Smalc) (Gotha, 1572 – Raków, Kielce county 1622) was a German Socinian theologian.

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Vistula

The Vistula (Wisła, Weichsel,, ווייסל), Висла) is the longest and largest river in Poland, at in length. The drainage basin area of the Vistula is, of which lies within Poland (54% of its land area). The remainder is in Belarus, Ukraine and Slovakia. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, above sea level in the Silesian Beskids (western part of Carpathian Mountains), where it begins with the White Little Vistula (Biała Wisełka) and the Black Little Vistula (Czarna Wisełka). It then continues to flow over the vast Polish plains, passing several large Polish cities along its way, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Płock, Włocławek, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Świecie, Grudziądz, Tczew and Gdańsk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wiślany) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Śmiała Wisła, Martwa Wisła, Nogat and Szkarpawa).

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Vistula River Gorge of Lesser Poland

The Lesser Poland Gorge of the Vistula (Polish: Małopolski Przełom Wisły) is a geographical region located in central-eastern Poland, which administratively belongs to three Polish voivodeships – Lublin, Masovian, and Świętokrzyskie.

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Vistula–Oder Offensive

The Vistula–Oder Offensive was a successful Red Army operation on the Eastern Front in the European Theatre of World War II in January 1945.

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Vistulans

The Vistulans, or Vistulanians (Wiślanie), were an early medieval West Slavic tribe inhabiting western part of modern Lesser Poland.

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Vive Targi Kielce

KS PGE Vive Kielce, also known by its historical name Iskra Kielce is a Polish professional handball team based in Kielce.

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Voivodeship

A voivodeship is the area administered by a voivode (Governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe.

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Voivodeships of Poland

A województwo (plural: województwa) is the highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland, corresponding to a "province" in many other countries.

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Voivodeships of Poland (1975–98)

The voivodeships of Poland from 1975–1998 were created as part of a two-tier method for administering the country and its regions.

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Volhynia

Volhynia, also Volynia or Volyn (Wołyń, Volýn) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe straddling between south-eastern Poland, parts of south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine.

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Wadowice

Wadowice (Frauenstadt – Wadowitz) is a city in southern Poland, southwest of Kraków with 19,200 inhabitants (2006), situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Foothills (Pogórze Śląskie).

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Walddeutsche

Walddeutsche (Walddeutsche ("Forest Germans") or Taubdeutsche ("Deaf Germans"); Głuchoniemcy ("deaf-mutes", a pun)), is the name for a group of people, mostly of German origin, who settled during the 14th-17th century on the territory of present-day Sanockie Pits, Poland, a region which was previously only sparsely inhabited because the land was difficult to farm.

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War against Sigismund

The war against Sigismund (Kriget mot Sigismund) was a war between Duke Charles, later King Charles IX and Sigismund, King of Sweden and Poland.

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War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II

It's estimated that over six million Polish citizens,Project in Posterum, Retrieved 20 September 2013.

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War of the Polish Succession (1587–88)

The War of the Polish Succession or the Habsburg-Polish War took place from 1587 to 1588 over the election of monarch after the death of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory.

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Warsaw

Warsaw (Warszawa; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland.

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Warta

The Warta (Polish pronunciation: Warthe; Varta) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder River (Odra).

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Wawel (company)

Wawel is a Polish confectionery company, producing many varieties of chocolates, wafers, chocolate bars and snacks.

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Wawel Castle

The Wawel Castle is a castle residency located in central Kraków, Poland.

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Wawel Cathedral

The Royal Archcathedral Basilica of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus on the Wawel Hill (królewska bazylika archikatedralna śś.), also known as the Wawel Cathedral (katedra wawelska), is a Roman Catholic church located on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland.

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Wódka Żołądkowa Gorzka

Wódka Żołądkowa Gorzka − colloquially shortened to Żołądkowa Gorzka or Żołądkowa − is a herbal vodka from Poland, and the leading brand of Polmos-Lublin/Stock Polska since 1950.

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Wąchock

Wąchock is a town in Starachowice County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland, near Starachowice.

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Władysław Belina-Prażmowski

Władysław Zygmunt Belina-Prażmowski (3 May 1888 in Ruszkowiec – 13 October 1938 in Venice), was a Polish cavalryman, colonel and politician.

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Władysław I the Elbow-high

Władysław I the Elbow-high or the Short (Władysław I Łokietek; c. 1260 – 2 March 1333) was the King of Poland from 1306 to 1333, and duke of several of the provinces and principalities in the preceding years.

