Comparison of programming languages (syntax)

This comparison of programming languages compares the features of language syntax (format) for over 50 computer programming languages. ^[1]

ABAP

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming, originally Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, German for "general report creation processor") is a high-level programming language created by the German software company SAP SE.

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ActionScript

ActionScript is an object-oriented programming language originally developed by Macromedia Inc. (later acquired by Adobe Systems).

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Active Server Pages

Active Server Pages (ASP), later known as Classic ASP or ASP Classic, is Microsoft's first server-side script engine for dynamically generated web pages.

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Ada (programming language)

Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level computer programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages.

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ALGOL

ALGOL (short for "Algorithmic Language") is a family of imperative computer programming languages, originally developed in the mid-1950s, which greatly influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the ACM in textbooks and academic sources for more than thirty years.

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ALGOL 60

ALGOL 60 (short for Algorithmic Language 1960) is a member of the ALGOL family of computer programming languages.

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ALGOL 68

ALGOL 68 (short for Algorithmic Language 1968) is an imperative computer programming language that was conceived as a successor to the ALGOL 60 programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined syntax and semantics.

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Ampersand

The ampersand is the logogram &, representing the conjunction "and".

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APL (programming language)

APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson.

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AppleScript

AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. that facilitates automated control over scriptable Mac applications.

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Assembly language

An assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated asm, is a low-level programming language, in which there is a very strong (but often not one-to-one) correspondence between the assembly program statements and the architecture's machine code instructions.

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AutoHotkey

AutoHotkey is a free, open-source custom scripting language for Microsoft Windows, initially aimed at providing easy keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys, fast macro-creation and software automation that allows users of most levels of computer skill to automate repetitive tasks in any Windows application.

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AutoIt

AutoIt is a freeware automation language for Microsoft Windows.

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AWK

AWK is a programming language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool.

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Backslash

The backslash (\) is a typographical mark (glyph) used mainly in computing and is the mirror image of the common slash (/).

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Bash (Unix shell)

Bash is a Unix shell and command language written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell.

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BASIC

BASIC (an acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use.

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Batch file

A batch file is a kind of script file in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows.

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Befunge

Befunge is a stack-based, reflective, esoteric programming language.

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Boo (programming language)

Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility.

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Bourne shell

The Bourne shell (sh) is a shell, or command-line interpreter, for computer operating systems.

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Bracket

A bracket is a tall punctuation mark typically used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text.

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Brainfuck

Brainfuck is an esoteric programming language created in 1993 by Urban Müller, and notable for its extreme minimalism.

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C (programming language)

C (as in the letter ''c'') is a general-purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations.

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C Sharp (programming language)

C# (/si: ʃɑːrp/) is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines.

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C shell

The C shell (csh or the improved version, tcsh) is a Unix shell created by Bill Joy while he was a graduate student at University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s.

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C syntax

The syntax of the C programming language, the rules governing writing of software in the language, is designed to allow for programs that are extremely terse, have a close relationship with the resulting object code, and yet provide relatively high-level data abstraction.

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C++

C++ ("see plus plus") is a general-purpose programming language.

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Cascading Style Sheets

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language like HTML.

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CHILL

In computing, CHILL (an acronym for CCITT High Level Language) is a procedural programming language designed for use in telecommunication switches (the hardware used inside telephone exchanges).

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Clojure

Clojure (like "closure") is a dialect of the Lisp programming language.

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Cmd.exe

Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd (after its executable file name), is the command-line interpreter on Windows NT, Windows CE, OS/2 and eComStation operating systems.

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COBOL

COBOL (an acronym for "common business-oriented language") is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use.

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Cobra (programming language)

Cobra is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.

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CoffeeScript

CoffeeScript is a programming language that transcompiles to JavaScript.

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COMMAND.COM

COMMAND.COM is the default command-line interpreter for DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME.

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Comment (computer programming)

In computer programming, a comment is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the source code of a computer program.

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Common Lisp

Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (R2004) (formerly X3.226-1994 (R1999)).

