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270 relations: 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk, 'Adud al-Dawla, 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, Abū al‐ʿUqūl, Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin, Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Abbasid Caliphate, Abd al-Hamid al-Katib, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu, Abolfadl Harawi, Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani, Abu Ahmad Monajjem, Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri, Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi, Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri, Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i, Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari, Abu Dawood, Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi, Abu Hafsa Yazid, Abu Hanifa, Abu Hanifa Dinawari, Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi, Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani, Abu Ja'far ibn Habash, Abu Maʿshar, Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Abu Nu`aym, Abu Sa'id Gardezi, Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi, Abu Said Gorgani, Abu Sulayman Sijistani, Abu Tahir Marwazi, Abu ul-Ala Shirazi, Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani, Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Abu Zayn Kahhal, Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari, Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami, Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, Abu-Mahmud Khojandi, Abubakr 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'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
(fl. 830), known also as (ابومحمد عبدالحمید بن واسع بن ترک الجیلی) was a ninth-century Muslim mathematician.
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'Adud al-Dawla
Fannā (Panāh) Khusraw (فنا خسرو), better known by his laqab of ʿAḍud al-Dawla (عضد الدولة, "Pillar of the Dynasty") (September 24, 936 – March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran as far to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
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'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi (died 982–994), also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and psychologist from the Islamic Golden Age, most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.
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Abū al‐ʿUqūl
Abū al‐ʿUqūl Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al‐Ṭabarī (flourished in Yemen during the 14th century) was a leading astronomer in Ta'izz and the first teacher of astronomy at the Muʾayyadiyya Madrasa.
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Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Hasan Khazini (900–971), also called Al-Khazin, was an Iranian Muslim astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan.
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Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
(ابوسهل بیژن کوهی Abusahl Bijan-e Koohi) was a Persian mathematician, physicist and astronomer.
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Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate (or ٱلْخِلافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّة) was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Abd al-Hamid al-Katib
Abd al-Hamid ibn Yahya al-Katib (عبد الحميد بن يحيى الكاتب) was the secretary to the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, and a supreme stylist of early Arabic prose.
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Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi
'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (عبدالرحمن صوفی (December 7, 903 in Rey, Iran – May 25, 986 in Shiraz, Iran) was a Persian astronomer also known as 'Abd ar-Rahman as-Sufi, 'Abd al-Rahman Abu al-Husayn, 'Abdul Rahman Sufi, or 'Abdurrahman Sufi and, historically, in the West as Azophi and Azophi Arabus. The lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet 12621 Alsufi are named after him. Al-Sufi published his famous Book of Fixed Stars in 964, describing much of his work, both in textual descriptions and pictures. Al-Biruni reports that his work on the ecliptic was carried out in Shiraz. He lived at the Buyid court in Isfahan.
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Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
Abu Sa'id Ubaid Allah ibn Bakhtyashu (940–1058), also spelled Bukhtishu, Bukhtyashu, and Bakhtshooa in many texts, was an 11th-century Syriac physician, descendant of Bakhtshooa Gondishapoori.
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Abolfadl Harawi
Abolfadl Harawi was a 10th-century astronomer from Rey, Persia who, along with al-Khujandi, studied under the patronage of the Buyid dynasty.
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Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
Abū 'Ubayd al-Jūzjānī, (d.1070), (ابو عبيد جوزجانی) was a Persian physician and chronicler from what is now Jowzjan Province in Afghanistan.
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Abu Ahmad Monajjem
Abu Ahmad Yahya ibn Ali ibn Yahya ibn Abi Mansur Aban al-Monajjem (ابواحمد یحیی ابن علی ابن یحیی ابن ابی منصور آبان المنجم) (b. 241/855-56, died in 13 Rabi' I 300/29 October 912) was a medieval Persian music theorist, literary historian and poet.
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Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri (حکیم ایرانشهری.) was a 9th-century Persian philosopher, mathematician, natural scientist, historian of religion, astronomer and author.
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Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi was a Persian mathematician and astronomer of the 4th/10th and 5th/11th centuries.
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Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri
Abu al-Hassan Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Amiri (أبو الحسن محمد ابن يوسف العامري) (died 992) was a Muslim theologian and philosopher of Persian origin, who attempted to reconcile philosophy with religion, and Sufism with conventional Islam.
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Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishapuri
Abu al-Qasim al-Habib Neishaburi was a Persian physician from Khorasan who lived before 1750CE.
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Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
TAhir ibn Mohammad ibn Ibrahim (Bokhari) or Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i was a Persian physician in the 10th century.
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Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari (Al-Akhawyni Bokhari) (?–983 CE) was a Persian physician and the author of the Hidayat al-Muta`allemin Fi al-Tibb, the oldest document in the history of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM).
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Abu Dawood
Abu Dawud Sulaymān ibn al-Ash‘ath al-Azdi as-Sijistani أبو داود سليمان بن الأشعث الأزدي السجستاني), commonly known simply as Abu Dawud, was a Persian scholar of prophetic hadith who compiled the third of the six "canonical" hadith collections recognized by Sunni Muslims, the Sunan Abu Dāwūd.
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Abu Hafs Umar an-Nasafi
Najm ad-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ‘Umar ibn Muḥammad an-Nasafī (نجم الدين أبو حفص عمر بن محمد النسفي‎; 1067–1142) was a Muslim jurist, theologian, mufassir, muhaddith and historian.
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Abu Hafsa Yazid
Abu Hafsa Yazid (translit) was a mawla, or servant, of the Umayyad Caliph Marwan ibn al-Hakkam (r. 684–685).
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Abu Hanifa
Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān b. Thābit b. Zūṭā b. Marzubān (أبو حنيفة نعمان بن ثابت بن زوطا بن مرزبان; c. 699 – 767 CE), known as Abū Ḥanīfa for short, or reverently as Imam Abū Ḥanīfa by Sunni Muslims, was an 8th-century Sunni Muslim theologian and jurist of Persian origin,Pakatchi, Ahmad and Umar, Suheyl, “Abū Ḥanīfa”, in: Encyclopaedia Islamica, Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary.
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Abu Hanifa Dinawari
Ābu Ḥanīfah Āḥmad ibn Dawūd Dīnawarī (815–896 CE, أبو حنيفة الدينوري) was an Islamic Golden Age polymath, astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian.
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Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi
Abū Ḥātim Aḥmad ibn Ḥamdān al-Rāzī (ابو حاتم احمد بن حمدان الرازی) was a Persian Ismaili philosopher of the 9th century, who died in 322 AH (935 CE).
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Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani
Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani (d. after 886/1481), was a Persian mathematician, astronomer and man of letters.
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Abu Ja'far ibn Habash
Abu Ja'far ibn Habash was a Persian astronomer.
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Abu Maʿshar
Abu Maʿshar, Latinized as Albumasar (also Albusar, Albuxar; full name Abū Maʿshar Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Balkhī أبو معشر جعفر بن محمد بن عمر البلخي; –, AH 171–272), was an early Persian Muslim astrologer, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad.
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Abu Mansur al-Maturidi
Abū Manṣūr Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al-Samarḳandī (853-944 CE; محمد بن محمد بن محمود أبو منصور ماتریدی سمرقندی حنفی), often referred to as Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī for short, or reverently as Imam Māturīdī by Sunni Muslims, was a Sunni Hanafi jurist, theologian, and scriptural exegete from ninth-century Samarkand who became the eponymous codifier of one of the principal orthodox schools of Sunni theology, the Maturidi school, which became the dominant theological school for Sunni Muslims in Central Asia and later enjoyed a preeminent status as the school of choice for both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire.
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Abu Nu`aym
Abu Nu`aym al-Isfahani (أبـو نـعـيـم الأصـفـهـانـي.; full name Ahmad ibn `Abd Allāh ibn Ahmad ibn Ishāq ibn Mūsā ibn Mahrān al-Mihrānī al-Asbahānī (or al-Asfahānī) al-Ahwal al-Ash`arī al-Shāfi`ī, d. 1038 / AH 430) was a medieval Persian Muslim scholar.
