Table of Contents
244 relations: Abiogenesis, Acetyl group, Acetyl-CoA, Acyl carrier protein, Adenosine triphosphate, Adipocyte, Adipose tissue, Agonist, Alcohol (chemistry), Algae, Aliphatic compound, Alkane, Alkene, Amide, Amphiphile, Anandamide, Androgen, Androsterone, Anticarcinogen, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antiparasitic, Arachidonic acid, Archaea, Avermectin, Bactoprenol, Beta oxidation, Bile acid, Biological membrane, Biomarker, Biophysics, Brassicasterol, Butyric acid, Cannabinoid, Carbohydrate, Carboxylic acid, Cardiolipin, Cardiovascular disease, Carotenoid, Cell membrane, Cell signaling, Ceramide, Cerebroside, Chemical polarity, Cholesterol, Cis–trans isomerism, Citric acid cycle, Clathrate compound, Coenzyme A, Coenzyme Q10, ... Expand index (194 more) »
- Underwater diving physiology
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a functional group with the chemical formula and the structure.
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Acyl carrier protein
The acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a cofactor of both fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis machinery.
See Lipid and Acyl carrier protein
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Lipid and Adenosine triphosphate
Adipocyte
Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue (also known as body fat or simply fat) is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.
Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
Alcohol (chemistry)
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl functional group bound to carbon.
See Lipid and Alcohol (chemistry)
Algae
Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.
See Lipid and Algae
Aliphatic compound
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil).
See Lipid and Aliphatic compound
Alkane
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.
See Lipid and Alkane
Alkene
In organic chemistry, an alkene, or olefin, is a hydrocarbon containing a carbon–carbon double bond.
See Lipid and Alkene
Amide
In organic chemistry, an amide, also known as an organic amide or a carboxamide, is a compound with the general formula, where R, R', and R″ represent any group, typically organyl groups or hydrogen atoms.
See Lipid and Amide
Amphiphile
An amphiphile (from the Greek αμφις amphis, both, and φιλíα philia, love, friendship), or amphipath, is a chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (water-loving, polar) and lipophilic (fat-loving) properties.
Anandamide
Anandamide (ANA), also referred to as N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) is a fatty acid neurotransmitter belonging to the fatty acid derivative group known as N-Acylethanolamine (NAE).
Androgen
An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
Androsterone
Androsterone, or 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, is an endogenous steroid hormone, neurosteroid, and putative pheromone.
Anticarcinogen
An anticarcinogen (also known as a carcinopreventive agent) is a substance that counteracts the effects of a carcinogen or inhibits the development of cancer.
Antimicrobial
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent).
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.
Antiparasitic
Antiparasitics are a class of medications which are indicated for the treatment of parasitic diseases, such as those caused by helminths, amoeba, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, and protozoa, among others.
Arachidonic acid
Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6), or 20:4(5,8,11,14).
See Lipid and Arachidonic acid
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.
Avermectin
The avermectins are a series of drugs and pesticides used to treat parasitic worm infestations and to reduce insect pests.
Bactoprenol
Bactoprenol also known as dolichol-11 and (isomerically vaguely) C55-isoprenyl alcohol (C55-OH) is a lipid first identified in certain species of lactobacilli.
Beta oxidation
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA.
Bile acid
Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other vertebrates.
Biological membrane
A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.
See Lipid and Biological membrane
Biomarker
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
Biophysics
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.
Brassicasterol
Brassicasterol (24-methyl cholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol) is a 28-carbon sterol synthesised by several unicellular algae (phytoplankton) and some terrestrial plants, like rape.
Butyric acid
Butyric acid (from βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula.
Cannabinoid
Cannabinoids are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms (although insects lack such receptors) or as synthetic compounds.
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group.
Cardiolipin
Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol, "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition.
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is any disease involving the heart or blood vessels.
See Lipid and Cardiovascular disease
Carotenoid
Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.
Ceramide
Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules. Lipid and Ceramide are lipids.
Cerebroside
Cerebrosides (monoglycosylceramides) are a group of glycosphingolipids which are important components of animal muscle and nerve cell membranes.
Chemical polarity
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.
See Lipid and Chemical polarity
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils.
Cis–trans isomerism
Cis–trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, describes certain arrangements of atoms within molecules.
See Lipid and Cis–trans isomerism
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
See Lipid and Citric acid cycle
Clathrate compound
A clathrate is a chemical substance consisting of a lattice that traps or contains molecules.