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Computer programming in the punched card era

From the invention of computer programming languages up to the mid-1970s, many if not most computer programmers created, edited and stored their programs line by line on punched cards.

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Curl (programming language)

Curl is a reflective object-oriented programming language for interactive web applications whose goal is to provide a smoother transition between formatting and programming.

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D (programming language)

D is an object-oriented, imperative, multi-paradigm system programming language created by Walter Bright of Digital Mars and released in 2001.

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Ddoc

Ddoc is a compiler-embedded documentation generator and associated syntax, for the D programming language, designed by Walter Bright.

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Delimiter

A delimiter is a sequence of one or more characters used to specify the boundary between separate, independent regions in plain text or other data streams.

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DIGITAL Command Language

DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) is the standard command language adopted by most of the operating systems (OSs) that were sold by the former Digital Equipment Corporation (which was acquired by Compaq, which was in turn acquired by Hewlett-Packard).

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Docstring

In programming, a docstring is a string literal specified in source code that is used, like a comment, to document a specific segment of code.

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ECMAScript

ECMAScript (or ES) is a trademarked scripting-language specification standardized by Ecma International in ECMA-262 and ISO/IEC 16262.

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Eiffel (programming language)

Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language designed by Bertrand Meyer (an object-orientation proponent and author of Object-Oriented Software Construction) and Eiffel Software.

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Elixir (programming language)

Elixir is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming language that runs on the Erlang virtual machine (BEAM).

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Ellipsis

An ellipsis (plural ellipses; from the ἔλλειψις, élleipsis, 'omission' or 'falling short') is a series of dots (typically three, such as "…") that usually indicates an intentional omission of a word, sentence, or whole section from a text without altering its original meaning.

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End-of-file

In computing, end-of-file (commonly abbreviated EOF) is a condition in a computer operating system where no more data can be read from a data source.

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Erlang (programming language)

Erlang is a general-purpose, concurrent, functional programming language, as well as a garbage-collected runtime system.

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Esoteric programming language

An esoteric programming language (sometimes shortened to esolang) is a programming language designed to test the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, as software art, as a hacking interface to another language (particularly functional programming or procedural programming languages), or as a joke.

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Euphoria (programming language)

Euphoria is a programming language originally created by Robert Craig of Rapid Deployment Software in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

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Expression (computer science)

An expression in a programming language is a combination of one or more constants, variables, operators, and functions that the programming language interprets (according to its particular rules of precedence and of association) and computes to produce ("to return", in a stateful environment) another value.

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F Sharp (programming language)

F# (pronounced F sharp) is a strongly typed, multi-paradigm programming language that encompasses functional, imperative, and object-oriented programming methods.

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Falcon (programming language)

Falcon is an open source, multi-paradigm programming language.

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Forth (programming language)

Forth is an imperative stack-based computer programming language and environment originally designed by Charles "Chuck" Moore.

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Fortran

Fortran (formerly FORTRAN, derived from Formula Translation) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

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Free-form language

In computer programming, a free-form language is a programming language in which the positioning of characters on the page in program text is insignificant.

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Gambas

Gambas is the name of an object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language, as well as the integrated development environment that accompanies it.

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GFA BASIC

GFA BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language, by Frank Ostrowski.

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Go (programming language)

Go (often referred to as Golang) is a programming language created at Google in 2009 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson.

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Grave accent

The grave accent (`) is a diacritical mark in many written languages, including Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch, Emilian-Romagnol, French, West Frisian, Greek (until 1982; see polytonic orthography), Haitian Creole, Italian, Mohawk, Occitan, Portuguese, Ligurian, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, Welsh, Romansh, and Yoruba.

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Haskell (programming language)

Haskell is a standardized, general-purpose compiled purely functional programming language, with non-strict semantics and strong static typing.

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Hyphen

The hyphen (‐) is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.

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J (programming language)

The J programming language, developed in the early 1990s by Kenneth E. Iverson and Roger Hui, is a synthesis of APL (also by Iverson) and the FP and FL function-level languages created by John Backus.