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Władysław II Jagiełło

Jogaila (later Władysław II JagiełłoHe is known under a number of names: Jogaila Algirdaitis; Władysław II Jagiełło; Jahajła (Ягайла). See also: Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło. (c. 1352/1362 – 1 June 1434) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1434) and then the King of Poland (1386–1434), first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399, and then sole King of Poland. He ruled in Lithuania from 1377. Born a pagan, in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in Kraków, married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło. In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, and lasted a further thirty-five years and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union. He was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland that bears his name and was previously also known as the Gediminid dynasty in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The dynasty ruled both states until 1572,Anna Jagiellon, the last member of royal Jagiellon family, died in 1596. and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe. During his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world. Jogaila was the last pagan ruler of medieval Lithuania. After he became King of Poland, as a result of the Union of Krewo, the newly formed Polish-Lithuanian union confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Knights. The allied victory at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, followed by the Peace of Thorn, secured the Polish and Lithuanian borders and marked the emergence of the Polish–Lithuanian alliance as a significant force in Europe. The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's Golden Age.

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Władysław Orkan

Władysław Orkan (27 November 1875 – 14 May 1930) (actually born as Franciszek Ksawery Smaciarz, changed surname to Smreczyński, but primarily known under his pen name, Orkan) was a Polish writer and poet from the Young Poland period.

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Władysław Sikorski

Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (20 May 1881 – 4 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.

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Włókniarz Częstochowa

Dospel CKM Włókniarz Częstochowa is a motorcycle speedway team based in Częstochowa, Poland.

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Włoszczowa

Włoszczowa is a town in Poland, in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, about west of Kielce.

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Wenceslaus II of Bohemia

Wenceslaus II Přemyslid (Václav II.; Wacław II Czeski; 27 SeptemberK. Charvátová, Václav II. Král český a polský, Prague 2007, p. 18. 1271 – 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278–1305), Duke of Cracow (1291–1305), and King of Poland (1300–1305).

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West Galicia

New Galicia or West Galicia (Nowa Galicja or Galicja Zachodnia, Neugalizien or Westgalizien) was an administrative region of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy, constituted from the territory annexed in the course of the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.

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West Slavs

The West Slavs are a subgroup of Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages.

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Wianki

Wianki (Wreaths, in English) is a cyclical cultural event, taking place annually in Kraków at the bend of Wisła river, near the Wawel hill.

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Wiślica

Wiślica is a town in Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland.

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Wiślica County

Wiślica County (Powiat wiślicki) was an administrative territorial entity of the Kingdom of Poland and later Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Wieliczka

Wieliczka (German: Groß Salze) is a town (2006 population: 19,128) in southern Poland in the Kraków metropolitan area, and situated (since 1999) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship; previously, it was in Kraków Voivodeship (1975–1998).

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Wieliczka Salt Mine

The Wieliczka Salt Mine (Kopalnia soli Wieliczka), located in the town of Wieliczka in southern Poland, lies within the Kraków metropolitan area.

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Wielka Krokiew

Wielka Krokiew (The Great Krokiew, in Polish krokiew means rafter) is the one - the biggest - of ski jumps built on the slope of Krokiew mountain (1378 m) in Zakopane, Poland.

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Wieprz

The Wieprz (boar; Вепр) is a river in central-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula.

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Wierzbica, Radom County

Wierzbica is a village in Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.

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Wilamowice

Wilamowice (earlier also Willamowice, Wilmeshau, Wilmesau, Vilamovice Nova, Novovillamowicz, in local language Wymysorys: Wymysoü) is a rural town in southern Poland, situated in the Bielsko County, Silesian Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship, 1975–1998).

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Wincenty Pol

Wincenty Pol (20 April 1807 – 2 December 1872) was a Polish poet and geographer.

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Wincenty Witos

Wincenty Witos (22 January 1874 – 31 October 1945) was a prominent member of the Polish People's Party (PSL) from 1895, and leader of its "Piast" faction from 1913.

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Wisła Kraków

Wisła Kraków is a Polish football club based in Kraków.

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Wisłok

Wisłok is a river in south-eastern Poland, a tributary of the San River, with a length of 220 kilometres and a basin area of 3,538 km2 (all in Poland).

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Wisłoka

The Wisłoka is a river in south-eastern Poland, a tributary of the Vistula river, with a length of and a basin area of.

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Witold Gombrowicz

Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and playwright.

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Wittenberg

Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Wojciech Jaruzelski

Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician.

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Wojkowice

Wojkowice (Woikowize) is a small town in województwo śląskie, located in so-called Zagłębie Dąbrowskie in southern Poland, near Katowice.

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Wojnicz

Wojnicz is a town in Tarnów County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship.

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Wolbórz

Wolbórz is a town in Piotrków County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland.

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Wolbrom

Wolbrom (Wolfram) is a town in Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland, with 9,568 inhabitants (2005).

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Wooden churches of Southern Lesser Poland

Wooden Churches of Southern Lesser Poland of the UNESCO inscription are located in Binarowa, Blizne, Dębno, Haczów, Lipnica Murowana, and Sękowa (Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Małopolska).

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World Heritage site

A World Heritage site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.

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Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu – National-Louis University

Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu – National-Louis University — non-public university, one of the first non-public higher education schools in Poland.