See Lipid and Clathrate compound
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring biochemical cofactor (coenzyme) and an antioxidant produced by the human body.
Corn oil
Corn oil (North American) or maize oil (British) is oil extracted from the germ of corn (maize).
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone in the glucocorticoid class of hormones and a stress hormone.
Cosmetic industry
The cosmetic industry describes the industry that manufactures and distributes cosmetic products.
See Lipid and Cosmetic industry
Critical micelle concentration
In colloidal and surface chemistry, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is defined as the concentration of surfactants above which micelles form and all additional surfactants added to the system will form micelles.
See Lipid and Critical micelle concentration
De novo synthesis
In chemistry, de novo synthesis is the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to recycling after partial degradation.
See Lipid and De novo synthesis
Dehydration reaction
In chemistry, a dehydration reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion.
See Lipid and Dehydration reaction
Dehydrogenation
In chemistry, dehydrogenation is a chemical reaction that involves the removal of hydrogen, usually from an organic molecule.
Diglyceride
A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages. Lipid and diglyceride are lipids.
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP; or alternatively, dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP); also isoprenyl pyrophosphate) is an isoprenoid precursor.
See Lipid and Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
Disaccharide
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage.
Docosahexaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is an important component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina.
See Lipid and Docosahexaenoic acid
Dolichol
Dolichol refers to any of a group of long-chain mostly unsaturated organic compounds that are made up of varying numbers of isoprene units terminating in an α-saturated isoprenoid group, containing an alcohol functional group.
Eicosanoid
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, around 20 carbon units in length.
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid.
See Lipid and Eicosapentaenoic acid
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
See Lipid and Electron transport chain
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
See Lipid and Endoplasmic reticulum
Epothilone
Epothilones are a class of potential cancer drugs.
Ergosterol
Ergosterol (ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol) is a mycosterol found in cell membranes of fungi and protozoa, serving many of the same functions that cholesterol serves in animal cells.
Erythromycin
Erythromycin is an antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Lipid and Escherichia coli
Essential fatty acid
Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that are required by humans and other animals for normal physiological function that cannot be synthesized in the body.
See Lipid and Essential fatty acid
Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a functional group derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group of that acid is replaced by an organyl group.
See Lipid and Ester
Estrogen
Estrogen (oestrogen; see spelling differences) is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Fat
In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food.
See Lipid and Fat
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
Fatty acid desaturase
Fatty acid desaturases (also called unsaturases) are a family of enzymes that convert saturated fatty acids into unsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
See Lipid and Fatty acid desaturase
Fatty acid synthase
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.
See Lipid and Fatty acid synthase
Fatty acid synthesis
In biochemistry, fatty acid synthesis is the creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through the action of enzymes called fatty acid synthases.
See Lipid and Fatty acid synthesis
Fish oil
Fish oil is oil derived from the tissues of oily fish.
Flippase
Flippases are transmembrane lipid transporter proteins located in the cell membrane.
Food industry
The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population.
Functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.
See Lipid and Functional group
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
See Lipid and Fungus
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses.
See Lipid and G protein-coupled receptor
Gabriel Bertrand
Gabriel Bertrand (born 17 May 1867 in Paris, died 20 June 1962 in Paris) was a French pharmacologist, biochemist and bacteriologist.
See Lipid and Gabriel Bertrand
Ganglioside
A ganglioside is a molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids (e.g. ''N''-acetylneuraminic acid, NANA) linked on the sugar chain.
Gijsje Koenderink
Gijsberta Hendrika (Gijsje) Koenderink (born 1974) is a Dutch biophysicist whose research investigates the biomechanics of cells and their substructures, and the use of lipids in nanobiotechnology.
See Lipid and Gijsje Koenderink
Glossary of biology
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.
See Lipid and Glossary of biology
Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids (or, less commonly, glucocorticosteroids) are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
Glucosamine
Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms.
See Lipid and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glycerol
Glycerol, also called glycerine or glycerin, is a simple triol compound.
Glycerophospholipid
Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids.
See Lipid and Glycerophospholipid
Glycosidic bond
A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
Glycosylation
Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate (or 'glycan'), i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor) in order to form a glycoconjugate.
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that unlike gram-positive bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation.
See Lipid and Gram-negative bacteria
Halogen
|- ! colspan.
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health is the public health school of Harvard University, located in the Longwood Medical Area of Boston, Massachusetts.