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Java (programming language)

Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

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Java syntax

The syntax of the Java programming language is the set of rules defining how a Java program is written and interpreted.

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Javadoc

Javadoc (originally cased JavaDoc) is a documentation generator created by Sun Microsystems for the Java language (now owned by Oracle Corporation) for generating API documentation in HTML format from Java source code.

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JavaScript

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language.

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JavaScript syntax

The syntax of JavaScript is the set of rules that define a correctly structured JavaScript program.

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KornShell

KornShell (ksh) is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn at Bell Labs in the early 1980s and announced at USENIX on July 14, 1983.

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Kotlin (programming language)

Kotlin is a statically typed programming language that runs on the Java virtual machine and also can be compiled to JavaScript source code or use the LLVM compiler infrastructure.

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LaTeX

LaTeX (or; a shortening of Lamport TeX) is a document preparation system.

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Lexical analysis

In computer science, lexical analysis, lexing or tokenization is the process of converting a sequence of characters (such as in a computer program or web page) into a sequence of tokens (strings with an assigned and thus identified meaning).

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Library (computing)

In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often for software development.

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Lisp (programming language)

Lisp (historically, LISP) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.

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List of programming languages by type

This is a list of notable programming languages, grouped by type.

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Lua (programming language)

Lua (from meaning moon) is a lightweight, multi-paradigm programming language designed primarily for embedded use in applications.

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M4 (computer language)

m4 is a general-purpose macro processor included in all UNIX-like operating systems, and is a component of the POSIX standard.

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Make (software)

In software development, Make is a build automation tool that automatically builds executable programs and libraries from source code by reading files called Makefiles which specify how to derive the target program.

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Maple (software)

Maple is a symbolic and numeric computing environment, and is also a multi-paradigm programming language.

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MATLAB

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks.

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Microsoft Small Basic

Microsoft Small Basic is a programming language and associated IDE.

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ML (programming language)

ML (Meta Language) is a general-purpose functional programming language.

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Modula-2

Modula-2 is a computer programming language designed and developed between 1977 and 1985 by Niklaus Wirth at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH Zurich) as a revision of Pascal to serve as the sole programming language for the operating system and application software for the personal workstation Lilith.

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Modula-3

Modula-3 is a programming language conceived as a successor to an upgraded version of Modula-2 known as Modula-2+.

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Monkey X

Monkey X is a high-level programming language designed for video game development for many different platforms, including desktop and laptop computers, mobile phones, tablets, and video game consoles.

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Newline

Newline (frequently called line ending, end of line (EOL), line feed, or line break) is a control character or sequence of control characters in a character encoding specification, e.g. ASCII or EBCDIC.

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Newspeak (programming language)

Newspeak is a programming language and platform in the tradition of Smalltalk and Self being developed by a team led by Gilad Bracha.

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Nota bene

Nota bene (or; plural form notate bene) is a Latin phrase meaning 'note well'.

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Oberon (programming language)

Oberon is a general-purpose programming language created in 1986 by Niklaus Wirth and the latest member of the Wirthian family of ALGOL-like languages (Euler, Algol-W, Pascal, Modula, and Modula-2).

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Object Pascal

Object Pascal refers to a branch of object-oriented derivatives of Pascal, mostly known as the primary programming language of Delphi.

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Objective-C

Objective-C is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language that adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language.

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OCaml

OCaml, originally named Objective Caml, is the main implementation of the programming language Caml, created by Xavier Leroy, Jérôme Vouillon, Damien Doligez, Didier Rémy, Ascánder Suárez and others in 1996.

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Occam (programming language)

occam is a programming language which is concurrent and builds on the communicating sequential processes (CSP) process algebra, Inmos document 72 occ 45 03 and shares many of its features.

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Operator (computer programming)

Programming languages typically support a set of operators: constructs which behave generally like functions, but which differ syntactically or semantically from usual functions.