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Abu Sa'id Gardezi
Abu Saʿīd Abdul-Hay ibn Dhaḥḥāk ibn Maḥmūd Gardēzī, Gardīzī or Gurdēzī (died c. 1061 CE) (ابوسعید عبدالحی بن ضحاک بن محمود گردیزی) was a Persian Muslim geographer and historian of the early 11th century from Gardēz in modern Afghanistan.
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Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi al-Jurjani (ابو سهل عيسى بن يحيى مسيحی گرگانی) was a Persian physician, from Gorgan, east of the Caspian Sea, in Iran.
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Abu Said Gorgani
Abu Sa'id al-Dharir al-Jurjani (ابو سعيد الضرير الجرجاني), also Gurgani, was a 9th-century Persian mathematician and astronomer from Gurgan (Jurjan), Iran.
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Abu Sulayman Sijistani
Abu Sulayman Muhammad Sijistani, (ابوسلیمان سجستانی) also called al-Mantiqi (the Logician) (c. 932 – c. 1000 CE), named for his origins in Sijistan or Sistan province in present-day Iran, became the leading Persian philosopher of Islamic humanism in the Baghdad of his time.
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Abu Tahir Marwazi
Qotb al-Zaman Muhammad Abu Tahir Marwazi was a 12th-century prominent Persian philosopher from Khwarezmia.
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Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
Abu ul-Ala Shirazi (died 1001) lived around the 10th century at the Court of Amir Azud ul-Duleh Bueieh.
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Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani
Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani (ابو یعقوب سجستانی) (active 971 CE) was a Persian Ismaili missionary and Neo-Platonic philosopher, who died sometime around 971 CE (358 AH).
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Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
Abu Zayd Ahmed ibn Sahl Balkhi (ابو زید احمد بن سهل بلخی) was a Persian Muslim polymath: a geographer, mathematician, physician, psychologist and scientist.
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Abu Zayn Kahhal
Abu Zayn Kahhal (ابو زین کحال) was a 15th-century Persian physician.
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Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari
Abu'l-'Anbas Saymari Mohammad b. Eshaq b. Abi'l-'Anbas b. Al-Maghira b. Mahan (ابوالعنباس صیمری) was an Iranian astrologer, poet and author.
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Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami
Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami, also known as Bal'ami the Elder (died November 14, 940), was a Samanid statesman from the al-Bal'ami family, who served as the vizier of Nasr II from 922 to 938.
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Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
Abu’l-Fadl Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn Bayhaqī (ابوالفضل محمد بن حسین بیهقی; died September 21, 1077), better known as Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi (ابوالفضل بیهقی; also spelled Beyhaqi), was a Persian secretary, historian and author.
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Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi
Zahir al-Din Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Zayd-i Bayhaqi (ظهیرالدین ابوالحسن علی بن زید بیهقی) also known as Ebn Fondoq (ابن فندق) was an Iranian polymath of Arab descent.
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Abu-Mahmud Khojandi
Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn Khidr Khojandi (known as Abu Mahmood Khojandi, Alkhujandi or al-Khujandi, Persian: ابومحمود خجندی, c. 940 - 1000) was a Central Asian astronomer and mathematician who lived in the late 10th century and helped build an observatory, near the city of Ray (near today's Tehran), in Iran.
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Abubakr Esfarayeni
Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad Asfara'ni, also written Esfarayeni, known as Abu Bakr was a Persian physician from Esfarayen, North Khorasan, Iran.
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Abul Hasan al-Tabari
Abu-l-Hasan Ahmad ibn Mohammad al-Tabari, born in Amol, was a 10th-century Persian physician from Tabaristan.
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Abul Qasim Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti
Abul Qasim Husayn ibn Ruh Nawbakhti (died 937 or 938 AD) was the third of the four deputies appointed by twelfth Shia Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi while he was in the Minor Occultation.
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Academy of Gondishapur
The Academy of Gondishapur (فرهنگستان گندیشاپور, Farhangestân-e Gondišâpur), also known as The Jondishapur University (دانشگاه جندیشاپور Dânešgâh-e Jondišapur), was one of the three Sasanian centers of education (Ctesiphon, Resaina, Gundeshapur) and academy of learning in the city of Gundeshapur, Iran during late antiquity, the intellectual center of the Sasanian Empire.
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Ahmad ibn 'Imad al-Din
Aḥmad ibn ‘Imād al-Dīn, Ahmad ibn Imad ad-Din (أحمد بن عماد الدين) was a Persian physician and alchemist.
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Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi
Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi (أحمد بن الطيب السرخسي; died 899 CE) was a Persian traveler, historian and philosopher from the city of Sarakhs.
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Ahmad ibn Farrokh
Ahmad ibn Farrukh, also written Ahmad-i Farrokh, was a 12th-century Persian physician from Herat.
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Ahmad ibn Hanbal
Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ḥanbal Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shaybānī (احمد بن محمد بن حنبل ابو عبد الله الشيباني; 780–855 CE/164–241 AH), often referred to as Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal or Ibn Ḥanbal for short, or reverentially as Imam Aḥmad by Sunni Muslims, was an Arab Muslim jurist, theologian, ascetic, and hadith traditionist.
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Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir al-Farghani
. (800/805-870) also known as Alfraganus in the West, was a Persian astronomer in the Abbasid court in Baghdad, and one of the most famous astronomers in the 9th century.
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Ahmad ibn Rustah
Ahmad ibn Rustah Isfahani (احمد ابن رسته اصفهانی Aḥmad ibn Rusta Iṣfahānī), more commonly known as Ibn Rustah (ابن رسته, also spelled Ibn Rusta and Ibn Ruste), was a 10th-century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta district, Isfahan, Persia.
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Ahmad Nahavandi
Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahawandi was a Persian astronomer of the 8th and 9th centuries.
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Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
(c. 800 Baghdad? – c. 860 Baghdad?) was a geometer who worked at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad and for in a short time in Damascus where he made astronomical observations.
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Al-Baghawi
Abu Muhammad al-Husayn ibn Mas'ud ibn Muhammad al-Farra' al-Baghawi (Persian/Arabic:ابومحمد حسین بن مسعود بغوی), born 1041 or 1044 (433 AH or 436 AH) died 1122 (516 AH) was a renowned Persian Muslim Mufassir, hadith scholar and a Shafi`i faqih best known for his major work Tafsir al-Baghawi.
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Al-Baladhuri
ʾAḥmad Ibn Yaḥyā al-Balādhurī (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري) was a 9th-century Muslim historian.
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Al-Bayhaqi
Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn Ḥusayn Ibn 'Alī ibn Mūsa al-Khosrojerdi al-Bayhaqi (Arabic), البيهقي also known as Imām al-Bayhaqi was born 994 CE/384 AH in the small town of Khosrowjerd near Sabzevar, then known as Bayhaq, in Khurasan.
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Al-Birjandi
Abd Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Husayn Birjandi (عبدعلی محمد بن حسین بیرجندی) (died 1528) was a prominent 16th-century Persian astronomer, mathematician and physicist who lived in Birjand.
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Al-Biruni
Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī (Chorasmian/ابوریحان بیرونی Abū Rayḥān Bērōnī; New Persian: Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī) (973–1050), known as Al-Biruni (البيروني) in English, was an IranianD.J. Boilot, "Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236–1238.
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Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht, (also written Nowbakht), was an 8th-century Persian scholar at the court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.
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Al-Fadl ibn Sahl
Abu l-Abbas al-Fadl ibn Sahl ibn Zadhanfarukh al-Sarakhsi (أبو العباس الفضل بن سهل بن زادانفروخ السرخسي; Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Faḍl b. Sahl b. Zādānfarrūḫ as-Saraḫsī, died 818), titled Dhu 'l-Ri'āsatayn ("the man of the two commands"), was a famous Persian vizier of the Abbasid era in Khurasan, who served under Caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813–832).