See Lipid and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See Lipid and Harvard University
Henri Braconnot
Henri Braconnot (29 May 178013 January 1855) was a French chemist and pharmacist.
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
Hydration reaction
In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water.
See Lipid and Hydration reaction
Hydrogen bond
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac).
Hydrogen chloride
The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula and as such is a hydrogen halide.
See Lipid and Hydrogen chloride
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Hydrophobic effect
The hydrophobic effect is the observed tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in an aqueous solution and to be excluded by water.
See Lipid and Hydrophobic effect
Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.
Hydroxylation
In chemistry, hydroxylation can refer to.
Immunity (medicine)
In biology, immunity is the state of being insusceptible or resistant to a noxious agent or process, especially a pathogen or infectious disease.
See Lipid and Immunity (medicine)
Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate, or IDP) is an isoprenoid precursor.
See Lipid and Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
Isoprene
Isoprene, or 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, is a common volatile organic compound with the formula CH2.
Α-Linolenic acid
α-Linolenic acid, also known as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (from Greek alpha meaning "first" and linon meaning flax), is an ''n''−3, or omega-3, essential fatty acid.
See Lipid and Α-Linolenic acid
Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum
Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum, also known as John Louis William Thudichum (August 27, 1829, Büdingen – September 7, 1901) was a German-born physician and biochemist.
See Lipid and Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum
Keto acid
In organic chemistry, keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group.
Lamellar phase
Lamellar phase refers generally to packing of polar-headed long chain nonpolar-tail molecules in an environment of bulk polar liquid, as sheets of bilayers separated by bulk liquid.
Lanosterol
Lanosterol is a tetracyclic triterpenoid and is the compound from which all animal and fungal steroids are derived.
Lecithin
Lecithin (from the Ancient Greek λέκιθος "yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so are both hydrophilic and lipophilic), and are used for smoothing food textures, emulsifying, homogenizing liquid mixtures, and repelling sticking materials.
Leukotriene
Leukotrienes are a family of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes by the oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the enzyme arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.
Linoleic acid
Linoleic acid (LA) is an organic compound with the formula.
Linolenic acid
Linolenic acid is a type of naturally-occurring fatty acid.
Linseed oil
Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil (in its edible form), is a colourless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).
Lipase
In biochemistry, lipase refers to a class of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats.
See Lipid and Lipase
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. Lipid and Lipid are lipids and Underwater diving physiology.
See Lipid and Lipid
Lipid A
Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. Lipid and lipid A are lipids.
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
LIPID MAPS
LIPID MAPS (Lipid Metabolites and Pathways Strategy) is a web portal designed to be a gateway to Lipidomics resources. Lipid and LIPID MAPS are lipids.
Lipid polymorphism
Polymorphism in biophysics is the ability of lipids to aggregate in a variety of ways, giving rise to structures of different shapes, known as "phases".
See Lipid and Lipid polymorphism
Lipid signaling
Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological cell signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these lipids on specific cellular responses.
Lipogenesis
In biochemistry, lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat.
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide, now more commonly known as Endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella.
See Lipid and Lipopolysaccharide
Lipoprotein
A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary function is to transport hydrophobic lipid (also known as fat) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids. Lipid and lipoprotein are lipids.
Liposome
A liposome is a small artificial vesicle, spherical in shape, having at least one lipid bilayer.
Liver X receptor
The liver X receptor (LXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors and is closely related to nuclear receptors such as the PPARs, FXR and RXR.
See Lipid and Liver X receptor
Malonyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of malonic acid.
Mannose
Mannose is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates.
Marcellin Berthelot
Pierre Eugène Marcellin Berthelot (25 October 1827 – 18 March 1907) was a French chemist and Republican politician noted for the ThomsenendashBerthelot principle of thermochemistry.
See Lipid and Marcellin Berthelot
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms. Lipid and Metabolism are Underwater diving physiology.
Metabolite
In biochemistry, a metabolite is an intermediate or end product of metabolism.
Methylation
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
Methylmalonyl-CoA
Methylmalonyl-CoA is the thioester consisting of coenzyme A linked to methylmalonic acid.
See Lipid and Methylmalonyl-CoA
Mevalonate pathway
The mevalonate pathway, also known as the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria.
See Lipid and Mevalonate pathway
Mevalonic acid
Mevalonic acid (MVA) is a key organic compound in biochemistry; the name is a contraction of dihydroxymethylvalerolactone.