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Pascal (programming language)

Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring. It is named in honor of the French mathematician, philosopher and physicist Blaise Pascal. Pascal was developed on the pattern of the ALGOL 60 language. Wirth had already developed several improvements to this language as part of the ALGOL X proposals, but these were not accepted and Pascal was developed separately and released in 1970. A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985; this was used by Apple Computer and Borland in the late 1980s and later developed into Delphi on the Microsoft Windows platform. Extensions to the Pascal concepts led to the Pascal-like languages Modula-2 and Oberon.

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Perl

Perl is a family of two high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages, Perl 5 and Perl 6.

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Perl 6

Perl 6 is a member of the Perl family of programming languages.

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PHP

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (or simply PHP) is a server-side scripting language designed for Web development, but also used as a general-purpose programming language.

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PHP syntax and semantics

The PHP syntax and semantics are the format (syntax) and the related meanings (semantics) of the text and symbols in the PHP programming language.

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PHPDoc

PHPDoc is an adaptation of Javadoc for the PHP programming language.

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Physics Analysis Workstation

The Physics Analysis Workstation (PAW) is an interactive, scriptable computer software tool for data analysis and graphical presentation in High Energy Physics (HEP).

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Pick operating system

The Pick operating system (often called just "the Pick system" or simply "Pick") is a demand-paged, multiuser, virtual memory, time-sharing computer operating system based around a unique MultiValue database.

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PILOT

Programmed Instruction, Learning, or Teaching (PILOT) is a simple programming language developed in the 1960s.

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PL/I

PL/I (Programming Language One, pronounced) is a procedural, imperative computer programming language designed for scientific, engineering, business and system programming uses.

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PL/SQL

PL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is Oracle Corporation's procedural extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database.

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Plain Old Documentation

Plain Old Documentation, abbreviated pod, is a lightweight markup language used to document the Perl programming language.

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PostScript

PostScript (PS) is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business.

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PowerShell

PowerShell is a task automation and configuration management framework from Microsoft, consisting of a command-line shell and associated scripting language.

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Program counter

The program counter (PC), commonly called the instruction pointer (IP) in Intel x86 and Itanium microprocessors, and sometimes called the instruction address register (IAR), the instruction counter, or just part of the instruction sequencer, is a processor register that indicates where a computer is in its program sequence.

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Programming language

A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can be used to produce various kinds of output.

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Prolog

Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.

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Python (programming language)

Python is an interpreted high-level programming language for general-purpose programming.

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Python syntax and semantics

The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers).

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R (programming language)

R is a programming language and free software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

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Racket (programming language)

Racket (formerly PLT Scheme) is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language in the Lisp-Scheme family.

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Rebol

Rebol (historically REBOL) is a cross-platform data exchange language and a multi-paradigm dynamic programming language designed by Carl Sassenrath for network communications and distributed computing.

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Reverse Polish notation

Reverse Polish notation (RPN), also known as Polish postfix notation or simply postfix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators follow their operands, in contrast to Polish notation (PN), in which operators precede their operands.

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Rexx

Rexx (Restructured Extended Executor) is an interpreted programming language developed at IBM by Mike Cowlishaw.

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Ruby (programming language)

Ruby is a dynamic, interpreted, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language.

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Rust (programming language)

Rust is a systems programming language sponsored by Mozilla which describes it as a "safe, concurrent, practical language," supporting functional and imperative-procedural paradigms.

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S-Lang

The S-Lang programming library is a software library for Unix, Windows, VMS, OS/2, and Mac OS X. It provides routines for embedding an interpreter for the S-Lang scripting language, and components to facilitate the creation of text-based applications.

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SAS (software)

SAS (previously "Statistical Analysis System") is a software suite developed by SAS Institute for advanced analytics, multivariate analyses, business intelligence, data management, and predictive analytics.

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Sass (stylesheet language)

Sass (Syntactically awesome style sheets) is a style sheet language initially designed by Hampton Catlin and developed by Natalie Weizenbaum.

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Scala (programming language)

Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for functional programming and a strong static type system.

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Scheme (programming language)

Scheme is a programming language that supports multiple paradigms, including functional programming and imperative programming, and is one of the two main dialects of Lisp.

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Seed7

Seed7 is an extensible general-purpose programming language designed by Thomas Mertes.