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Al-Farabi
Al-Farabi (known in the West as Alpharabius; c. 872 – between 14 December, 950 and 12 January, 951) was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic.
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Al-Ghazali
Al-Ghazali (full name Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī أبو حامد محمد بن محمد الغزالي; latinized Algazelus or Algazel, – 19 December 1111) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mysticsLudwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.109.
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Al-Hakim Nishapuri
Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (أبو عبدالله محمد بن عبدالله الحاكم النيسابوري) (933 - 1014), and also known as Ibn al-Bayyiʿ.
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Al-Isfizari
Abū Ḥātim al-Muẓaffar al-Isfazārī (fl. late 11th – early 12th century CE) was a Persian Muslim mathematician from Khurasan.
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Al-Jaldaki
Izz al-Din Aydamir al-Jaldaki or Jaldaki Khorasani (جلدکی خرسانی), also written al-Jildaki (d. 1342/743 H).
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Al-Juwayni
Imam al-Haramayn Dhia' ul-Din Abd al-Malik ibn Yusuf al-Juwayni al-Shafi'i (امام الحرمین ضیاءالدین عبدالملک ابن یوسف جوینی شافعی, 17 February 1028— 19 August 1085; 419—478 AH) was a Persian Sunni Shafi'i jurist and mutakallim theologian.
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Al-Karaji
(c. 953 – c. 1029) was a 10th-century Persian mathematician and engineer who flourished at Baghdad.
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Al-Kharaqī
Abū Muḥammad 'Abd al-Jabbār al-Kharaqī, also Al-Kharaqī was a Persian astronomer and mathematician of the 12th century, born in Kharaq near Merv.
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Al-Khazini
Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (flourished 1115–1130) was an astronomer of Byzantine origin from Seljuk Persia.
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Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
Muhammad Hussayn ibn Muhammad Hadi al-‘Aqili al-‘Alavi al-Khurasani al-Shirazi (محمدحسين بن محمدهادی عقيلی علوی خراسانی شیرازی) was a Persian physician from the 18th century from Shiraz.
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Al-Mahani
Abu-Abdullah Muhammad ibn Īsa Māhānī (ابوعبدالله محمد بن عیسی ماهانی, flourished c. 860 and died c. 880) was a Persian Muslim mathematician and astronomer born in Mahan, (in today Kermān, Persia) and active in Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate.
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Al-Mansur
Al-Mansur or Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (95 AH – 158 AH (714 AD– 6 October 775 AD); أبو جعفر عبدالله بن محمد المنصور) was the second Abbasid Caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 AD – 775 AD)Axworthy, Michael (2008); A History of Iran; Basic, USA;.
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Al-Nagawri
Shahab al-Din ibn ‘Abd al-Karim Qivam al-Nagawri was a 14th-century Persian physician.
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Al-Nasa'i
Al-Nasā'ī (214 – 303 AH; 829 – 915 CE), full name Abū `Abd ar-Raḥmān Aḥmad ibn Shu`ayb ibn Alī ibn Sīnān al-Nasā'ī, was a noted collector of hadith (sayings of Muhammad),Ludwig W. Adamec (2009), Historical Dictionary of Islam, p.138.
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Al-Natili
Al-Husayn ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Hasan ibn Khurshid al-Tabari al-Natili al-Amuli (الحسين بن ابراهيم بن الحسن بن خورشيد الطبري النطيلي الآملی), was a Persian physician from Tabaristan.
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Al-Nawbakhty
Hasan bin Mousa Al-Nawbakhty (الحسن بن موسى النوبختي.) was a Shia Muslim scholar, lived in the 3rd and 4th Hijri century.
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Al-Nayrizi
Abū’l-‘Abbās al-Faḍl ibn Ḥātim al-Nairīzī (أبو العباس الفضل بن حاتم النيريزي, Anaritius, Nazirius, 865–922) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer from Nayriz, Fars Province, Iran.
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Al-Quda'i
Muḥammad ibn Salāma al-Quḍā'ī (died 1062) was a Shafi'i judge, preacher and historian in Fatimid Egypt.
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Al-Qushayri
'Abd al-Karīm ibn Hūzān Abū al-Qāsim al-Qushayrī al-Naysābūrī, (عبدالکریم قُشَیری, عبد الكريم بن هوازن بن عبد الملك بن طلحة أبو القاسم القشيري) (also Kushayri) was born in 986 CE (376 AH) in Nishapur which is in Khorasan Province in Iran.
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Al-Saghani
Abu Hamid Ahmed ibn Mohammed al-Saghani al-Asturlabi (meaning the astrolabe maker of Saghan, near Merv) was a Persian astronomer and historian of science.
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Al-Shahrastani
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (1086–1153 CE), also known as Muhammad al-Shahrastānī, was an influential Persian historian of religions, a historiographer, Islamic scholar, philosopher and theologian.
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Al-Shahrazuri
Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Mahmud Shahrazuri was a 13th-century Muslim physician, historian and philosopher.
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Al-Sijzi
Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 945 - c. 1020, also known as al-Sinjari and al-Sijazi; ابوسعید سجزی; Al-Sijzi is short for "Al-Sijistani") was an Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer.
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Al-Tabarani
Abu ’l-Qāsim Sulaymān ibn Ayyūb ibn Muṭayyir al-Lakhmī al-Ṭabarānī was one of the most important hadith scholars of his age.
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Al-Tabari
Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (محمد بن جریر طبری, أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير بن يزيد الطبري) (224–310 AH; 839–923 AD) was an influential Persian scholar, historian and exegete of the Qur'an from Amol, Tabaristan (modern Mazandaran Province of Iran), who composed all his works in Arabic.
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Al-Tha`labi
Al-Thaʿlabi (Abū Isḥāḳ Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Nīsābūrī al-Thaʿlabī أبو اسحاق أحمد بن محمد بن ابراهيم الثعلبي, d. d. November 1035) was an eleventh-century Islamic scholar of Persian origin.
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Al-Tirmidhi
Abū ‘Īsá Muḥammad ibn ‛Īsá as-Sulamī aḍ-Ḍarīr al-Būghī at-Tirmidhī (أبو عيسى محمد بن عيسى السلمي الضرير البوغي الترمذي; ترمذی, Termezī; 824 – 9 October 892), often referred to as Imām at-Termezī/Tirmidhī, was a Persian Islamic scholar and collector of hadith who wrote al-Jami` as-Sahih (known as Jami` at-Tirmidhi), one of the six canonical hadith compilations in Sunni Islam.
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Al-Tughrai
Mu'ayyad al-Din Abu Isma‘il al-Husayn ibn Ali al-Tughra'i (Arabic: العميد فخر الكتاب الملقب مؤيد الدين أبو إسماعيل الحسين بن علي بن محمد بن عبد الصمد الدؤلي الكناني; اسماعیل طغرایی اسپهانی) (1061 – c. 1121) was an 11th–12th century poet and alchemist.
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Al-Wabkanawi
Shams al-Munajjim Muhammad ibn Ali al-Wabkanawi was a 14th-century Persian astronomer.
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Al-Waqidi
Abu `Abdullah Muhammad Ibn ‘Omar Ibn Waqid al-Aslami (Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد بن عمر بن واقد الاسلمي) (c. 130 – 207 AH; c. 747 – 823 AD) was a historian commonly referred to as al-Waqidi (Arabic: الواقدي).
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Al-Zamakhshari
Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari, known widely as al-Zamakhshari (in محمود زمخشری), also called Jar Allah (Arabic for "God's neighbour") (18 March 1075 – 12 June 1144), was a medieval Muslim scholar of Persian origin, who subscribed to the Muʿtazilite theological doctrine, who was born in Khwarezmia, but lived most of his life in Bukhara, Samarkand, and Baghdad.