Micelle
A micelle or micella (or micellae, respectively) is an aggregate (or supramolecular assembly) of surfactant amphipathic lipid molecules dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal suspension (also known as associated colloidal system).
Michel Eugène Chevreul
Michel Eugène Chevreul (31 August 1786 – 9 April 1889) was a French chemist whose work contributed to significant developments in science, medicine, and art.
See Lipid and Michel Eugène Chevreul
Mineralocorticoid
Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which in turn are a class of steroid hormones.
See Lipid and Mineralocorticoid
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
Molecular configuration
The molecular configuration of a molecule is the permanent geometry that results from the spatial arrangement of its bonds.
See Lipid and Molecular configuration
Monoglyceride
Monoglycerides (also: acylglycerols or monoacylglycerols) are a class of glycerides which are composed of a molecule of glycerol linked to a fatty acid via an ester bond. Lipid and Monoglyceride are lipids.
Monosaccharide
Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built.
N-Acylethanolamine
An N-acylethanolamine (NAE) is a type of fatty acid amide where one of several types of acyl groups is linked to the nitrogen atom of ethanolamine, and highly metabolic formed by intake of essential fatty acids through diet by 20:4, n-6 and 22:6, n-3 fatty acids, and when the body is physically and psychologically active,. Lipid and n-Acylethanolamine are lipids.
See Lipid and N-Acylethanolamine
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm).
Natural product
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.
Non-mevalonate pathway
The non-mevalonate pathway—also appearing as the mevalonate-independent pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (MEP/DOXP) pathway—is an alternative metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
See Lipid and Non-mevalonate pathway
Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins responsible for sensing steroids, thyroid hormones, vitamins, and certain other molecules.
See Lipid and Nuclear receptor
Oleic acid
Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils.
Oligosaccharide
An oligosaccharide is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars).
Omega-6 fatty acid
Omega-6 fatty acids (also referred to as ω-6 fatty acids or n-6 fatty acids) are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the ''n''-6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end.
See Lipid and Omega-6 fatty acid
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (UK, US) or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing chemical energy in order to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See Lipid and Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
See Lipid and Oxygen
Oxysterol
An oxysterol is a derivative of cholesterol obtained by oxidation involving enzymes and / or pro-oxidants.
Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
Peroxisome
A peroxisome is a membrane-bound organelle, a type of microbody, found in the cytoplasm of virtually all eukaryotic cells.
Philippa Wiggins
Philippa Marion Wiggins (nee Glasgow) (16 July 1925 – 16 March 2017) was a New Zealand academic, who made significant contributions to the understanding of the structure of water in living cells.
See Lipid and Philippa Wiggins
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Phosphatidic acid
Phosphatidic acids are anionic phospholipids important to cell signaling and direct activation of lipid-gated ion channels.
See Lipid and Phosphatidic acid
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup.
See Lipid and Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes.
See Lipid and Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol or inositol phospholipid is a biomolecule.
See Lipid and Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane.
See Lipid and Phosphatidylserine
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).
Phytomenadione
Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
Phytosterol
Phytosterols are phytosteroids, similar to cholesterol, that serve as structural components of biological membranes of plants.
Plasmalogen
Glycerophospholipids of biochemical relevance are divided into three subclasses based on the substitution present at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone: acyl, alkyl and alkenyl.
Plastid
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
Polyketide
In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (or its reduced forms) and methylene groups:.
Polyunsaturated fat
In biochemistry and nutrition, a polyunsaturated fat is a fat that contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid (abbreviated PUFA), which is a subclass of fatty acid characterized by a backbone with two or more carbon–carbon double bonds.
See Lipid and Polyunsaturated fat
Prenol
Prenol, or 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, is a natural alcohol.
See Lipid and Prenol
Progestogen
Progestogens, also sometimes written progestins, progestagens or gestagens, are a class of natural or synthetic steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptors (PR).
Propionyl-CoA
Propionyl-CoA is a coenzyme A derivative of propionic acid.
Prostaglandin
Prostaglandins (PG) are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds called eicosanoids that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein kinase C
In cell biology, Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins, or a member of this family.
See Lipid and Protein kinase C
Protocell
A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a rudimentary precursor to cells during the origin of life.
Quinone
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of –CH.
Rapeseed
Rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. napus), also known as rape and oilseed rape, is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of erucic acid.
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
See Lipid and Redox
Retinol
Retinol, also called vitamin A1, is a fat-soluble vitamin in the vitamin A family that is found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
Saccharolipid
Saccharolipids are chemical compounds containing fatty acids linked directly to a sugar backbone, forming structures that are compatible with membrane bilayers.