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Wymysorys language

Wymysorys (Wymysiöeryś), also known as Vilamovian or Wilamowicean, is a variety of High German, spoken in the small town of Wilamowice, Poland (Wymysoü in Wymysorys), on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland, near Bielsko-Biała.

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Wysowa-Zdrój

Wysowa-Zdrój (Висова, Vysova) is a spa village in the administrative district of Gmina Uście Gorlickie, within Gorlice County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia.

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Xawery Dunikowski

Xawery Dunikowski (24 December 1875 – 26 January 1964) was a Polish sculptor and artist, notable for surviving Auschwitz concentration camp, and best known for his Neo-Romantic sculptures and Auschwitz-inspired art.

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Yotvingians

Yotvingians, or Sudovians (also called Suduvians, Jatvians, or Jatvingians in English; Jotvingiai, Sūduviai; Jātvingi; Jaćwingowie, Яцвягі, Ятвяги Sudauer), were a Baltic people with close cultural ties in the 13th century to the Lithuanians and Prussians.

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Young Poland

Young Poland (Młoda Polska) was a modernist period in Polish visual arts, literature and music, covering roughly the years between 1890 and 1918.

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Zaduszniki, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Zaduszniki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Padew Narodowa, within Mielec County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.

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Zagłębie Sosnowiec

Zagłębie Sosnowiec is a football (soccer) club based in Sosnowiec, Poland.

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Zakopane

Zakopane is a town in the extreme south of Poland.

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Zakopower

Zakopower is a Polish Goral folk music group.

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Zamość

Zamość (Yiddish: זאמאשטש Zamoshtsh) is a city in southeastern Poland, situated in the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), about from Lublin, from Warsaw and from the border with Ukraine.

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Zawichost

Zawichost is a small town (ca. 1,800 inhabitants) in Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland.

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Zawiercie

Zawiercie is a city in the Silesian Voivodeship of southern Poland with 51,880 inhabitants (2011).

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Zbigniew Oleśnicki (cardinal)

Zbigniew Oleśnicki (5 December 1389 in Sienno, Masovian Voivodeship – 1 April 1455), known in Latin as Sbigneus, was a high-ranking Roman Catholic clergyman and an influential Polish statesman and diplomat.

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Zbigniew Preisner

Zbigniew Preisner (born 20 May 1955 as Zbigniew Antoni Kowalski) is a Polish film score composer, best known for his work with film director Krzysztof Kieślowski.

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Zebrzydowski rebellion

Zebrzydowski's rebellion (rokosz Zebrzydowskiego), or the Sandomierz rebellion (rokosz sandomierski), was a rokosz (semi-legal rebellion) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against King Sigismund III Vasa.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zubrzyca Górna

Zubrzyca Górna, (Vyšná Zubrica, Felsőzubrica) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jabłonka, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia.

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Zwardoń

Zwardoń is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Rajcza, within Żywiec County, Silesian Voivodeship, in the Zywiec Beskids mountain range in southern Poland, on the border with Slovakia.

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Zwoleń

Zwoleń (זוואלין Zvolin) is a town in Poland, in Masovian Voivodeship, about east of Radom.

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Zygmunt Gloger

Zygmunt Gloger (3 November 1845 in Tybory-Kamianka – 16 August 1910 in Warsaw) was a Polish historian, archaeologist, geographer and ethnographer, bearer of the Wilczekosy coat of arms.

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1923 Kraków riot

The 1923 Kraków riot was a violent riot that took place during a strike on 6 November 1923 in Kraków, Poland.

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1934 flood in Poland

1934 flood in Poland (Powódź w Polsce, 1934) was the biggest flood in the Second Polish Republic.

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1937 peasant strike in Poland

1937 peasant strike in Poland, also known in some Polish sources as the Great Peasant Uprising (Wielki Strajk Chłopski) was a mass strike and demonstration of peasants organized by the People's Party and aimed at the ruling sanacja government.

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1951 Mokotów Prison execution

On March 1, 1951, the Soviet-controlled Communist Polish secret police, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa (UB), carried out the execution of seven members of the 4th Headquarters of the anti-Communist organization Wolność i Niezawisłość (WiN) in the Mokotów Prison in Warsaw.

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1968 Polish political crisis

The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968 or March events (Marzec 1968; wydarzenia marcowe), pertains to a series of major student, intellectual and other protests against the government of the Polish People's Republic.

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1982 demonstrations in Poland

1982 demonstrations in Poland refers to anti-government street demonstrations organized by underground Solidarity to commemorate the second anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement.

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1988 Polish strikes

The 1988 Polish strikes were a massive wave of workers' strikes which broke out in 1988 in the Polish People's Republic.

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Redirects here:

History of Lesser Poland, Lesser Polish, Malopolska, Małopolska, Polonia Minor.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Poland

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