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Alavi Shirazi
Hakim Muhammad Hashim Muslim ibn Hakim Muhammad Hadi Qalandar ibn Muzaffar al-Din ‘Alavi Shirazi (1670 - 1747), with the royal title Alavi Khan Nawwab Mu‘tamad al-Muluk, was a royal Persian physician of the 18th century.
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Albubather
Abu Bakr al-Hassan ibn al-Khasib, also al-Khaseb, Albubather in Latin, was a Persian physician and astrologer of the 9th century.
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Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam
Alchemy and chemistry in Islam refers to the study of both traditional alchemy and early practical chemistry (the early chemical investigation of nature in general) by scholars in the medieval Islamic world.
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Algebra
Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr", literally meaning "reunion of broken parts") is one of the broad parts of mathematics, together with number theory, geometry and analysis.
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Algorithm
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.
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Ali al-Qari
Nur ad-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Sultan Muhammad al-Hirawi al-Qari (نور الدين أبو الحسن علي بن سلطان محمد الهروي القاري; d. 1605/1606), known as Mulla Ali al-Qari (ملا علي القاري) was an Islamic scholar.
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Ali Ibn Ibrahim Qomi
Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Ibrāhim al-Qummi was a 10th century Shi'a commentator and jurist of Persian origin.
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Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (علی ابن سهل ربان طبری) (c. 838 – c. 870 CE; also given as 810–855 or 808–864 also 783–858), was a Persian Muslim scholar, physician and psychologist, who produced one of the first encyclopedia of medicine entitled Firdous al-Hikmah ("Paradise of wisdom").
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Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
Muḥammad ibn Yusuf al-Ilāqī was an eleventh-century Persian physician from Khorasan.
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Ali Qushji
Ala al-Dīn Ali ibn Muhammed (1403 – 16 December 1474), known as Ali Qushji (Ottoman Turkish/Persian language: علی قوشچی, kuşçu – falconer in Turkish; Latin: Ali Kushgii) was an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand, who settled in the Ottoman Empire some time before 1472.
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Amīn Rāzī
Amin Razi (امین احمد رازی; also known as Al-Razi) was a Safavid-era (16th to 17th century) Persian geographer, author of a geographical and biographical encyclopedia (tadhkirah) called Haft iqlīm (هفت اقلیم "seven climes") based on the system of seven climes of Ptolemy's Almagest.
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Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat was a 13th-century Persian physician.
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Aqsara'i
Jamal al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (جمالالدین محمد بن محمد آقسرایی) (died 1379), also written al-Aqsara'i, was a 14th-century Persian physician.
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Ata-Malik Juvayni
Atâ-Malek Juvayni (1226–1283) (عطاملک جوینی), in full, Ala al-Din Ata-ullah (علاءالدین عطاءالله), was a Persian historian who wrote an account of the Mongol Empire entitled Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā (History of the World Conqueror).
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Avicenna
Avicenna (also Ibn Sīnā or Abu Ali Sina; ابن سینا; – June 1037) was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age.
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Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
Ayn-al-Qużāt Hamadānī, also spelled Ain-al Quzat Hamedani or ʿAyn-al Qudat Hamadhani (1098–1131) (عین القضات همدانی), full name: Abu’l-maʿālī ʿabdallāh Bin Abībakr Mohammad Mayānejī (ابوالمعالی عبدالله بن ابیبکر محمد میانجی), was a Persian jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician who was executed at the age of 33.
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‘Abd al-Razzaq al-San‘ani
‘Abd al-Razzaq ibn Hammam ibn Nafi’ al-San'ani (126 AH – 211 AH) was a Persian Sunni Islamic scholar of the Science of hadith.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (بغداد) is the capital of Iraq.
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Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari
Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari (بهاءالدین محمد نقشبند بخاری) (1318–1389) was the founder of what would become one of the largest and most influential Sufi Muslim orders, the Naqshbandi.
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Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī
Bahāʾ al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusayn al‐ʿĀmilī (also known as Sheikh Baha'i, شیخ بهایی) (18 February 1547 – 1 September 1621) was a Shia Islamic scholar, philosopher, architect, mathematician, astronomer and poet who lived in the late 16th and early 17th centuries in Safavid Iran.
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Bahmanyār
Abul-Ḥasan Bahmanyār ibn Marzubān Salari 'Ajamī Aḍarbāyijānī,Encyclopedia Iranica, "Bahmanyar Kia", H. Daiber excerpt: "Originally a Zoroastrian converted to Islam," known as Bahmanyār (died 1067) lived during the Sallarid Dynasty and was a famous pupil of Avicenna.
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Banū Mūsā
The Banū Mūsā brothers ("Sons of Moses"), namely Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February 873), Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were three 9th-century scholars who lived and worked in Baghdad.
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Benjamin Nahawandi
Benjamin Nahawandi or Benjamin ben Moses Nahawandi (Nahāwandī, بنیامین نهاوندی; בנימין אלנהאונדי) was a prominent Persian Jewish scholar of Karaite Judaism.
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Borzuya
Borzuya (or Burzōē or Burzōy) was a Persian physician in the late Sassanid era, at the time of Khosrau I. He translated the Indian Panchatantra from Sanskrit into Pahlavi (Middle Persian).
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Brethren of Purity
The Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān Al-Ṣafā; also The Brethren of Sincerity) were a secret society of Muslim philosophers in Basra, Iraq, in the 8th or 10th century CE.
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Bukhtishu
Bakhtshooa Gondishapoori (also spelled Bukhtishu and Bukht-Yishu in literature) were Persian or Assyrian Nestorian Christian physicians from the 7th, 8th, and 9th centuries, spanning 6 generations and 250 years.
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Burhan-ud-din Kermani
Burhan-ud-Din Kermani or Burhān al-Din Nafīs ibn ‘Iwad al-Kirmanī was a 15th-century Persian physician from Kerman.
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Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.
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Experiment
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
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Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī or Fakhruddin Razi (فخر الدين رازي) was an Iranian Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher He was born in 1149 in Rey (in modern-day Iran), and died in 1209 in Herat (in modern-day Afghanistan).
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Fars-Nama
Fārsnāma (فارسنامه, "The Book of Fars") is a local history and geography of Fars Province, Persia written during the Saljuq period (12th century).
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Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate was an Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
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Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani
Khwaja Afzal al-Din Fazl Allah b. Jamal al-Din Ruzbihan b. Fazl Allah b. Muhammad Khunji Isfahani (خواجه افضلالدین فضلالله بن جمالالدین روزبهان بن فضلالله بن محمد خنجی اصفهانی; 1455-1521), better known as Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani (فضل الله خنجی اصفهانی), was a Persian religious scholar, historian and political writer.
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Firishta
Firishta or Ferishta(فرِشتہ), full name Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (مُحمّد قاسِم ہِندُو شاہ), was a Persian historian who was born in 1560 and died in 1620.
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Firuzabad, Fars
Firuzabad (فيروزآباد also Romanized as Fīrūzābād; Middle Persian: Gōr or Ardashir-Khwarrah, literally "The Glory of Ardashir"; also Shahr-e Gūr شهر گور) is a city and capital of Firuzabad County, Fars Province, Iran.
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Greater Khorasan
Khorasan (Middle Persian: Xwarāsān; خراسان Xorāsān), sometimes called Greater Khorasan, is a historical region lying in northeast of Greater Persia, including part of Central Asia and Afghanistan.
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Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi
Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah Habash Hasib Marwazi (766 - d. after 869 in Samarra, Iraq) was a Persian astronomer, geographer, and mathematician from Merv in Khorasan who for the first time described the trigonometric ratios: sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent.
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Hadi Sabzavari
Hadi Sabzavari (ملا هادی سبزواری) or Hajj Molla Hadi Sabzavari (1797–1873) was a famous Iranian philosopher, mystic theologian and poet.