Safflower
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae.
Saturated and unsaturated compounds
A saturated compound is a chemical compound (or ion) that resists addition reactions, such as hydrogenation, oxidative addition, and binding of a Lewis base.
See Lipid and Saturated and unsaturated compounds
Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
See Lipid and Second messenger system
Secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
See Lipid and Secondary metabolite
Secosteroid
A secosteroid is a type of steroid with a "broken" ring.
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Lipid and Serine
Solubility
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent.
Soybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (Glycine max) is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Spermatozoon
A spermatozoon (also spelled spermatozoön;: spermatozoa) is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete.
Sphingolipid
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a backbone of sphingoid bases, which are a set of aliphatic amino alcohols that includes sphingosine. Lipid and Sphingolipid are lipids.
Sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin (SPH) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons.
Sphingosine
Sphingosine (2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-diol) is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a signaling sphingolipid, also known as lysosphingolipid.
See Lipid and Sphingosine-1-phosphate
Squalene
Squalene is an organic compound.
Stearic acid
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain.
Stearin
Stearin, or tristearin, or glyceryl tristearate is an odourless, white powder.
Stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Δ-9-desaturase or SCD-1) is an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the formation of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), specifically oleate and palmitoleate from stearoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA.
See Lipid and Stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase
Steroid
A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
Sterol
Sterol is an organic compound with formula, whose molecule is derived from that of gonane by replacement of a hydrogen atom on C3 position by a hydroxyl group.
See Lipid and Sterol
Stigmasterol
Stigmasterol – a plant sterol (phytosterol) – is among the most abundant of plant sterols, having a major function to maintain the structure and physiology of cell membranes.
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
See Lipid and Sulfur
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid (Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen, with the molecular formula.
Sunflower oil
Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus).
Terpene
Terpenes are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n for n ≥ 2.
Terpenoid
The terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its derivatives called terpenes, diterpenes, etc.
Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males.
Tetracycline antibiotics
Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of Streptomyces bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds.
See Lipid and Tetracycline antibiotics
Théodore Nicolas Gobley
Théodore (Nicolas) Gobley (11 May 1811, in Paris – 1 September 1876, in Bagnères-de-Luchon, was the first to isolate and ultimately determine the chemical structure of lecithin, the first identified and characterized member of the phospholipids class. He was also a pioneer researcher in the study and analysis of the chemical components of brain tissues.
See Lipid and Théodore Nicolas Gobley
Théophile-Jules Pelouze
Théophile-Jules Pelouze (also known as Jules Pelouze),; 26 February 180731 May 1867) was a French chemist.
See Lipid and Théophile-Jules Pelouze
Thiolysis
Thiolysis is a reaction with a thiol (R-SH) that cleaves one compound into two.
Thromboxane
Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids.
Tocopherol
Tocopherols (TCP) are a class of organic compounds comprising various methylated phenols, many of which have vitamin E activity.
Trans fat
Trans fat, also called trans-unsaturated fatty acids, or trans fatty acids, is a type of unsaturated fat that occurs in foods. Lipid and trans fat are lipids.
Tributyrin
Tributyrin is a triglyceride naturally present in butter.
Triglyceride
A triglyceride (from tri- and glyceride; also TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids.
Tripalmitin
Tripalmitin is a triglyceride derived from the fatty acid palmitic acid.
Unilamellar liposome
A unilamellar liposome is a spherical liposome, a vesicle, bounded by a single bilayer of an amphiphilic lipid or a mixture of such lipids, containing aqueous solution inside the chamber.
See Lipid and Unilamellar liposome
Vegetable oil
Vegetable oils, or vegetable fats, are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of edible plants.
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
See Lipid and Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Vitamin
Vitamins are organic molecules (or a set of closely related molecules called vitamers) that are essential to an organism in small quantities for proper metabolic function.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin, hence an essential nutrient.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and for many other biological effects.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements.
Walnut
A walnut is the edible seed of any tree of the genus Juglans (family Juglandaceae), particularly the Persian or English walnut, Juglans regia.
See Lipid and Walnut
Wax
Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. Lipid and Wax are lipids.
See Lipid and Wax
Wax ester
A wax ester (WE) is an ester of a fatty acid and a fatty alcohol.
William John Gies
William John Gies (February 21, 1872 – May 20, 1956) was an American biochemist and dentist.