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Simula

Simula is the name of two simulation programming languages, Simula I and Simula 67, developed in the 1960s at the Norwegian Computing Center in Oslo, by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard.

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Smalltalk

Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language.

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Smarty (template engine)

Smarty is a web template system written in PHP.

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SPARK (programming language)

SPARK is a formally defined computer programming language based on the Ada programming language, intended for the development of high integrity software used in systems where predictable and highly reliable operation is essential.

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SQL

SQL (S-Q-L, "sequel"; Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS).

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SQL*Plus

SQL*Plus is the most basic Oracle Database utility, with a basic command-line interface, commonly used by users, administrators, and programmers.

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Standard Generalized Markup Language

The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; ISO 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents.

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Standard ML

Standard ML (SML; "Standard Meta Language") is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference.

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Statement (computer science)

In computer programming, a statement is a syntactic unit of an imperative programming language that expresses some action to be carried out.

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Swift (programming language)

Swift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed by Apple Inc. for iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, and Linux.

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Syntax (programming languages)

In computer science, the syntax of a computer language is the set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be a correctly structured document or fragment in that language.

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Tag (metadata)

In information systems, a tag is a keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an Internet bookmark, digital image, database record, or computer file).

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Tcl

Tcl (pronounced "tickle" or tee cee ell) is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language.

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TeX

TeX (see below), stylized within the system as TeX, is a typesetting system (or "formatting system") designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978.

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Texinfo

Texinfo is a typesetting syntax used for generating documentation in both on-line and printed form (creating filetypes as dvi, html, pdf, etc., and its own hypertext format, info) with a single source file.

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Transact-SQL

Transact-SQL (T-SQL) is Microsoft's and Sybase's proprietary extension to the SQL (Structured Query Language) used to interact with relational databases.

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Turbo Assembler

Turbo Assembler (TASM) is a computer assembler (software for program development) developed by Borland which runs on and produces code for 16- or 32-bit x86 MS-DOS or Microsoft Windows.

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TUTOR (programming language)

TUTOR (also known as PLATO Author Language) is a programming language developed for use on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign around 1965.

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Underscore

The symbol underscore (_), also called underline, low line or low dash, is a character that originally appeared on the typewriter and was primarily used to underline words.

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Unix shell

A Unix shell is a command-line interpreter or shell that provides a traditional Unix-like command line user interface.

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VBScript

VBScript ("Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition") is an Active Scripting language developed by Microsoft that is modeled on Visual Basic.

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VHDL

VHDL (VHSIC Hardware Description Language) is a hardware description language used in electronic design automation to describe digital and mixed-signal systems such as field-programmable gate arrays and integrated circuits.

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Vim (text editor)

Vim ("Vim is pronounced as one word, like Jim, not vi-ai-em. It's written with a capital, since it's a name, again like Jim." a contraction of Vi IMproved) is a clone, with additions, of Bill Joy's vi text editor program for Unix.

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Visual Basic

Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft for its Component Object Model (COM) programming model first released in 1991 and declared legacy during 2008.

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Visual Basic .NET

Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on the.NET Framework.

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Visual Prolog

Visual Prolog, also formerly known as PDC Prolog and Turbo Prolog, is a strongly typed object-oriented extension of Prolog.

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Whitespace character

In computer programming, white space is any character or series of characters that represent horizontal or vertical space in typography.

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Wolfram Language

The Wolfram Language is a general multi-paradigm programming language developed by Wolfram Research and is the programming language of the mathematical symbolic computation program Mathematica and the Wolfram Programming Cloud.

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Wolfram Mathematica

Wolfram Mathematica (usually termed Mathematica) is a modern technical computing system spanning most areas of technical computing — including neural networks, machine learning, image processing, geometry, data science, visualizations, and others.

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Xojo

The Xojo programming environment is developed and commercially marketed by Xojo, Inc.

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Redirects here:

Block comments, Inline comment, Line Oriented Programming Language, Line continuation, Line continuation character, Line-oriented language, Line-oriented programming language, Linear syntax, Statement separator, Statement terminator.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)

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