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Haji Bektash Veli
Haji Bektash Veli or Ḥājī Baktāsh Walī (حاجی بکتاش ولی Ḥājī Baktāš Walī; Hacı Bektaş-ı Veli) was an Alevi Muslim mystic, saint, Sayyid, humanist, and philosopher, who lived from 1209 to 1271.
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Hakim Ghulam Imam
Hakim Ghulam Imam (حکیم غلام امام) was a Persian physician, whose dates are uncertain.
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Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan
Hakim Muhammad Sharif Khan was a Sunni Muslim Hakim (physician in Unani / Greek medicine) of some importance in Mughal India at end of 18th century.
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Hakim-e-Gilani
Hakim Ali ibn Kamal al-Din Muhammad Gilani (حكيم علی بن كمال الدين محمد الگيلانی) was a 16th-century Persian royal physician from Gilan, Iran.
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Hamdallah Mustawfi
Ḥamdallāh Mustawfī Qazvīnī (1281–1349; fa) was a Persian historian, geographer and epic poet who was descended from a family of Arab origin.
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Hammam ibn Munabbih
Hammam ibn Munabbih (همام بن منبه) (d. 101/719) was an Islamic scholar, from among the Tabi‘in and one of the narrators of hadith.
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Hamza al-Isfahani
Hamza ibn al-Hasan al-Mu'addib al-Isfahani (حمزه الاصفهانی) (ca. 893-after 961) was a Persian philologist and historian.
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Haseb-i Tabari
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ayyub-i Haseb-i Tabarit (حاسب طبری) was an Iranian astronomer.
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House of Wisdom
The House of Wisdom (بيت الحكمة; Bayt al-Hikma) refers either to a major Abbasid public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad or to a large private library belonging to the Abbasid Caliphs during the Islamic Golden Age.
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Husayni Isfahani
Ghiyath al-Din Ali ibn Amirin Husayni Isfahani (a.k.a. Hondemir) was a 15th-century Persian physician and scientist from Isfahan, Iran.
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Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath (أحمد بن محمد بن محمد بن أبي الأشعث; d. 975 CE) was a Persian physician of medieval Islam.
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Ibn Abi Sadiq
Ibn Abi Sadiq al-Naishaburi, Abu al-Qasim ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn ‘Ali (Arabic and Persian: أبوالقاسم عبد الرحمن بن علي بن أبي صادق النيشابوري) was an 11th-century Persian physician from Nishapur in Khorasan.
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Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur
Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur (b.819/d.August 893) was a Persian linguist and poet of Arabic language.
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Ibn al-Faqih
Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadani (ابن فقیه الهمذانی) was a 10th-century Persian historian and geographer, famous for his Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan ("Concise Book of Lands").
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Ibn al-Muqaffa'
Abū Muhammad ʿAbd Allāh Rūzbih ibn Dādūya (ابو محمد عبدالله روزبه ابن دادويه), born Rōzbih pūr-i Dādōē روزبه پور دادویه, more commonly known as Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ (ابن المقفع),, was a Persian translator, author and thinker who wrote in the Arabic language.
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Ibn al-Salah
Abū `Amr `Uthmān ibn `Abd al-Raḥmān Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Kurdī al-Shahrazūrī (1181 CE/577 AH – 1245/643), commonly known as Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ, was a Kurdish Shafi'i hadith specialist and the author of the seminal Introduction to the Science of Hadith.
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Ibn Babawayh
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi (Persian: ابو جعفر محمد بن علي بن بابويه القمي; c. 923-991), referred to as Ibn Babawayh or Al-Shaykh al-Saduq (the truthful scholar) was a Persian Shi'ite Islamic scholar whose work, entitled Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih, forms part of The Four Books of the Shi'ite Hadith collection.
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Ibn Bibi
Ibn Bibi was a Persian historiographer and the author of the primary source for the history of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum during the 13th century.
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Ibn Hindu
Abū Al-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Husayn ibn Hindū (d. 1019-1032) was a Persian poet, a man of letters, and a practitioner of Galenic medicine coming from Rey.
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Ibn Khordadbeh
Abu'l-Qasim Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah ibn Khordadbeh (ابوالقاسم عبیدالله ابن خردادبه) (c. 820 – 912 CE), better known as Ibn Khordadbeh or Ibn Khurradadhbih, was the author of the earliest surviving Arabic book of administrative geography.
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Ibn Manda
Abū ʿAbdullāh Muḥammad bin Isḥāq Ibn Manda (d. 395/1004–5) was an Isfahani Sunni Hadith scholar of Persian origin.
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Ibn Qutaybah
Abū Muhammad Abd-Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī or simply Ibn Qutaybah (Ibn Qutaybah; 828 – 13 November 889 CE / 213 – 15 Rajab 276 AH) was a renowned Islamic scholar of Persian origin.
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Ibn Sahl (mathematician)
Ibn Sahl (full name Abū Saʿd al-ʿAlāʾ ibn Sahl أبو سعد العلاء ابن سهل; c. 940–1000) was a Muslim Persian mathematician and physicist of the Islamic Golden Age, associated with the Buwayhid court of Baghdad.
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Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
Ibrahim al-Fazari (died 777 CE) was an 8th-century Arab mathematician and astronomer at the Abbasid court of the Caliph Al-Mansur (r. 754–775).
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Imad al-Din Mahmud ibn Mas‘ud Shirazi
Imad al-Din Mahmud ibn Mas‘ud Shirazi was a mid-16th-century Persian physician from Shiraz, Iran.
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of the Iranian languages.
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Ismail al-Jazari
Badīʿ az-Zaman Abū l-ʿIzz ibn Ismāʿīl ibn ar-Razāz al-Jazarī (1136–1206, بديع الزمان أَبُو اَلْعِزِ بْنُ إسْماعِيلِ بْنُ الرِّزاز الجزري) was a Muslim polymath: a scholar, inventor, mechanical engineer, artisan, artist and mathematician.
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Istakhri
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri (آبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن محمد الفارسي الإصطخري) (also Estakhri, استخری, i.e. from the Iranian city of Istakhr, b. - d. 957 AD) was a Persian medieval geographer in medieval Islam and traveler of the 10th century.
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Ja'far Kashfi
Ja'far Kashfi, Iranian Muslim philosopher, was born at Darabgard in Fars in 1775 or 1776, lived all his life at Borujerd and died in 1850-1851.
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Jabir ibn Hayyan
Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān (جابر بن حیانl fa, often given the nisbas al-Bariqi, al-Azdi, al-Kufi, al-Tusi or al-Sufi; fl. c. 721c. 815), also known by the Latinization Geber, was a polymath: a chemist and alchemist, astronomer and astrologer, engineer, geographer, philosopher, physicist, and pharmacist and physician.
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Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
Jabril ibn Bukhtishu, (Jibril ibn Bakhtisha) also written as Bakhtyshu, was an 8-9th century physician from the Bukhtishu family of Assyrian Nestorian physicians from the Academy of Gundishapur.
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Jaghmini
Mahmud ibn Muhammad ibn Umar Jaghmini, or al-Jaghmini was a 14th-century Persian physician.
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Jalal al-Din Muhammad al-Isfahani
Jalal al-Din Muhammad al-Isfahani was a 19th-century Persian physician from Isfahan.
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Jamal ad-Din (astronomer)
Jamal ad-Din Muḥammad ibn Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad al‐Zaydī al‐Bukhārī (variously transcribed Jamal ud-Din, Jamal al-Din (Beauty of Faith), etc., Chinese name Zhamaluding) was a 13th-century Persian astronomer.
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Jamasp
Jamasp (also transcribed as Zamasp or Djamasp; جاماسپ Jāmāsp) was a Sasanian king who ruled from 496 to 498.
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Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Jamshīd Masʿūd al-Kāshī (or al-Kāshānī) (غیاث الدین جمشید کاشانی Ghiyās-ud-dīn Jamshīd Kāshānī) (c. 1380 Kashan, Iran – 22 June 1429 Samarkand, Transoxania) was a Persian astronomer and mathematician.