See Lipid and William John Gies
William Prout
William Prout FRS (15 January 1785 – 9 April 1850) was an English chemist, physician, and natural theologian.
See also
Underwater diving physiology
- Aquanauts
- Blood–air barrier
- Exercise Paddington Diamond
- Freediving blackout
- High-pressure nervous syndrome
- Human physiology of underwater diving
- Instinctive drowning response
- Lipid
- Metabolism
- Oxygen window
- Perfusion
- Physiology of decompression
- Physiology of underwater diving
- Pulmonary circulation
- Respiratory quotient
- Shallow-water blackout
- Thermal balance of the underwater diver
- Tribonucleation
References
Also known as Amphipathic lipids, Biolipid, Digestions of lipids, Fat (nutrition), Fat and oil, Fats and oil, Fatty acyls, Glycerolipid, Glycerolipids, Lipid factor, Lipids.
, Corn oil, Cortisol, Cosmetic industry, Critical micelle concentration, De novo synthesis, Dehydration reaction, Dehydrogenation, Diglyceride, Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, Disaccharide, Docosahexaenoic acid, Dolichol, Eicosanoid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Electron transport chain, Endoplasmic reticulum, Epothilone, Ergosterol, Erythromycin, Escherichia coli, Essential fatty acid, Ester, Estrogen, Eukaryote, Fat, Fatty acid, Fatty acid desaturase, Fatty acid synthase, Fatty acid synthesis, Fish oil, Flippase, Food industry, Functional group, Fungus, G protein-coupled receptor, Gabriel Bertrand, Ganglioside, Gijsje Koenderink, Glossary of biology, Glucocorticoid, Glucosamine, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, Glycerol, Glycerophospholipid, Glycosidic bond, Glycosylation, Gram-negative bacteria, Halogen, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Henri Braconnot, Hormone, Hydration reaction, Hydrogen bond, Hydrogen chloride, Hydrophile, Hydrophobe, Hydrophobic effect, Hydroquinone, Hydroxy group, Hydroxylation, Immunity (medicine), Inflammation, Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, Isoprene, Α-Linolenic acid, Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum, Keto acid, Lamellar phase, Lanosterol, Lecithin, Leukotriene, Linoleic acid, Linolenic acid, Linseed oil, Lipase, Lipid, Lipid A, Lipid bilayer, LIPID MAPS, Lipid polymorphism, Lipid signaling, Lipogenesis, Lipopolysaccharide, Lipoprotein, Liposome, Liver X receptor, Malonyl-CoA, Mannose, Marcellin Berthelot, Metabolism, Metabolite, Methylation, Methylmalonyl-CoA, Mevalonate pathway, Mevalonic acid, Micelle, Michel Eugène Chevreul, Mineralocorticoid, Mitochondrion, Molecular configuration, Monoglyceride, Monosaccharide, N-Acylethanolamine, Nanotechnology, Natural product, Nitrogen, Non-mevalonate pathway, Nuclear receptor, Oleic acid, Oligosaccharide, Omega-6 fatty acid, Organelle, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxygen, Oxysterol, Palmitic acid, Peptidoglycan, Peroxisome, Philippa Wiggins, Phosphate, Phosphatidic acid, Phosphatidylcholine, Phosphatidylethanolamine, Phosphatidylinositol, Phosphatidylserine, Phospholipid, Phytomenadione, Phytosterol, Plasmalogen, Plastid, Polyketide, Polyunsaturated fat, Prenol, Progestogen, Propionyl-CoA, Prostaglandin, Protein, Protein kinase C, Protocell, Quinone, Rapeseed, Redox, Retinol, Saccharolipid, Safflower, Saturated and unsaturated compounds, Second messenger system, Secondary metabolite, Secosteroid, Serine, Solubility, Soybean, Spermatozoon, Sphingolipid, Sphingomyelin, Sphingosine, Sphingosine-1-phosphate, Squalene, Stearic acid, Stearin, Stearoyl-CoA 9-desaturase, Steroid, Sterol, Stigmasterol, Sulfur, Sulfuric acid, Sunflower oil, Terpene, Terpenoid, Testosterone, Tetracycline antibiotics, Théodore Nicolas Gobley, Théophile-Jules Pelouze, Thiolysis, Thromboxane, Tocopherol, Trans fat, Tributyrin, Triglyceride, Tripalmitin, Unilamellar liposome, Vegetable oil, Vesicle (biology and chemistry), Vitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Walnut, Wax, Wax ester, William John Gies, William Prout.