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Khalid ibn Barmak
Khalid ibn Barmak (AD 705–782) was a member of the powerful Persian Barmakids family.
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Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
Hazrat Shaikh Abu Ismaïl Abdullah al-Herawi al-Ansari or Khajah Abdullah Ansari of Herat (1006–1088) (خواجه عبدالله انصاری) also known as Pir-i Herat (پیر هرات) (sage of Herat) was a Persian Sufi saint of Arab origin who lived in the 11th century in Herat (then Khorasan, now Herat province, Afghanistan).
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Kushyar Gilani
Abul-Hasan Kūshyār ibn Labbān ibn Bashahri Gilani (971–1029), also known as Kūshyār Gīlānī (کوشیار گیلانی), was an Iranian mathematician, geographer, and astronomer from Gilan, south of the Caspian Sea, Iran.
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List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers
The following is a list of notable Iranian scholars, scientists and engineers around the world from the contemporary period.
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List of Iranian mathematicians
The following is a list of Iranian mathematicians including ethnic Iranian mathematicians.
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List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
This is a list of Arab scientists and scholars from the Muslim World and Spain (Al-Andalus) who lived from antiquity up until the beginning of the modern age, consisting primarily of scholars during the Middle Ages.
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List of Turkic scholars
The following is a non-comprehensive list of Central Asian scientists and engineers who lived from antiquity up until the Ottoman era.
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Mahmud ibn Ilyas Shirazi
Mahmud ibn Ilyas Shirazi was an authoritative Persian physician who lived before the 18th century and was from Shiraz.
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Mansur Al-Hallaj
Mansur al-Hallaj (ابو المغيث الحسين بن منصور الحلاج; منصور حلاج) (26 March 922) (Hijri 309 AH) was a Persian mystic, poet and teacher of Sufism.
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Mansur ibn Ilyas
Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf Ibn Ilyās (منصور ابن محمد ابن احمد ابن يوسف ابن الياس.) was a late 14th century and early 15th century Persian physician from Shiraz, Timurid Persia, commonly known for his publication of the first colored atlas of the human body, Mansur’s Anatomy.
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Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
Maqsud Ali Tabrizi was a 17th-century Iranian physician from Tabriz.
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Masarjawaih
Māsarjawaih (ماسرجويه) was one of the earliest Jewish physicians of Persian origin, and the earliest translator from the Syriac; he lived in Basra about 683 (Anno Hegirae 64).
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Masawaiyh
Yuhanna ibn Masawaih (circa 777–857), (يوحنا بن ماسويه), also written Ibn Masawaih, Masawaiyh, and in Latin Mesue, Masuya, Mesue Major, Msuya, and Mesue the Elder was a Persian or Assyrian Nestorian Christian physician from the Academy of Gundishapur.
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Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi was a Persian physician who lived before 1334CE in eastern Iran.
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Mashallah ibn Athari
Masha'Allah ibn Atharī (c.740–815 CE) was an eighth-century Persian Jewish astrologer and astronomer from the city of Basra (located in Iraq) who became the leading astrologer of the late 8th century.
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Mūsā ibn Shākir
Musa bin Shakir (موسى بن يحيى بن خالد بن برمك بن جامامش بن بشتاسف البرمكي) is the father of the Banu Musa ("Sons of Musa"), the renowned 9th-century scholars of Baghdad.
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Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani (میر سید علی ہمدانی‎; 1314–1384) was a Persian Sūfī of the Kubrawiya order, a poet and a prominent Shafi'i Muslim scholar.
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Mirza Ali
Mirza Ali was a Persian physician who lived in the seventeenth century.
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Miskawayh
Ibn Miskawayh (مُسکویه, 932–1030), full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb ibn Miskawayh was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran.
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Mohammad Mehdi ibn Ali Naqi
Muhammad Mehdi ibn Ali Naqi (محمدمهدی بن علی نقی), was an early 18th-century Persian physician from Isfahan.
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Mohsen Fayz Kashani
Muhsen Feyz KashaniH.
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Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari (died 796 or 806) was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire (گورکانیان, Gūrkāniyān)) or Mogul Empire was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry. The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs. The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and parts of Afghanistan. It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning approximately four million square kilometres at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire, which spanned approximately five million square kilometres. The Mughal Empire ushered in a period of proto-industrialization, and around the 17th century, Mughal India became the world's largest economic power, accounting for 24.4% of world GDP, and the world leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of global industrial output up until the 18th century. The Mughal Empire is considered "India's last golden age" and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires (along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia). The beginning of the empire is conventionally dated to the victory by its founder Babur over Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, in the First Battle of Panipat (1526). The Mughal emperors had roots in the Turco-Mongol Timurid dynasty of Central Asia, claiming direct descent from both Genghis Khan (founder of the Mongol Empire, through his son Chagatai Khan) and Timur (Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire). During the reign of Humayun, the successor of Babur, the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire. The "classic period" of the Mughal Empire started in 1556 with the ascension of Akbar the Great to the throne. Under the rule of Akbar and his son Jahangir, the region enjoyed economic progress as well as religious harmony, and the monarchs were interested in local religious and cultural traditions. Akbar was a successful warrior who also forged alliances with several Hindu Rajput kingdoms. Some Rajput kingdoms continued to pose a significant threat to the Mughal dominance of northwestern India, but most of them were subdued by Akbar. All Mughal emperors were Muslims; Akbar, however, propounded a syncretic religion in the latter part of his life called Dīn-i Ilāhī, as recorded in historical books like Ain-i-Akbari and Dabistān-i Mazāhib. The Mughal Empire did not try to intervene in the local societies during most of its existence, but rather balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule. Traditional and newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Maratha Empire|Marathas, the Rajputs, the Pashtuns, the Hindu Jats and the Sikhs, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. The reign of Shah Jahan, the fifth emperor, between 1628 and 1658, was the zenith of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Category:History of Bengal Category:History of West Bengal Category:History of Bangladesh Category:History of Kolkata Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan Category:Medieval India Category:Historical Turkic states Category:Mongol states Category:1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire Category:1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire Category:History of Pakistan.
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Muhammad Abdolrahman
Ali ibn Shaykh Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Rahman was a prominent Persian physician who is thought to have lived in the 17th century.
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Muhammad al-Bukhari
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismā‘īl ibn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrah ibn Bardizbah al-Ju‘fī al-Bukhārī (أبو عبد الله محمد بن اسماعيل بن ابراهيم بن المغيرة بن بردزبه الجعفي البخاري‎; 19 July 810 – 1 September 870), or Bukhārī (بخاری), commonly referred to as Imam al-Bukhari or Imam Bukhari, was a Persian Islamic scholar who was born in Bukhara (the capital of the Bukhara Region (viloyat) of Uzbekistan).
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Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Ali al-Astarabadi was a 15th-century Persian physician from Astarabad, Golestan, Iran.
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Muhammad Aqa-Kermani
Muhammad Aqa-Kermani (محمد آغاكرمانى), also written Aqkirmani, was an 18th-century Persian physician from Kerman, Iran.
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Muhammad Aufi
Sadiduddin Muhammad Aufi (1171-1242) (سدید الدین محمد عوفی) was a Persian historian, scientist, and author.
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Muhammad Bal'ami
Abu Ali Muhammad Bal'ami (ابو علی محمد), also called Amirak Bal'ami (امیرک بلعمی) and Bal'ami-i Kuchak (بلعمی کوچک, "Bal'ami the Younger"), was a Persian historian, writer, and vizier to the Samanids.
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Muhammad Baqir Behbahani
Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Akmal al-Wahid Bihbahani, also Vahid Behbahani (1706–1791), was a Twelver Shia Islamic scholar.
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Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Farisi (d. 1278/1279), an Iranian Islamic astronomer and astrologer born in Aden.
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Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
Muhammad ibn Mahmud al-Amuli was a medieval Persian physician from Amol, Iran.
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Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi
Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad Tabrizi was a thirteenth-century Persian Muslim writer, known for his Arabic commentary on the twenty five propositions at the beginning of Book II of the Jewish philosopher Maimonides's Guide for the Perplexed, on which Maimonides then based his proof of the existence, unity and incorporeality of God.
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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is ابو عبد الله محمد بن موسى الخوارزمي or ابو جعفر محمد بن موسی الخوارزمی.
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Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi (محمد بن یوسف هروی, fl. 1492-1518 and died 1542) was a Persian late 15th century physician from Herat, Safavid Empire, now part of Afghanistan.
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Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi
Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariyyā-ye Rāzī, also known by his Latinized name Rhazes or Rasis) (854–925 CE), was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, and important figure in the history of medicine.
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Muhammad Zarrindast
Abu Ruh Muhammad ibn Mansur ibn abi Abdallah ibn Mansur Jamani (also Gorgani), nicknamed Zarrin-Dast was an eleventh-century Persian oculist.
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Mulla Sadra
Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī, also called Mulla Sadrā (ملا صدرا; also spelled Molla Sadra, Mollasadra or Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin; صدرالمتألهین) (c. 1571/2 – 1640), was an Iranian Shia Islamic philosopher, theologian and ‘Ālim who led the Iranian cultural renaissance in the 17th century.
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Muqatil ibn Sulayman
Muqātil ibn Sulaymān (d. 767 C.E.) was an 8th-century Sunni story teller of the Quran.
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Muqim Arzani
Muhammad Akbar ibn Mir Hajji Muhammad Muqim Arzani was a physician from Persia.
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Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
Abū al-Ḥusayn ‘Asākir ad-Dīn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj ibn Muslim ibn Ward ibn Kawshādh al-Qushayrī an-Naysābūrī (أبو الحسين عساكر الدين مسلم بن الحجاج بن مسلم بن وَرْد بن كوشاذ القشيري النيسابوري; after 815 – May 875) or Muslim Nīshāpūrī (مسلم نیشاپوری), commonly known as Imam Muslim, was a Persian Islamic scholar, particularly known as a muhaddith (scholar of hadith).
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Muvaffak
Abu Mansur Muvaffak Harawi (ابو منصور موفق هروی) was a 10th-century Persian physician.
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Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
Najib ad-Din Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Umar Samarqandi was a 13th-century Persian physician from Samarqand.
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Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī
Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī (died AH 675 / 1276 CE) was a Persian Islamic philosopher and logician of the Shafi`i school.
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Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi (نجمالدین محمود بن الیاس شیرازی, died 1330) was a Persian physician from Shiraz in Persia.
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Najm al-Din Razi
Abū Bakr 'Abdollāh b. Moḥammad b. Šahāvar b. Anūšervān al-Rāzī (نجمالدین رازی) commonly known by the laqab, or sobriquet, of Najm al-Dīn Dāya, meaning "wetnurse" (573 AH/1177 - 654 AH/1256) was a 13th-century Persian Sufi from Khwarezmia.
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Najmuddin Kubra
Najmuddīn-e Kubrā (نجمالدین کبری) was a 13th-century Khwarezmian Sufi from Khwarezm and the founder of the Kubrawiya, influential in the Ilkhanate and Timurid dynasty.
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Nakhshabi
Ziya' al-Din Nakhshabi was a 14th-century Persian physician and Sufi living in India.
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Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī (محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی‎ 18 February 1201 – 26 June 1274), better known as Nasir al-Din Tusi (نصیر الدین طوسی; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.
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Nasir Khusraw
Abu Mo’in Hamid ad-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw al-Qubadiani or Nāsir Khusraw Qubādiyānī Balkhi (1004 – 1088 CE) (ناصر خسرو قبادیانی) was a Persian poet, philosopher, Isma'ili scholar, traveler and one of the greatest writers in Persian literature.
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Naubakht
Nobakht Ahvazi (نوبخت اهوازى, (or Naubakht Ahvaz) also transliterated "Naubakht") and his sons lived in the 8th and 9th centuries AD, and were astrologers from Ahvaz (in the present-day Khuzestan Province of Iran).
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Nezamiyeh
The Nizamiyyah (from نظامیه, النظامیة) are a group of the medieval institutions of higher education established by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century in Iran.
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Nizam al-Din Nishapuri
Nizam al-Din Hasan al-Nisaburi (d. 1328/9) (in Persian: نظام الدین حسن نیشاپوری) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, jurist, exegete, and poet.
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Nizam al-Mulk
Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ali Tusi (April 10, 1018 – October 14, 1092), better known by his honorific title of Nizam al-Mulk (نظامالملک, "Order of the Realm") was a Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuq Empire.
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Nurbakhshi
Baha' al-Dawlah ibn Siraj al-Din Shah Qasim ibn Muhammad al-Husayni Nurbakhshi (also sometimes called Nuri rather than Nurbakhshi), was a 15–16th century Persian physician.
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Omar Khayyam
Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام; 18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131) was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet.
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Omar Tiberiades
Omar Tiberiades or Abû Hafs 'Umar ibn Farrukhân Tabarî (d. ca. 815), (Persian ابن فرخان طبری) was a Medieval Persian astrologer and architect from Tabaristan.
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Paul the Persian
Paul the Persian or Paulus Persa was a 6th-century East Syrian theologian and philosopher who worked at the court of the Sassanid king Khosrau I. He wrote several treatises and commentaries on Aristotle, which had some influence on medieval Islamic philosophy.
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Polymath
A polymath (πολυμαθής,, "having learned much,"The term was first recorded in written English in the early seventeenth century Latin: uomo universalis, "universal man") is a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas—such a person is known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.
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Qazi Sa’id Qumi
Qazi Sa’id Qumi (1639–1691) was an Iranian Shia philosopher and one of the philosophers of Qom's School.
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Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani was a Persian physician of the late 17th century.
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Qumri
Abu Mansur al-Hasan ibn Nuh al-Qumri (ابو منصور حسن بن نوح قمری)(also transliterated as “al-Qamari” and "al-Qumri")(fl. mid 10th Century, d. 980-990) was a Persian tenth century court physician to the Samanid Prince al-Mansur, and was based in the city of Bukhara.
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Qurayshi al-Shirazi
Nur al-Din Muhammad Abd-Allah ibn Hakim ‘Ayn al-Mulk Qurayshi Shirazi was a mid 17th century Persian physician from Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
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Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Qotb al-Din Mahmoud b. Zia al-Din Mas'ud b. Mosleh Shirazi (1236—1311) (قطبالدین محمود بن ضیاالدین مسعود بن مصلح شیرازی) was a 13th-century Iranian polymath and poet who made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.
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Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb (رشیدالدین طبیب), also known as Rashīd al-Dīn Faḍlullāh Hamadānī (رشیدالدین فضلالله همدانی, 1247–1318), was a statesman, historian and physician in Ilkhanate-ruled Iran.
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Rey, Iran
Rey or Ray (شهر ری, Šahr-e Rey, “City of Ray”), also known as Rhages (Ῥάγαι, or Europos (Ευρωπός) Rhagai; Rhagae or Rhaganae) and formerly as Arsacia, is the capital of Rey County in Tehran Province of Iran, and the oldest existing city in the province.
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Rostam Gorgani
Rostam Gorgani was a mid-16th century Persian physician who lived in India.
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Rudaki
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudaki Abū 'Abd Allāh Ja'far ibn Muḥammad al-Rūdhakī (ابو عبدالله جعفر بن محمد رودکی; died 941), better known as Rudaki رودکی), and also known as "Adam of Poets" (آدم الشعرا), was a Persian poet regarded as the first great literary genius of the Modern Persian language. Rudaki composed poems in the "New Persian" alphabet and is considered a founder of classical Persian literature. His poetry contains many of the oldest genres of Persian poetry including the quatrain, however, only a small percentage of his extensive poetry has survived.
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Rumi
Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمد رومی), also known as Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhī (جلالالدین محمد بلخى), Mevlânâ/Mawlānā (مولانا, "our master"), Mevlevî/Mawlawī (مولوی, "my master"), and more popularly simply as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century PersianRitter, H.; Bausani, A. "ḎJ̲alāl al-Dīn Rūmī b. Bahāʾ al-Dīn Sulṭān al-ʿulamāʾ Walad b. Ḥusayn b. Aḥmad Ḵh̲aṭībī." Encyclopaedia of Islam.
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Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
Sadid al-Din Muhammad ibn Mas‘ud al-Kazaruni was a 14th-century Persian physician from Kazerun, Fars, Iran.
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Safi al-Din al-Urmawi
Safi al-Din al-Urmawi al-Baghdadi (صفی الدین اورموی) or Safi al-Din Abd al-Mu'min ibn Yusuf ibn al-Fakhir al-Urmawi al-Baghdadi (born c. 1216 AD in Urmia, died in 1294 AD in Baghdad) was a renowned musician and writer on the theory of music, possibly of Persian origin.
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Sahl ibn Bishr
Sahl ibn Bishr al-Israili, more commonly; Rabban al-Tabari often known as Zahel or Zael (c. 786–845 ?) was a Syriac Christian or Jewish astrologer, astronomer and mathematician from Tabaristan.
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Sarakhsi
Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Abi Sahl Abu Bakr al-Sarakhsi (محمد بن احمد بن ابي سهل ابو بكر السرخسي) was a Persian jurist, or Islamic scholar of the Hanafi school.
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Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
"Shahāb ad-Dīn" Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardī (شهابالدین سهروردی, also known as Sohrevardi) (1154-1191) was a PersianC.
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Shams al-Din al-Khafri
Shams al-Din Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Khafri al-Kashi (died 1550), known as Khafri, was a Persian religious scholar and astronomer at the beginning of the Safavid dynasty, during a period of mass conversion to Shia Islam.
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Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
(c. 1250 – c. 1310) was a 13th-century astronomer and mathematician from Samarkand.
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Shams-ud-Din Kermani
Shaikh Shamsud-Din al-Kermani (شيخ شمس الدين الكرماني) or Kirmani (d. 786 AH) was a Sunni Muslim scholar.
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Shapur ibn Sahl
Sābūr ibn Sahl (شاپور بن سهل گندیشاپوری; d. 869 CE) was a 9th-century Persian Christian physician from the Academy of Gundishapur.
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Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī
(c. 1135 – c. 1213) was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during the Middle Ages).
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Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi
Sharaf al-Zamān Ṭāhir al-Marwazī or Marvazī (شرف الزمان طاهر المروزي; fl. 1056/57–1124/25 CE) was a physician and author of Nature of Animals (كتاب طبائع الحيوان البحري والبري). He was a native of Merv, Khurasan, Persia.
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Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
Muhammad ibn Thalib ibn Abd Allah ibn Ni`mat Allah ibn Sadr ad-Din ibn Shaykh Baha' ad-Din ash-Shirazi (محمد ابن طالب عبدالله ابن نعمات الله ابن صدر الدين ابن شيخ بهاءالدين الشيرازي) was a 15th-century Persian physician from Shiraz, Iran.
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Shaykh Tusi
Shaykh Tusi (شیخ طوسی), full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi (ابوجعفر محمد بن حسن طوسی), known as Shaykh al-Taʾifah (شيخ الطائفة) was a prominent Persian scholar of the Twelver school of Shia Islam.
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Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi
Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi (died c. 1250) was a secretary and biographer of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the Khwarezmid dynast.
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Sibawayh
Abū Bishr ʻAmr ibn ʻUthmān ibn Qanbar Al-Baṣrī (c. 760–796, أبو بشر عمرو بن عثمان بن قنبر البصري), commonly known as Sībawayh or Sībawayhi (سيبويه, an Arabized form of Middle Persian name Sēbōē, modern Persian pronunciation Sēbōya/Sībūye) was a Persian linguist and grammarian of Arabic language.
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Sultan al-Wa'izin Shirazi
Ayatollah Seyed Mohammad Shirazi (12 May 1894 – 11 October 1971), commonly known as Sultan al-Wa'izin Shirazi ("Prince of Preachers from Shiraz"), was a prominent Shi'a scholar.
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Sultan Ali Khorasani
Sultan Ali Khorasani was a 16th-century Persian physician from Khorasan, Persia.
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Sultanate of Rum
The Sultanate of Rûm (also known as the Rûm sultanate (سلجوقیان روم, Saljuqiyān-e Rum), Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, Sultanate of Iconium, Anatolian Seljuk State (Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti) or Turkey Seljuk State (Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti)) was a Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim state established in the parts of Anatolia which had been conquered from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Empire, which was established by the Seljuk Turks.
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Taftazani
Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani (سعدالدین مسعودبن عمربن عبداللّه هروی خراسانی تفتازانی) also known as Al-Taftazani and Taftazani (1322–1390"Al-Taftazanni Sa'd al-Din Masud b. Umar b. Abdullah", in Encyclopedia Islam by W. Madelung, Brill. 2007) was a Muslim Persian polymath.
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Tunakabuni
Muḥammad Mu’min ibn Mīr Muḥammad Zamān Tunakābunī (محمد مؤمن بن میر محمد زمان تنکابنی) was a 17th-century Persian physician from Mazandaran.
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Wassaf
Wassaf or Vassaf (عبدالله ابن فضلالله شرفالدین شیرازی) Abdallah ibn Faḍlallah Sharaf al-Din Shīrāzī (fl. 1299-1323) was a 14th-century Persian historian of the Ilkhanate.
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Windmill
A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades.
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Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq (يعقوب بن طارق; died c. 796 AD) was an 8th-century Persian astronomer and mathematician who lived in Baghdad.
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Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
Yahya ibn Abi Mansur (یحیی ابن ابی منصور), was a senior Persian official from the Banu al-Munajjim family, who served as an astronomer/astrologer at the court of Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun.
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Yahya ibn Ma'in
Yahya ibn Ma'in (يحيى بن معين) was a classical Islamic scholar of Persian origin.
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Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu (Johannes Bukhtishu) was a 9th-century Persian or Syriac physician from Khuzestan, Persia.
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Yunus Al-Katib Al-Mughanni
Yunus Al-Katib Al-Mughanni was a well-known musician and writer on music in the first half of the 2nd/8th century.
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Yunus ibn Habib
Yunus ibn Habib (أبو عبد الرحمن يونس بن حبيب الضبي; died after 183 AH/798 CE) was a reputable 8th-century Arab or Persian linguist.
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Zakariya al-Qazwini
Abu Yahya Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini (أبو یحیی زکریاء بن محمد القزویني) or Zakarya Qazvini (Persian: زکریا قزوینی) ‎(1203–1283) was a Persian physician, astronomer, geographer and proto-science fiction writer of Arab descent.
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Zayn al-Din Gorgani
Zayn al-Din Sayyed Isma‘il ibn Husayn Gorgani (1040–1136), also spelled al-Jurjani, was a Persian 12th century royal Islamic physician from Urganj, Uzbekistan.
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Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji
Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji (زین الدین عمر ساوجی) was a Persian philosopher and logician.
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Zayn-e-Attar
Haji Zayn Attar (died c.1403) was a 14th-century Persian physician.
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Zeynalabdin Shirvani
Zeynalabdin Shirvani (زینالعابدین شیروانی) (16 August 1780, Shamakhy—1838, near Jeddah), also known as Tamkin, was a Persian geographer, philosopher and poet.
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List of Iranian Scientists, List of Iranian scholars, List of Iranian scientists, List of Iranian scientists and scholars, List of Iranian scientists and technologists, List of Persian scientists, List of Persian scientists and scholars, Persian scholar, Persian scientists.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars
